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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Related terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History and use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History and use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Meldorf_fibula_and_Tacitus's_Germania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Meldorf_fibula_and_Tacitus's_Germania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The Meldorf fibula and Tacitus's <i>Germania</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Meldorf_fibula_and_Tacitus's_Germania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_inscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_inscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Early inscriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magical_or_divinatory_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magical_or_divinatory_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Magical or divinatory use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magical_or_divinatory_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Medieval use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Runes_in_Eddic_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Runes_in_Eddic_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Runes in Eddic poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Runes_in_Eddic_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Futharks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Futharks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Futharks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Futharks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Futharks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Futharks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elder_Futhark_(2nd_to_8th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elder_Futhark_(2nd_to_8th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Elder Futhark (2nd to 8th centuries)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elder_Futhark_(2nd_to_8th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglo-Saxon_runes_(5th_to_11th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglo-Saxon_runes_(5th_to_11th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Anglo-Saxon runes (5th to 11th centuries)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglo-Saxon_runes_(5th_to_11th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Marcomannic_runes"_(8th_to_9th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Marcomannic_runes"_(8th_to_9th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>"Marcomannic runes" (8th to 9th centuries)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Marcomannic_runes"_(8th_to_9th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Younger_Futhark_(9th_to_11th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Younger_Futhark_(9th_to_11th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Younger Futhark (9th to 11th centuries)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Younger_Futhark_(9th_to_11th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Runic_alphabets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Runic_alphabets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Runic alphabets</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Runic_alphabets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Runic alphabets subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Runic_alphabets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval_runes_(12th_to_15th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_runes_(12th_to_15th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Medieval runes (12th to 15th centuries)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_runes_(12th_to_15th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dalecarlian_runes_(16th_to_19th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dalecarlian_runes_(16th_to_19th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Dalecarlian runes (16th to 19th centuries)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dalecarlian_runes_(16th_to_19th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_from_Roman_script" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_from_Roman_script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Differences from Roman script</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_from_Roman_script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideograpic_runes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideograpic_runes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ideograpic runes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideograpic_runes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Runology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Runology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Runology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Runology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Body_of_inscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body_of_inscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Body of inscriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body_of_inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Modern use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Esotericism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esotericism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Esotericism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esotericism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germanic_mysticism_and_Nazi_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic_mysticism_and_Nazi_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>Germanic mysticism and Nazi Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanic_mysticism_and_Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_paganism_and_esotericism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_paganism_and_esotericism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2</span> <span>Modern paganism and esotericism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_paganism_and_esotericism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bluetooth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bluetooth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Bluetooth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bluetooth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fantasy_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fantasy_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Fantasy literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fantasy_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video,_board_and_role-playing_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video,_board_and_role-playing_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Video, board and role-playing games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video,_board_and_role-playing_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Runology_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Runology_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Runology works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Runology_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_scripts_to_runes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_scripts_to_runes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Similar scripts to runes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_scripts_to_runes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Runes</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune-alfabet" title="Rune-alfabet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rune-alfabet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futhark" title="Futhark – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Futhark" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%C3%BEorc" title="Fuþorc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Fuþorc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أبجدية رونية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبجدية رونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetu_r%C3%BAnicu" title="Alfabetu rúnicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alfabetu rúnicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_%C9%99lifbas%C4%B1" title="Run əlifbası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Run