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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bow,_stern,_and_deck" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bow,_stern,_and_deck"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Bow, stern, and deck</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bow,_stern,_and_deck-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paddles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paddles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Paddles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Paddles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Paddles 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surf_kayaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Surf kayaking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surf_kayaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea_fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea_fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Sea fishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea_fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pioneering_sea_kayak_expeditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pioneering_sea_kayak_expeditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pioneering sea kayak expeditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pioneering_sea_kayak_expeditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caiac_de_mar" title="Caiac de mar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Caiac de mar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havkajak" title="Havkajak – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Havkajak" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/See_Kayak" title="See Kayak – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="See Kayak" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seekajak" title="Seekajak – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seekajak" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayak_de_mar" title="Kayak de mar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kayak de mar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayak_de_mer" title="Kayak de mer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kayak de mer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengeri_kajak" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Light boat that is paddled</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_Kayak.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sea_Kayak.JPG/220px-Sea_Kayak.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sea_Kayak.JPG/330px-Sea_Kayak.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sea_Kayak.JPG/440px-Sea_Kayak.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A modern sea kayak off west Wales</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kayak-Valdes-BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Kayak-Valdes-BC.jpg/220px-Kayak-Valdes-BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Kayak-Valdes-BC.jpg/330px-Kayak-Valdes-BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Kayak-Valdes-BC.jpg/440px-Kayak-Valdes-BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2518" data-file-height="1577" /></a><figcaption>A sea kayak on <a href="/wiki/Valdes_Island" title="Valdes Island">Valdes Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>sea kayak</b> or <b>touring kayak</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Kayak" title="Kayak">kayak</a> used for the sport of <a href="/wiki/Watercraft_paddling" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercraft paddling">paddling</a> on open waters of lakes, bays, and oceans. Sea kayaks are <a href="/wiki/Seaworthy" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaworthy">seaworthy</a> small boats with a covered deck and the ability to incorporate a <a href="/wiki/Spray_deck" title="Spray deck">spray deck</a>. They trade off the manoeuvrability of <a href="/wiki/Whitewater" title="Whitewater">whitewater</a> kayaks for higher cruising speed, cargo capacity, ease of straight-line paddling (tracking), and comfort for long journeys. </p><p>Sea kayaks are used around the world for marine (sea) journeys from a few hours to many weeks, and can accommodate one to three paddlers along with their camping gear, food, water, and other supplies. Solo sea kayaks are 3.0–5.5 m (10–18 ft) long, while tandem craft can be up to 8 m (26 ft) long; <a href="/wiki/Beam_(nautical)" title="Beam (nautical)">beam widths</a> range from 53 cm (21 in) to 91 cm (36 in). </p><p>The term "sea kayaking" may have been popularised by the 1981 book <i>Sea Kayaking</i> by John Dowd, who said, "It wasn't called sea kayaking until my book came out; it was called kayak touring or sea canoeing or canoe touring, blue-water paddling, coastal paddling, all those things".<sup id="cite_ref-mag_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mag-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_kayak&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kayak" title="Kayak">Kayak</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greenland_kayak_seal_hunter_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Greenland_kayak_seal_hunter_2006.jpg/220px-Greenland_kayak_seal_hunter_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Greenland_kayak_seal_hunter_2006.jpg/330px-Greenland_kayak_seal_hunter_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Greenland_kayak_seal_hunter_2006.jpg/440px-Greenland_kayak_seal_hunter_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3104" data-file-height="1796" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> seal hunter in a kayak, armed with a harpoon.</figcaption></figure> <p>Contemporary sea kayaks trace their origin to the native boats of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and Southwest <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo">Eskimo</a>) hunters developed a fast seagoing craft to hunt <a href="/wiki/Earless_seal" title="Earless seal">seals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walrus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient <a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleut</a> name for an <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_kayak" title="Aleutian kayak">Aleutian kayak</a> is <i>Iqyak</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and earliest models were constructed from a light wooden frame (tied together with <a href="/wiki/Sinew" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinew">sinew</a> or <a href="/wiki/Baleen" title="Baleen">baleen</a>) and covered with <a href="/wiki/Sea_mammal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea mammal">sea mammal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sea_lion" title="Sea lion">sea lion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seal</a>) hides. Archaeologists have found evidence indicating that kayaks are at least 4000 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wooden kayaks and fabric kayaks on wooden frames (such as the <a href="/wiki/Folding_kayak" title="Folding kayak">Klepper</a>) dominated the market up until the 1950s, when fiberglass boats were introduced. <a href="/wiki/Rotomolding" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotomolding">Rotomolded</a> <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a> kayaks first appeared in 1984. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_kayak&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recreational_kayak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Recreational_kayak.jpg/220px-Recreational_kayak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Recreational_kayak.jpg/330px-Recreational_kayak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Recreational_kayak.jpg/440px-Recreational_kayak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Kayaking in a double on Lake Union in Seattle, USA</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern sea kayaks come in a wide array of materials, designs, and sizes to suit a variety of intended uses. In sea kayaking, where the designs continue along primarily traditional lines, the primary distinction is between <i>rigid</i> kayaks and <i><a href="/wiki/Folding_kayak" title="Folding kayak">Folding kayaks</a></i>. Folding kayaks are in some ways more traditional boats, being similar in design to <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skin-on-frame_kayak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skin-on-frame kayak (page does not exist)">skin-on-frame</a></i> kayaks used by native people. Modern folding kayaks use <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus" title="Fraxinus">ash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> or contemporary materials such as <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a> for the frame, and replace the <a href="/wiki/Sealskin" title="Sealskin">sealskin</a> covering with synthetic waterproof fabrics. Unlike rigid kayaks, folding kayaks can be easily disassembled and packed for transport. Many folding kayaks include inflatable <a href="/wiki/Sponsons" class="mw-redirect" title="Sponsons">sponsons</a> that improve the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_stability" title="Secondary stability">secondary stability</a> of the vessel, helping to prevent capsize. More recently, a class of inflatable folding kayaks has emerged, combining a more limited rigid frame with a tightly inflated skin to produce greater rigidity than an inflatable boat alone. </p><p>In recent years, there has been an increase in production of <a href="/wiki/Sit-on-top_kayak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sit-on-top kayak">sit-on-top kayaks</a> suitable for sea use.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most rigid sea kayaks also derive from the external designs of native vessels, especially those from Greenland, but the strength of modern materials such as <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotomolding" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotomolding">rotomolded plastic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fiber">carbon fiber</a> eliminate the need for an internal frame, though significantly increasing weight. Modern <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skin-on-frame_kayak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skin-on-frame kayak (page does not exist)">skin-on-frame</a></i> sea kayaks constructed with <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a> skins represent an ultralight niche within the rigid sea kayak spectrum. Some recent design innovations include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_kayak" title="Recreational kayak">Recreational kayaks</a> — shorter kayaks with wide beams and large cockpits intended for sheltered waters</li> <li>Sit-on-top kayaks — boats without an enclosed cockpit, but with the basic hull shape of a kayak.