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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definition_and_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_and_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definition and benefits</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definition_and_benefits-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definition and benefits subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definition_and_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Characteristics_of_a_joint_platform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics_of_a_joint_platform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Characteristics of a joint platform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics_of_a_joint_platform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Platform_sharing_among_brands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platform_sharing_among_brands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Platform sharing among brands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platform_sharing_among_brands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_body_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_body_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Multiple body variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_body_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Recent years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Top_hat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Top_hat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Top hat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Top_hat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Car platform</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_(bil)" title="Platform (bil) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Platform (bil)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattform_(Automobil)" title="Plattform (Automobil) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Plattform (Automobil)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plataforma_(autom%C3%B3vil)" title="Plataforma (automóvil) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plataforma (automóvil)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plataforma_(automobila)" title="Plataforma (automobila) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Plataforma (automobila)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88_(%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88)" title="سکو (خودرو) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سکو (خودرو)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate-forme_(automobile)" title="Plate-forme (automobile) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plate-forme (automobile)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9E%AB%ED%8F%BC_(%EC%9E%90%EB%8F%99%EC%B0%A8)" title="플랫폼 (자동차) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플랫폼 (자동차)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_mobil" title="Platform mobil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Platform mobil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA)" title="Платформа (көлік) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Платформа (көлік)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_(auto)" title="Platform (auto) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Platform (auto)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0_(%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%BB%8A)" title="プラットフォーム (自動車) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プラットフォーム (自動車)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C)" title="Платформа (автомобиль) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Платформа (автомобиль)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_platform" title="Car platform – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Car platform" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohjalevy" title="Pohjalevy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pohjalevy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilplattform" title="Bilplattform – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bilplattform" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomobil_platformu" title="Otomobil platformu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Otomobil platformu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C)" title="Платформа (автомобіль) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Платформа (автомобіль)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E8%BD%A6%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0" title="汽车平台 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="汽车平台" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q632300#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Car_platform" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Similar design and engineering specs shared between multiple cars</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:07-08_Toyota_Camry_XLE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/07-08_Toyota_Camry_XLE.jpg/220px-07-08_Toyota_Camry_XLE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/07-08_Toyota_Camry_XLE.jpg/330px-07-08_Toyota_Camry_XLE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/07-08_Toyota_Camry_XLE.jpg/440px-07-08_Toyota_Camry_XLE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1768" data-file-height="988" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lexus_ES350.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Lexus_ES350.jpg/220px-Lexus_ES350.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Lexus_ES350.jpg/330px-Lexus_ES350.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Lexus_ES350.jpg/440px-Lexus_ES350.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1164" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Identical platform 2007 model year 4-door sedans: <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Camry" title="Toyota Camry">Toyota Camry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lexus_ES" title="Lexus ES">Lexus ES</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>A <b>car platform</b> is a shared set of common design, engineering, and production efforts, as well as major components, over a number of outwardly distinct models and even types of <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">cars</a>, often from different, but somewhat related, <a href="/wiki/Marque" class="mw-redirect" title="Marque">marques</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brylawski_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brylawski-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is practiced in the <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">automotive industry</a> to reduce the costs associated with the development of products by basing those products on a smaller number of platforms. This further allows companies to create distinct models from a design perspective on similar underpinnings.<sup id="cite_ref-Brylawski_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brylawski-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A car platform is not to be confused with a <a href="/wiki/Platform_chassis" title="Platform chassis">platform chassis</a>, although such a chassis can be part of an automobile's design platform, as noted below. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_benefits">Definition and benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Car_platform&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A basic definition of a platform in cars, from a technical point of view, includes underbody and suspensions (with axles) — where the underbody is made of the front floor, rear floor, engine compartment, and frame (reinforcement of underbody).<sup id="cite_ref-Muffatto_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muffatto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Key mechanical components that define an automobile platform include: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Floorpan" title="Floorpan">floorpan</a>, which serves as a foundation for the <a href="/wiki/Chassis" title="Chassis">chassis</a> and other structural and mechanical components</li> <li>Front and rear axles and the distance between them - <a href="/wiki/Wheelbase" title="Wheelbase">wheelbase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering" title="Steering">Steering</a> mechanism and type of <a href="/wiki/Power_steering" title="Power steering">power steering</a></li> <li>Type of front and rear <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (vehicle)">suspensions</a></li> <li>Placement and choice of <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">engine</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Powertrain" title="Powertrain">powertrain</a> components</li></ul> <p>Platform sharing is a product development method where different products and the brand attached share the same components.