əlifbası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD_%D1%8F%D2%99%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Рун яҙмаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рун яҙмаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Руны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Руны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Руни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Руни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runen" title="Runen – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Runen" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune" title="Rune – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rune" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runo%C3%B9" title="Runoù – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Runoù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_r%C3%BAnic" title="Alfabet rúnic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfabet rúnic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%C4%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Рунăсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Рунăсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runy" title="Runy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Runy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runealfabet" title="Runealfabet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Runealfabet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runen" title="Runen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Runen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruunid" title="Ruunid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ruunid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Ρούνοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρούνοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_r%C3%BAnico" title="Alfabeto rúnico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto rúnico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runaj_alfabetoj" title="Runaj alfabetoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Runaj alfabetoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_erruniko" title="Alfabeto erruniko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alfabeto erruniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="خط رونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خط رونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAnir" title="Rúnir – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Rúnir" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune" title="Rune – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rune" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runen" title="Runen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Runen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbyrlhit_Roonagh" title="Abbyrlhit Roonagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Abbyrlhit Roonagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_r%C3%BAnico" title="Alfabeto rúnico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfabeto rúnico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍂𐌿𐌽𐍉𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍂𐌿𐌽𐍉𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%AC_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="룬 문자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="룬 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ռուներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="रूनी लिपि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रूनी लिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune" title="Rune – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rune" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runo-skribajo" title="Runo-skribajo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Runo-skribajo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_Rune" title="Alfabet Rune – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfabet Rune" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAnir" title="Rúnir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rúnir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_runico" title="Alfabeto runico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto runico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="אלפבית רוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלפבית רוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="რუნები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუნები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83" title="Руналық жазу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Руналық жазу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runae" title="Runae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Runae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%ABnu_raksts" title="Rūnu raksts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rūnu raksts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runos" title="Runos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Runos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runas" title="Runas – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Runas" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAna%C3%ADr%C3%A1s" title="Rúnaírás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rúnaírás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рунска азбука – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рунска азбука" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidy_ronika" title="Abidy ronika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Abidy ronika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune" title="Rune – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rune" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC" title="သစ်ထွင်းစာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သစ်ထွင်းစာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runen" title="Runen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Runen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runes_(skrift)" title="Runes (skrift) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Runes (skrift)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="ルーン文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルーン文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruunen" title="Ruunen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ruunen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runer" title="Runer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Runer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runer" title="Runer – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Runer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_runic" title="Alfabet runic – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alfabet runic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runik_yozuv" title="Runik yozuv – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Runik yozuv" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80" title="ਰੂਨੀ ਲਿਪੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੂਨੀ ਲਿਪੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="رونی لپی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رونی لپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runy" title="Runy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Runy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runas" title="Runas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Runas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run%C4%83" title="Rună – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rună" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Руны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Руны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Руналар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Руналар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runen" title="Runen – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Runen" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeti_runik" title="Alfabeti runik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alfabeti runik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runes" title="Runes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Runes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runy_(germ%C3%A1nske_p%C3%ADsmo)" title="Runy (germánske písmo) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Runy (germánske