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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inuit_Circumpolar_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inuit_Circumpolar_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Inuit Circumpolar Council </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inuit_Circumpolar_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academic_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Academic response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Languages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Languages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Language family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Words_for_snow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Words_for_snow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Words for snow </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Words_for_snow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Diet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Inuit </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Inuit-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Inuit subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Inuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greenland's_Inuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenland's_Inuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Greenland's Inuit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenland's_Inuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_Inuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_Inuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Canadian Inuit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_Inuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alaska's_Iñupiat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alaska's_Iñupiat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Alaska's Iñupiat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alaska's_Iñupiat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yupik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yupik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Yupik </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Yupik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Yupik subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Yupik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alutiiq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alutiiq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Alutiiq </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alutiiq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Alaskan_Yup'ik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Alaskan_Yup'ik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Central Alaskan Yup'ik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Alaskan_Yup'ik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siberian_Yupik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siberian_Yupik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Siberian Yupik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siberian_Yupik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Naukan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sirenik_Eskimos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sirenik_Eskimos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Sirenik Eskimos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sirenik_Eskimos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 General and cited sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle General and cited sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cyrillic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyrillic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Cyrillic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyrillic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Eskimo</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" > 87 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88" title="الإسكيمو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإسكيمو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekimal" title="Ekimal – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ekimal" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Эскимосал – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Эскимосал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimoslar" title="Eskimoslar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Eskimoslar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B" title="এস্কিমো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এস্কিমো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Эскімосы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эскімосы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Эскімосы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эскімосы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Ескимоси – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ескимоси" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Eskimo" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81_%D1%8F%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Эскимос яһатан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Эскимос яһатан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquimals" title="Esquimals – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esquimals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskym%C3%A1ci" title="Eskymáci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eskymáci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eskimo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eskimo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimod" title="Eskimod – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eskimod" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquimal" title="Esquimal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esquimal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimoj" title="Eskimoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eskimoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimal" title="Eskimal – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskimal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88" title="اسکیمو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسکیمو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Eskimo" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquimaux" title="Esquimaux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Esquimaux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo%27s" title="Eskimo's – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Eskimo's" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiscimigh" title="Eiscimigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eiscimigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquim%C3%B3" title="Esquimó – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Esquimó" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%A4%EB%AA%A8" title="에스키모 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에스키모" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Էսկիմոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էսկիմոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B" title="एस्किमो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एस्किमो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimi" title="Eskimi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eskimi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eskimo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschimo" title="Eschimo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Eschimo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1uk" title="Iñuk – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Iñuk" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskim%C3%B3i" title="Eskimói – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eskimói" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschimese" title="Eschimese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eschimese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אסקימואים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסקימואים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Eskimo" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8A" title="ಎಸ್ಕಿಮೊ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಸ್ಕಿಮೊ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ესკიმოსები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ესკიმოსები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Эскимостар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эскимостар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Эскимостор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эскимостор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Эскимосвлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Эскимосвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Эскимос – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Эскимос" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escimaeus" title="Escimaeus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Escimaeus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimosi" title="Eskimosi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eskimosi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Eskimo" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimai" title="Eskimai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eskimai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eszkim%C3%B3k" title="Eszkimók – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eszkimók" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Ескими – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ескими" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskim%C3%B4" title="Eskimô – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Eskimô" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B" title="എസ്കിമോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എസ്കിമോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B" title="एस्किमो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एस्किमो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ესკიმოსეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ესკიმოსეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Eskimo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%87%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Эскимосчууд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эскимосчууд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="အက်စကီးမိုးလူမျိုး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အက်စကီးမိုးလူမျိုး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo%27s" title="Eskimo's – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eskimo's" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC" title="エスキモー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エスキモー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Eskimo" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eskimo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimoar" title="Eskimoar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eskimoar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimoslar" title="Eskimoslar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eskimoslar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%EA%A9%BB" title="အဲသကီမိုလိုꩻမျိုꩻ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အဲသကီမိုလိုꩻမျိုꩻ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimosi" title="Eskimosi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eskimosi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquim%C3%B3s" title="Esquimós – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Esquimós" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschimo%C8%99i" title="Eschimoși – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eschimoși" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Ескімосы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ескімосы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Эскимосы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эскимосы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Эскимостар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эскимостар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimez%C3%ABt" title="Eskimezët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Eskimezët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuiti" title="Inuiti – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Inuiti" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Ескими – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ескими" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimi" title="Eskimi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eskimi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimot" title="Eskimot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eskimot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskim%C3%A5" title="Eskimå – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eskimå" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Eskimo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B" title="எஸ்கிமோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எஸ்கிமோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Эскимослар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эскимослар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఎస్కిమోలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎస్కిమోలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1" title="ชาวเอสกิโม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวเอสกิโม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo_halklar%C4%B1" title="Eskimo halkları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eskimo halkları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Ескімоси – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ескімоси" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%89%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ئېسكىموسلار – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئېسكىموسلار" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimosalai%C5%BEed" title="Eskimosalaižed – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Eskimosalaižed" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Eskimo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Eskimo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E6%91%A9%E4%BA%BA" title="爱斯基摩人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爱斯基摩人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Exonym used to describe Indigenous people from the circumpolar region</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Eskimo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Eskimo (disambiguation)">Eskimo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Eskimo</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">194,447[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Russia - Chukotka Autonomous Okrug - Sakha (Yakutia) <hr /> United States - Alaska <hr />Canada - Newfoundland and Labrador - Northwest Territories - Nunavut - Quebec - Yukon (formerly) <hr /> Greenland</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut languages</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Greenlandic</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Yupik_languages" title="Yupik languages">Yupik</a> Non-native European languages: <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaska Native religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shamanism_among_Alaska_Natives" title="Shamanism among Alaska Natives">Shamanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">Orthodox Church in America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Anglican Church of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Denmark" title="Church of Denmark">Church of Denmark</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleut</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Eskimo (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɛskɪmoʊ/</a>) is an <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">exonym</a> that refers to two closely related <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a>: <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> (including the Alaska Native <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiat" title="Iñupiat">Iñupiat</a>, the Canadian Inuit, and the <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Inuit" title="Greenlandic Inuit">Greenlandic Inuit</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Yupik" title="Siberian Yupik">Yuit</a>) of eastern Siberia and Alaska. A related third group, the <a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleut</a>, who inhabit the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a>, are generally excluded from the definition of Eskimo. The three groups share a relatively recent common ancestor, and speak related languages belonging to the family of <a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut languages</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_peoples" title="Circumpolar peoples">circumpolar peoples</a> have traditionally inhabited the Arctic and <a href="/wiki/Subarctic" title="Subarctic">subarctic</a> regions from eastern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> (Russia) to <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> (United States), <a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Nunavik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavut" title="Nunatsiavut">Nunatsiavut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>. Some Inuit, Yupik, Aleut, and other individuals consider the term Eskimo, which is of a disputed etymology,<a href="#cite_note-Company2005-1">[1]</a> to be pejorative or even offensive.