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose with platform sharing is to reduce the cost and have a more efficient product development process.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The companies gain on reduced procurement costs by taking advantage of the commonality of the components. However, this also limits their ability to differentiate the products and imposes a risk of losing the tangible uniqueness of the product. The companies have to make a trade-off between reducing their development costs and the degree of differentiation of the products.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics_of_a_joint_platform">Characteristics of a joint platform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Car_platform&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics of a joint platform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Platform sharing is a practice commonly employed by various brands within a corporate group. The fundamental components of a shared platform typically include the chassis and the drive unit. The extent to which different automobile or motorcycle models utilize the same components can vary, leading to different degrees of structural equality and platform similarity: </p> <ul><li><b>Structural equality</b>: In the context of structural equality, the differences between vehicles are minimal. Only the brand logo, front fairing, fuel tank, and, where applicable, headlights and rear lights, are distinct. Vehicles with structural equality are often produced on the same assembly line.</li> <li><b>Same platform</b>: When vehicles share the same platform, different fairings attach to the same fixation points, allowing for the easy interchange of components such as the fork, wing, engine, and transmission.</li></ul> <p>The remaining vehicle parts are categorised into "head" parts and system parts: </p> <ul><li><b>Head Parts</b>: These include components like the bodywork or fuel tank, which can vary significantly between models.</li> <li><b>System Parts</b>: Also known as Carry Over Parts (COP), these are common parts that are replicated and adapted to different models. Examples include wheels or chassis components that are identical across different models, with only minor variations like model symbols.</li></ul> <p>Platform sharing facilitates the efficient production and development of vehicles by leveraging common components across different models, thereby reducing costs and enhancing operational efficiency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Platform_sharing_among_brands">Platform sharing among brands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Car_platform&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Platform sharing among brands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the first car companies to use this product development approach was <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> in 1908. <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> used a single chassis for certain class of model across most of its brands like <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet" title="Chevrolet">Chevrolet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buick" title="Buick">Buick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontiac_(automobile)" title="Pontiac (automobile)">Pontiac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile" title="Oldsmobile">Oldsmobile</a>. Later, Chrysler Corporation would do the same for <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_(automobile)" title="Plymouth (automobile)">Plymouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/DeSoto_(automobile)" title="DeSoto (automobile)">DeSoto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dodge" title="Dodge">Dodge</a> cars. <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a> followed the same principle for Ford and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(automobile)" title="Mercury (automobile)">Mercury</a> in US markets. The chassis unit was common with many shared mechanical components while the exterior styling and interior trims were designed according to its individual brand and category. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="title"><div>Examples of cars sharing the <a href="/wiki/Fiat_Mini_platform" title="Fiat Mini platform">Fiat Mini platform</a></div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_Ka_II_front_20101012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ford Ka"><img alt="Ford Ka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ford_Ka_II_front_20101012.jpg/180px-Ford_Ka_II_front_20101012.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ford_Ka_II_front_20101012.jpg/270px-Ford_Ka_II_front_20101012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ford_Ka_II_front_20101012.jpg/360px-Ford_Ka_II_front_20101012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2173" data-file-height="1507" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ford_Ka" title="Ford Ka">Ford Ka</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiat_Cinquecento.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fiat 500"><img alt="Fiat 500" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Fiat_Cinquecento.jpg/180px-Fiat_Cinquecento.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Fiat_Cinquecento.jpg/270px-Fiat_Cinquecento.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Fiat_Cinquecento.jpg/360px-Fiat_Cinquecento.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3376" data-file-height="2476" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fiat_500_(2007)" title="Fiat 500 (2007)">Fiat 500</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_Fiat_Uno_1.4_Attractive.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fiat Uno"><img alt="Fiat Uno" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/2011_Fiat_Uno_1.4_Attractive.jpg/180px-2011_Fiat_Uno_1.4_Attractive.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/2011_Fiat_Uno_1.4_Attractive.jpg/270px-2011_Fiat_Uno_1.4_Attractive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/2011_Fiat_Uno_1.4_Attractive.jpg/360px-2011_Fiat_Uno_1.4_Attractive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="726" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fiat_Uno" title="Fiat Uno">Fiat Uno</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2013_Lancia_Ypsilon_0.9T_TwinAir_EcoChic_Metano.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lancia Ypsilon"><img alt="Lancia Ypsilon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/2013_Lancia_Ypsilon_0.9T_TwinAir_EcoChic_Metano.JPG/180px-2013_Lancia_Ypsilon_0.9T_TwinAir_EcoChic_Metano.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/2013_Lancia_Ypsilon_0.9T_TwinAir_EcoChic_Metano.JPG/270px-2013_Lancia_Ypsilon_0.9T_TwinAir_EcoChic_Metano.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/2013_Lancia_Ypsilon_0.9T_TwinAir_EcoChic_Metano.JPG/360px-2013_Lancia_Ypsilon_0.9T_TwinAir_EcoChic_Metano.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2554" data-file-height="1774" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lancia_Ypsilon" title="Lancia Ypsilon">Lancia Ypsilon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2005_Fiat_Panda_4X4_1.2_Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fiat Panda"><img alt="Fiat Panda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/2005_Fiat_Panda_4X4_1.2_Front.jpg/180px-2005_Fiat_Panda_4X4_1.2_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/2005_Fiat_Panda_4X4_1.2_Front.jpg/270px-2005_Fiat_Panda_4X4_1.2_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/2005_Fiat_Panda_4X4_1.2_Front.jpg/360px-2005_Fiat_Panda_4X4_1.2_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3957" data-file-height="2406" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fiat_Panda" title="Fiat Panda">Fiat Panda</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_body_variants">Multiple body variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Car_platform&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Multiple body variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recent years for <a href="/wiki/Monocoque" title="Monocoque">monocoque</a> chassis, platform-sharing combined with advanced and flexible-manufacturing technology enabled automakers to sharply reduce product development and changeover times, while modular design and assembly allow building a greater variety of vehicles from one basic set of engineered components.