písmo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runa" title="Runa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Runa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Руне – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Руне" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune" title="Rune – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rune" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riimukirjoitus" title="Riimukirjoitus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Riimukirjoitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runor" title="Runor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Runor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99" title="อักษรรูน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรรูน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runik_yaz%C4%B1" title="Runik yazı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Runik yazı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Руни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Руни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="رونی حروف تہجی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رونی حروف تہجی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_Rune" title="Chữ Rune – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chữ Rune" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune_(abakadahan)" title="Rune (abakadahan) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rune (abakadahan)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%8F%E5%8C%BF%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="虏匿字母 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="虏匿字母" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%81%A9%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="盧恩字母 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="盧恩字母" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabey_Runki" title="Alfabey Runki – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Alfabey Runki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%81%A9%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="盧恩字母 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="盧恩字母" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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</div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Runes_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Runes (disambiguation)">Runes (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:lightblue;">Runic<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227795492">.mw-parser-output .script-runic{font-family:"BabelStone Runic","FreeMono",Junicode,Code2000,Hnias,"Noto Sans Runic","San Francisco","New York"}</style><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚱᚢᚾᛁᚲ</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CodexRunicus.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/CodexRunicus.jpeg/150px-CodexRunicus.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/CodexRunicus.jpeg/225px-CodexRunicus.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/CodexRunicus.jpeg/300px-CodexRunicus.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="1135" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> Alphabet </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a> from the 2nd century AD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right, <a href="/wiki/Boustrophedon" title="Boustrophedon">boustrophedon</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82996?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic script">Old Italic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Runic</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon futhorc</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Runr</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">(211)</span>, Runic</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Runic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U16A0.pdf">U+16A0–U+16FF</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tyr-runes.svg/40px-Tyr-runes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tyr-runes.svg/60px-Tyr-runes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tyr-runes.svg/80px-Tyr-runes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a class="mw-selflink selflink">runic</a> characters.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of runes.</div></div> </div> <style 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li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks abchis-body"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></i></span> 32nd <abbr title="century">c.</abbr> BCE <ul><li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></i></span> 32nd c. BCE <ul><li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></i></span> 7th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a> 3rd c. BCE</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic">Proto-Sinaitic</a></i></span> 19th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a> 15th c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian</a> 9th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th c. BCE</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> 12th c. BCE <ul><li>(<span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="#tp-abchistory-phx">below</a></span>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> 1443</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1601</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a> 1989</li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="treeview"><span class="anchor" id="tp-abchistory-phx"></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> 12th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hebrew">Paleo-Hebrew</a> 10th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a> 6th c. BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a> 3rd c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family">Brahmic</a></i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a> 4th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a> 6th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> 611</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> 7th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa" class="mw-redirect" title="ʼPhags-pa">ʼPhags-pa</a> 1269</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> 10th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a> 1840</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Neo-Aramaic#Square_Aramaic_Alphabet" title="Western Neo-Aramaic">Square Aramaic</a> 2007</li></ul></li> <li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a></i></span> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> 4th century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_alphabet" title="Palmyrene alphabet">Palmyrene</a> 2nd c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a> 1949</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a> 6th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 650</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> 1204</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a> 2nd century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Etruscan</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> 7th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a> 1854</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a> 19th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Syllabic_writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a> 1888</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a> 1915</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect#Writing_system" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a> 1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a> 2006</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic">Runic</a> 2nd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> 4th century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a> 5th c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a> 3rd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a> 3rd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a> 405 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 420</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 430</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic">Glagolitic</a> 862</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 940</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Permic">Old Permic</a> 1372</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyco-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyco-Berber">Libyco-Berber</a> 