</li> <li>Inflatable kayaks with either a removable bladder within a tough outer skin, or a single skin similar to that used in <a href="/wiki/Rigid_inflatable_boat" title="Rigid inflatable boat">rigid inflatable boat</a> (RIB) construction.</li></ul> <p>A different class of vessel emerged in the 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Surf_ski" title="Surf ski">surf ski</a>, a long, narrow boat with low inherent stability that is intended for use in surf and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Following_waves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Following waves (page does not exist)">following waves</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_kayak&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most production sea kayaks are between 3.7 and 7.3 m (12 and 24 ft) in length, the larger kayaks often built for two (or in rare cases, three) paddlers. The width (<a href="/wiki/Beam_(nautical)" title="Beam (nautical)">beam</a>) of typical kayaks varies from 46 to 81 cm (18 to 32 in), though specialized boats such as <a href="/wiki/Surf_skis" class="mw-redirect" title="Surf skis">surf skis</a> may be narrower.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The length of a kayak affects not only its cargo capacity (for both gear and paddlers) but may also affect its "tracking" ability—the ease with which the boat travels in a straight line. While other design features also impact tracking, very long kayaks are easier to paddle straight (and harder to turn). The width of a kayak affects the cargo capacity, the maximum size of the cockpit (and thus the size of the paddler in that cockpit), and (to a degree that depends on the design of the hull) the <a href="/wiki/Stability_conditions_(watercraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stability conditions (watercraft)">stability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Material">Material</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_kayak&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plywood_Sea_Kayak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/45/Plywood_Sea_Kayak.jpg/220px-Plywood_Sea_Kayak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/45/Plywood_Sea_Kayak.jpg/330px-Plywood_Sea_Kayak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/45/Plywood_Sea_Kayak.jpg/440px-Plywood_Sea_Kayak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A sea kayak constructed from plywood, epoxy and fibreglass</figcaption></figure> <p>Most rigid production kayaks are now made out of <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotomolding" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotomolding">rotomolded polyethylene</a>, thermoformed plastic, blow moulded polyethylene or <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">kevlar</a>. More exotic materials include <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fiber">carbon fiber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foam_core" class="mw-redirect" title="Foam core">foam core</a>. Some kayaks are hand-built from <a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a> or wood strips covered with <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a>. Skin-on-frame kayaks are built on wood or aluminum frames covered in <a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">canvas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dacron" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacron">dacron</a>, or other fabrics, and may include inflatable tubes called <a href="/wiki/Sponsons" class="mw-redirect" title="Sponsons">sponsons</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Plywood#Marine_plywood" title="Plywood">Marine grade plywood</a> available today provides a high strength to weight ratio for kayak construction. Inflatable kayaks may be made from cheaper <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a> (PVC) with a nylon outer skin to resist abrasion, or more expensive single-skin designs made from hypalon which is very tough and easy to dry after use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bow,_stern,_and_deck"><span id="Bow.2C_stern.2C_and_deck"></span>Bow, stern, and deck</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_kayak&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bow, stern, and deck"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many design approaches for the bow, stern, and deck of kayaks. Some kayaks have <a href="/wiki/Sheer_(ship)" title="Sheer (ship)">upturned bows</a>, which are meant to provide better performance when paddling into waves, as well as better wave-shedding ability. Other kayaks achieve this through increased <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a> in the bow. Kayaks with unobstructed stern decks may ease certain types of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-rescue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Self-rescue (page does not exist)">self-rescue</a>. Waterproof bulkheads in modern kayaks provide flotation in the event of capsize. </p><p>Sea kayak decks typically include one or more hatches for easy access to the interior storage space inside. Kayak decks usually include attachment points for <i>deck lines</i> of various kinds, which are aids in self-rescue and attachment points for above-deck equipment or luggage. </p><p>Cockpits can be of several designs. They can be large or small. A large <a href="/wiki/Keyhole" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyhole">keyhole</a> cockpit can give the advantages of both, and combine firm contact between paddler and boat, while offering relatively easier access. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equipment">Equipment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_kayak&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_Kayak_Kealakekua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sea_Kayak_Kealakekua.jpg/220px-Sea_Kayak_Kealakekua.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sea_Kayak_Kealakekua.jpg/330px-Sea_Kayak_Kealakekua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sea_Kayak_Kealakekua.jpg/440px-Sea_Kayak_Kealakekua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Sea kayaking is a popular way to explore <a href="/wiki/Kealakekua_Bay" title="Kealakekua Bay">Kealakekua Bay</a>, Hawaii.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sea kayaks have a wide range of hull designs, which greatly expands their range of performance. Designs can accommodate a wide range of physical fitness, or usage. Boats come in many lengths, whereby shorter boats are generally more maneuverable, and longer boats generally travel straighter and faster. Width of beam can affect a boat's stability, speed, and ability to bring to an edge. The amount of rocker (the curve from bow to stern) can greatly affect the ability of a boat to turn. </p><p>Many have steering gear or tracking aids in the form of <a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">rudders</a> or <a href="/wiki/Skeg" title="Skeg">skegs</a>. In most cases, rudders are attached at the stern and operated by lines (wire or synthetics such as <a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene" title="Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene">Spectra</a>) from foot pedals in the cockpit. Rudders are typically retractable for beach landings. Skegs are typically retractable straight blades that drop from a well in the stern of the boat. Both devices assist in paddling when a strong wind or waves are coming from a direction other than directly in front.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some skegs may be more effective at countering <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(aviation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch (aviation)">pitch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flight_dynamics_(fixed-wing_aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight dynamics (fixed-wing aircraft)">roll</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yaw_(rotation)" title="Yaw (rotation)">yaw</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sea_kayaker_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sea_kayaker-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chesapeake_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chesapeake-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atlantic_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paddles">Paddles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_kayak&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Paddles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sea-kayak <a href="/wiki/Paddle" title="Paddle">paddles</a>, and the associated paddling styles, fall into three basic classifications: </p> <dl><dt>European</dt> <dd><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd> <dd>Two roughly spoon-shaped blades at either end of a cylindrical shaft. This paddle style was developed for fast acceleration and sudden manoeuvring in <a href="/wiki/Whitewater_kayaking" title="Whitewater kayaking">whitewater kayaking</a>, and then back-ported to sea-kayaking. European-style <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> paddles can be made of aluminium, plastic, or even wood; but the best are usually formed of more expensive materials like carbon-fibre for lightness. Often the two blades are <i>feathered</i>, or set at an angle relative to each other (both for ergonomic efficiency, and so that as one blade moves backwards through the water, the opposite blade moving forward through the air presents its edge, rather than its face). This makes it less efficient with the wind on the side or behind.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PaddleForKayakTopAndAxisView.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/PaddleForKayakTopAndAxisView.svg/500px-PaddleForKayakTopAndAxisView.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/PaddleForKayakTopAndAxisView.svg/750px-PaddleForKayakTopAndAxisView.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/PaddleForKayakTopAndAxisView.svg/1000px-PaddleForKayakTopAndAxisView.