<a href="#cite_note-Patrick_2013_p._2-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dorais2010-3">[3]</a> Eskimo continues to be used within a historical, linguistic, archaeological, and cultural context. The governments in Canada<a href="#cite_note-publications-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-aboriginal-heritage-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> and the United States<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> have made moves to cease using the term Eskimo in official documents, but it has not been eliminated, as the word is in some places written into tribal, and therefore national, legal terminology.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Canada officially uses the term Inuit to describe the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">indigenous Canadian people</a> who are living in the country's northern sectors and are not <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> or <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-publications-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-aboriginal-heritage-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-defe1-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-s35-11">[11]</a> The United States government legally uses <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska Native">Alaska Native</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> for enrolled tribal members of the Yupik, Inuit, and Aleut, and also for non-Eskimos including the <a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eyak" title="Eyak">Eyak</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tsimshian" title="Tsimshian">Tsimshian</a>, in addition to at least nine <a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Athabaskans" title="Alaskan Athabaskans">northern Athabaskan/Dene</a> peoples.<a href="#cite_note-Who_is_an_American_Indian_or_Alaska_Native?-12">[12]</a> Other non-enrolled individuals also claim Eskimo/Aleut descent, making it the world's "most widespread aboriginal group".<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> There are between 171,000 and 187,000 Inuit and Yupik, the majority of whom live in or near their traditional circumpolar homeland. Of these, 53,785 (2010) live in the United States, 70,545 (2021) in Canada, 51,730 (2021) in Greenland and 1,657 (2021) in Russia. In addition, 16,730 people living in Denmark were born in Greenland.<a href="#cite_note-statscan-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIAworld-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Inuit_Circumpolar_Council" title="Inuit Circumpolar Council">Inuit Circumpolar Council</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organization</a> (NGO), claims to represent 180,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In the Eskaleut <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a>, the Eskimo branch has an Inuit language sub-branch, and a sub-branch of four <a href="/wiki/Yupik_languages" title="Yupik languages">Yupik languages</a>. Two Yupik languages are used in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a> as well as on <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Island" title="St. Lawrence Island">St. Lawrence Island</a>, and two in western Alaska, southwestern Alaska, and western <a href="/wiki/Southcentral_Alaska" title="Southcentral Alaska">Southcentral Alaska</a>. The extinct <a href="/wiki/Sirenik" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirenik">Sirenik</a> language is sometimes claimed to be related. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskimo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskimo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Native_American_name_controversy" title="Native American name controversy">Native American name controversy</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inuit_conf_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Inuit_conf_map.png/260px-Inuit_conf_map.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Inuit_conf_map.png/390px-Inuit_conf_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Inuit_conf_map.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Inuit_Circumpolar_Council" title="Inuit Circumpolar Council">Inuit Circumpolar Council</a> of Eskimo peoples, showing the <a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik" title="Yup'ik">Yup'ik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Yupik" title="Siberian Yupik">Siberian Yupik</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> (<a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiat" title="Iñupiat">Iñupiat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuvialuit" title="Inuvialuit">Inuvialuit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Nunavik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavut" title="Nunatsiavut">Nunatsiavut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Inuit" title="Greenlandic Inuit">Greenlandic Inuit</a>)</figcaption></figure> A variety of theories have been postulated for the etymological origin of the word Eskimo.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hobson2004-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-BackhouseHistory1999-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Steckley2008-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-McElroy_2007_p._8-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dorais2010-3">[3]</a> According to Smithsonian linguist <a href="/wiki/Ives_Goddard" title="Ives Goddard">Ives Goddard</a>, etymologically the word derives from the <a href="/wiki/Innu-aimun" class="mw-redirect" title="Innu-aimun">Innu-aimun</a> (Montagnais) word ayas̆kimew, meaning 'a person who laces a <a href="/wiki/Snowshoe" title="Snowshoe">snowshoe</a>',<a href="#cite_note-ENBR-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-kaplannew-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goddard-29">[29]</a> and is related to <a href="/wiki/Husky" title="Husky">husky</a> (a breed of dog).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The word assime·w means 'she laces a snowshoe' in Innu, and <a href="/wiki/Innu_language" title="Innu language">Innu language</a> speakers refer to the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq" title="Mi'kmaq">Mi'kmaq</a> people using words that sound like eskimo.<a href="#cite_note-goddard-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-campbell-31">[31]</a> This interpretation is generally confirmed by more recent academic sources.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In 1978, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mailhot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Mailhot (page does not exist)">José Mailhot</a>, a Quebec anthropologist who speaks Innu-aimun (Montagnais), published a paper suggesting that Eskimo meant 'people who speak a different language'.<a href="#cite_note-mailhot1-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-creeml-34">[34]</a> French traders who encountered the <a href="/wiki/Innu" title="Innu">Innu</a> (Montagnais) in the eastern areas adopted their word for the more western peoples and spelled it as Esquimau or Esquimaux in a transliteration.<a href="#cite_note-EII-35">[35]</a> Some people consider Eskimo offensive, because it is popularly perceived to mean<a href="#cite_note-creeml-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-mailhot-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-igoddard-37">[37]</a> 'eaters of raw meat' in <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian languages</a> common to people along the Atlantic coast.<a href="#cite_note-kaplannew-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-natlang-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-bartlebyeskimo-39">[39]</a> An unnamed <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a> speaker suggested the original word that became corrupted to Eskimo might have been askamiciw (meaning 'he eats it raw'); Inuit are referred to in some Cree texts as askipiw (meaning 'eats something raw').<a href="#cite_note-natlang-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-bartlebyeskimo-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-stern1-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-ostg1-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-publications-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Regardless, the term still carries a derogatory connotation for many Inuit and Yupik.<a href="#cite_note-kaplannew-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-natlang-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPR-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-global-44">[44]</a> One of the first printed uses of the French word Esquimaux comes from <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hearne" title="Samuel Hearne">Samuel Hearne</a>'s A Journey from Prince of Wales's Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean in the Years 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772 first published in 1795.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage">Usage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskimo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Usage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C.jpg/330px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C.jpg/440px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Laminar_armour" title="Laminar armour">Laminar armour</a> from hardened leather reinforced by wood and bones worn by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia" title="Indigenous peoples of Siberia">native Siberians</a> and Eskimos</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koryak_armor.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Koryak_armor.jpeg/220px-Koryak_armor.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Koryak_armor.jpeg/330px-Koryak_armor.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Koryak_armor.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lamellar_armour" title="Lamellar armour">Lamellar armour</a> worn by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia" title="Indigenous peoples of Siberia">native Siberians</a></figcaption></figure> The term Eskimo is still used by people to encompass Inuit and Yupik, as well as other Indigenous or Alaska Native and Siberian peoples.<a href="#cite_note-ENBR-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPR-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-mweb-46">[46]</a> In the 21st century, usage in North America has declined.<a href="#cite_note-kaplannew-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-global-44">[44]</a> Linguistic, ethnic, and cultural differences exist between Yupik and Inuit. In Canada and Greenland, and to a certain extent in Alaska, the term Eskimo is predominantly seen as offensive and has been widely replaced by the term Inuit <a href="#cite_note-kaplannew-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-stern1-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-ostg1-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-ahdinuit-47">[47]</a> or terms specific to a particular group or community.<a href="#cite_note-kaplannew-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Waite2013-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-SvartvikLeech2016-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> This has resulted in a trend whereby some non-Indigenous people believe that they should use Inuit even for Yupik who are non-<a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kaplannew-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Inuit" title="Greenlandic Inuit">Greenlandic Inuit</a> generally refer to themselves as Greenlanders (Kalaallit or Grønlændere) and speak the <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Greenlandic language</a> and Danish.<a href="#cite_note-kaplannew-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-ethno-51">[51]</a> Greenlandic Inuit belong to three groups: the <a href="/wiki/Kalaallit" title="Kalaallit">Kalaallit</a> of west Greenland, who speak <a href="/wiki/West_Greenlandic" title="West Greenlandic">Kalaallisut</a>;<a href="#cite_note-ethno-51">[51]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Tunumiit" title="Tunumiit">Tunumiit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tunu" title="Tunu">Tunu</a> (east Greenland), who speak <a href="/wiki/Tunumiit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunumiit language">Tunumiit oraasiat</a> ("East Greenlandic"); and the <a href="/wiki/Inughuit" title="Inughuit">Inughuit</a> of north Greenland, who speak <a href="/wiki/Inuktun" title="Inuktun">Inuktun</a>. The word Eskimo is a racially charged term in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In Canada's Central Arctic, Inuinnaq is the preferred term,<a href="#cite_note-translate-54">[54]</a> and in the eastern Canadian Arctic Inuit. The language is often called <a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a>, though other local designations are also used. <a href="/wiki/Section_25_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 25 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Section 25</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Section_35_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982">section 35</a><a href="#cite_note-defe-56">[56]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Canadian Constitution Act of 1982</a> recognized Inuit as a distinctive group of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Aboriginal peoples in Canada</a>. Although Inuit can be applied to all of the Eskimo peoples in Canada and Greenland, that is not true in Alaska and Siberia. In Alaska, the term Eskimo is still used because it includes both <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiat" title="Iñupiat">Iñupiat</a> (singular: Iñupiaq), who are Inuit, and <a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik</a>, who are not.<a href="#cite_note-kaplannew-28">[28]</a> The term <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Native</a> is inclusive of (and under U.S. and Alaskan law, as well as the linguistic and cultural legacy of Alaska, refers to) all Indigenous peoples of Alaska,<a href="#cite_note-Company2005-1">[1]</a> including not only the Iñupiat (Alaskan Inuit) and the Yupik, but also groups such as the Aleut, who share a recent ancestor, as well as the largely unrelated<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast" title="Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast">indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Athabaskans" title="Alaskan Athabaskans">Alaskan Athabaskans</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Eyak_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyak people">Eyak people</a>. The term Alaska Native has important legal usage in Alaska and the rest of the United States as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_Claims_Settlement_Act" title="Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act">Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act</a> of 1971. It does not apply to Inuit or Yupik originating outside the state. As a result, the term Eskimo is still in use in Alaska.<a href="#cite_note-Stern2013-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-ENBR-27">[27]</a> Alternative terms, such as Inuit-Yupik, have been proposed,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> but none has gained widespread acceptance. Early 21st century population estimates registered more than 135,000 individuals of Eskimo descent, with approximately 85,000 living in North America, 50,000 in Greenland, and the rest residing in Siberia.<a href="#cite_note-ENBR-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inuit_Circumpolar_Council">Inuit Circumpolar Council</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskimo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Inuit Circumpolar Council">edit</a>]</div> In 1977, the <a href="/wiki/Inuit_Circumpolar_Council" title="Inuit Circumpolar Council">Inuit Circumpolar Conference</a> (ICC) meeting in Barrow, Alaska (now <a href="/wiki/Utqia%C4%A1vik,_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Utqiaġvik, Alaska">Utqiaġvik, Alaska</a>), officially adopted Inuit as a designation for all circumpolar Native peoples, regardless of their local view on an appropriate term. They voted to replace the word Eskimo with Inuit.<a href="#cite_note-MacKenzie_2014_p._60-60">[60]</a> Even at that time, such a designation was not accepted by all.