10th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh#Neo-Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Neo-Tifinagh</a> 1970</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleohispanic_scripts" title="Paleohispanic scripts">Paleohispanic</a> 7th c. BCE</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Runes</b> are the <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</a> in a set of related <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabets</a>, known as <b>runic rows</b>, <b>runic alphabets</b> or <b>futharks</b> (also, see <i><a href="#Futharks">futhark</a></i> vs <i><a href="#Runic_alphabets">runic alphabet</a></i>), native to the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>. Runes were primarily used to represent a sound value (a <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a>) but they were also used to represent the concepts after which they are named (<a href="/wiki/Ideographic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideographic runes">ideographic runes</a>). <a href="/wiki/Runology" title="Runology">Runology</a> is the academic study of the runic alphabets, <a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">runic inscriptions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Runestones" class="mw-redirect" title="Runestones">runestones</a>, and their history. Runology forms a specialised branch of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">Germanic philology</a>. </p><p>The earliest secure runic inscriptions date from at latest AD 150, with a possible earlier inscription dating to AD 50 and <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>'s possible description of rune use from around AD 98. The <a href="/wiki/Svingerud_Runestone" title="Svingerud Runestone">Svingerud Runestone</a> dates from between AD 1 and 250. Runes were generally replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> as the cultures that had used runes underwent <a href="/wiki/Christianisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation">Christianisation</a>, by approximately AD 700 in central Europe and 1100 in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">northern Europe</a>. However, the use of runes persisted for specialized purposes beyond this period. Up until the early 20th century, runes were still used in rural <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> for decorative purposes in <a href="/wiki/Dalarna" title="Dalarna">Dalarna</a> and on <a href="/wiki/Runic_calendar" title="Runic calendar">runic calendars</a>. </p><p>The three best-known runic alphabets are the <a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 150–800), the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon Futhorc</a> (400–1100), and the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a> (800–1100). The Younger Futhark is divided further into the long-branch runes (also called <i>Danish</i>, although they were also used in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frisia" title="Frisia">Frisia</a>); short-branch, or <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6k_runestone" title="Rök runestone">Rök</a>, runes (also called <i>Swedish–Norwegian</i>, although they were also used in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>); and the <i><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">stavlösa</i></span></i>, or Hälsinge, runes (<a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">staveless runes</a>). The Younger Futhark developed further into the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">medieval runes</a> (1100–1500), and the <a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian runes</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500–1800). </p><p>The exact development of the early runic alphabet remains unclear but the script ultimately stems from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a>. Early runes may have developed from the <a href="/wiki/Raetic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Raetic alphabet">Raetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_alphabet#Venetic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic alphabet">Venetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a>, or <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Latin alphabet">Old Latin</a> as candidates. At the time, all of these scripts had the same angular letter shapes suited for <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphy</a>, which would become characteristic of the runes and related scripts in the region. </p><p>The process of transmission of the script is unknown. The oldest clear inscriptions are found in Denmark and northern Germany. A "West Germanic hypothesis" suggests transmission via <a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Elbe Germanic</a> groups, while a "<a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a> hypothesis" presumes transmission via East Germanic <a href="/wiki/Chernyakhov_culture" title="Chernyakhov culture">expansion</a>. Runes continue to be used in a wide variety of ways in modern popular culture. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einangsteinen_inscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Einangsteinen_inscript.jpg/350px-Einangsteinen_inscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Einangsteinen_inscript.jpg/525px-Einangsteinen_inscript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Einangsteinen_inscript.jpg/700px-Einangsteinen_inscript.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8493" data-file-height="1878" /></a><figcaption>The inscription on the <a href="/wiki/Einang_stone" title="Einang stone">Einang stone</a> (AD 350–400), reading <span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">[Ek go]ðagastiz runo faihido</i></span> ("[I, Go]dguest painted/wrote this runic inscription"),<sup id="cite_ref-Spurkland_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spurkland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the earliest Germanic epigraphic attestation of the term.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2020137_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2020137-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The name stems from a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> form <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">reconstructed</a> as <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">rūnō</i></span>, which may be translated as 'secret, mystery; secret conversation; rune'. It is the source of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> <span title="Gothic-language text"><i lang="got-Latn">rūna</i></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got">𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰</span></span>, 'secret, mystery, counsel'), <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">rún</i></span> ('whisper, mystery, secret, rune'), <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> <span title="Old Saxon-language text"><i lang="osx">rūna</i></span> ('secret counsel, confidential talk'), <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a> <span title="Middle Dutch (ca. 1050-1350)-language text"><i lang="dum">rūne</i></span> ('id'), <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">rūna</i></span> ('secret, mystery'), and <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">rún</i></span> ('secret, mystery, rune').<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OED_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest Germanic epigraphic attestation is the <a href="/wiki/Primitive_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive Norse">Primitive Norse</a> <span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">rūnō</i></span> (accusative singular), found on the <a href="/wiki/Einang_stone" title="Einang stone">Einang stone</a> (AD 350–400) and the <a href="/wiki/Noleby_Runestone" title="Noleby Runestone">Noleby stone</a> (AD 450).