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1358" data-file-height="195" /></a><figcaption>A European<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> style kayak paddle, (a) top view, (b) axial view, (<a href="/wiki/First_angle_projection" class="mw-redirect" title="First angle projection">first angle projection</a>)</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Greenland</dt> <dd>Relatively narrow blades which are rounded and full near the loom and blade roots, and becoming oval near the blade tips. Some paddles feature a "shoulder", or abrupt transition between the loom and blade roots. Greenland paddle blades are usually not feathered. Short Greenland paddles (generally one arm-span in length), called storm paddles, are used with a sliding stroke, during which the hands are shifted along the blades for each stroke. Storm paddles are often used as spares and in very windy locations, as there is very little outboard blade to catch the wind.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greenland_Paddle_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Greenland_Paddle_2.JPG/500px-Greenland_Paddle_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="500" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Greenland_Paddle_2.JPG/750px-Greenland_Paddle_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Greenland_Paddle_2.JPG/1000px-Greenland_Paddle_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption>A Greenland style kayak paddle</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Wing</dt> <dd>The blade of the paddle is shaped with a profile like a wing. When used with a particular stroke, the blade produces lift as it moves through the water, enabling the kayaker to produce more forward motion than with any other kind of paddle. The paddling technique is different from the European style paddle though the same motion is how the Greenland paddle works with its narrow blade. It is most often used in racing, but also sees some limited use in recreational paddling such as touring.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wioslo-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wioslo-10.jpg/300px-Wioslo-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wioslo-10.jpg/450px-Wioslo-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wioslo-10.jpg/600px-Wioslo-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>A set of wing paddles</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dimensions">Dimensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_kayak&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dimensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>True sea kayaks, not to be mistaken for wider, more stable recreational kayaks, are available in many designs. The length of a solo sea kayak can range anywhere from 4.3 to 6.1 m (14 to 20 ft) long, and tandem kayaks can range from 5.5 to 7.3 m (18 to 24 ft) long. Sea kayaks can range in width (beam) from 22 to 24 inches wide.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wider touring kayaks of 60 to 75 cm (24 to 30 in)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>) are better for bigger paddlers, or small/average sized paddlers looking for more initial stability and maneuverability. Narrower beams of 50 to 65 cm (20 to 26 in)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> are good for small-medium-sized paddlers who want more speed and less maneuverability. And lastly, kayak depth (or the height from the hull to the highest area of the deck) can range from 28 to 40 cm (11 to 16 in)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> high. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Explorer_sea_kayak_side_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Explorer_sea_kayak_side_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="615" height="81" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="81" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>This design is typical of modern sea kayaks and has a low rear deck for easy rolling, a white water cockpit, compartments that allow the kayaker to reach into them while at sea, and a sloping rear bulkhead that enables the kayak to be emptied by lifting the bow. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_kayak&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_kayak&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_John_Trunk_Bay_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/St_John_Trunk_Bay_5.jpg/220px-St_John_Trunk_Bay_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/St_John_Trunk_Bay_5.jpg/330px-St_John_Trunk_Bay_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/St_John_Trunk_Bay_5.jpg/440px-St_John_Trunk_Bay_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3454" data-file-height="2666" /></a><figcaption>Sea kayaking at <a href="/wiki/Trunk_Bay" title="Trunk Bay">Trunk Bay</a> on <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" title="Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands">St. John</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A sea kayak's primary safety device is its paddler. Although some kayakers consider a well-practised self-righting move such as an <a href="/wiki/Eskimo_roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimo roll">Eskimo roll</a> to be essential in order to safe open-water kayaking, it is the technique of bracing that every well-trained, experienced kayaker practises in order to maintain an upright position in their kayak. Practice in bracing is often neglected by inexperienced kayakers once they have learned the Eskimo roll. However, the reality is that having to roll really means having to recover from a failed brace. Being in the capsized position in some environments due to missing a brace can put the paddler in danger of colliding with obstacles under the water. Staying upright in surf zones, rocky surf zones (informally known as rock gardens), and rivers is most important and is only accomplished through well-practised and successful bracing. </p><p>While there are a number of techniques for unassisted righting and re-entry of a kayak after a <a href="/wiki/Capsize" class="mw-redirect" title="Capsize">capsize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turtling_(sailing)" title="Turtling (sailing)">turtling</a>, most paddlers consider it safest to paddle with one or more others, as assistance is useful if attempting to recover via rolling solo fails. Even if the assistance fails to successfully right the kayaker, it is much easier to climb back into a boat in the open sea if one has another boat and paddler to help and the swamped boat has been emptied of water first. Nonetheless, experienced paddlers do attempt open-water crossings unaccompanied, and many major long-distance kayak expeditions have been carried out solo. </p><p>The use of a <a href="/wiki/Paddle_float" title="Paddle float">paddle float</a> self-rescue device, generally consisting of foam or in the form of an inflatable bag, and attached to the end of a paddle when needed, allows the paddle to be used as an outrigger while climbing back into the cockpit. If an inflatable paddle float is chosen, it should be a dual-chambered model on account of the safety advantage (in the event of failure of one chamber) that is conferred by the redundancy. The kayaker is advised to train with only one chamber inflated. In many areas (Canada, for instance), a paddle float is a safety item required by the coast guard. Re-entry using a paddle float is a fairly reliable rescue technique that, if well practised, allows one to paddle with confidence when one is not equipped with a flawlessly honed rolling skill. </p><p>There is a strong culture of self-sufficiency amongst sea kayakers and extensive safety equipment such as compass, towing lines, manual pumps, repair kits including wet application repair tape, flares, <a href="/wiki/Paddle_leash" title="Paddle leash">paddle leash</a>, spare paddles, and survival gear are routinely carried; along with supplies of food and a flask of hot beverage for non-emergency use. GPS, charts, lights, radios and cell phones, and <a href="/wiki/Radar_reflector" class="mw-redirect" title="Radar reflector">radar reflectors</a> are also sometimes carried. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms_of_sea_kayaking">Forms of sea kayaking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_kayak&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Forms of sea kayaking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kayak_Sailing_on_the_Columbia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/13/Kayak_Sailing_on_the_Columbia.jpg/220px-Kayak_Sailing_on_the_Columbia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/13/Kayak_Sailing_on_the_Columbia.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="192" /></a><figcaption>Kayak Sailing on the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kayak_sailing">Kayak sailing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_kayak&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kayak sailing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Developed by kayak enthusiasts, Kayak sails can supplement or effectively eliminate the need for paddling. Using a sail can increase offshore range and allow longer expeditions. Use of a sail for touring has established a strong following with recreational sea kayakers, expedition paddlers, and adventure racers. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_Kayaking_Wilsons_Promontory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sea_Kayaking_Wilsons_Promontory.jpg/220px-Sea_Kayaking_Wilsons_Promontory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sea_Kayaking_Wilsons_Promontory.jpg/330px-Sea_Kayaking_Wilsons_Promontory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sea_Kayaking_Wilsons_Promontory.jpg/440px-Sea_Kayaking_Wilsons_Promontory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Sea Kayaking at <a href="/wiki/Wilsons_Promontory" title="Wilsons Promontory">Wilsons Promontory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Australia">Victoria, Australia</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expedition_trips">Expedition trips</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_kayak&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Expedition trips"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Weekend trips with overnight camping are popular among recreational kayakers and many combine kayaking with wildlife watching. Modern sea kayaks are designed to carry large amounts of equipment and unsupported expeditions of two weeks or more are conducted in environments ranging from the tropics to the Arctic. Expedition kayaks are designed to handle best when loaded, so it may be necessary to ballast them on shorter trips. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surf_kayaking">Surf kayaking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_kayak&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Surf kayaking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Surf_kayaking" title="Surf kayaking">Surf kayaking</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Surf_skis" class="mw-redirect" title="Surf skis">Surf skis</a></div> <p>Closely related to surf boards and requiring a mix of <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">surfing</a> and kayaking skills, a wide range of sea kayaks are specifically designed for the sport of <a href="/wiki/Surf_kayaking" title="Surf kayaking">surf kayaking</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea_fishing">Sea fishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_kayak&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sea fishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kayak_fishing" title="Kayak fishing">Kayak fishing</a></div> <p>The sea <a href="/wiki/Kayak" title="Kayak">kayak</a> has long been a means of transportation and a means of accessing fishing grounds and kayak fishing has gained popularity due to the availability of purpose built stable designs. This technological development also solves some ergonomic problems that are associated with sitting for long hours without being able to change positions and special kayaks for fishing are accessorized for this sport, including specially-designed hatches, built-in rod holders, catch bags and equipment mounts. </p><p>Many of the techniques used in kayak fishing are the same as those used on other fishing boats. The difference is in the set-up, how each piece of equipment is fitted to the kayak, and how each activity is carried out on such a small craft. Contemporary kayaks can be equipped with fishing aids such as rod holders, electronic <a href="/wiki/Fishfinder" title="Fishfinder">fish-finders</a> and live-bait containers. Kayak <a href="/wiki/Fisherman" title="Fisherman">anglers</a> target highly prized bottom feeders like <a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a> and also <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">pelagics</a> like <a href="/wiki/Amberjack" title="Amberjack">amberjacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sailfish" title="Sailfish">sailfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wahoo" title="Wahoo">wahoo</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">marlin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pioneering_sea_kayak_expeditions">Pioneering sea kayak expeditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_kayak&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pioneering sea kayak expeditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Pre-1900</dt></dl> <ul><li>There is controversial evidence to suggest early trans-Atlantic kayak journeys from Labrador or Greenland to Scotland by Inuit paddlers. At the end of the 17th century there were at least three separate kayaks preserved in Scotland. One kayak, with associated equipment, is preserved in Aberdeen's <a href="/wiki/Marischal_Museum" title="Marischal Museum">Marischal Museum</a>. It was found, with dying occupant, on a nearby shore. Some suggest the occupants were escaped Inuit from European ships, Inuit storm-driven from Greenland, or from a European source. Many suggest Inuit and their kayaks to be the origin of the Celtic <a href="/wiki/Finn-men" title="Finn-men">Finn-men</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Selkie" title="Selkie">Selkie</a>, legends.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>1920s</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Romer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Romer (page does not exist)">Franz Romer</a> crossed the Atlantic Ocean solo in a kayak in 1928. His crossing from the Canary Islands and toward Puerto Rico took 58 days at sea but he was lost in a hurricane trying to get to New York<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Speck-map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Speck-map.png/260px-Speck-map.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Speck-map.png/390px-Speck-map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Speck-map.png/520px-Speck-map.png 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Speck" title="Oskar Speck">Oskar Speck</a> journey (1932-1939) from Germany to Australia</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>1930s</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Speck" title="Oskar Speck">Oskar Speck</a> paddled from Germany to Australia between 1932 and 1939.</li></ul> <dl><dt>1950s</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hannes_Lindemann" title="Hannes Lindemann">Hannes Lindemann</a> sailed an Aerius II kayak from the Canary Islands to the Caribbean in 1956. Documented in the book <i>Alone at sea</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>1960s</dt></dl> <ul><li>Anne and Hamish Gow made the first kayak crossing from <a href="/wiki/North_Uist" title="North Uist">North Uist</a> to <a href="/wiki/St_Kilda,_Scotland" title="St Kilda, Scotland">St Kilda, Scotland</a> in 1965. The Gows took film footage of the trip which was screened at the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Mountain_Film_Festival" title="Edinburgh Mountain Film Festival">Edinburgh Mountain Film Festival</a> in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>1970s</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derek_Hutchinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Derek Hutchinson (page does not exist)">Derek Hutchinson</a> was the first to cross the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> in 1976. After several near-death failures he finally managed it in 31 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmmc.co.uk/index.php?/collections/featured_boats/baidarka_sea_kayak">kayak</a> used in the crossing is today located in the <a href="/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum_Cornwall" title="National Maritime Museum Cornwall">National Maritime Museum Cornwall</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Foster_(kayaker)" title="Nigel Foster (kayaker)">Nigel Foster</a> and Geoff Hunter were the first to <a href="/wiki/Circumnavigate" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumnavigate">circumnavigate</a> Iceland in 1977.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Goodman_(kayakist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Goodman (kayakist) (page does not exist)">Frank Goodman</a> was the first to circumnavigate Cape Horn in 1977.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Caffyn" title="Paul Caffyn">Paul Caffyn</a> was the first person to circumnavigate the <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> in the summer of 1977/78. He describes it in his book <i>Obscured by Waves</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Caffyn" title="Paul Caffyn">Paul Caffyn</a> was the first person to circumnavigate the <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> in the summer of 1978/79. He describes it in his book <i>Cresting the Restless Waves</i>.</li> <li>Earle Bloomfield and John Brewster first to circumnavigate <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, 1979</li></ul> <dl><dt>1980s</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Caffyn" title="Paul Caffyn">Paul Caffyn</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigel_Dennis_(kayakist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nigel Dennis (kayakist) (page does not exist)">Nigel Dennis</a> were the first sea kayakers to circumnavigate Britain in 1980, a distance of 3,500 km (2,200 mi) in 85 days</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Foster_(kayaker)" title="Nigel Foster (kayaker)">Nigel Foster</a> solo crossing of Hudson Strait from Baffin Island to Northern Labrador 1981</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Caffyn" title="Paul Caffyn">Paul Caffyn</a> was the first person to circumnavigate <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> in 1981/2 covering a distance of 15,160 km (9,420 mi) He describes it in his book <i>The Dreamtime Voyage</i>.</li> <li>Laurie Ford solo across Bass Strait, (sail assisted) 1982.</li> <li>David Taylor and James Moore were the first to circumnavigate <a href="/wiki/The_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Faroe Islands">The Faroe Islands</a> (midway between Shetland and Iceland) in 1985.</li> <li>Brian Wilson rounded Scotland's main coastline including the inner and outer Hebrideas on a solo trip over 4 months in 1985, described in his book 'Blazing Paddles'.</li> <li>Earle Bloomfield, Larry Gray, Rob Casamento, and Graeme Joy northwards across Bass Strait (Note that the northward crossing is more difficult than the southward.) 1986.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ed_Gillet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ed Gillet (page does not exist)">Ed Gillet</a> paddled from California to Hawaii in 1987.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Rice" title="Howard Rice">Howard Rice</a> first solo around <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a> in 1989.</li> <li>Jim Breen, Gus Mathieson, Bill Turnbull and Peter Wilson completed the first Scottish major sea kayak expedition by completing the circumnavigation of the Vesteralen and Lofoten Islands in Arctic Norway in 1980 including the dual crossing of the Maelstrom (Moskenstraumen) the largest whirlpool area in the world. The Scottish Maritime Museum in Irvine retains a kayak and range of equipment used.</li></ul> <dl><dt>1990s</dt></dl> <ul><li>Adventurer <a href="/wiki/Chris_Duff" title="Chris Duff">Chris Duff</a> circumnavigated both <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> in 1996 and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>'s <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a> in 2000.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trys_Morris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trys Morris (page does not exist)">Trys Morris</a> and Bob Timms have attempted to paddle from UK to Australia 1999 and 2000, abandoning the expedition in Athens, Greece due to lack of funds and visas for Arabian countries.</li> <li>In his book <i>Cold Oceans</i> (1999), Jon Turk describes his attempt to solo circumnavigate <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>2000s</dt></dl> <ul><li>Jon Turk and his team was the first to cross the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a> as they paddled from Japan to Alaska in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bray" title="Peter Bray">Peter Bray</a> crossed from Canada to Ireland in 2001.