<a href="#cite_note-kaplannew-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-EII-35">[35]</a> As a result, the Canadian government usage has replaced the term Eskimo with Inuit (Inuk in singular). The ICC charter defines Inuit as including "the Inupiat, Yupik (Alaska), Inuit, <a href="/wiki/Inuvialuit" title="Inuvialuit">Inuvialuit</a> (Canada), <a href="/wiki/Kalaallit" title="Kalaallit">Kalaallit</a> (Greenland) and Yupik (Russia)".<a href="#cite_note-ICCcharter-61">[61]</a> Despite the ICC's 1977 decision to adopt the term Inuit, this has not been accepted by all or even most Yupik people.<a href="#cite_note-MacKenzie_2014_p._60-60">[60]</a> In 2010, the ICC passed a resolution in which they implored scientists to use Inuit and Paleo-Inuit instead of Eskimo or Paleo-Eskimo.<a href="#cite_note-ICC2010-01-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Academic_response">Academic response</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskimo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Academic response">edit</a>]</div> In a 2015 commentary in the journal <a href="/wiki/Arctic_(journal)" title="Arctic (journal)">Arctic</a>, Canadian archaeologist Max Friesen argued fellow Arctic archaeologists should follow the ICC and use Paleo-Inuit instead of Paleo-Eskimo.<a href="#cite_note-Friesen,_2015-63">[63]</a> In 2016, Lisa Hodgetts and Arctic editor Patricia Wells wrote: "In the Canadian context, continued use of any term that incorporates Eskimo is potentially harmful to the relationships between archaeologists and the Inuit and Inuvialuit communities who are our hosts and increasingly our research partners." Hodgetts and Wells suggested using more specific terms when possible (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dorset_culture" title="Dorset culture">Dorset</a> and <a href="/wiki/Groswater_Bay#Legacy" title="Groswater Bay">Groswater</a>) and agreed with Frieson in using the Inuit tradition to replace Neo-Eskimo, although they noted replacement for Palaeoeskimo was still an open question and discussed Paleo-Inuit, Arctic Small Tool Tradition, and pre-Inuit, as well as Inuktitut loanwords like Tuniit and Sivullirmiut, as possibilities.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In 2020, Katelyn Braymer-Hayes and colleagues argued in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Anthropological_Archaeology" title="Journal of Anthropological Archaeology">Journal of Anthropological Archaeology</a> that there is a "clear need" to replace the terms Neo-Eskimo and Paleo-Eskimo, citing the ICC resolution, but finding a consensus within the Alaskan context particularly is difficult, since <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Natives</a> do not use the word Inuit to describe themselves nor is the term legally applicable only to Iñupiat and Yupik in Alaska, and as such, terms used in Canada like Paleo Inuit and Ancestral Inuit would not be acceptable.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> American linguist <a href="/wiki/Lenore_Grenoble" title="Lenore Grenoble">Lenore Grenoble</a> has also explicitly deferred to the ICC resolution and used Inuit–Yupik instead of Eskimo with regards to the language branch.<a href="#cite_note-Grenoble,_2016-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskimo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Genetic evidence suggests that the Americas were populated from northeastern Asia in multiple waves. While the great majority of indigenous American peoples can be traced to a single early migration of <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Na-Den%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Na-Dené">Na-Dené</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Indigenous Alaskan</a> populations exhibit admixture from <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas">distinct populations</a> that migrated into America at a later date and are closely linked to the peoples of far northeastern Asia (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Chukchi_people" title="Chukchi people">Chukchi</a>), and only more remotely to the majority indigenous American type. For modern <a href="/wiki/Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimo–Aleut">Eskimo–Aleut</a> speakers, this later ancestral component makes up almost half of their genomes.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The ancient <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Eskimo" title="Paleo-Eskimo">Paleo-Eskimo</a> population was genetically distinct from the modern circumpolar populations, but eventually derives from the same far northeastern Asian cluster.<a href="#cite_note-Raghavan_et_al_2014-69">[69]</a> It is understood that some or all of these ancient people migrated across the <a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Sea" title="Chukchi Sea">Chukchi Sea</a> to North America during the pre-neolithic era, somewhere around 5,000 to 10,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Flegontov_et_al_2017-70">[70]</a> It is believed that ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleut</a> people inhabited the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Chain</a> 10,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dorset_longhouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dorset_longhouse.jpg/220px-Dorset_longhouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dorset_longhouse.jpg/330px-Dorset_longhouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dorset_longhouse.jpg/440px-Dorset_longhouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3756" data-file-height="2514" /></a><figcaption>Stone remains of a <a href="/wiki/Dorset_culture" title="Dorset culture">Dorset culture</a> longhouse near <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Bay" title="Cambridge Bay">Cambridge Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></figcaption></figure> The earliest positively identified <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Eskimo" title="Paleo-Eskimo">Paleo-Eskimo</a> cultures (<a href="/wiki/Early_Paleo-Eskimo" title="Early Paleo-Eskimo">Early Paleo-Eskimo</a>) date to 5,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Raghavan_et_al_2014-69">[69]</a> Several earlier indigenous peoples existed in the northern circumpolar regions of eastern Siberia, Alaska, and Canada (although probably not in Greenland).<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The Paleo-Eskimo peoples appear to have developed in Alaska from people related to the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_small_tool_tradition" title="Arctic small tool tradition">Arctic small tool tradition</a> in eastern Asia, whose ancestors had probably migrated to Alaska at least 3,000 to 5,000 years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-Cordell_Lightfoot_McManamon_Milner_2008_p._3-PA274-73">[73]</a> The Yupik languages and cultures in Alaska evolved in place, beginning with the original <a href="/wiki/Pre-Dorset" title="Pre-Dorset">pre-Dorset</a> Indigenous culture developed in Alaska. At least 4,000 years ago, the Unangan culture of the <a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleut</a> became distinct. It is not generally considered an Eskimo culture. However, there is some possibility of an Aleutian origin of the <a href="/wiki/Dorset_culture" title="Dorset culture">Dorset</a> people,<a href="#cite_note-Raghavan_et_al_2014-69">[69]</a> who in turn are a likely ancestor of today's Inuit and Yupik.<a href="#cite_note-Flegontov_et_al_2017-70">[70]</a> Approximately 1,500 to 2,000 years ago, apparently in northwestern Alaska, two other distinct variations appeared. Inuit language became distinct and, over a period of several centuries, its speakers migrated across northern Alaska, through Canada, and into Greenland. The distinct culture of the <a href="/wiki/Thule_people" title="Thule people">Thule people</a> (drawing strongly from the <a href="/wiki/Birnirk_culture" title="Birnirk culture">Birnirk culture</a>) developed in northwestern Alaska. It very quickly spread over the entire area occupied by Eskimo peoples, though it was not necessarily adopted by all of them.<a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_Croft_ProQuest_(Firm)_2005_p._379-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskimo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut languages</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_family">Language family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskimo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Language family">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welcome_to_Barrow,_Alaska.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Welcome_to_Barrow%2C_Alaska.jpg/220px-Welcome_to_Barrow%2C_Alaska.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Welcome_to_Barrow%2C_Alaska.jpg/330px-Welcome_to_Barrow%2C_Alaska.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Welcome_to_Barrow%2C_Alaska.jpg/440px-Welcome_to_Barrow%2C_Alaska.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>English ("Welcome to Barrow") and <a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">Iñupiaq</a> (Paġlagivsigiñ Utqiaġvigmun), <a href="/wiki/Utqia%C4%A1vik,_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Utqiaġvik, Alaska">Utqiaġvik, Alaska</a>, framed by whale jawbones</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimo–Aleut languages">Eskimo–Aleut</a> family of languages includes two cognate branches: the <a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a> (Unangan) branch and the Eskimo branch.<a href="#cite_note-Lyovin_Kessler_Leben_2017_p._327-75">[75]</a> The number of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a> varies, with Aleut languages having a greatly reduced case system compared to those of the Eskimo subfamily. Eskimo–Aleut languages possess voiceless plosives at the <a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">bilabial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">coronal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">uvular</a> positions in all languages except Aleut, which has lost the bilabial stops but retained the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasal</a>. In the Eskimo subfamily a voiceless <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> <a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a> <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricative</a> is also present. The Eskimo sub-family consists of the <a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit language</a> and Yupik language sub-groups.<a href="#cite_note-FortecueM-76">[76]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sirenik_Eskimo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirenik Eskimo language">Sirenikski language</a>, which is virtually extinct, is sometimes regarded as a third branch of the Eskimo language family. Other sources regard it as a group belonging to the Yupik branch.<a href="#cite_note-FortecueM-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-kaplanB-77">[77]</a> Inuit languages comprise a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>, or dialect chain, that stretches from <a href="/wiki/Unalakleet,_Alaska" title="Unalakleet, Alaska">Unalakleet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norton_Sound" title="Norton Sound">Norton Sound</a> in Alaska, across northern Alaska and Canada, and east to Greenland. Changes from western (Iñupiaq) to eastern dialects are marked by the dropping of vestigial Yupik-related features, increasing consonant assimilation (e.g., kumlu, meaning "thumb", changes to kuvlu, changes to kublu, changes to kulluk, changes to kulluq,<a href="#cite_note-livingdict-78">[78]</a>) and increased consonant lengthening, and lexical change. Thus, speakers of two adjacent Inuit dialects would usually be able to understand one another, but speakers from dialects distant from each other on the dialect continuum would have difficulty understanding one another.<a href="#cite_note-kaplanB-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seward_Peninsula" title="Seward Peninsula">Seward Peninsula</a> dialects in western Alaska, where much of the <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiat" title="Iñupiat">Iñupiat</a> culture has been in place for perhaps less than 500 years, are greatly affected by phonological influence from the Yupik languages. <a href="/wiki/Tunumiit_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunumiit dialect">Eastern Greenlandic</a>, at the opposite end of Inuit range, has had significant word replacement due to a unique form of ritual name avoidance.<a href="#cite_note-FortecueM-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-kaplanB-77">[77]</a> Ethnographically, <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Inuit" title="Greenlandic Inuit">Greenlandic Inuit</a> belong to three groups: the <a href="/wiki/Kalaallit" title="Kalaallit">Kalaallit</a> of west Greenland, who speak <a href="/wiki/West_Greenlandic" title="West Greenlandic">Kalaallisut</a>;<a href="#cite_note-ethno-51">[51]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Tunumiit" title="Tunumiit">Tunumiit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tunu" title="Tunu">Tunu</a> (east Greenland), who speak <a href="/wiki/Tunumiit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunumiit language">Tunumiit oraasiat</a> ("East Greenlandic"), and the <a href="/wiki/Inughuit" title="Inughuit">Inughuit</a> of north Greenland, who speak <a href="/wiki/Inuktun" title="Inuktun">Inuktun</a>. The four <a href="/wiki/Yupik_languages" title="Yupik languages">Yupik languages</a>, by contrast, including <a href="/wiki/Alutiiq_language" title="Alutiiq language">Alutiiq</a> (Sugpiaq), <a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yup'ik language">Central Alaskan Yup'ik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naukan_Yupik_language" title="Naukan Yupik language">Naukan</a> (Naukanski), and <a href="/wiki/Central_Siberian_Yupik_language" title="Central Siberian Yupik language">Siberian Yupik</a>, are distinct languages with phonological, morphological, and lexical differences. They demonstrate limited mutual intelligibility.<a href="#cite_note-FortecueM-76">[76]</a> Additionally, both Alutiiq and Central Yup'ik have considerable dialect diversity. The northernmost Yupik languages – Siberian Yupik and Naukan Yupik – are linguistically only slightly closer to Inuit than is Alutiiq, which is the southernmost of the Yupik languages. Although the grammatical structures of Yupik and Inuit languages are similar, they have pronounced differences phonologically. Differences of vocabulary between Inuit and any one of the Yupik languages are greater than between any two Yupik languages.<a href="#cite_note-kaplanB-77">[77]</a> Even the dialectal differences within Alutiiq and Central Alaskan Yup'ik sometimes are relatively great for locations that are relatively close geographically.<a href="#cite_note-kaplanB-77">[77]</a> Despite the relatively small population of Naukan speakers, documentation of the language dates back to 1732. While Naukan is only spoken in Siberia, the language acts as an intermediate between two Alaskan languages: Siberian Yupik Eskimo and Central Yup'ik Eskimo.<a href="#cite_note-erudit.org-79">[79]</a> The Sirenikski language is sometimes regarded as a third branch of the Eskimo language family, but other sources regard it as a group belonging to the Yupik branch.<a href="#cite_note-kaplanB-77">[77]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inuktitut_dialect_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Inuktitut_dialect_map.svg/310px-Inuktitut_dialect_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Inuktitut_dialect_map.svg/465px-Inuktitut_dialect_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Inuktitut_dialect_map.svg/620px-Inuktitut_dialect_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of language variants across the Arctic.