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2020137_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2020137-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term is related to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic">Proto-Celtic</a> <span title="Proto-Celtic-language text">*<i lang="cel">rūna</i></span> ('secret, magic'), which is attested in <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> <span title="Old Irish (to 900)-language text"><i lang="sga">rún</i></span> ('mystery, secret'), <a href="/wiki/Middle_Welsh" title="Middle Welsh">Middle Welsh</a> <span title="Middle Welsh-language text"><i lang="wlm">rin</i></span> ('mystery, charm'), <a href="/wiki/Middle_Breton" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Breton">Middle Breton</a> <span title="Middle Breton-language text"><i lang="xbm">rin</i></span> ('secret wisdom'), and possibly in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a> <span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">Cobrunus</i></span> (< <span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text">*<i lang="xtg">com-rūnos</i></span> 'confident'; cf. Middle Welsh <span title="Middle Welsh-language text"><i lang="wlm">cyfrin</i></span>, Middle Breton <span title="Middle Breton-language text"><i lang="xbm">queffrin</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a> <span title="Middle Irish (900-1200)-language text"><i lang="mga">comrún</i></span> 'shared secret, confidence') and <span title="Middle Irish (900-1200)-language text"><i lang="mga">Sacruna</i></span> (< <span title="Middle Irish (900-1200)-language text">*<i lang="mga">sacro-runa</i></span> 'sacred secret'), as well as in <a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a> <span title="Lepontic-language text"><i lang="xlp">Runatis</i></span> (< *<span title="Lepontic-language text"><i lang="xlp">runo-ātis</i></span> 'belonging to the secret'). However, it is difficult to tell whether they are <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> (linguistic siblings from a common origin), or if the Proto-Germanic form reflects an early borrowing from Celtic.<sup id="cite_ref-Matasović_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matasović-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various connections have been proposed with other Indo-European terms (for example: <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">ráuti</i></span> <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">रौति</span></span> 'roar', <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">rūmor</i></span> 'noise, rumor'; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">eréō</i></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐρέω</span></span> 'ask' and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">ereunáō</i></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐρευνάω</span></span> 'investigate'),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1962453–454_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1962453–454-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although linguist <a href="/wiki/Ranko_Matasovi%C4%87" title="Ranko Matasović">Ranko Matasović</a> finds them difficult to justify for semantic or linguistic reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-Matasović_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matasović-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this, some scholars have speculated that the Germanic and Celtic words may have been a shared religious term borrowed from an unknown non-Indo-European language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2020137_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2020137-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Matasović_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matasović-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_terms">Related terms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Related terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early Germanic, a rune could also be referred to as <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">rūna-stabaz</i></span>, a <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound</a> of <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">rūnō</i></span> and <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">stabaz</i></span> ('staff; letter'). It is attested in Old Norse <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">rúna-stafr</i></span>, Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">rún-stæf</i></span>, and Old High German <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">rūn-stab</i></span>.<i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel2003310_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2003310-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> Other Germanic terms derived from <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">rūnō</i></span> include <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">runōn</i></span> ('counsellor'), <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">rūnjan</i></span> and <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">ga-rūnjan</i></span> ('secret, mystery'), <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">raunō</i></span> ('trial, inquiry, experiment'), <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">hugi-rūnō</i></span> ('secret of the mind, magical rune'), and <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">halja-rūnō</i></span> ('witch, sorceress'; literally '[possessor of the] <a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">Hel</a>-secret').<i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel2003155,_190,_310_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2003155,_190,_310-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> It is also often part of personal names, including Gothic <span title="Gothic-language text"><i lang="got-Latn">Runilo</i></span> (<span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got">𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌻𐍉</span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a> <span title="Old Frankish-language text"><i lang="frk">Rúnfrid</i></span>, Old Norse <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Alfrún</i></span>, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Dagrún</i></span>, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Guðrún</i></span>, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Sigrún</i></span>, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Ǫlrún</i></span>, Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Ælfrún</i></span>, and <a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Lombardic</a> <span title="Lombardic-language text"><i lang="lng">Goderūna</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1962453–454_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1962453–454-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> word <i lang="fi"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/runo#Finnish" class="extiw" title="wikt:runo">runo</a></i>, meaning 'poem', is an early borrowing from Proto-Germanic,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the source of the term for rune, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">riimukirjain</i></span>, meaning 'scratched letter'.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The root may also be found in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">runoti</i></span> means both 'to cut (with a knife)' and 'to speak'.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Old English form <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">rún</i></span> survived into the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a> as <i>roun</i>, which is now obsolete. The modern English <i>rune</i> is a later formation that is partly derived from <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">runa</i></span>, Old Norse <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">rún</i></span>, and <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">rune</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_use">History and use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History and use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%B6kstenen_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/R%C3%B6kstenen_1.JPG/250px-R%C3%B6kstenen_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/R%C3%B6kstenen_1.JPG/330px-R%C3%B6kstenen_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/R%C3%B6kstenen_1.JPG/500px-R%C3%B6kstenen_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>An inscription using <a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">cipher runes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a>, on the 9th-century <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6k_runestone" title="Rök runestone">Rök runestone</a> in