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trys_Morris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trys Morris (page does not exist)">Trys Morris</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemma_Rawlings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gemma Rawlings (page does not exist)">Gemma Rawlings</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Justine_Curgenven&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justine Curgenven (page does not exist)">Justine Curgenven</a> successfully circumnavigated <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> in 2004. This journey is featured in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=This_Is_The_Sea_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="This Is The Sea 2 (page does not exist)">This Is The Sea 2</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiona_Whitehead&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiona Whitehead (page does not exist)">Fiona Whitehead</a> circumnavigated Great Britain and Ireland in 2004 in 93 paddling days, 140 days in total.</li> <li>In May 2004, Mark Western completed the first solo circumnavigation of Taiwan, total 34 days.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Whelan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Whelan (page does not exist)">Harry Whelan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barry_Shaw_(kayaker)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barry Shaw (kayaker) (page does not exist)">Barry Shaw</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phil_Clegg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phil Clegg (page does not exist)">Phil Clegg</a> are considered to have been the fastest around Britain in 2005, completing the circumnavigation in 80 days</li> <li>In November 2005 the first kayak circumnavigation of <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia</a> in the Southern Atlantic was completed by The Adventure Philosophy team of Graham Charles, Marcus Waters and Mark Jones in 18 days, a distance of 600 km.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Stiller" title="Eric Stiller">Eric Stiller</a> and Tony Brown unsuccessfully attempted circumnavigation of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. The trip ended in failure roughly a third of the way through. Described in the book <i>Keep Australia on your left</i> (2002).</li> <li>Solo Kayak Circumnavigation of Iceland - Rotem Ron in the year (2006) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumnavigation_of_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Circumnavigation of Iceland (page does not exist)">Circumnavigation of Iceland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_McAuley" title="Andrew McAuley">Andrew McAuley</a>, an Australian solo kayaker, was lost at sea in February 2007 only 56 km (30 nmi) short of his destination of <a href="/wiki/Milford_Sound" title="Milford Sound">Milford Sound</a>, New Zealand, during his attempt to cross from Australia to New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Justin Jones and James Castrission made the first <a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Ditch" title="Crossing the Ditch">crossing</a> from Australia to New Zealand, arriving on 13 January 2008, a journey that took 61 days. This is the longest two-man kayak expedition ever undertaken.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2009 there are 3 separate expeditions attempting to circumnavigate the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>: two British teams<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom_Parrick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tom Parrick (page does not exist)">Tom Parrick</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiona_Whitehead&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiona Whitehead (page does not exist)">Fiona Whitehead</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Demuth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcus Demuth (page does not exist)">Marcus Demuth</a>, a solo American.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In July 2009, Patrick Winterton and Mick Berwick completed the first unsupported kayak crossing from Scotland to the Faroe Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freya_Hoffmeister" title="Freya Hoffmeister">Freya Hoffmeister</a> made the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_Around_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Race Around Australia (page does not exist)">Race Around Australia</a>" and successfully circumnavigated Australia at 2009.</li></ul> <dl><dt>2010s</dt></dl> <ul><li>Fastest solo circumnavigation of Great Britain in 72 days by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://performanceseakayak.co.uk/Pages/Records/UKCirc/recordsUKCirc.html">John Willacy</a> and 67 days by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.performanceseakayak.co.uk/Pages/Records/UKCirc/recordsUKCirc.php">Joe Leach</a> (2012)</li> <li>On the turn 2010/2011, Polish kayaker <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Doba" title="Aleksander Doba">Aleksander Doba</a> crossed from <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a> (Africa – <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Fortaleza" title="Fortaleza">Fortaleza</a> (South America – <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"The Second Continent" Circumnavigation of South America 2011-2015, <a href="/wiki/Freya_Hoffmeister" title="Freya Hoffmeister">Freya Hoffmeister</a></li> <li>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Book of World Records">Guinness Book of World Records</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Verlen_Kruger" title="Verlen Kruger">Verlen Kruger</a> paddled the most miles (over 100,000 miles) of anyone in the sport.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_kayak&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folding_boat" title="Folding boat">Folding boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folding_kayak" title="Folding kayak">Folding kayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannes_Lindemann" title="Hannes Lindemann">Hannes Lindemann</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_kayak&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mag-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mag_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTim_Shuff2020" class="citation web cs1">Tim Shuff (2020-10-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paddlingmag.com/stories/the-history-of-sea-kayaking-popularizing-the-sport/">"The History of Sea Kayaking: Popularizing the Sport"</a>. <i>Paddling Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210212192048/https://paddlingmag.com/stories/the-history-of-sea-kayaking-popularizing-the-sport/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paddling+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Sea+Kayaking%3A+Popularizing+the+Sport&rft.date=2020-10-21&rft.au=Tim+Shuff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaddlingmag.com%2Fstories%2Fthe-history-of-sea-kayaking-popularizing-the-sport%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+kayak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson1994" class="citation book cs1">Hutchinson, Derek. C. (1994). <i>The Complete Book of Sea Kayaking</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beginner+Surf+Gear&rft.atitle=Sit+on+top+kayak&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft.aulast=Milton&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beginnersurfgear.com%2Fperception-kayak-buyers-guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+kayak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2020" class="citation web cs1">Jensen, Marty (2020-03-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amcbostonpaddlers.org/what-makes-a-kayak-a-sea-kayak/">"What Makes a Kayak a Sea Kayak? - AMC Boston Paddlers"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418015935/https://amcbostonpaddlers.org/what-makes-a-kayak-a-sea-kayak/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Makes+a+Kayak+a+Sea+Kayak%3F+-+AMC+Boston+Paddlers&rft.date=2020-03-11&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Marty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famcbostonpaddlers.org%2Fwhat-makes-a-kayak-a-sea-kayak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+kayak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegg1998" class="citation book cs1">Legg, Linda (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39301182"><i>Touring in your sea kayak</i></a> (1st ed.). Birmingham, AL: Menasha Ridge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89732-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89732-263-0"><bdi>0-89732-263-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39301182">39301182</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116031742/https://www.worldcat.org/title/touring-in-your-sea-kayak/oclc/39301182">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Touring+in+your+sea+kayak&rft.place=Birmingham%2C+AL&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Menasha+Ridge+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39301182&rft.isbn=0-89732-263-0&rft.aulast=Legg&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F39301182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+kayak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowd2015" class="citation book cs1">Dowd, John (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/905559166"><i>Sea kayaking : the classic manual for touring, from day trips to major expeditions</i></a>. [Place of publication not identified]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77164-144-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77164-144-9"><bdi>978-1-77164-144-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/905559166">905559166</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116031746/https://www.worldcat.org/title/sea-kayaking-the-classic-manual-for-touring-from-day-trips-to-major-expeditions/oclc/905559166">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+kayaking+%3A+the+classic+manual+for+touring%2C+from+day+trips+to+major+expeditions&rft.place=%5BPlace+of+publication+not+identified%5D&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F905559166&rft.isbn=978-1-77164-144-9&rft.aulast=Dowd&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F905559166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+kayak" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson1994" class="citation book cs1">Hutchinson, Derek. C. (1994). <i>The Complete Book of Sea Kayaking</i>. A&C Black. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7136-6675-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7136-6675-7"><bdi>0-7136-6675-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Book+of+Sea+Kayaking&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7136-6675-7&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Derek.