</figcaption></figure> An overview of the Eskimo–Aleut languages family is given below: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Eskimo–Aleut <ul><li>Aleut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut language</a> <ul><li>Western-Central dialects: Atkan, Attuan, Unangan, Bering (60–80 speakers)</li> <li>Eastern dialect: Unalaskan, Pribilof (400 speakers)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Eskimo (Yup'ik, Yuit, and Inuit) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yupik_languages" title="Yupik languages">Yupik</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yup'ik language">Central Alaskan Yup'ik</a> (10,000 speakers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq_language" title="Alutiiq language">Alutiiq</a> or Pacific Gulf Yup'ik (400 speakers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Siberian_Yupik_language" title="Central Siberian Yupik language">Central Siberian Yupik</a> or Yuit (Chaplinon and St Lawrence Island, 1,400 speakers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukan_Yupik_language" title="Naukan Yupik language">Naukan</a> (700 speakers)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit</a> or Inupik (75,000 speakers) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">Iñupiaq</a> (northern Alaska, 3,500 speakers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a> (western Canada; together with <a href="/wiki/Siglitun" class="mw-redirect" title="Siglitun">Siglitun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netsilik_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Netsilik dialect">Natsilingmiutut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uummarmiutun" title="Uummarmiutun">Uummarmiutun</a> 765 speakers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a> (eastern Canada; together with <a href="/wiki/Inuktun" title="Inuktun">Inuktun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a>, 30,000 speakers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Kalaallisut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Greenlandic</a> (Greenland, 47,000 speakers) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuktun" title="Inuktun">Inuktun</a> (Avanersuarmiutut, Thule dialect or Polar Eskimo, approximately 1,000 speakers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunumiit_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunumiit dialect">Tunumiit oraasiat</a> (East Greenlandic known as Tunumiisut, 3,500 speakers)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirenik_Eskimo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirenik Eskimo language">Sirenik Eskimo language</a> (Sirenikskiy) <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> American linguist <a href="/wiki/Lenore_Grenoble" title="Lenore Grenoble">Lenore Grenoble</a> has explicitly deferred to this resolution and used Inuit–Yupik instead of Eskimo with regards to the language branch.<a href="#cite_note-Grenoble,_2016-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Words_for_snow">Words for snow</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskimo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Words for snow">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eskimo_words_for_snow" title="Eskimo words for snow">Eskimo words for snow</a></div> There has been a long-running linguistic debate about whether or not the speakers of the Eskimo-Aleut language group have an unusually large number of words for snow. The general modern consensus is that, in multiple Eskimo languages, there are, or have been in simultaneous usage, indeed fifty plus words for snow.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diet">Diet</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskimo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Diet">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walrus_meat_1_1999-04-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Walrus_meat_1_1999-04-01.jpg/220px-Walrus_meat_1_1999-04-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Walrus_meat_1_1999-04-01.jpg/330px-Walrus_meat_1_1999-04-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Walrus_meat_1_1999-04-01.jpg/440px-Walrus_meat_1_1999-04-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5340" data-file-height="3341" /></a><figcaption>Sharing of frozen, aged <a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walrus</a> meat. Inuit are known for their practice of food sharing, where large catches of food are shared with the broader community.<a href="#cite_note-Damas-81">[81]</a></figcaption></figure><div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><div class="excerpt"> Historically, <a href="/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Inuit cuisine</a>, which is taken here to include <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_cuisine" title="Greenlandic cuisine">Greenlandic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yup%CA%BCik_cuisine" title="Yupʼik cuisine">Yupʼik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleut</a> cuisine, consisted of a diet of <a href="/wiki/Animal_source_foods" title="Animal source foods">animal source foods</a> that were fished, hunted, and gathered locally. In the 20th century the <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> diet began to change and by the 21st century the diet was closer to a <a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">Western diet</a>. After hunting, they often honour the animals' spirit by singing songs and performing rituals. Although traditional or <a href="/wiki/Native_American_cuisine#Country_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American cuisine">country foods</a> still play an important role in the identity of Inuit, much food is purchased from the store, which has led to health problems and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_food_security_in_Canada" title="Indigenous food security in Canada">food insecurity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> According to Edmund Searles in his article Food and the Making of Modern Inuit Identities, they consume this type of diet because a mostly meat diet is "effective in keeping the body warm, making the body strong, keeping the body fit, and even making that body healthy".<a href="#cite_note-Inuit_cuisine_Searles-84">[84]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inuit">Inuit</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskimo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Inuit">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Inuit" title="Lists of Inuit">Lists of Inuit</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Innu" title="Innu">Innu</a>, a First Nations people in eastern Quebec and Labrador.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eskimo_fisherman%27s_summer_house,_Alaska_page_250.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Eskimo_fisherman%27s_summer_house%2C_Alaska_page_250.png/170px-Eskimo_fisherman%27s_summer_house%2C_Alaska_page_250.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Eskimo_fisherman%27s_summer_house%2C_Alaska_page_250.png 1.5x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption>Eskimo (<a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik" title="Yup'ik">Yup'ik</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Island_(Alaska)" title="Nelson Island (Alaska)">Nelson Island</a>) fisherman's summer house</figcaption></figure> Inuit inhabit the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a> coasts of Alaska in the United States, and Arctic coasts of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a> in Canada, and Greenland (associated with Denmark). Until fairly recent times, there has been a remarkable homogeneity in the culture throughout this area, which traditionally relied on fish, <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammals</a>, and land animals for food, heat, light, clothing, and tools. Their food sources primarily relied on seals, whales, whale blubber, walrus, and fish, all of which they hunted using harpoons on the ice.<a href="#cite_note-ENBR-27">[27]</a> Clothing consisted of robes made of wolfskin and reindeer skin to acclimate to the low temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> They maintain a unique <a href="/wiki/Inuit_culture" title="Inuit culture">Inuit culture</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greenland's_Inuit">Greenland's Inuit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskimo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Greenland's Inuit">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Inuit" title="Greenlandic Inuit">Greenlandic Inuit</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Inuit" title="Greenlandic Inuit">Greenlandic Inuit</a> make up 90% of Greenland's population.<a href="#cite_note-CIAworld-17">[17]</a> They belong to three major groups: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalaallit" title="Kalaallit">Kalaallit</a> of west Greenland, who speak <a href="/wiki/West_Greenlandic" title="West Greenlandic">Kalaallisut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunumiit" title="Tunumiit">Tunumiit</a> of east Greenland, who speak <a href="/wiki/Tunumiit_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunumiit dialect">Tunumiisut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inughuit" title="Inughuit">Inughuit</a> of north Greenland, who speak <a href="/wiki/Inuktun" title="Inuktun">Inuktun</a> or Polar Eskimo.<a href="#cite_note-ethno-51">[51]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_Inuit">Canadian Inuit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskimo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Canadian Inuit">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a></div> Canadian Inuit live primarily in <a href="/wiki/Inuit_Nunangat" title="Inuit Nunangat">Inuit Nunangat</a> (lit. "lands, waters and ices of the [Inuit] people"), their traditional homeland although some people live in southern parts of Canada. Inuit Nunangat ranges from the Yukon–Alaska border in the west across the Arctic to northern Labrador. The <a href="/wiki/Inuvialuit" title="Inuvialuit">Inuvialuit</a> live in the <a href="/wiki/Inuvialuit_Settlement_Region" title="Inuvialuit Settlement Region">Inuvialuit Settlement Region</a>, the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, which stretches to the <a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Gulf" title="Amundsen Gulf">Amundsen Gulf</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a> border and includes the western <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Archipelago" title="Arctic Archipelago">Canadian Arctic Islands</a>. The land was demarked in 1984 by the Inuvialuit Final Agreement. The majority of Inuit live in Nunavut (a <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">territory of Canada</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Nunavik</a> (the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>) and in <a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavut" title="Nunatsiavut">Nunatsiavut</a> (Inuit settlement region in <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a>).<a href="#cite_note-statscan-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alaska's_Iñupiat">Alaska's Iñupiat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskimo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Alaska's Iñupiat">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiat" title="Iñupiat">Iñupiat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inupiat_Family_from_Noatak,_Alaska,_1929,_Edward_S._Curtis_(restored).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Inupiat_Family_from_Noatak%2C_Alaska%2C_1929%2C_Edward_S._Curtis_%28restored%29.jpg/220px-Inupiat_Family_from_Noatak%2C_Alaska%2C_1929%2C_Edward_S._Curtis_%28restored%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Inupiat_Family_from_Noatak%2C_Alaska%2C_1929%2C_Edward_S._Curtis_%28restored%29.jpg/330px-Inupiat_Family_from_Noatak%2C_Alaska%2C_1929%2C_Edward_S._Curtis_%28restored%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Inupiat_Family_from_Noatak%2C_Alaska%2C_1929%2C_Edward_S._Curtis_%28restored%29.jpg/440px-Inupiat_Family_from_Noatak%2C_Alaska%2C_1929%2C_Edward_S._Curtis_%28restored%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3751" data-file-height="2872" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiat" title="Iñupiat">Iñupiat</a> family from <a href="/wiki/Noatak,_Alaska" title="Noatak, Alaska">Noatak, Alaska</a>, 1929</figcaption></figure> The Iñupiat are Inuit of Alaska's <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Arctic_Borough,_Alaska" title="Northwest Arctic Borough, Alaska">Northwest Arctic</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Slope_Borough,_Alaska" title="North Slope Borough, Alaska">North Slope</a> boroughs and the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Straits</a> region, including the Seward Peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Utqia%C4%A1vik" class="mw-redirect" title="Utqiaġvik">Utqiaġvik</a>, the northernmost city in the United States, is above the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a> and in the Iñupiat region. Their language is known as <a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">Iñupiaq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Their current communities include 34 villages across Iñupiat Nunaŋat (Iñupiaq lands) including seven <a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Alaskan villages</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Slope_Borough,_Alaska" title="North Slope Borough, Alaska">North Slope Borough</a>, affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Slope_Regional_Corporation" title="Arctic Slope Regional Corporation">Arctic Slope Regional Corporation</a>; eleven villages in <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Arctic_Borough,_Alaska" title="Northwest Arctic Borough, Alaska">Northwest Arctic Borough</a>; and sixteen villages affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Straits_Regional_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bering Straits Regional Corporation">Bering Straits Regional Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-medicine-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yupik">Yupik</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskimo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Yupik">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik peoples</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlutiiqDancer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/AlutiiqDancer.jpg/170px-AlutiiqDancer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/AlutiiqDancer.jpg/255px-AlutiiqDancer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/AlutiiqDancer.jpg/340px-AlutiiqDancer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq" title="Alutiiq">Alutiiq</a> dancer during the biennial "Celebration" cultural event</figcaption></figure> The Yupik are indigenous or aboriginal peoples who live along the coast of western Alaska, especially on the <a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kuskokwim_River" title="Kuskokwim River">Kuskokwim</a> delta and along the Kuskokwim River (<a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik" title="Yup'ik">Central Alaskan Yup'ik</a>); in southern Alaska (the <a href="/wiki/Alutiiq" title="Alutiiq">Alutiiq</a>); and along the eastern coast of <a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Peninsula" title="Chukchi Peninsula">Chukotka</a> in the Russian Far East and <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Island" title="St. Lawrence Island">St. Lawrence Island</a> in western Alaska (the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Yupik" title="Siberian Yupik">Siberian Yupik</a>).<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The Yupik economy has traditionally been strongly dominated by the harvest of <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammals</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walrus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alutiiq">Alutiiq</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskimo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Alutiiq">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Alutiiq" title="Alutiiq">Alutiiq</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alutiiq&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salmon_drying._Aleut_village,_Old_Harbor,_Alaska,_1889_-_NARA_-_513089_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Salmon_drying._Aleut_village%2C_Old_Harbor%2C_Alaska%2C_1889_-_NARA_-_513089_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Salmon_drying._Aleut_village%2C_Old_Harbor%2C_Alaska%2C_1889_-_NARA_-_513089_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Salmon_drying._Aleut_village%2C_Old_Harbor%2C_Alaska%2C_1889_-_NARA_-_513089_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Salmon_drying._Aleut_village%2C_Old_Harbor%2C_Alaska%2C_1889_-_NARA_-_513089_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Salmon_drying._Aleut_village%2C_Old_Harbor%2C_Alaska%2C_1889_-_NARA_-_513089_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Salmon_drying._Aleut_village%2C_Old_Harbor%2C_Alaska%2C_1889_-_NARA_-_513089_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2911" data-file-height="2344" /></a><figcaption>Salmon drying. Alutiiq village, <a href="/wiki/Old_Harbor,_Alaska" title="Old Harbor, Alaska">Old Harbor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kodiak_Island" title="Kodiak Island">Kodiak Island</a>. Photographed by N. B. Miller, 1889</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Alutiiq" title="Alutiiq">Alutiiq</a> (pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/əˈluːtɪk/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ə-LOO-tik</a> in English; from <a href="/wiki/Promyshlenniki" title="Promyshlenniki">Promyshlenniki</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> Алеутъ, "<a href="/wiki/Aleuts" title="Aleuts">Aleut</a>";<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> plural often "Alutiit"), also called by their ancestral name Sugpiaq (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsʊɡˌbjɑːk/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SUUG-byahk</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsʊɡpiˌæk/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SUUG-pee-AK</a>; plural often "Sugpiat"), as well as Pacific Eskimo or Pacific Yupik, are a <a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik peoples</a>, one of eight groups of <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Natives</a> that inhabit the southern-central coast of the region.