Sweden</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaksalastenen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Vaksalastenen.jpg/250px-Vaksalastenen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Vaksalastenen.jpg/330px-Vaksalastenen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Vaksalastenen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="254" /></a><figcaption>A Younger Futhark inscription on the 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Vaksala_Runestone" title="Vaksala Runestone">Vaksala Runestone</a> in Sweden</figcaption></figure> <p>The runes were in use among the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> from the 1st or 2nd century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period corresponds to the late <a href="/wiki/Common_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Germanic">Common Germanic</a> stage linguistically, with a continuum of dialects not yet clearly separated into the three branches of later centuries: <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic</a>. </p><p>No distinction is made in surviving runic inscriptions between long and short vowels, although such a distinction was certainly present phonologically in the spoken languages of the time. Similarly, there are no signs for <a href="/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant" title="Labialized velar consonant">labiovelars</a> in the Elder Futhark (such signs were introduced in both the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon futhorc</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a> as variants of <i>p</i>; see <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/Peor%C3%B0" title="Peorð">peorð</a></i></span>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></div> <p>The formation of the Elder Futhark was complete by the early 5th century, with the <a href="/wiki/Kylver_Stone" title="Kylver Stone">Kylver Stone</a> being the first evidence of the <i>futhark</i> ordering as well as of the <i>p</i> rune. </p><p>Specifically, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_script#Rhaetic_alphabets" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic script">Rhaetic alphabet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bolzano" title="Bolzano">Bolzano</a> is often advanced as a candidate for the origin of the runes, with only five Elder Futhark runes (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛖ</span> <i>e</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛇ</span> <i>ï</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛃ</span> <i>j</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛜ</span> <i>ŋ</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛈ</span> <i>p</i>) having no counterpart in the Bolzano alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMees2000_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMees2000-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scandinavian scholars tend to favor derivation from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> itself over Rhaetic candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1996_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1996-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "North Etruscan" thesis is supported by the inscription on the <a href="/wiki/Negau_helmets#Inscriptions" title="Negau helmets">Negau helmet B</a> dating to the 2nd century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkey2001_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkey2001-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is in a northern Etruscan alphabet but features a Germanic name, <span title="Germanic languages collective text"><i lang="gem">Harigast</i></span>. <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Bonfante" title="Giuliano Bonfante">Giuliano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larissa_Bonfante" title="Larissa Bonfante">Larissa Bonfante</a> suggest that runes derived from some North Italic alphabet, specifically <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_alphabet#Venetic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic alphabet">Venetic</a>: But since <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> after 200 BC, and then the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> became prominent and <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Venetic</a> culture diminished in importance, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> people could have adopted the Venetic alphabet within the 3rd century BC or even earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The angular shapes of the runes are shared with most contemporary alphabets of the period that were used for carving in wood or stone. There are no <i>horizontal</i> strokes: when carving a message on a flat staff or stick, it would be along the grain, thus both less legible and more likely to split the wood.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This characteristic is also shared by other alphabets, such as the early form of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> used for the <a href="/wiki/Duenos_inscription" title="Duenos inscription">Duenos inscription</a>, but it is not universal, especially among early runic inscriptions, which frequently have variant rune shapes, including horizontal strokes. Runic manuscripts (that is <i>written</i> rather than carved runes, such as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Codex_Runicus" title="Codex Runicus">Codex Runicus</a></i></span>) also show horizontal strokes. </p><p>The "<a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a> hypothesis" speculates on an introduction by <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="West Germanic tribes">West Germanic tribes</a>. This hypothesis is based on claiming that the earliest inscriptions of the 2nd and 3rd centuries, found in bogs and graves around <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Vimose_inscriptions" title="Vimose inscriptions">Vimose inscriptions</a>), exhibit word endings that, being interpreted by <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> scholars to be <a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Norse">Proto-Norse</a>, are considered unresolved and long having been the subject of discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early Runic period, differences between Germanic languages are generally presumed to be small. Another theory presumes a <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" title="Northwest Germanic">Northwest Germanic</a> unity preceding the emergence of Proto-Norse proper from roughly the 5th century.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative suggestion explaining the impossibility of classifying the earliest inscriptions as either North or West Germanic is forwarded by È. A. Makaev, who presumes a "special runic <a href="/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language" title="Koiné language">koine</a>", an early "literary Germanic" employed by the entire Late Common Germanic linguistic community after the separation of Gothic (2nd to 5th centuries), while the spoken dialects may already have been more diverse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonsen196536_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonsen196536-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Meldorf_fibula_and_Tacitus's_Germania"><span id="The_Meldorf_fibula_and_Tacitus.27s_Germania"></span>The Meldorf fibula and Tacitus's <i>Germania</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Meldorf fibula and Tacitus's Germania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the potential exception of the <a href="/wiki/Meldorf_fibula" title="Meldorf fibula">Meldorf fibula</a>, a possible runic inscription found in <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> dating to around 50 AD, the earliest reference to runes (and runic divination) may occur in Roman Senator Tacitus's ethnographic <i><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-SYMONS-2016-5_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SYMONS-2016-5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dating from around 98 CE, Tacitus describes the Germanic peoples as utilizing a divination practice involving rune-like inscriptions: </p> <blockquote><p>For divination and casting lots they have the highest possible regard. Their procedure for casting lots is uniform: They break off the branch of a fruit tree and slice into strips; they mark these by certain signs and throw them, as random chance will have it, on to a white cloth. Then a state priest, if the consultation is a public one, or the father of the family, if it is private, prays to the gods and, gazing to the heavens, picks up three separate strips and reads their meaning from the marks scored on them. If the lots forbid an enterprise, there can be no further consultation about it that day; if they allow it, further confirmation by divination is required.