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+kayak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Watson_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2014" class="citation web cs1">Watson, Tom (February 12, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paddling.net/guidelines/showArticle.html?show=779">"Rudders & Skegs: Maneuvering Aids"</a>. paddling.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223103456/http://www.paddling.net/guidelines/showArticle.html?show=779">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rudders+%26+Skegs%3A+Maneuvering+Aids&rft.pub=paddling.net&rft.date=2014-02-12&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paddling.net%2Fguidelines%2FshowArticle.html%3Fshow%3D779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+kayak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sea_kayaker-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sea_kayaker_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seakayakermag.com/forums/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=865">"Rudders vs Skegs"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Kayaker_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sea Kayaker Magazine (page does not exist)">Sea Kayaker Magazine</a></i>. May 28, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222033852/http://www.seakayakermag.com/forums/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=865">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sea+Kayaker+Magazine&rft.atitle=Rudders+vs+Skegs&rft.date=2008-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seakayakermag.com%2Fforums%2Fubbthreads.php%3Fubb%3Dshowflat%26Number%3D865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+kayak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chesapeake-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chesapeake_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clcboats.com/shoptips/fitting_out/retractable_skeg.html">"Fixing up your boat: Installing a retractable skeg"</a>. Chesapeake Lightcraft. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221233402/http://www.clcboats.com/shoptips/fitting_out/retractable_skeg.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fixing+up+your+boat%3A+Installing+a+retractable+skeg&rft.pub=Chesapeake+Lightcraft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clcboats.com%2Fshoptips%2Ffitting_out%2Fretractable_skeg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+kayak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFgnarlydog2009" class="citation web cs1">gnarlydog (16 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gnarlydognews.blogspot.com/2009/02/shop-kayak-mods-fabricating-skeg-box.html">"Retrofitting your ruddered kayak with a skegg"</a>. gnarlydognews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140306214557/http://gnarlydognews.blogspot.com/2009/02/shop-kayak-mods-fabricating-skeg-box.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Retrofitting+your+ruddered+kayak+with+a+skegg&rft.pub=gnarlydognews&rft.date=2009-02-16&rft.au=gnarlydog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgnarlydognews.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F02%2Fshop-kayak-mods-fabricating-skeg-box.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+kayak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atlantic-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atlantic_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlantickayaktours.com/pages/expertcenter/equipment/skeg/Skeg-1.shtml">"How does a kayak skeg work"</a>. Atlantic Kayak Tours. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140515134526/http://www.atlantickayaktours.com/Pages/ExpertCenter/equipment/skeg/Skeg-1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+does+a+kayak+skeg+work&rft.pub=Atlantic+Kayak+Tours&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlantickayaktours.com%2Fpages%2Fexpertcenter%2Fequipment%2Fskeg%2FSkeg-1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+kayak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paddlingmag.com/skills/buying-advice/how-to-find-the-right-kayak-size-for-you/">"What Size Kayak Is Right For You?"</a>. <i>Paddling Magazine</i>. 2021-12-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paddling+Magazine&rft.atitle=What+Size+Kayak+Is+Right+For+You%3F&rft.date=2021-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaddlingmag.com%2Fskills%2Fbuying-advice%2Fhow-to-find-the-right-kayak-size-for-you%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+kayak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacRitchie, Scot, <i>The Aberdeen Kayak and its Congeners</i>, Royal Scottish Geographical Society Magazine, Feb 12, 1912, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_046/46_213_241.pdf">http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_046/46_213_241.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070612000637/http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_046/46_213_241.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-06-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahaffey2003" class="citation news cs1">Mahaffey, Dexter (April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090518092243/http://www.paddlermagazine.com/issues/2003_4/article_221.shtml">"The 10 All-time Greatest Sea Kayaking Expeditions"</a>. <i>Paddler Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paddlermagazine.com/issues/2003_4/article_221.shtml">the original</a> on 2009-05-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paddler+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+10+All-time+Greatest+Sea+Kayaking+Expeditions&rft.date=2003-04&rft.aulast=Mahaffey&rft.aufirst=Dexter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paddlermagazine.com%2Fissues%2F2003_4%2Farticle_221.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+kayak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vuQDAAAAMBAJ&q=Popular+Mechanics+1931+curtiss&pg=PA586"><i>Popular Mechanics</i></a>. Hearst Magazines. October 1931. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116031747/https://books.google.com/books?id=vuQDAAAAMBAJ&q=Popular+Mechanics+1931+curtiss&pg=PA586">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.pub=Hearst+Magazines&rft.date=1931-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvuQDAAAAMBAJ%26q%3DPopular%2BMechanics%2B1931%2Bcurtiss%26pg%3DPA586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+kayak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindermann1998" class="citation book cs1">Lindermann, Hannes (1998). <i>Alone at Sea A Doctor's Survival Experiments During Two Atlantic Crossings in a Dugout Canoe and a Folding Kayak</i>. Germany: Pollner Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-925660-27-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-925660-27-5"><bdi>3-925660-27-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alone+at+Sea+A+Doctor%27s+Survival+Experiments+During+Two+Atlantic+Crossings+in+a+Dugout+Canoe+and+a+Folding+Kayak&rft.place=Germany&rft.pub=Pollner+Verlag&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=3-925660-27-5&rft.aulast=Lindermann&rft.aufirst=Hannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+kayak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simon-willis.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/hamishs-kayaking-kilms-showing-at.html">SimonWillis.net: Hamish's Kayaking Kilms Showing at Edinburgh Mtn Film Fest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081144/http://simon-willis.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/hamishs-kayaking-kilms-showing-at.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Simon-willis.blogspot.co.uk (2011-10-07). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paddlermagazine.com/issues/2003_4/article_221.shtml">Paddler Magazine Online : The 10 All-time Greatest Sea Kayaking Expeditions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090518092243/http://www.paddlermagazine.com/issues/2003_4/article_221.shtml">Archived</a> 2009-05-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurk1999" class="citation book cs1">Turk, Jon (1999). <i>Cold Oceans</i>. Turtleback. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0613292103" title="Special:BookSources/0613292103"><bdi>0613292103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cold+Oceans&rft.pub=Turtleback&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0613292103&rft.aulast=Turk&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+kayak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurk2006" class="citation book cs1">Turk, Jon (4 July 2006). <i>In the wake of the Jomon</i>. McGraw-Hill Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/007147465X" title="Special:BookSources/007147465X"><bdi>007147465X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+wake+of+the+Jomon&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2006-07-04&rft.isbn=007147465X&rft.aulast=Turk&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+kayak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://outside.away.com/outside/destinations/south-georgia-8.html">"November 2, 2005: South Georgia Expedition Update | Outside Online"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051126150220/http://outside.away.com/outside/destinations/south-georgia-8.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 26, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=November+2%2C+2005%3A+South+Georgia+Expedition+Update+%7C+Outside+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foutside.away.com%2Foutside%2Fdestinations%2Fsouth-georgia-8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+kayak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seakayak.co.il/eblog/?cat=1">טרה סנטה קיאקים ימיים</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101012020222/http://seakayak.co.il/eblog/?cat=1">Archived</a> 2010-10-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Seakayak.co.il. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/missing-kayakers-wife-losing-hope/2007/02/11/1171128816655.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2">"Search for kayaker called off"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. 12 February 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140725201337/http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/missing-kayakers-wife-losing-hope/2007/02/11/1171128816655.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Search+for+kayaker+called+off&rft.date=2007-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmissing-kayakers-wife-losing-hope%2F2007%2F02%2F11%2F1171128816655.html%3Fpage%3Dfullpage%23contentSwap2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+kayak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crossingtheditch.com.au/">"Home :: Crossing the Ditch - Trans-Tasman Kayak Expedition :: James Castrission & Justin Jones"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211219092725/http://www.crossingtheditch.com.au/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+%3A%3A+Crossing+the+Ditch+-+Trans-Tasman+Kayak+Expedition+%3A%3A+James+Castrission+%26+Justin+Jones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crossingtheditch.com.