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pictured below is the <a href="/wiki/Nissan_MS_platform" title="Nissan MS platform">Nissan MS platform</a>, where designs including 5-door hatchback, sedan, compact SUV and minivan were built on a common floor panel and many shared functional assemblies such as engine, transmission and chassis components. </p> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2001-2002_Nissan_Pulsar_(N16)_Q_5-door_hatchback_(14260809561).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/2001-2002_Nissan_Pulsar_%28N16%29_Q_5-door_hatchback_%2814260809561%29.jpg/150px-2001-2002_Nissan_Pulsar_%28N16%29_Q_5-door_hatchback_%2814260809561%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/2001-2002_Nissan_Pulsar_%28N16%29_Q_5-door_hatchback_%2814260809561%29.jpg/225px-2001-2002_Nissan_Pulsar_%28N16%29_Q_5-door_hatchback_%2814260809561%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/2001-2002_Nissan_Pulsar_%28N16%29_Q_5-door_hatchback_%2814260809561%29.jpg/300px-2001-2002_Nissan_Pulsar_%28N16%29_Q_5-door_hatchback_%2814260809561%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nissan_Pulsar" title="Nissan Pulsar">Nissan Pulsar</a> (N16) 5-Door Hatchback</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2000-2003_NISSAN_BLUEBIRD_SYLPHY_rear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2000-2003_NISSAN_BLUEBIRD_SYLPHY_rear.jpg/150px-2000-2003_NISSAN_BLUEBIRD_SYLPHY_rear.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2000-2003_NISSAN_BLUEBIRD_SYLPHY_rear.jpg/225px-2000-2003_NISSAN_BLUEBIRD_SYLPHY_rear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2000-2003_NISSAN_BLUEBIRD_SYLPHY_rear.jpg/300px-2000-2003_NISSAN_BLUEBIRD_SYLPHY_rear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2776" data-file-height="1292" /></a><figcaption> Nissan Bluebird Sylphy G10 Sedan</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2003_Nissan_Primera-wagon_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/2003_Nissan_Primera-wagon_01.jpg/150px-2003_Nissan_Primera-wagon_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/2003_Nissan_Primera-wagon_01.jpg/225px-2003_Nissan_Primera-wagon_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/2003_Nissan_Primera-wagon_01.jpg/300px-2003_Nissan_Primera-wagon_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nissan_Primera" title="Nissan Primera">Nissan Primera</a> P12 Station Wagon</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NISSAN_AD_Van_rear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/NISSAN_AD_Van_rear.jpg/150px-NISSAN_AD_Van_rear.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/NISSAN_AD_Van_rear.jpg/225px-NISSAN_AD_Van_rear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/NISSAN_AD_Van_rear.jpg/300px-NISSAN_AD_Van_rear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2641" data-file-height="1324" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nissan_Wingroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissan Wingroad">Nissan Wingroad</a>/Nissan AD Van Y1 Station Wagon</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nissan_X-Trail_2.5X_2002_(15246141817).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Nissan_X-Trail_2.5X_2002_%2815246141817%29.jpg/150px-Nissan_X-Trail_2.5X_2002_%2815246141817%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Nissan_X-Trail_2.5X_2002_%2815246141817%29.jpg/225px-Nissan_X-Trail_2.5X_2002_%2815246141817%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Nissan_X-Trail_2.5X_2002_%2815246141817%29.jpg/300px-Nissan_X-Trail_2.5X_2002_%2815246141817%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Nissan_X-Trail" title="Nissan X-Trail">Nissan X-Trail</a> (T30) Compact SUV</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1998_Nissan_Tino_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/1998_Nissan_Tino_01.jpg/150px-1998_Nissan_Tino_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/1998_Nissan_Tino_01.jpg/225px-1998_Nissan_Tino_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/1998_Nissan_Tino_01.jpg/300px-1998_Nissan_Tino_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nissan_Almera_Tino" title="Nissan Almera Tino">Nissan Almera Tino</a> V10 Mini MPV</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nissan_Serena_C24_003.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Nissan_Serena_C24_003.JPG/150px-Nissan_Serena_C24_003.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Nissan_Serena_C24_003.JPG/225px-Nissan_Serena_C24_003.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Nissan_Serena_C24_003.JPG/300px-Nissan_Serena_C24_003.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nissan_Serena" title="Nissan Serena">Nissan Serena</a> Minivan</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Many vendors refer to this as <b>product or vehicle architecture</b>. The concept of product architecture is the scheme by which the function of a product is allocated to physical components.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of a platform strategy provides several benefits:<sup id="cite_ref-Muffatto_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muffatto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Greater flexibility across plants (the possibility of transferring production from one plant to another due to standardization)</li> <li>Cost reduction through using resources on a global scale</li> <li>Increased utilization of plants (higher productivity due to the reduction in the number of differences)</li> <li>Reduction of the number of platforms as a result of their localization on a worldwide basis</li></ul> <p>The car platform strategy has become important in new product development and in the innovation process.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The finished products have to be responsive to market needs and to demonstrate distinctiveness while – at the same time – they must be developed and produced at low cost.<sup id="cite_ref-Muffatto_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muffatto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adopting such a strategy affects the development process and also has an important impact on an automaker's organizational structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Muffatto_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muffatto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A platform strategy also offers advantages for the globalization process of automobile firms.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because automakers spend the majority of time and money on the development of platforms, platform sharing affords manufacturers the ability to cut costs on research and development by spreading it over several product lines. Manufacturers are then able to offer products at a lower cost to consumers. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> are increased, as is return on investment.<sup id="cite_ref-Brylawski_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brylawski-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Balu_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balu-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Car_platform&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_examples">Early examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Car_platform&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2CV_(2994247433).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/2CV_%282994247433%29.jpg/157px-2CV_%282994247433%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/2CV_%282994247433%29.jpg/236px-2CV_%282994247433%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/2CV_%282994247433%29.jpg/314px-2CV_%282994247433%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Citroën 2CV</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_green_Citro%C3%ABn_Dyane_6_side.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Light_green_Citro%C3%ABn_Dyane_6_side.JPG/150px-Light_green_Citro%C3%ABn_Dyane_6_side.