<sup id="cite_ref-MATTINGLY-39_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MATTINGLY-39-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>As Victoria Symons summarizes, "If the inscriptions made on the lots that Tacitus refers to are understood to be letters, rather than other kinds of notations or symbols, then they would necessarily have been runes, since no other writing system was available to Germanic tribes at this time."<sup id="cite_ref-SYMONS-2016-5_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SYMONS-2016-5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_inscriptions">Early inscriptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early inscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Runes" title="Special:EditPage/Runes">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietroassa_ring_1875.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pietroassa_ring_1875.jpg/220px-Pietroassa_ring_1875.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pietroassa_ring_1875.jpg/330px-Pietroassa_ring_1875.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pietroassa_ring_1875.jpg/440px-Pietroassa_ring_1875.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Pietroassa" title="Ring of Pietroassa">Ring of Pietroassa</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250–400 AD</span>) by Henri Trenk, 1875</figcaption></figure> <p>Runic inscriptions from the 400-year period 150–550 AD are described as "Period I". These inscriptions are generally in <a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a>, but the set of letter shapes and <a href="/wiki/Bindrune" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindrune">bindrunes</a> employed is far from standardized. Notably the <i><a href="/wiki/J%C4%93ran" title="Jēran">j</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sowilo_rune" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilo rune">s</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛜ">ŋ</a></i> runes undergo considerable modifications, while others, such as <i><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%88" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛈ">p</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛇ">ï</a></i>, remain unattested altogether prior to the first full futhark row on the <a href="/wiki/Kylver_Stone" title="Kylver Stone">Kylver Stone</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 400 AD). </p><p>Artifacts such as spear heads or shield mounts have been found that bear runic marking that may be dated to 200 AD, as evidenced by artifacts found across northern Europe in <a href="/wiki/Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswig">Schleswig</a> (North Germany), <a href="/wiki/Funen" title="Funen">Funen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealand" title="Zealand">Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a> (Denmark), and <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a> (Sweden). Earlier—but less reliable—artifacts have been found in <a href="/wiki/Meldorf" title="Meldorf">Meldorf</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%BCderdithmarschen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Süderdithmarschen (page does not exist)">Süderdithmarschen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCderdithmarschen" class="extiw" title="de:Süderdithmarschen">de</a>]</span>, in northern Germany; these include brooches and combs found in graves, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Meldorf_fibula" title="Meldorf fibula">Meldorf fibula</a>, and are supposed to have the earliest markings resembling runic inscriptions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magical_or_divinatory_use">Magical or divinatory use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Magical or divinatory use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runic magic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bracteate_from_Funen,_Denmark_(DR_BR42).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg/220px-Bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg/330px-Bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg/440px-Bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1641" data-file-height="1540" /></a><figcaption>Bracteate <a href="/wiki/Alu_(runic)#DR_BR42" title="Alu (runic)">DR BR42</a> bearing the inscription <i><a href="/wiki/Alu_(runic)" title="Alu (runic)">Alu</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gummarpstenen.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b5/Gummarpstenen.gif/220px-Gummarpstenen.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b5/Gummarpstenen.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Gummarp_Runestone" title="Gummarp Runestone">Gummarp Runestone</a> (500–700 AD) from <a href="/wiki/Blekinge" title="Blekinge">Blekinge</a>, Sweden</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bj%C3%B6rketorpsstenen_runor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bj%C3%B6rketorpsstenen_runor.jpg/220px-Bj%C3%B6rketorpsstenen_runor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bj%C3%B6rketorpsstenen_runor.jpg/330px-Bj%C3%B6rketorpsstenen_runor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bj%C3%B6rketorpsstenen_runor.jpg/440px-Bj%C3%B6rketorpsstenen_runor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Closeup of the runic inscription found on the 6th- or 7th-century <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rketorp_Runestone" title="Björketorp Runestone">Björketorp Runestone</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Blekinge" title="Blekinge">Blekinge</a>, Sweden</figcaption></figure> <p>The stanza 157 of <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1vam%C3%A1l" title="Hávamál">Hávamál</a></i></span> attribute to runes the power to bring that which is dead back to life. In this stanza, <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> recounts a spell: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="non" class="poem"> <p>Þat kann ek it tolfta,<br /> ef ek sé á tré uppi<br /> váfa virgilná,:<br /> svá ek ríst ok í rúnum fák,<br /> at sá gengr gumi<br /> ok mælir við mik.<sup id="cite_ref-Hávamál_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hávamál-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>I know a twelfth one<br /> if I see up in a tree,<br /> a dangling corpse in a noose,<br /> I can so carve and colour the runes,<br /> that the man walks<br /> and talks with me.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington199937_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington199937-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The earliest runic inscriptions found on artifacts give the name of either the craftsman or the proprietor, or sometimes, remain a linguistic mystery. Due to this, it is possible that the early runes were not used so much as a simple writing system, but rather as <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">magical</a> signs to be used for charms. Although some say the runes were used for <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a>, there is no direct evidence to suggest they were ever used in this way. The name <i>rune</i> itself, taken to mean "secret, something hidden", seems to indicate that knowledge of the runes was originally considered esoteric, or restricted to an elite.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The 6th-century <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rketorp_Runestone" title="Björketorp Runestone">Björketorp Runestone</a> warns in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a> using the word <i>rune</i> in both senses: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Haidzruno runu, falahak haidera, ginnarunaz. Arageu haeramalausz uti az. Weladaude, sa'z þat barutz. Uþarba spa.