<a href="#cite_note-Alutiiq_:0-97">[97]</a> Their traditional homelands date back to over 7,500 years ago, and include areas such as <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Sound" title="Prince William Sound">Prince William Sound</a> and outer <a href="/wiki/Kenai_Peninsula" title="Kenai Peninsula">Kenai Peninsula</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chugach" title="Chugach">Chugach</a> Sugpiaq), the <a href="/wiki/Kodiak_Archipelago" title="Kodiak Archipelago">Kodiak Archipelago</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Peninsula" title="Alaska Peninsula">Alaska Peninsula</a> (Koniag Alutiiq). In the early 1800s there were more than 60 Alutiiq villages in the Kodiak archipelago, with an estimated population of 13,000 people. Today more than 4,000 Alutiiq live in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></div></div> The Alutiiq language is relatively close to that spoken by the Yupik in the <a href="/wiki/Bethel,_Alaska" title="Bethel, Alaska">Bethel, Alaska</a> area. But, it is considered a distinct language with two major dialects: the Koniag dialect, spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Peninsula" title="Alaska Peninsula">Alaska Peninsula</a> and on <a href="/wiki/Kodiak_Island" title="Kodiak Island">Kodiak Island</a>, and the Chugach dialect, spoken on the southern <a href="/wiki/Kenai_Peninsula" title="Kenai Peninsula">Kenai Peninsula</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Sound" title="Prince William Sound">Prince William Sound</a>. Residents of <a href="/wiki/Nanwalek,_Alaska" title="Nanwalek, Alaska">Nanwalek</a>, located on southern part of the Kenai Peninsula near <a href="/wiki/Seldovia,_Alaska" title="Seldovia, Alaska">Seldovia</a>, speak what they call Sugpiaq. They are able to understand those who speak Yupik in Bethel. With a population of approximately 3,000, and the number of speakers in the hundreds, Alutiiq communities are working to revitalize their language.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Alaskan_Yup'ik">Central Alaskan Yup'ik</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskimo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Central Alaskan Yup'ik">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik" title="Yup'ik">Yup'ik</a></div> Yup'ik, with an apostrophe, denotes the speakers of the Central Alaskan <a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yup'ik language">Yup'ik language</a>, who live in western Alaska and southwestern Alaska from southern <a href="/wiki/Norton_Sound" title="Norton Sound">Norton Sound</a> to the north side of <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Bay" title="Bristol Bay">Bristol Bay</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Yukon%E2%80%93Kuskokwim_Delta" title="Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta">Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta</a>, and on <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Island_(Alaska)" title="Nelson Island (Alaska)">Nelson Island</a>. The use of the apostrophe in the name Yup'ik is a written convention to denote the long pronunciation of the p sound; but it is spoken the same in other <a href="/wiki/Yupik_languages" title="Yupik languages">Yupik languages</a>. Of all the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_languages" title="Alaska Native languages">Alaska Native languages</a>, Central Alaskan Yup'ik has the most speakers, with about 10,000 of a total Yup'ik population of 21,000 still speaking the language. The five dialects of Central Alaskan Yup'ik include General Central Yup'ik, and the Egegik, Norton Sound, Hooper Bay-Chevak, and Nunivak dialects. In the latter two dialects, both the language and the people are called Cup'ik.<a href="#cite_note-centralyup'ik-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siberian_Yupik">Siberian Yupik</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskimo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Siberian Yupik">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Yupik" title="Siberian Yupik">Siberian Yupik</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FMIB_37576_Siberian_Eskimos_aboard_the_steamer_bowhead,_showing_their_furs_to_trade_after_indulging_in_a_lunch_of_whale_blubber.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/FMIB_37576_Siberian_Eskimos_aboard_the_steamer_bowhead%2C_showing_their_furs_to_trade_after_indulging_in_a_lunch_of_whale_blubber.jpeg/170px-FMIB_37576_Siberian_Eskimos_aboard_the_steamer_bowhead%2C_showing_their_furs_to_trade_after_indulging_in_a_lunch_of_whale_blubber.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/FMIB_37576_Siberian_Eskimos_aboard_the_steamer_bowhead%2C_showing_their_furs_to_trade_after_indulging_in_a_lunch_of_whale_blubber.jpeg/255px-FMIB_37576_Siberian_Eskimos_aboard_the_steamer_bowhead%2C_showing_their_furs_to_trade_after_indulging_in_a_lunch_of_whale_blubber.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/FMIB_37576_Siberian_Eskimos_aboard_the_steamer_bowhead%2C_showing_their_furs_to_trade_after_indulging_in_a_lunch_of_whale_blubber.jpeg/340px-FMIB_37576_Siberian_Eskimos_aboard_the_steamer_bowhead%2C_showing_their_furs_to_trade_after_indulging_in_a_lunch_of_whale_blubber.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Yupik" title="Siberian Yupik">Siberian Yupik</a> aboard the steamer Bowhead</figcaption></figure> Siberian Yupik reside along the Bering Sea coast of the <a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Peninsula" title="Chukchi Peninsula">Chukchi Peninsula</a> in Siberia in the Russian Far East<a href="#cite_note-kaplanB-77">[77]</a> and in the villages of <a href="/wiki/Gambell,_Alaska" title="Gambell, Alaska">Gambell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Savoonga,_Alaska" title="Savoonga, Alaska">Savoonga</a> on St. Lawrence Island in Alaska.<a href="#cite_note-siberianyupik-101">[101]</a> The Central Siberian Yupik spoken on the Chukchi Peninsula and on St. Lawrence Island is nearly identical. About 1,050 of a total Alaska population of 1,100 Siberian Yupik people in Alaska speak the language. It is the first language of the home for most St. Lawrence Island children. In Siberia, about 300 of a total of 900 Siberian Yupik people still learn and study the language, though it is no longer learned as a first language by children.<a href="#cite_note-siberianyupik-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naukan">Naukan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskimo&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Naukan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Naukan_people" title="Naukan people">Naukan people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naukan_Yupik_language" title="Naukan Yupik language">Naukan Yupik language</a></div> About 70 of 400 Naukan people still speak Naukanski. The Naukan originate on the Chukot Peninsula in <a href="/wiki/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Chukotka Autonomous Okrug">Chukotka Autonomous Okrug</a> in Siberia.<a href="#cite_note-kaplanB-77">[77]</a> Despite the relatively small population of Naukan speakers, documentation of the language dates back to 1732. While Naukan is only spoken in Siberia, the language acts as an intermediate between two Alaskan languages: Siberian Yupik Eskimo and Central Yup'ik Eskimo.<a href="#cite_note-erudit.org-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sirenik_Eskimos">Sirenik Eskimos</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskimo&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sirenik Eskimos">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sirenik_Eskimos" title="Sirenik Eskimos">Sirenik Eskimos</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Model_of_an_Ice_Scoop,_1900-1930,_36.83.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Model_of_an_Ice_Scoop%2C_1900-1930%2C_36.83.jpg/220px-Model_of_an_Ice_Scoop%2C_1900-1930%2C_36.83.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Model_of_an_Ice_Scoop%2C_1900-1930%2C_36.83.jpg/330px-Model_of_an_Ice_Scoop%2C_1900-1930%2C_36.83.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Model_of_an_Ice_Scoop%2C_1900-1930%2C_36.83.jpg/440px-Model_of_an_Ice_Scoop%2C_1900-1930%2C_36.83.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="913" /></a><figcaption>Model of an ice scoop, Eskimo, 1900–1930, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></figcaption></figure> Some speakers of Siberian Yupik languages used to speak an Eskimo variant in the past, before they underwent a <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a>. These former speakers of <a href="/wiki/Sirenik_Eskimo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirenik Eskimo language">Sirenik Eskimo language</a> inhabited the settlements of <a href="/wiki/Sireniki" title="Sireniki">Sireniki</a>, Imtuk, and some small villages stretching to the west from Sireniki along south-eastern coasts of Chukchi Peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-VES-102">[102]</a> They lived in neighborhoods with Siberian Yupik and <a href="/wiki/Chukchi_people" title="Chukchi people">Chukchi peoples</a>. As early as in 1895, Imtuk was a settlement with a mixed population of Sirenik Eskimos and Ungazigmit<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> (the latter belonging to Siberian Yupik). Sirenik Eskimo culture has been influenced by that of Chukchi, and the language shows <a href="/wiki/Chukchi_language" title="Chukchi language">Chukchi language</a> influences.<a href="#cite_note-linfranc-104">[104]</a> Folktale <a href="/wiki/Motif_(narrative)" title="Motif (narrative)">motifs</a> also show the influence of Chuckchi culture.<a href="#cite_note-rein-rape-105">[105]</a> The above peculiarities of this (already <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a>) Eskimo language amounted to mutual unintelligibility even with its nearest language relatives:<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> in the past, Sirenik Eskimos had to use the unrelated Chukchi language as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> for communicating with Siberian Yupik.<a href="#cite_note-linfranc-104">[104]</a> Many words are formed from entirely different <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">roots</a> from in Siberian Yupik,<a href="#cite_note-diff-root-107">[107]</a> but even the grammar has several peculiarities distinct not only among Eskimo languages, but even compared to Aleut. For example, <a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual number</a> is not known in Sirenik Eskimo, while most <a href="/wiki/Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimo–Aleut languages">Eskimo–Aleut languages</a> have dual,<a href="#cite_note-only2-108">[108]</a> including its neighboring Siberian Yupikax relatives.<a href="#cite_note-verb2-109">[109]</a> Little is known about the origin of this diversity. The peculiarities of this language may be the result of a supposed long isolation from other Eskimo groups,<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> and being in contact only with speakers of unrelated languages for many centuries. The influence of the Chukchi language is clear.<a href="#cite_note-linfranc-104">[104]</a> Because of all these factors, the classification of Sireniki Eskimo language is not settled yet:<a href="#cite_note-VE3-112">[112]</a> Sireniki language is sometimes regarded as a third branch of Eskimo (at least, its possibility is mentioned).<a href="#cite_note-VE3-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vakh-Sir-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-icc-ch-lan-114">[114]</a> Sometimes it is regarded rather as a group belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Yupik_languages" title="Yupik languages">Yupik</a> branch.<a href="#cite_note-siryup-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-kapyup-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskimo&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaska Native religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blond_Eskimos" title="Blond Eskimos">Blond Eskimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_number" title="Disc number">Disc number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_archery" title="Eskimo archery">Eskimo archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_kinship" title="Eskimo kinship">Eskimo kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_kissing" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimo kissing">Eskimo kissing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_yo-yo" title="Eskimo yo-yo">Eskimo yo-yo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimology" title="Eskimology">Eskimology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudlik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kudlik">Kudlik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maupuk" title="Maupuk">Maupuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanook_of_the_North" title="Nanook of the North">Nanook of the North</a>, 1922 documentary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqqaq_culture" title="Saqqaq culture">Saqqaq culture</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskimo&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Company2005-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Company2005_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Company2005_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoughton_Mifflin_Company2005" class="citation book cs1">Houghton Mifflin Company (2005). Houghton Mifflin Company (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xb6ie6PqYhwC&pg=PA170">The American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>. pp. 170–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-60499-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-60499-9"><bdi>978-0-618-60499-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/496983776">496983776</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Guide+to+Contemporary+Usage+and+Style&rft.pages=170-&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F496983776&rft.isbn=978-0-618-60499-9&rft.au=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxb6ie6PqYhwC%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskimo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patrick_2013_p._2-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Patrick_2013_p._2_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick2013" class="citation book cs1">Patrick, D. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HWYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">Language, Politics, and Social Interaction in an Inuit Community</a>. Language, Power and Social Process. <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-089770-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-089770-8"><bdi>978-3-11-089770-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 5, 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+Politics%2C+and+Social+Interaction+in+an+Inuit+Community&rft.series=Language%2C+Power+and+Social+Process&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-11-089770-8&rft.aulast=Patrick&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHWYjAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskimo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorais2010-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dorais2010_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorais2010_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorais2010" class="citation book cs1">Dorais, Louis-Jacques (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gkfdQpHUdh4C&pg=PA297">Language of the Inuit: Syntax, Semantics, and Society in the Arctic</a>. <a href="/wiki/McGill-Queen%27s_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="McGill-Queen's Press">McGill-Queen's Press</a> - MQUP. pp. 297–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3646-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3646-3"><bdi>978-0-7735-3646-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1048661404">1048661404</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+of+the+Inuit%3A+Syntax%2C+Semantics%2C+and+Society+in+the+Arctic&rft.pages=297-&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+-+MQUP&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1048661404&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-3646-3&rft.aulast=Dorais&rft.aufirst=Louis-Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgkfdQpHUdh4C%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskimo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-publications-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-publications_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-publications_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-publications_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/R2-236-2002E.pdf">"Words First An Evolving Terminology Relating to Aboriginal Peoples in Canada Communications Branch Indian and Northern Affairs Canada October 2002"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved December 19, 2020 – via Lexico.