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Light_green_Citro%C3%ABn_Dyane_6_side.JPG/225px-Light_green_Citro%C3%ABn_Dyane_6_side.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Light_green_Citro%C3%ABn_Dyane_6_side.JPG/300px-Light_green_Citro%C3%ABn_Dyane_6_side.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption> Citroën Dyane</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citro%C3%ABn_Ami_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Citro%C3%ABn_Ami_6.jpg/175px-Citro%C3%ABn_Ami_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Citro%C3%ABn_Ami_6.jpg/263px-Citro%C3%ABn_Ami_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Citro%C3%ABn_Ami_6.jpg/350px-Citro%C3%ABn_Ami_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4285" data-file-height="2784" /></a><figcaption>Citroën Ami 6</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citroen_Mehari_Ranger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Citroen_Mehari_Ranger.jpg/155px-Citroen_Mehari_Ranger.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Citroen_Mehari_Ranger.jpg/233px-Citroen_Mehari_Ranger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Citroen_Mehari_Ranger.jpg/310px-Citroen_Mehari_Ranger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Citroën Méhari</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1972_Volkswagen_Beetle_(15315845681).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/1972_Volkswagen_Beetle_%2815315845681%29.jpg/140px-1972_Volkswagen_Beetle_%2815315845681%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/1972_Volkswagen_Beetle_%2815315845681%29.jpg/210px-1972_Volkswagen_Beetle_%2815315845681%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/1972_Volkswagen_Beetle_%2815315845681%29.jpg/280px-1972_Volkswagen_Beetle_%2815315845681%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption> Volkswagen Beetle</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%B6xter_Germany_VW-Karmann-Ghia-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/H%C3%B6xter_Germany_VW-Karmann-Ghia-02.jpg/140px-H%C3%B6xter_Germany_VW-Karmann-Ghia-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/H%C3%B6xter_Germany_VW-Karmann-Ghia-02.jpg/210px-H%C3%B6xter_Germany_VW-Karmann-Ghia-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/H%C3%B6xter_Germany_VW-Karmann-Ghia-02.jpg/280px-H%C3%B6xter_Germany_VW-Karmann-Ghia-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5294" data-file-height="3529" /></a><figcaption>Volkswagen Karmann-Ghia</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Originally, a "platform" was a literally shared <a href="/wiki/Chassis" title="Chassis">chassis</a> from a previously-engineered vehicle, as in the case for the <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_2CV" title="Citroën 2CV">Citroën 2CV</a> platform chassis used by the <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Ami" title="Citroën Ami">Citroën Ami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Dyane" title="Citroën Dyane">Citroën Dyane</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Volkswagen Beetle</a> frame under the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Karmann_Ghia" title="Volkswagen Karmann Ghia">Volkswagen Karmann Ghia</a>. These two manufacturers made different category of vehicles under using the same chassis design at different years though the primary vehicle was still in production. </p><p>In the United States, platform sharing has been a common practice since the 1960s. This was when <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">GM</a> used the same platform in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Pontiac_LeMans" title="Pontiac LeMans">Pontiac LeMans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Buick_Skylark" title="Buick Skylark">Buick Skylark</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Chevelle" title="Chevrolet Chevelle">Chevrolet Chevelle</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile_Cutlass" title="Oldsmobile Cutlass">Oldsmobile Cutlass</a>. </p><p>In the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_K_platform" title="Chrysler K platform">K-cars</a> all wore a badge with the letter "K" to indicate their shared platform. In later stages, the "K" platform was extended in wheelbase, as well as use for several of the Corporation's different models. In the same decade, Fiat and <a href="/wiki/Saab_Cars" class="mw-redirect" title="Saab Cars">Saab</a> jointly developed cars using the <a href="/wiki/Type_Four_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Type Four platform">Type Four platform</a> to compete with the German-dominated European <a href="/wiki/Executive_car" title="Executive car">executive car</a> segment. </p><p>General Motors used similar strategies with its <a href="/wiki/GM_J_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="GM J platform">"J" platform</a> that debuted in mid-1981 in four of GM's divisions. Subsequently, GM introduced its "A" bodies for the same four divisions using the same tread width/wheelbase of the "X" body platform, but with larger bodywork to make the cars seem larger, and with larger trunk compartments. They were popular through the 1980s, primarily. Even Cadillac started offering a "J" body model called the <a href="/wiki/Cadillac_Cimarron" title="Cadillac Cimarron">Cimarron</a>, a much gussied-up version of the other four brands' platform siblings. </p><p>A similar strategy applied to what is known as the N-J-L platform, arguably the most prolific of GM's efforts on one platform. Once more, GM's four lower-level divisions all offered various models on this platform throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s. </p><p>The 1988 <a href="/wiki/Fiat_Tipo_(Type_160)" title="Fiat Tipo (Type 160)">Fiat Tipo</a> was one of the first European cars utilizing <a href="/wiki/Type_Two_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Type Two platform">a modular platform</a>, also used for the <a href="/wiki/Fiat_Tempra" title="Fiat Tempra">Fiat Tempra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opel_ascona_c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Opel_ascona_c.jpg/150px-Opel_ascona_c.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Opel_ascona_c.jpg/225px-Opel_ascona_c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Opel_ascona_c.jpg/300px-Opel_ascona_c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption>1986 <a href="/wiki/Opel_Ascona" title="Opel Ascona">Opel Ascona</a> C</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1988.5_Pontiac_Sunbird.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1988.5_Pontiac_Sunbird.jpg/150px-1988.5_Pontiac_Sunbird.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1988.5_Pontiac_Sunbird.jpg/225px-1988.5_Pontiac_Sunbird.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1988.5_Pontiac_Sunbird.jpg/300px-1988.5_Pontiac_Sunbird.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption>1988 <a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Sunbird" title="Pontiac Sunbird">Pontiac Sunbird</a></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cadillac_Cimarron_2_--_07-01-2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cadillac_Cimarron_2_--_07-01-2009.jpg/150px-Cadillac_Cimarron_2_--_07-01-2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cadillac_Cimarron_2_--_07-01-2009.jpg/225px-Cadillac_Cimarron_2_--_07-01-2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cadillac_Cimarron_2_--_07-01-2009.jpg/300px-Cadillac_Cimarron_2_--_07-01-2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2604" data-file-height="1458" /></a><figcaption>1988 <a href="/wiki/Cadillac_Cimarron" title="Cadillac Cimarron">Cadillac Cimarron</a></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daewoo_Espero_vl_silver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Daewoo_Espero_vl_silver.jpg/150px-Daewoo_Espero_vl_silver.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Daewoo_Espero_vl_silver.jpg/225px-Daewoo_Espero_vl_silver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Daewoo_Espero_vl_silver.jpg/300px-Daewoo_Espero_vl_silver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daewoo_Espero" title="Daewoo Espero">Daewoo Espero</a></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_years">Recent years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Car_platform&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Recent years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Japanese carmakers have followed the platform sharing practice with <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Acura" title="Acura">Acura</a> line, <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Infiniti" title="Infiniti">Infiniti</a> brand, and Toyota's <a href="/wiki/Lexus" title="Lexus">Lexus</a> marque, as the entry-level luxury models are based on their mainstream lineup. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Lexus_ES" title="Lexus ES">Lexus ES</a> is essentially an upgraded and rebadged <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Camry" title="Toyota Camry">Toyota Camry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Daimler-Benz" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler-Benz">Daimler-Benz</a> merged with <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a>, Chrysler engineers used several M-B platforms for new models including the <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Crossfire" title="Chrysler Crossfire">Crossfire</a> which was based on the M-B <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_SLK-Class" title="Mercedes-Benz SLK-Class">SLK roadster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Csere_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Csere-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other models that share platforms are the European <a href="/wiki/Ford_Focus_(International)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Focus (International)">Ford Focus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazda_Axela" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazda Axela">Mazda 3</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Volvo_S40" title="Volvo S40">Volvo S40</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Parry_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parry-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cadillac_BLS_front.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cadillac_BLS_front.JPG/150px-Cadillac_BLS_front.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cadillac_BLS_front.JPG/225px-Cadillac_BLS_front.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cadillac_BLS_front.JPG/300px-Cadillac_BLS_front.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2385" data-file-height="1251" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cadillac_BLS" title="Cadillac BLS">Cadillac BLS</a></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008_Chevrolet_Malibu_LT_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/2008_Chevrolet_Malibu_LT_.jpg/150px-2008_Chevrolet_Malibu_LT_.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/2008_Chevrolet_Malibu_LT_.jpg/225px-2008_Chevrolet_Malibu_LT_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/2008_Chevrolet_Malibu_LT_.jpg/300px-2008_Chevrolet_Malibu_LT_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2004" data-file-height="1175" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Malibu" title="Chevrolet Malibu">Chevrolet Malibu</a></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn-Aura-XE-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Saturn-Aura-XE-1.jpg/150px-Saturn-Aura-XE-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Saturn-Aura-XE-1.jpg/225px-Saturn-Aura-XE-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Saturn-Aura-XE-1.jpg/300px-Saturn-Aura-XE-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="1328" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Aura" title="Saturn Aura">Saturn Aura</a></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saab_9-5_2nd-gen_at_Aker_Brygge-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saab_9-5_2nd-gen_at_Aker_Brygge-1.jpg/150px-Saab_9-5_2nd-gen_at_Aker_Brygge-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saab_9-5_2nd-gen_at_Aker_Brygge-1.jpg/225px-Saab_9-5_2nd-gen_at_Aker_Brygge-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saab_9-5_2nd-gen_at_Aker_Brygge-1.jpg/300px-Saab_9-5_2nd-gen_at_Aker_Brygge-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2540" data-file-height="1180" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saab_9-5" title="Saab 9-5">Saab 9-5</a></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opel_Vectra_C_Caravan_1.9_CDTI_Sport_front_20100617.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Opel_Vectra_C_Caravan_1.9_CDTI_Sport_front_20100617.jpg/150px-Opel_Vectra_C_Caravan_1.9_CDTI_Sport_front_20100617.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Opel_Vectra_C_Caravan_1.9_CDTI_Sport_front_20100617.jpg/225px-Opel_Vectra_C_Caravan_1.9_CDTI_Sport_front_20100617.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Opel_Vectra_C_Caravan_1.9_CDTI_Sport_front_20100617.jpg/300px-Opel_Vectra_C_Caravan_1.9_CDTI_Sport_front_20100617.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2270" data-file-height="1382" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Opel_Vectra" title="Opel Vectra">Opel Vectra</a></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiat_Croma_2007.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Fiat_Croma_2007.JPG/150px-Fiat_Croma_2007.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Fiat_Croma_2007.JPG/225px-Fiat_Croma_2007.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Fiat_Croma_2007.JPG/300px-Fiat_Croma_2007.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fiat_Croma" title="Fiat Croma">Fiat Croma</a></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2005_Holden_Vectra_(ZC_MY05)_CDX_hatchback_(2007-09-29)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/2005_Holden_Vectra_%28ZC_MY05%29_CDX_hatchback_%282007-09-29%29_01.jpg/150px-2005_Holden_Vectra_%28ZC_MY05%29_CDX_hatchback_%282007-09-29%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/2005_Holden_Vectra_%28ZC_MY05%29_CDX_hatchback_%282007-09-29%29_01.jpg/225px-2005_Holden_Vectra_%28ZC_MY05%29_CDX_hatchback_%282007-09-29%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/2005_Holden_Vectra_%28ZC_MY05%29_CDX_hatchback_%282007-09-29%29_01.jpg/300px-2005_Holden_Vectra_%28ZC_MY05%29_CDX_hatchback_%282007-09-29%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Holden_Vectra" class="mw-redirect" title="Holden Vectra">Holden Vectra</a></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Differences between shared models typically involve styling, including <a href="/wiki/Headlight" class="mw-redirect" title="Headlight">headlights</a>, tail lights, and front and rear <a href="/wiki/Fascia_(car)" title="Fascia (car)">fascias</a>. Examples also involve differing <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">engines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Powertrain" title="Powertrain">drivetrains</a>. In some cases such as the Lexus ES that is a Toyota Camry, "same car, same blueprints, same skeleton off the same assembly line in the same factory", but the Lexus is marketed with premium coffee in the <a href="/wiki/Car_dealership" title="Car dealership">dealership's</a> showroom and reduced greens fees at <a href="/wiki/Pebble_Beach_Golf_Links" title="Pebble Beach Golf Links">Pebble Beach Golf Links</a> as part of the higher-priced badge.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Platform sharing <i>may</i> be less noticeable now; however, it is still very apparent. Vehicle architectures primarily consist of "under the skin" components, and shared platforms can show up in unusual places, like the <a href="/wiki/Nissan_FM_platform" title="Nissan FM platform">Nissan FM platform</a>-mates <a href="/wiki/Nissan_350Z" title="Nissan 350Z">Nissan 350Z</a> marketed as a <a href="/wiki/Sports_car" title="Sports car">sports car</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infiniti_FX" class="mw-redirect" title="Infiniti FX">Infiniti FX</a> positioned as a <a href="/wiki/SUV" title="SUV">SUV</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_A_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen A platform">Volkswagen A platform</a>-mates such as the sports-oriented <a href="/wiki/Audi_TT" title="Audi TT">Audi TT</a> and the economy-focused <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf" title="Volkswagen Golf">Volkswagen Golf</a> also share much of their mechanical components but are visually entirely different. Both the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a> have had much success building many well-differentiated vehicles from many <a href="/wiki/Marque" class="mw-redirect" title="Marque">marques</a>, from the same platforms. One of the least conspicuous recent examples is the <a href="/wiki/Chevy_Trailblazer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevy Trailblazer">Chevy Trailblazer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chevy_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevy SSR">Chevy SSR</a>; both use the GMT-360 platform. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages">Advantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Car_platform&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Easier <a href="/wiki/Inventory" title="Inventory">inventory</a> management/smaller number of parts</dt> <dd>Platform sharing allows for fewer parts for different models of vehicles and therefore the task of inventorying those parts is greatly reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Brylawski_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brylawski-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Lower development costs</dt> <dd>Platform sharing allows manufacturers to cover many different market segments when a platform sharing strategy is implemented. This is exemplified by Ford in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Explorer" title="Ford Explorer">Ford Explorer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Mountaineer" title="Mercury Mountaineer">Mercury Mountaineer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Aviator" title="Lincoln Aviator">Lincoln Aviator</a>. They are essentially the same vehicles, but they are targeted as being in the mass-market, near luxury, and luxury vehicles segments.<sup id="cite_ref-Balu_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balu-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Increased quality and innovation</dt> <dd>Platform sharing allows manufacturers to design parts with fewer variation. A byproduct of this is increased quality, which results in lower defect rates.<sup id="cite_ref-Brylawski_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brylawski-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Global standardization</dt> <dd>Platform sharing allows manufacturers to design flexible platforms that can be tailored to a country's specific needs without compromising quality. It also allows for manufacturing standardization and improved logistics.<sup id="cite_ref-Brylawski_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brylawski-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Greater product variety</dt> <dd>Platform sharing allows manufacturers to build/design differentiated products faster and cheaper. This is possible because the development and cost of the original platform have already been paid for.<sup id="cite_ref-Brylawski_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brylawski-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Car_platform&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Badge_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Badge engineering">Badge engineering</a></dt> <dd>Manufacturers that practice platform sharing have the ability to create several models based on the same design but with different names. This leads to the public looking over certain models and cannibalized sales from competing automakers with essentially similar products. This was prevalent among U.S. domestic manufactures from the 1970s onward, e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Trailblazer_(Mid-size_SUV)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevrolet Trailblazer (Mid-size SUV)">Chevrolet Trailblazer</a>, <a href="/wiki/GMC_Envoy" title="GMC Envoy">GMC Envoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buick_Rainier" title="Buick Rainier">Buick Rainier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saab_9-7X" title="Saab 9-7X">Saab 9-7X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile_Bravada" title="Oldsmobile Bravada">Oldsmobile Bravada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isuzu_Ascender" title="Isuzu Ascender">Isuzu Ascender</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brylawski_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brylawski-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Csere_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Csere-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Incompatible changes to platforms</dt> <dd>The two elements of platforms are constant and non-constant. If the non-constant elements are not designed to be easily integrated into the constant elements of the platform, extensive and expensive changes will have to be made in order to make the elements compatible again. Failure to do so negates the purpose of platform sharing in that it increases costs as opposed to reducing them.<sup id="cite_ref-Brylawski_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brylawski-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Balu_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balu-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Product dilution</dt> <dd>Platform sharing has the ability to be used in too many different models. However, in the minds of the consumers, the products may be too similar and more expensive products may be perceived to be cheaper.<sup id="cite_ref-Brylawski_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brylawski-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the perceived value of a "luxury" brand may be not as desirable if it is too similar to a mass-market version of the same platform. Conversely, platform sharing may increase the price of the economic models.<sup id="cite_ref-Brylawski_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brylawski-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of <a href="/wiki/Luxury_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxury vehicles">luxury vehicles</a> that suffered from being based on economy platforms include the <a href="/wiki/Cadillac_Cimarron" title="Cadillac Cimarron">Cadillac Cimarron</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_TC_by_Maserati" title="Chrysler TC by Maserati">Chrysler TC by Maserati</a> (similar to the K-platform, though it was actually built on a different and unique Q-platform), the <a href="/wiki/Maybach_57_and_62" title="Maybach 57 and 62">Maybach 57 and 62</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_X-Type" title="Jaguar X-Type">Jaguar X-Type</a>.</dd> <dt>Risk concentration/higher <a href="/wiki/Product_recall" title="Product recall">recall</a> rate</dt> <dd>The propensity for a higher number of recall is greatly increased with platform sharing. If a defect is found in one model and that model shares its platform with nine other models, the recall would be magnified by ten thus costing the manufacturer more time and money to fix.<sup id="cite_ref-Brylawski_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brylawski-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Balu_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balu-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of problems spreading across platforms and numerous versions of models are the <a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%9311_Toyota_vehicle_recalls" class="mw-redirect" title="2009–11 Toyota vehicle recalls">2009–11 Toyota vehicle recalls</a>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Top_hat">Top hat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Car_platform&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Top hat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In automotive design, the top hat is one or more vehicle upper body structures that can share a common platform. The upper body could vary from a crossover to a sedan or coupe thereby creating <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Product_differentiation" title="Product differentiation">product differentiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ref1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Car_platform&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ford_platforms" title="List of Ford platforms">List of Ford platforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GM_platforms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of GM platforms">List of GM platforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hyundai-Kia_platforms" title="Category:Hyundai-Kia platforms">List of Hyundai-Kia platforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mazda_platforms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mazda platforms">List of Mazda platforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mitsubishi_platforms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mitsubishi platforms">List of Mitsubishi platforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nissan_platforms" title="List of Nissan platforms">List of Nissan platforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stellantis_platforms" title="List of Stellantis platforms">List of Stellantis platforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Toyota_platforms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Toyota platforms">List of Toyota platforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Volkswagen_Group_platforms" title="List of Volkswagen Group platforms">List of Volkswagen Group platforms</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Car_platform&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEdmonston2003" class="citation book cs1">Edmonston, Phil (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FUH3stmywF0C&q=Lexus+ES+300,+or+a+fully+loaded+Toyota+Camry"><i>Lemon-Aid Used Cars and Minivans 2004</i></a>. Penguin Group. p. 294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-04375-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-04375-0"><bdi>978-0-670-04375-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2010</span>. <q>Used luxury cars can be great buys, if you ignore all the hype, know how to separate symbol from substance, and are smart enough to know that most of the high-end models don't give you much more than their lower-priced entry-level versions. 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For that you get a more finely finished interior on the Lexus and the promise of better service...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kiplinger%27s+Personal+Finance&rft.atitle=Rebate+time+and+the+cars+are+cheaper&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=98&rft.date=1992-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwAMEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3DLexus%2BES%2Band%2BToyota%2BCamry%2Bclones%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar+platform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmonsSimmons1997" class="citation book cs1">Simmons, Lee; Simmons, Barbara (1997). <i>Penny pinching</i>. Bantam Books. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-57366-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-57366-4"><bdi>978-0-553-57366-4</bdi></a>. <q>Toyota Camry XLE V-6 has exactly the same engine and shares many of the same body specifications with the Lexus ES 300. Comparably equipped, except for minor items</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Penny+pinching&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-553-57366-4&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft.au=Simmons%2C+Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar+platform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmonston2004" class="citation book cs1">Edmonston, Phil (2004). <i>Lemon Aide Guide 2005: New Cars and Minivans</i>. Penguin Group. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-301637-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-301637-3"><bdi>978-0-14-301637-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lemon+Aide+Guide+2005%3A+New+Cars+and+Minivans&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-14-301637-3&rft.aulast=Edmonston&rft.aufirst=Phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar+platform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerloff2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_M._Perloff" title="Jeffrey M. Perloff">Perloff, Jeffrey M.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_xi3AAAAIAAJ&q=Lexus+ES+and+Toyota+Camry+clones"><i>Microeconomics</i></a>. Pearson Addison Wesley. p. 672. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-16073-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-16073-7"><bdi>978-0-321-16073-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2010</span>. <q>... are automotive twins, as are the Toyota Camry and Lexus ES 300.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microeconomics&rft.pages=672&rft.pub=Pearson+Addison+Wesley&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-321-16073-7&rft.aulast=Perloff&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_xi3AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DLexus%2BES%2Band%2BToyota%2BCamry%2Bclones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar+platform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Csere-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Csere_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Csere_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCsere2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Csere, Csaba (June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206110936/http://www.caranddriver.com/features/03q2/platform_sharing_for_dummies-column">"Platform Sharing for Dummies"</a>. <i>Car and Driver</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caranddriver.com/features/03q2/platform_sharing_for_dummies-column">the original</a> on 6 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Car+and+Driver&rft.atitle=Platform+Sharing+for+Dummies&rft.date=2003-06&rft.aulast=Csere&rft.aufirst=Csaba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caranddriver.com%2Ffeatures%2F03q2%2Fplatform_sharing_for_dummies-column&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar+platform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parry-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parry_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100812123602/http://www.automobilemag.com/q_and_a/0503_qa_parry_jones/index.html">"Q&A: Richard Parry-Jones, Ford Global Product Development VP"</a>. <i>Automobile Magazine</i>. April 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.automobilemag.com/q_and_a/0503_qa_parry_jones/index.html">the original</a> on 12 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Automobile+Magazine&rft.atitle=Q%26A%3A+Richard+Parry-Jones%2C+Ford+Global+Product+Development+VP&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.automobilemag.com%2Fq_and_a%2F0503_qa_parry_jones%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar+platform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFarlaneKincaid2010" class="citation book cs1">McFarlane, Greg; Kincaid, Betty (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iTL6BEE4-hkC&q=Lexus+ES+and+Toyota+Camry&pg=PA142"><i>Control Your Cash: Making Money Make Sense</i></a>. Mill City Press. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936107-88-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936107-88-9"><bdi>978-1-936107-88-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2010</span>. <q>Take the Lexus ES. It boasts the sexy panache of style and elegance that no other sedan can compare to. Except for the quotidian Toyota Camry, that is. Same car. Same blueprints, same skeleton off the same assembly line in the same factory, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Control+Your+Cash%3A+Making+Money+Make+Sense&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Mill+City+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-936107-88-9&rft.aulast=McFarlane&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.au=Kincaid%2C+Betty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiTL6BEE4-hkC%26q%3DLexus%2BES%2Band%2BToyota%2BCamry%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar+platform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motortrend.com/buyersguide/buylease/112_0501_ic_plat">"Inside Truck Platform Sharing"</a>. <i>Motor Trend</i>. 2008-04-22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080420182129/http://www.motortrend.com/buyersguide/buylease/112_0501_ic_plat">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Motor+Trend&rft.atitle=Inside+Truck+Platform+Sharing&rft.date=2008-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.motortrend.com%2Fbuyersguide%2Fbuylease%2F112_0501_ic_plat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar+platform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref1_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2009" class="citation web cs1">Kelly, Kevin M. (January 1, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adandp.media/articles/ford-putting-on-the-top-hat">"Ford: Putting on the Top Hat"</a>. Automotive Design and Production.