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+kayak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justgiving.com/kayakfalklands2009">Chris Millington is fundraising for Help for Heroes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831080434/http://www.justgiving.com/kayakfalklands2009/">Archived</a> 2009-08-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Justgiving.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seakayakfalkland.blogspot.com">Sea Kayak Falkland '09</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803190004/http://seakayakfalkland.blogspot.com/">Archived</a> 2019-08-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Seakayakfalkland.blogspot.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expeditionkayak.com/completed-expeditions/falkland-islands">"Expeditionkayak.com Worldwide Kayak Expeditions, Sean Morley's Kayak Expeditions Website, Publish your Kayak Expedition here, Kayalking in California, Sea Kayaking, Surf Kayaking, Paddlesports, California Paddlesports - Expeditionkayak.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141221051859/http://www.expeditionkayak.com/completed-expeditions/falkland-islands/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-12-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Expeditionkayak.com+Worldwide+Kayak+Expeditions%2C+Sean+Morley%27s+Kayak+Expeditions+Website%2C+Publish+your+Kayak+Expedition+here%2C+Kayalking+in+California%2C+Sea+Kayaking%2C+Surf+Kayaking%2C+Paddlesports%2C+California+Paddlesports+-+Expeditionkayak.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.expeditionkayak.com%2Fcompleted-expeditions%2Ffalkland-islands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+kayak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlatman" class="citation web cs1">Flatman, Elizabeth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnli.org.uk/who_we_are/press_centre/news_releases/news_release_detail?articleid=461169">"Kayakers complete first successful crossing to Faroes in aid of RNLI"</a>. RNLI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116031726/https://rnli.org/?articleid=461169">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kayakers+complete+first+successful+crossing+to+Faroes+in+aid+of+RNLI&rft.pub=RNLI&rft.aulast=Flatman&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnli.org.uk%2Fwho_we_are%2Fpress_centre%2Fnews_releases%2Fnews_release_detail%3Farticleid%3D461169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+kayak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aleksanderdoba.pl">Transatlantic kayak expedition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202132433/https://aleksanderdoba.pl/">Archived</a> 2021-12-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Aleksanderdoba.pl. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcanoekayakmag2004" class="citation journal cs1">canoekayakmag (August 9, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canoekayak.com/canoe/krugerobit/">"Obituary: Verlen Kruger Remembered"</a>. <i>Canoe & Kayak</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717015210/http://www.canoekayak.com/canoe/krugerobit/">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canoe+%26+Kayak&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Verlen+Kruger+Remembered&rft.date=2004-08-09&rft.au=canoekayakmag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canoekayak.com%2Fcanoe%2Fkrugerobit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+kayak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_kayak&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aloneatsea006429mbp/page/n11/mode/2up">Ebook: "Alone At Sea" by Hannes Lindemann</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://foldingkayaks.org">FoldingKayaks.org</a> (relevant text re folding kayaks).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yostwerks.com/">Folding Kayak Builders Manual</a> from Yostwerks, details on building a folding kayak.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L3S33-Gt5H0"><span class="plainlinks">Video (5:13; GE) - Record 4-Minute Assembling A Foldable Klepper Kayak</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style 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class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sea kayaking">Sea kayaking</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sea_kayaking#Q115467" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Sea kayaking">Sea kayaking</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canoeing_and_kayaking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canoeing_and_kayaking" title="Template:Canoeing and kayaking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canoeing_and_kayaking" title="Template talk:Canoeing and kayaking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canoeing_and_kayaking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canoeing and kayaking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canoeing_and_kayaking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canoeing" title="Canoeing">Canoeing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kayaking" title="Kayaking">kayaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_sprint" title="Canoe sprint">Canoe sprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_slalom" title="Canoe slalom">Canoe slalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_marathon" title="Canoe marathon">Canoe marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_polo" title="Canoe polo">Canoe polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildwater_canoeing" title="Wildwater canoeing">Wildwater canoeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_sailing" title="Canoe sailing">Canoe sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_freestyle" title="Canoe freestyle">Canoe freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracanoe" title="Paracanoe">Paracanoe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Olympics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Canoeing at the Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_canoeing_(men)" title="List of Olympic medalists in canoeing (men)">Male medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_canoeing_(women)" title="List of Olympic medalists in canoeing (women)">Female medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues_in_canoeing" title="List of Olympic venues in canoeing">Venues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creeking" title="Creeking">Creeking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">Dragon boating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouka_Baich" title="Nouka Baich">Nouka Baich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddleboarding" title="Paddleboarding">Paddleboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_ski" title="Surf ski">Surf skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_kayaking" title="Surf kayaking">Surf kayaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_boating" title="Snow boating">Snow boating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squirt_boating" title="Squirt boating">Squirt boating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standup_paddleboarding" title="Standup paddleboarding">Standup paddleboarding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Canoe_Federation" title="International Canoe Federation">ICF</a> championships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICF_Canoe_Sprint_World_Championships" title="ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships">Sprint</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICF_Canoe_Sprint_World_Championships_medalists_in_men%27s_Canadian" title="List of ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in men's Canadian">Men's Canadian medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ICF_Canoe_Sprint_World_Championships_medalists_in_women%27s_Canadian" title="List of ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in women's Canadian">Women's Canadian medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ICF_Canoe_Sprint_World_Championships_medalists_in_men%27s_kayak" title="List of ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in men's kayak">Men's kayak medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ICF_Canoe_Sprint_World_Championships_medalists_in_women%27s_kayak" title="List of ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in women's kayak">Women's kayak medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ICF_Canoe_Sprint_World_Championships_medalists_in_paracanoe" title="List of ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in paracanoe">Paracanoe medalists</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICF_Canoe_Slalom_World_Championships" title="ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships">Slalom</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICF_Canoe_Slalom_World_Championships_medalists_in_men%27s_canoe" title="List of ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships medalists in men's canoe">Men's canoe medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ICF_Canoe_Slalom_World_Championships_medalists_in_women%27s_canoe" title="List of ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships medalists in women's canoe">Women's canoe medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ICF_Canoe_Slalom_World_Championships_medalists_in_men%27s_kayak" title="List of ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships medalists in men's kayak">Men's kayak medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ICF_Canoe_Slalom_World_Championships_medalists_in_women%27s_kayak" title="List of ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships medalists in women's kayak">Women's kayak medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ICF_Canoe_Slalom_World_Championships_medalists_in_mixed_canoe" title="List of ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships medalists in mixed canoe">Mixed canoe medalists</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICF_World_Junior_and_U23_Canoe_Slalom_Championships" title="ICF World Junior and U23 Canoe Slalom Championships">Slalom Junior & U23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICF_Canoe_Marathon_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="ICF Canoe Marathon World