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eskimo&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fen%2Fdefinition%2Feskimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskimo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPR_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHersher2016" class="citation news cs1">Hersher, Rebecca (April 24, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/04/24/475129558/why-you-probably-shouldnt-say-eskimo">"Why You Probably Shouldn't Say 'Eskimo'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Why+You+Probably+Shouldn%27t+Say+%27Eskimo%27&rft.date=2016-04-24&rft.aulast=Hersher&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fgoatsandsoda%2F2016%2F04%2F24%2F475129558%2Fwhy-you-probably-shouldnt-say-eskimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskimo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-global-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-global_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-global_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurdy2015" class="citation news cs1">Purdy, Chris (November 27, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/2366689/expert-says-meat-eater-name-eskimo-an-offensive-term-placed-on-inuit/">"Expert says 'meat-eater' name Eskimo an offensive term placed on Inuit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Global_News" title="Global News">Global News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+News&rft.atitle=Expert+says+%27meat-eater%27+name+Eskimo+an+offensive+term+placed+on+Inuit&rft.date=2015-11-27&rft.aulast=Purdy&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F2366689%2Fexpert-says-meat-eater-name-eskimo-an-offensive-term-placed-on-inuit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskimo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38404/38404-h/38404-h.htm">The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Journey from Prince of Wales's Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean, by Samuel Hearne</a> – via www.gutenberg.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Project+Gutenberg+eBook+of+A+Journey+from+Prince+of+Wales%27s+Fort+in+Hudson%27s+Bay+to+the+Northern+Ocean%2C+by+Samuel+Hearne.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F38404%2F38404-h%2F38404-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskimo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mweb-46"><a href="#cite_ref-mweb_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Eskimo">"Eskimo: Websters Dictionary"</a>. Retrieved April 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eskimo%3A+Websters+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FEskimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskimo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ahdinuit-47"><a href="#cite_ref-ahdinuit_47-0">^</a> Usage note, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Inuit">"Inuit"</a>, American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition, 2000 </li> <li id="cite_note-Waite2013-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Waite2013_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaite2013" class="citation book cs1">Waite, Maurice (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xqKcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA305">Pocket Oxford English Dictionary</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966615-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966615-7"><bdi>978-0-19-966615-7</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>Some people regard the word Eskimo as offensive, and the peoples inhabiting the regions of northern Canada and parts of Greenland and Alaska prefer to call themselves Inuit</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pocket+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966615-7&rft.aulast=Waite&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxqKcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskimo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SvartvikLeech2016-49"><a href="#cite_ref-SvartvikLeech2016_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvartvikLeech2016" class="citation book cs1">Svartvik, Jan; Leech, Geoffrey (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rtl6DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA97">English – One Tongue, Many Voices</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a> UK. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-16007-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-16007-2"><bdi>978-1-137-16007-2</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>Today, the term "Eskimo" is viewed as the "non preferred term". Some Inuit find the term offensive or derogatory.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+%E2%80%93+One+Tongue%2C+Many+Voices&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-137-16007-2&rft.aulast=Svartvik&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Leech%2C+Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drtl6DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskimo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adn.com/alaska-news/2016/05/23/obama-signs-measure-to-get-rid-of-the-word-eskimo-in-federal-laws/">"Obama signs measure to get rid of the word 'Eskimo' in federal laws"</a>. May 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obama+signs+measure+to+get+rid+of+the+word+%27Eskimo%27+in+federal+laws&rft.date=2016-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adn.com%2Falaska-news%2F2016%2F05%2F23%2Fobama-signs-measure-to-get-rid-of-the-word-eskimo-in-federal-laws%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskimo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethno-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ethno_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethno_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethno_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethno_51-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kal">"Inuktitut, Greenlandic".</a> Ethnologue. Retrieved 6 Aug 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/eskimo-pie-name-change-1.5620201">"Eskimo Pie owner to change ice cream's name, acknowledging derogatory term"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. June 19, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2020. <q>The U.S. owner of Eskimo Pie ice cream will change the product's brand name and marketing, it told Reuters on Friday, becoming the latest company to rethink racially charged brand imagery amid a broad debate on racial injustice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eskimo+Pie+owner+to+change+ice+cream%27s+name%2C+acknowledging+derogatory+term&rft.pub=CBC+News&rft.date=2020-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnorth%2Feskimo-pie-name-change-1.5620201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskimo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/sports/football/cfl/edmonton-eskimos-team-name-july8-1.5641937">"Edmonton CFL team heeds sponsors' calls, accelerates review of potential name change"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. July 8, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2020. <q>Edmonton's team has seen repeated calls for a name change in the past, and faces renewed criticism as sports teams in Canada, the United States and elsewhere are urged to remove outdated and sometimes racist names and images.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edmonton+CFL+team+heeds+sponsors%27+calls%2C+accelerates+review+of+potential+name+change&rft.pub=CBC+News&rft.date=2020-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fsports%2Ffootball%2Fcfl%2Fedmonton-eskimos-team-name-july8-1.5641937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskimo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-translate-54"><a href="#cite_ref-translate_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhokakKadlunHarnum" class="citation book cs1">Ohokak, G.; Kadlun, M.; Harnum, B. Inuinnaqtun-English Dictionary. Kitikmeot Heritage Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inuinnaqtun-English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Kitikmeot+Heritage+Society&rft.aulast=Ohokak&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Kadlun%2C+M.&rft.au=Harnum%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskimo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const/page-15.html">"Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Justice_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Justice Canada">Department of Justice Canada</a>. Retrieved August 30, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Justice+Canada&rft.atitle=Canadian+Charter+of+Rights+and+Freedoms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaws-lois.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2FConst%2Fpage-15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskimo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-defe-56"><a href="#cite_ref-defe_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const/page-16.html">"Rights of the Aboriginal Peoples of Canada"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Justice_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Justice Canada">Department of Justice Canada</a>. 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Retrieved December 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCL+News&rft.atitle=Native+American+populations+descend+from+three+key+migrations&rft.date=2012-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Fnews%2F2012%2Fjul%2Fnative-american-populations-descend-three-key-migrations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskimo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stern2013-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Stern2013_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern2013" class="citation book cs1">Stern, Pamela R. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jVsrAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">Historical Dictionary of the Inuit</a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7912-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7912-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-7912-6</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Inuit&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7912-6&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Pamela+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjVsrAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskimo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolton2018" class="citation book cs1">Holton, Gary (2018). 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United States Census Office - Alaska - 1893.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Office+-+Alaska+-+1893&rft.atitle=Report+on+Population+and+Resources+of+Alaska+at+the+Eleventh+Census%3A+1890&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenealogytrails.com%2Falaska%2Findians.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskimo" class="Z3988"> (= "The Kaniagmiut, to whom the Russians applied the name of Aleut") </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5151500.pdf">"East Prince William Sound Landscape Assessment"</a> (PDF). Cordova Ranger District, Chugach National Forest. 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Retrieved June 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alutiiqmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Language+Loss+%26+Revitalization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falutiiqmuseum.org%2Flearn%2Fthe-alutiiq-sugpiaq-people%2Flanguage%2F906-language-loss-revitalization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskimo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-centralyup'ik-100"><a href="#cite_ref-centralyup'ik_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411035617/https://www.uaf.edu/anlc/languages/centralakyupik.php">"Central Alaskan Yup'ik"</a>. Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uaf.edu/anlc/languages/centralakyupik.php">the original</a> on April 11, 2021. Retrieved April 3, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Central+Alaskan+Yup%27ik&rft.pub=Alaska+Native+Language+Center%2C+University+of+Alaska+Fairbanks.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuaf.edu%2Fanlc%2Flanguages%2Fcentralakyupik.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskimo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-siberianyupik-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-siberianyupik_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-siberianyupik_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508075538/https://www.uaf.edu/anlc/languages/siberianyupik.php">"Siberian Yupik"</a>. Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uaf.edu/anlc/languages/siberianyupik.php">the original</a> on May 8, 2021. Retrieved April 3, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Siberian+Yupik&rft.pub=Alaska+Native+Language+Center%2C+University+of+Alaska+Fairbanks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuaf.edu%2Fanlc%2Flanguages%2Fsiberianyupik.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskimo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VES-102"><a href="#cite_ref-VES_102-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siberian-studies.org/publications/PDF/bevakhtin.pdf">Vakhtin 1998</a>: 162 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Menovshchikov 1964: 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-linfranc-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-linfranc_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-linfranc_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-linfranc_104-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000861/086162e.pdf">Menovshchikov 1990</a>: 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-rein-rape-105"><a href="#cite_ref-rein-rape_105-0">^</a> Menovshchikov 1964: 132 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Menovshchikov 1964: 6–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-diff-root-107"><a href="#cite_ref-diff-root_107-0">^</a> Menovshchikov 1964: 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-only2-108"><a href="#cite_ref-only2_108-0">^</a> Menovshchikov 1964: 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-verb2-109"><a href="#cite_ref-verb2_109-0">^</a> Menovshchikov 1964: 81 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Menovshchikov 1962: 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Menovshchikov 1964: 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-VE3-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VE3_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VE3_112-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siberian-studies.org/publications/PDF/bevakhtin.pdf">Vakhtin 1998</a>: 161 </li> <li id="cite_note-Vakh-Sir-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Vakh-Sir_113-0">^</a> Linguist List's description about <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistlist.org/people/personal/get-personal-page2.cfm?PersonID=5548&RequestTimeout=500">Nikolai Vakhtin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071026050356/http://linguistlist.org/people/personal/get-personal-page2.cfm?PersonID=5548&RequestTimeout=500">Archived</a> 2007-10-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>'s book: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.linguistlist.org/pubs/books/get-book.cfm?BookID=938">The Old Sirinek Language: Texts, Lexicon, Grammatical Notes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071023012755/http://linguistlist.org/pubs/books/get-book.cfm?BookID=938">Archived</a> 2007-10-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The author's untransliterated (original) name is "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu.spb.ru/univ/rector/index.htm">Н.Б. Вахтин</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070910134859/http://www.eu.spb.ru/univ/rector/index.htm">Archived</a> September 10, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". </li> <li id="cite_note-icc-ch-lan-114"><a href="#cite_ref-icc-ch-lan_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141026205006/http://www.icc.hotbox.ru/yaziki.htm">"Yazyki eskimosov" <bdi lang="ru">Языки эскимосов</bdi></a> [Eskimo languages]. ICC Chukotka (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Inuit_Circumpolar_Council" title="Inuit Circumpolar Council">Inuit Circumpolar Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icc.hotbox.ru/yaziki.htm">the original</a> on October 26, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICC+Chukotka&rft.atitle=Yazyki+eskimosov+%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icc.hotbox.ru%2Fyaziki.