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ford%3A+Putting+on+the+Top+Hat&rft.pub=Automotive+Design+and+Production&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Kevin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adandp.media%2Farticles%2Fford-putting-on-the-top-hat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar+platform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Car_platform&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eetimes.com/news/design/columns/eda/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=17408738">EE Times</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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(car)">Bumper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagmar_bumper" title="Dagmar bumper">Dagmar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabrio_coach" title="Cabrio coach">Cabrio coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chassis" title="Chassis">Chassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_tire" title="Continental tire">Continental tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crumple_zone" title="Crumple zone">Crumple zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fender_(vehicle)" title="Fender (vehicle)">Fender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ponton_(car)" title="Ponton (car)">ponton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fender_skirts" title="Fender skirts">skirts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grille_(car)" title="Grille (car)">Grille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_(car)" title="Hood (car)">Hood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hood_scoop" title="Hood scoop">scoop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaker_scoop" title="Shaker scoop">shaker</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocoque" title="Monocoque">Monocoque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhang_(vehicles)" title="Overhang (vehicles)">Overhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillar_(car)" title="Pillar (car)">Pillar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_panel" title="Quarter panel">Quarter panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_roof" title="Automobile roof">Roof</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roof_rack" title="Roof rack">rack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(car)" title="Spoiler (car)">Spoiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stressed_member_engine" title="Stressed member engine">Stressed member engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subframe" title="Subframe">Subframe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonneau" title="Tonneau">Tonneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_lid" class="mw-redirect" title="Trunk lid">Trunk lid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;">Compartments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hood_(car)" title="Hood (car)">Hood/bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_(car)" title="Trunk (car)">Trunk/boot/dickie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Car_door" title="Car door">Doors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_doors" title="Butterfly doors">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_canopy" title="Vehicle canopy">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gull-wing_door" title="Gull-wing door">Gull-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scissor_doors" title="Scissor doors">Scissor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sliding_door_(car)" title="Sliding door (car)">Sliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_door" title="Suicide door">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_doors" title="Swan doors">Swan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_glass" title="Vehicle glass">Glass</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass_run_channel" title="Glass run channel">Glass run channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_(car)" title="Greenhouse (car)">Greenhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_window" title="Opera window">Opera window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_window" title="Power window">Power window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_glass" title="Quarter glass">Quarter glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunroof" title="Sunroof">Sunroof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windshield" title="Windshield">Windshield/windscreen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windshield_washer_fluid" title="Windshield washer fluid">washer fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windscreen_wiper" title="Windscreen wiper">wiper</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;">Other elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bumper_sticker" title="Bumper sticker">Bumper sticker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curb_feeler" title="Curb feeler">Curb feeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front-end_bra" title="Front-end bra">Front-end bra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_ornament" title="Hood ornament">Hood ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vehicle_instruments" title="List of vehicle instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_black" title="Japan black">Japan black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerf_bar" title="Nerf bar">Nerf bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniview_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Omniview technology">Omniview technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_auto_parts" title="List of auto parts">Parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">Tire/tyre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Run-flat_tire" title="Run-flat tire">run-flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spare_tire" title="Spare tire">spare</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Approach_and_departure_angles" title="Approach and departure angles">Approach and departure angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakover_angle" title="Breakover angle">Breakover angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhang_(vehicles)" title="Overhang (vehicles)">Overhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_height" title="Ride height">Ride height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_center" title="Roll center">Roll center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_radius" title="Turning radius">Turning radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_distribution" title="Weight distribution">Weight distribution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Exterior<br />equipment</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting" title="Automotive lighting">Lighting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automotive_light_bulb_types" title="List of automotive light bulb types">Automotive light bulb types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daytime_running_lamp" title="Daytime running lamp">Daytime running lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp" title="Headlamp">Headlamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_headlamp" title="Hidden headlamp">hidden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp" title="High-intensity discharge lamp">high-intensity discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_aluminized_reflector" title="Parabolic aluminized reflector">sealed beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafficators" title="Trafficators">trafficators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;">Other elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_horn" title="Vehicle horn">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-view_mirror" title="Side-view mirror">Side-view mirror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_side-view_mirror" title="Power side-view mirror">power</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tow_hitch" title="Tow hitch">Tow hitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_deflector" title="Window deflector">Window deflector</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Registration plate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanity_plate" title="Vanity plate">vanity plate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_theft" title="Motor vehicle theft">Theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_identification_number" title="Vehicle identification number">Vehicle identification number (VIN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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