Championship">Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICF_Canoe_Ocean_Racing_World_Championships" title="ICF Canoe Ocean Racing World Championships">Ocean Racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildwater_Canoeing_World_Championships" title="Wildwater Canoeing World Championships">Wildwater canoeing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small-craft_sailing" title="Small-craft sailing">Small-craft sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_canoeing" title="Whitewater canoeing">Whitewater canoeing</a> / <a href="/wiki/Whitewater_kayaking" title="Whitewater kayaking">kayaking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sea kayaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_camping" title="Canoe camping">Canoe camping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayak_fishing" title="Kayak fishing">Kayak fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_and_kayak_diving" title="Canoe and kayak diving">Canoe and kayak diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongola_racing" title="Dongola racing">Dongola racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_orienteering" title="Canoe orienteering">Canoe orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_livery" title="Canoe livery">Canoe livery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern boats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">Canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayak" title="Kayak">Kayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_canoe" title="Concrete canoe">Concrete canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flyak" title="Flyak">Flyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folding_kayak" title="Folding kayak">Folding kayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Canoe" title="International Canoe">International Canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malia_(canoe)" title="Malia (canoe)">Malia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_kayak" title="Recreational kayak">Recreational kayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprint_canoe" title="Sprint canoe">Sprint canoe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional boats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_kayak" title="Aleutian kayak">Aleutian kayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuco" title="Cayuco">Cayuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chundan_vallam" title="Chundan vallam">Chundan vallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_brigade" title="Fur brigade">Fur brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">Outrigger canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_canoes" title="Pacific Northwest canoes">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabaska" title="Rabaska">Rabaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon-nosed_canoe" title="Sturgeon-nosed canoe">Sturgeon-nosed canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taimen_(kayak)" title="Taimen (kayak)">Taimen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umiak" title="Umiak">Umiak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka_(canoe)" title="Waka (canoe)">Waka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_canoe" title="War canoe">War canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_boat_(racing)" title="Swan boat (racing)">Swan boat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Kayaking_techniques" title="Category:Kayaking techniques">Techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_paddle_strokes" title="Canoe paddle strokes">Canoe paddle strokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_Rescue" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimo Rescue">Eskimo Rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayak_roll" title="Kayak roll">Kayak roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portage" title="Portage">Portage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Canoeing_and_kayaking_equipment" title="Category:Canoeing and kayaking equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albano_buoy_system" title="Albano buoy system">Albano buoy system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger">Outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle" title="Paddle">Paddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle_float" title="Paddle float">Paddle float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle_leash" title="Paddle leash">Paddle leash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalex" title="Royalex">Royalex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_sock" title="Sea sock">Sea sock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spray_deck" title="Spray deck">Spray deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuilik" title="Tuilik">Tuilik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_whitewater" title="Artificial whitewater">Artificial whitewater</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Canoeing_and_kayaking_venues" title="Category:Canoeing and kayaking venues">Canoeing and kayaking venues</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_canoeing" class="mw-redirect" title="List of world records in canoeing">List of world records in canoeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adirondack_Canoe_Classic" title="Adirondack Canoe Classic">Adirondack Canoe Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au_Sable_River_Canoe_Marathon" title="Au Sable River Canoe Marathon">Au Sable River Canoe Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devizes_to_Westminster_International_Canoe_Marathon" title="Devizes to Westminster International Canoe Marathon">Devizes to Westminster International Canoe Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusi_Canoe_Marathon" title="Dusi Canoe Marathon">Dusi Canoe Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawkesbury_Canoe_Classic" title="Hawkesbury Canoe Classic">Hawkesbury Canoe Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massive_Murray_Paddle" title="Massive Murray Paddle">Massive Murray Paddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Student_Rodeo" title="National Student Rodeo">National Student Rodeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thameside_Series" title="Thameside Series">Thameside Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterside_Series" title="Waterside Series">Waterside Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverland_Paddling_Marathon" title="Riverland Paddling Marathon">Riverland Paddling Marathon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_International_Dragon_Boat_Festival" title="Canadian International Dragon Boat Festival">Canadian International Dragon Boat Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duanwu_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Duanwu Festival">Duanwu Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Dragon_Boat_Festival_in_New_York" title="Hong Kong Dragon Boat Festival in New York">Hong Kong Dragon Boat Festival in New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Dragon_Boat_Festival" title="Houston Dragon Boat Festival">Houston Dragon Boat Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethbridge_Dragon_Boat_Festival" title="Lethbridge Dragon Boat Festival">Lethbridge Dragon Boat Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Dragon_Boat_Festival" title="Ottawa Dragon Boat Festival">Ottawa Dragon Boat Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_International_Dragon_Boat_Race_Festival" title="Toronto International Dragon Boat Race Festival">Toronto International Dragon Boat Race Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Canoeing_organizations" title="Category:Canoeing organizations">Governing bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Canoe_Association" title="European Canoe Association">European Canoe Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Canoe_Association" title="American Canoe Association">American Canoe Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle_Australia" title="Paddle Australia">Paddle Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle_UK" title="Paddle UK">Paddle UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Dragon_Boat_Racing_Association" title="British Dragon Boat Racing Association">British Dragon Boat Racing Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_Kayak_Canada" title="Canoe Kayak Canada">Canoe Kayak Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_Wales" title="Canoe Wales">Canoe Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Canoe_Federation" title="Croatian Canoe Federation">Croatian Canoe Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Canoe_Association" title="Israel Canoe Association">Israel Canoe Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canoe_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Canoe Association">Scottish Canoe Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Canoe_Federation" title="Portuguese Canoe Federation">Portuguese Canoe Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Canoeing_organizations" title="Category:Canoeing organizations">Other organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Canoe_Museum" title="Canadian Canoe Museum">Canadian Canoe Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Dragon_Boat_Federation" title="International Dragon Boat Federation">International Dragon Boat Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Alexander_Mackenzie_Canada_Sea-to-Sea_Bicentennial_Expeditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Alexander Mackenzie Canada Sea-to-Sea Bicentennial Expeditions">Sir Alexander Mackenzie Canada Sea-to-Sea Bicentennial Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_Access_Campaign" title="Rivers Access Campaign">UK Rivers Access Campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Canoeing_mass_media" title="Category:Canoeing mass media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chasse-galerie" title="Chasse-galerie">La Chasse-galerie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paddle-to-the-Sea" title="Paddle-to-the-Sea">Paddle-to-the-Sea</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Paddle_to_the_Sea" title="Paddle to the Sea">film</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Great_Lakes" title="The Rise and Fall of the Great Lakes">The Rise and Fall of the Great Lakes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waterwalker" title="Waterwalker">Waterwalker</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_canoeing_and_kayaking" title="Outline of canoeing and kayaking">Outline</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115467#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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