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskimo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-siryup-115"><a href="#cite_ref-siryup_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/eskimo-aleut">"Ethnologue Report for Eskimo–Aleut"</a>. Ethnologue.com. Retrieved June 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue+Report+for+Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut&rft.pub=Ethnologue.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fsubgroups%2Feskimo-aleut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskimo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kapyup-116"><a href="#cite_ref-kapyup_116-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000861/086162e.pdf">Kaplan 1990</a>: 136 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskimo&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: General and cited sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan1990" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Lawrence D. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000861/086162e.pdf">"The Language of the Alaskan Inuit"</a> (PDF). In Dirmid R. F. Collis (ed.). Arctic Languages. An Awakening. Vendôme: <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. pp. 131–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-3-102661-5" title="Special:BookSources/92-3-102661-5"><bdi>92-3-102661-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Language+of+the+Alaskan+Inuit&rft.btitle=Arctic+Languages.+An+Awakening&rft.place=Vend%C3%B4me&rft.pages=131-158&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=92-3-102661-5&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0008%2F000861%2F086162e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskimo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenovshchikov1990" class="citation book cs1">Menovshchikov, Georgy (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000861/086162e.pdf">"Contemporary Studies of the Eskimo–Aleut Languages and Dialects: A Progress Report"</a> (PDF). In Collis, Dirmid R. F. (ed.). Arctic Languages. An Awakening. Vendôme: <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. pp. 69–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-3-102661-5" title="Special:BookSources/92-3-102661-5"><bdi>92-3-102661-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Studies+of+the+Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut+Languages+and+Dialects%3A+A+Progress+Report&rft.btitle=Arctic+Languages.+An+Awakening&rft.place=Vend%C3%B4me&rft.pages=69-76&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=92-3-102661-5&rft.aulast=Menovshchikov&rft.aufirst=Georgy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0008%2F000861%2F086162e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskimo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuttall2005" class="citation book cs1">Nuttall, Mark (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LcucDSk4w3YC&dq=Eskimo%20pejorative&pg=PA580">Encyclopedia of the Arctic</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-436-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-436-8"><bdi>978-1-57958-436-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Arctic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-436-8&rft.aulast=Nuttall&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLcucDSk4w3YC%26dq%3DEskimo%2520pejorative%26pg%3DPA580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskimo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVakhtin1998" class="citation book cs1">Vakhtin, Nikolai (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070413070114/http://www.waxmann.com/index2.html?kat%2F651.html">"Endangered Languages in Northeast Siberia: Siberian Yupik and other Languages of Chukotka"</a>. In Erich Kasten (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://waxmann.com/index2.html?kat/651.html">Bicultural Education in the North: Ways of Preserving and Enhancing Indigenous Peoples' Languages and Traditional Knowledge</a> (PDF). Münster: Waxmann Verlag. pp. 159–173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89325-651-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89325-651-8"><bdi>978-3-89325-651-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siberian-studies.org/publications/PDF/bevakhtin.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 13, 2007. Retrieved April 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Endangered+Languages+in+Northeast+Siberia%3A+Siberian+Yupik+and+other+Languages+of+Chukotka&rft.btitle=Bicultural+Education+in+the+North%3A+Ways+of+Preserving+and+Enhancing+Indigenous+Peoples%27+Languages+and+Traditional+Knowledge&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster&rft.pages=159-173&rft.pub=Waxmann+Verlag&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-89325-651-8&rft.aulast=Vakhtin&rft.aufirst=Nikolai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siberian-studies.org%2Fpublications%2FPDF%2Fbevakhtin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskimo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uaf.edu/anlc/resources/inuit_or_eskimo.php">"Inuit or Eskimo: Which name to use?"</a>. Alaska Native Language Center. Retrieved November 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inuit+or+Eskimo%3A+Which+name+to+use%3F&rft.pub=Alaska+Native+Language+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uaf.edu%2Fanlc%2Fresources%2Finuit_or_eskimo.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskimo" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskimo&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cyrillic">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenovshchikov1964" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Menovshchikov, Georgy (1964). Yazyk sirenikskikh eskimosov. Fonetika, ocherk morfologii, teksty i slovar' <bdi lang="ru">Язык сиреникских эскимосов. Фонетика, очерк морфологии, тексты и словарь</bdi> [Language of Sireniki Eskimos. Phonetics, morphology, texts and vocabulary] (in Russian). Moscow, Leningrad: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Академия Наук СССР</a>. Институт языкознания.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yazyk+sirenikskikh+eskimosov.+Fonetika%2C+ocherk+morfologii%2C+teksty+i+slovar%27+%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2.+%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%2C+%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C&rft.place=Moscow%2C+Leningrad&rft.pub=%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0.+%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Menovshchikov&rft.aufirst=Georgy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskimo" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskimo&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol5/iss2/art18/main.html">Adapting to climate change: social-ecological resilience in a Canadian western arctic community. Conservation Ecology 5(2)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.en.copian.ca/library/research/ccl/inuit_learning/inuit_learning.pdf">Canadian Council on Learning, State of Inuit Learning in Canada</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034952/http://www.en.copian.ca/library/research/ccl/inuit_learning/inuit_learning.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-12-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=649&item_no=1&attribute_id=18&file_no=1">Contemporary Food Sharing: A Case Study from Akulivik, PQ. Canada</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/inu/index.htm">Internet Sacred Text Archive: Inuit Religion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anthropology.uwaterloo.ca/ArcticArchStuff/Inuit.html">Inuit Culture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042524/https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/101/7/ehp.93101618.pdf">Inuit Exposure to Organochlorines through the Aquatic Food Chain. Environmental Health Perspectives 101(7)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iportal.usask.ca/action.php?sid=538872931&url=http://www3.brandonu.ca/cjns/9.2/berlo.pdf&action=go&id=276">Inuit Women and Graphic Arts: Female Creativity and Its Cultural Context. The Canadian Journal of Native Studies 9(2)</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/2006pubs/censr-28.pdf">We the People: American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States. Census 2000 Special Reports February 2006</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/search/collection/nowell/searchterm/eskimo*/field/all/mode/any/conn/and/cosuppress/">University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Frank H. Nowell Photographs</a> Photographs documenting scenery, towns, businesses, mining activities, Native Americans, and Eskimos in the vicinity of Nome, Alaska from 1901 to 1909.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/search/collection/alaskawcanada/searchterm/aleuts%20eskimos%20indians/field/subjec/mode/any/conn/and/cosuppress/">University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Alaska and Western Canada Collection</a> Images documenting Alaska and Western Canada, primarily Yukon and British Columbia, depicting scenes of the Gold Rush of 1898, city street scenes, Eskimo and Native Americans of the region, hunting and fishing, and transportation.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/search/collection/warner/searchterm/eskimo*/field/title/mode/all/conn/and/cosuppress/">University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Arthur Churchill Warner Photographs</a> Includes images of Eskimos from 1898 to 1900.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1956268/pdf/canmedaj01530-0035.pdf">Inuit Myopia: an environmentally induced "epidemic"?</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskimo&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eskimo" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:eskimo">eskimo</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Eskimo" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Eskimo">Eskimo</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Inuit" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Inuit">Inuit</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yupik" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yupik">Yupik</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4_S0rj_RtM">Eskimo Hunters in Alaska - The Traditional Inuit Way of Life 1949 Documentary on Native Americans</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1071">Some Psychological Aspects of the Impact of the White Man upon the Labrador Eskimo Manuscript</a> at Dartmouth College Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1184">The Traditional Labrador Eskimos (1960) Manuscript</a> at Dartmouth College Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1110">Victor Levine Manuscripts on origins of the Eskimos</a> at Dartmouth College Library</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abeed" title="Abeed">Abeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Diamond_(racial_term)" title="Black Diamond (racial term)">Black Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boerehaat" title="Boerehaat">Boerehaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choc_ice" title="Choc ice">Choc ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cushi" title="Cushi">Cushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golliwog" title="Golliwog">Golliwog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaffir_(racial_term)" title="Kaffir (racial term)">Kaffir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wog" title="Wog">Wog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europeans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ang_mo" title="Ang mo">Ang mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bule_(term)" title="Bule (term)">Bule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cracker_(term)" title="Cracker (term)">Cracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farang" title="Farang">Farang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiri" title="Guiri">Guiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guizi" title="Guizi">Guizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gweilo" title="Gweilo">Gweilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honky" title="Honky">Honky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh" title="Mat Salleh">Mat Salleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redleg" title="Redleg">Redleg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasi%27chu" title="Wasi'chu">Wasi'chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigger" title="Wigger">Wigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wog" title="Wog">Wog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shqiptar#Use_in_South_Slavic_languages" title="Shqiptar">Šiptar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Albanian" title="Turco-Albanian">Turco-Albanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-British_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-British sentiment">British</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limey" class="mw-redirect" title="Limey">Limey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_names_for_the_British#Pommy_or_Pom" title="Glossary of names for the British">Pom</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teuchter" title="Teuchter">Teuchter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlanders</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Welsh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crachach" title="Crachach">Crachach</a> (Welsh-speaking elite)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dic_Si%C3%B4n_Dafydd" title="Dic Siôn Dafydd">Dic Siôn Dafydd</a> (Anglophile Welsh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_shagger" title="Sheep shagger">Sheep shagger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taffy_was_a_Welshman" title="Taffy was a Welshman">Taffy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dutch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheesehead" title="Cheesehead">Cheesehead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chukhna" title="Chukhna">Chukhna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Swede" class="mw-redirect" title="China Swede">China Swede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnj%C3%A4vel" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnjävel">Finnjävel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheese-eating_surrender_monkeys" title="Cheese-eating surrender monkeys">Cheese-eating surrender monkeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_(pejorative)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frog (pejorative)">Frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabacho" title="Gabacho">Gabacho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terms_used_for_Germans" title="List of terms used for Germans">Germans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terms_used_for_Germans#Hun_(pejorative)" title="List of terms used for Germans">Hun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraut" title="Kraut">Kraut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greeks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grecomans" title="Grecomans">Grecomans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Irish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fenian" title="Fenian">Fenian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicans</a>)</li> <li>Hun (<a href="/wiki/Irish_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Protestant">Irish Protestant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knacker" title="Knacker">Knacker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pikey" title="Pikey">Pikey</a> (Irish Travellers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoneenism" title="Shoneenism">Shoneen</a> (Anglophile Irish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taig" title="Taig">Taig</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholics" title="Irish Catholics">Irish Catholics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Brit" title="West Brit">West Brit</a> (Anglophile Irish)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dago</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goombah" title="Goombah">Goombah</a></li> <li>Greaseball</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_(slang)" title="Guido (slang)">Guido</a></li> <li>Guinea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polentone" title="Polentone">Polentone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italians</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs_by_ethnicity#Sardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ethnic slurs by ethnicity">Sardegnolo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sardinian_people" title="Sardinian people">Sardinians</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs_by_ethnicity#Sardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ethnic slurs by ethnicity">Sheep shagger</a> (Sardinians)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrone" title="Terrone">Terrone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">South Italians</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wop" title="Wop">Wop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wog" title="Wog">Wog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polack" title="Polack">Polack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pshek" class="mw-redirect" title="Pshek">Pshek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moskal" title="Moskal">Moskal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc_(slang)" title="Orc (slang)">Orc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibla" title="Tibla">Tibla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment#Hate_speech_and_derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shkije" title="Shkije">Shkije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbomans" title="Serbomans">Serbomans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spaniards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dago</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gachup%C3%ADn" title="Gachupín">Gachupín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaco_(slur)" title="Polaco (slur)">Polaco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catalan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan people">Catalans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinqui_jargon" title="Quinqui jargon">Quinqui</a> (Mercheros)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xarnego" title="Xarnego">Xarnego</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukrainians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oseledets" title="Oseledets">Khokhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrop" title="Ukrop">Ukrop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarophiles" title="Bulgarophiles">Bulgarophiles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunky_(ethnic_slur)" title="Hunky (ethnic slur)">Hunky</a> (eastern and central europeans)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yestonians" title="Yestonians">Yestonians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russified</a> <a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">East Asians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana,_Coconut,_and_Twinkie" class="mw-redirect" title="Banana, Coconut, and Twinkie">Banana</a> (westernized East Asians)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gook" title="Gook">Gook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangokujin" title="Sangokujin">Sangokujin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokutei_Asia" title="Tokutei Asia">Toku-A</a> (Chinese and Korean)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana,_Coconut,_and_Twinkie" class="mw-redirect" title="Banana, Coconut, and Twinkie">Twinkie</a> (westernized East Asians)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ah_Beng" title="Ah Beng">Ah Beng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinaman" title="Chinaman">Chinaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ching_chong" title="Ching chong">Ching chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chink" title="Chink">Chink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinky" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinky">Chinky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jook-sing" title="Jook-sing">Jook-sing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">overseas</a> / westernized Chinese) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locust_(ethnic_slur)" title="Locust (ethnic slur)">Locust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shina_(word)" title="Shina (word)">Shina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jap" title="Jap">Jap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jjokbari" title="Jjokbari">Jjokbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nip" title="Nip">Nip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Riben" title="Xiao Riben">Xiao Riben</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Koreans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ban-jjokbari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ban-jjokbari">Ban-jjokbari</a> (Japan-affiliated Korean people)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaoli_bangzi" title="Gaoli bangzi">Gaoli bangzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangokujin" title="Sangokujin">Sangokujin</a> (also Chinese)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taiwanese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Ke" title="Tai Ke">Tai Ke</a> (<a href="/wiki/Benshengren" title="Benshengren">Benshengren</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">South Asians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American-Born_Confused_Desi" class="mw-redirect" title="American-Born Confused Desi">American-Born Confused Desi (ABCD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_(slur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut (slur)">Coconut</a> (westernized South Asians)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bengali Hindus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bong_(term)" title="Bong (term)">Bong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongal" title="Bongal">Bongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danchi_babu" title="Danchi babu">Danchi babu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dkhar" title="Dkhar">Dkhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaun" title="Malaun">Malaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayang_(term)" title="Mayang (term)">Mayang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chink#India" title="Chink">Chinki</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast Indians</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keling" title="Keling">Keling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora#Asia" title="Indian diaspora">Maritime Southeast Asian-origin Indians</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pakistanis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paki_(slur)" title="Paki (slur)">Paki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafida" title="Rafida">Rafida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghead" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghead">Raghead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wog" title="Wog">Wog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Christ killer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish-American_princess_stereotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-American princess stereotype">Jewish-American princess (JAP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Ashkenazi_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry">Khazar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kike" title="Kike">Kike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marrano</a> (<a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">Conversos</a> / <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wog" title="Wog">Wog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekke</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">German Jews</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yid" title="Yid">Yid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhyd" title="Zhyd">Zhyd / Zhydovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanake" title="Kanake">Kanake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dom_people" title="Dom people">Dom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Lom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Didicoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Didicoy">Didicoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsies" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsies">Gypsies</a> (sometimes used against other semi-nomadic groups)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawar_people" title="Nawar people">Nawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zott" title="Zott">Zott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceanians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfella" title="Blackfella">Blackfella</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hori_(slur)" title="Hori (slur)">Hori</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_(Pacific_Island_worker)" title="Kanaka (Pacific Island worker)">Kanaka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islander</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_(slur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut (slur)">Coconut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islander</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North and South Americans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eskimo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Unangan">Unangan</a>),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_name_controversy#Controversial_terminology" title="Native American name controversy">Indian/Injun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> / <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> / <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">American Indian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redskin" title="Redskin">Redskin/Red Indian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> / <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squaw" title="Squaw">Squaw</a> (<a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> women)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">Blacks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_bait" title="Alligator bait">Alligator bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_princess" title="Black American princess">Black American princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Buck" title="Black Buck">Black Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocolo" title="Cocolo">Cocolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored" title="Colored">Colored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Negro" class="mw-redirect" title="House Negro">House Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_(character)" title="Jim Crow (character)">Jim Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macaca_(term)" title="Macaca (term)">Macaca</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammy_stereotype" title="Mammy stereotype">Mammy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro">Negro</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigger" title="Nigger">Nigger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nigga" title="Nigga">Nigga</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickaninny" title="Pickaninny">Pickaninny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastus" title="Rastus">Rastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_queen" title="Welfare queen">Queen / Queenie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(racial_term)" title="Sambo (racial term)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schvartze" title="Schvartze">Schvartze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar-Baby" title="Tar-Baby">Tar-Baby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom" title="Uncle Tom">Uncle Tom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="European diaspora">Whites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Becky_(slang)" title="Becky (slang)">Becky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckra" title="Buckra">Buckra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conch_(people)" title="Conch (people)">Conch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahamians" title="Bahamians">Bahamians</a> of European descent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coonass" title="Coonass">Coonass</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cracker_(term)" title="Cracker (term)">Cracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gringo" title="Gringo">Gringo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haole" title="Haole">Haole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly" title="Hillbilly">Hillbilly / Hilljack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honky" title="Honky">Honky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_(slang)" title="Karen (slang)">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peckerwood" title="Peckerwood">Peckerwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redneck" title="Redneck">Redneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_Yankee" title="Swamp Yankee">Swamp Yankee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailer_trash" title="Trailer trash">Trailer trash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_trash" title="White trash">White trash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitey_(slang)" title="Whitey (slang)">Whitey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaner" title="Beaner">Beaner</a> (Mexicans)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canuck" title="Canuck">Canuck</a> (Canadians)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholo" title="Cholo">Cholo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coonass" title="Coonass">Coonass</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greaser_(derogatory)" title="Greaser (derogatory)">Greaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gusano_(slur)" title="Gusano (slur)">Gusano</a> (Cubans)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-breed" title="Half-breed">Half-breed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naco_(slang)" title="Naco (slang)">Naco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfie" title="Newfie">Newfie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundlander</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okie" title="Okie">Okie</a> (Oklahomans)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia#Pindos" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Pindos</a> (Americans)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocho" title="Pocho">Pocho</a> (Mexican Americans)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roto" title="Roto">Roto</a> (Chileans)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spic" title="Spic">Spic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudaca">Sudaca</a> (Central and South Americans)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetback_(slur)" title="Wetback (slur)">Wetback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee" title="Yankee">Yank / Yankee</a> (Americans)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Outsiders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a> (non-<a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_off_the_boat" title="Fresh off the boat">Fresh off the boat / F.O.B.</a> (immigrant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadjo" title="Gadjo">Gadjo</a> (non-<a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaijin" title="Gaijin">Gaijin</a> (non-<a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goy" title="Goy">Goy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">non-Jew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kafir</a> (non-believer) (pl. <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kuffar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laowai" title="Laowai">Laowai</a> (non-<a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Australians" title="New Australians">Reffo / Balt</a> (Non-Anglo immigrant to Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_(pejorative_term)" title="Savage (pejorative term)">Savage</a> (usually Indigenous, regarded as primitive/uncivilized)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shegetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shegetz">Shegetz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">non-Jewish boy or man</a>) (pl. <a href="/wiki/Shkutzim" class="mw-redirect" title="Shkutzim">Shkutzim</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiksa" title="Shiksa">Shiksa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">non-Jewish woman</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131242#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131242#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131242#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4015537-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85044824">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562046">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117532&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553011105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10638077">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eskimo&oldid=1260469421">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eskimo&oldid=1260469421</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eskimos" title="Category:Eskimos">Eskimos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Algonquian_ethnonyms" title="Category:Algonquian 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