</i></span> </p><p>I, master of the runes(?) conceal here runes of power. Incessantly (plagued by) maleficence, (doomed to) insidious death (is) he who breaks this (monument). I prophesy destruction / prophecy of destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-RUNDATADR360_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RUNDATADR360-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rketorp_Runestone" title="Björketorp Runestone">Björketorp Runestone</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The same curse and use of the word, rune, is also found on the <a href="/wiki/Stentoften_Runestone" title="Stentoften Runestone">Stentoften Runestone</a>. There also are some inscriptions suggesting a medieval belief in the magical significance of runes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Franks_Casket" title="Franks Casket">Franks Casket</a> (AD 700) panel. </p><p>Charm words, such as <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">auja</i></span>, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">laþu</i></span>, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">laukaʀ</i></span>, and most commonly, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Alu_(runic)" title="Alu (runic)">alu</a></i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacLeodMees2006100–01_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLeodMees2006100–01-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> appear on a number of <a href="/wiki/Migration_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period">Migration period</a> Elder Futhark inscriptions as well as variants and abbreviations of them. Much speculation and study has been produced on the potential meaning of these inscriptions. Rhyming groups appear on some early bracteates that also may be magical in purpose, such as <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">salusalu</i></span> and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">luwatuwa</i></span>. Further, an inscription on the <a href="/wiki/Gummarp_Runestone" title="Gummarp Runestone">Gummarp Runestone</a> (500–700 AD) gives a cryptic inscription describing the use of three runic letters followed by the Elder Futhark f-rune written three times in succession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPage200531_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage200531-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, it has proven difficult to find unambiguous traces of runic "oracles": although <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Norse</a> literature is full of references to runes, it nowhere contains specific instructions on divination. There are at least three sources on divination with rather vague descriptions that may, or may not, refer to runes: <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>'s 1st-century <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania</a></i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a>'s 13th-century <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Ynglinga_saga" title="Ynglinga saga">Ynglinga saga</a></i></span>, and <a href="/wiki/Rimbert" title="Rimbert">Rimbert</a>'s 9th-century <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Vita_Ansgari" class="mw-redirect" title="Vita Ansgari">Vita Ansgari</a></i></span>. </p><p>The first source, Tacitus's <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Germania</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describes "signs" chosen in groups of three and cut from "a nut-bearing tree", although the runes do not seem to have been in use at the time of Tacitus' writings. A second source is the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Ynglinga saga</i></span>, where <a href="/wiki/Granmar" title="Granmar">Granmar</a>, the king of <span title="Swedish-language text"><span lang="sv" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland" title="Södermanland">Södermanland</a></span></span>, goes to <a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala">Uppsala</a> for the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><span lang="non" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">blót</a></span></span>. There, the "chips" fell in a way that said that he would not live long (<span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Féll honum þá svo spánn sem hann mundi eigi lengi lifa</i></span>). These "chips", however, are easily explainable as a <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blótspánn</i></span> (sacrificial chip), which was "marked, possibly with sacrificial blood, shaken, and thrown down like dice, and their positive or negative significance then decided."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFooteWilson1970_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFooteWilson1970-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (March 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The third source is Rimbert's <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Vita Ansgari</i></span>, where there are three accounts of what some believe to be the use of runes for divination, but Rimbert calls it "drawing lots". One of these accounts is the description of how a renegade Swedish king, <a href="/wiki/Anund_Uppsale" title="Anund Uppsale">Anund Uppsale</a>, first brings a Danish fleet to <a href="/wiki/Birka" title="Birka">Birka</a>, but then changes his mind and asks the Danes to "draw lots". According to the story, this "drawing of lots" was quite informative, telling them that attacking <a href="/wiki/Birka" title="Birka">Birka</a> would bring bad luck and that they should attack a Slavic town instead. The tool in the "drawing of lots", however, is easily explainable as a <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">hlautlein</i></span> (lot-twig), which according to Foote and Wilson<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFooteWilson1970401_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFooteWilson1970401-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would be used in the same manner as a <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blótspánn</i></span>. </p><p>The lack of extensive knowledge on historical use of the runes has not stopped modern authors from extrapolating entire systems of divination from what few specifics exist, usually loosely based on the reconstructed names of the runes and additional outside influence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_use">Medieval use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Medieval use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CodexRunicus.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/CodexRunicus.jpeg/220px-CodexRunicus.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/CodexRunicus.jpeg/330px-CodexRunicus.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/CodexRunicus.jpeg/440px-CodexRunicus.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Codex_Runicus" title="Codex Runicus">Codex Runicus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a> manuscript from approximately 1300 AD containing one of the oldest and best preserved texts of the <a href="/wiki/Scanian_Law" title="Scanian Law">Scanian Law</a>, is written entirely in runes.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Runes" title="Special:EditPage/Runes">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> evolved into its later language groups, the words assigned to the runes and the sounds represented by the runes themselves began to diverge somewhat and each culture would create new runes, rename or rearrange its rune names slightly, or stop using obsolete runes completely, to accommodate these changes. Thus, the Anglo-Saxon futhorc has several runes peculiar to itself to represent <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> unique to (or at least prevalent in) Old English. </p><p>Some later runic finds are on monuments (<a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">runestones</a>), which often contain solemn inscriptions about people who died or performed great deeds. For a long time it was presumed that this kind of grand inscription was the primary use of runes, and that their use was associated with a certain societal class of rune carvers. </p><p>In the mid-1950s, however, approximately 670 inscriptions, known as the <a href="/wiki/Bryggen_inscriptions" title="Bryggen inscriptions">Bryggen inscriptions</a>, were found in <a href="/wiki/Bergen,_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergen, Norway">Bergen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These inscriptions were made on wood and bone, often in the shape of sticks of various sizes, and contained information of an everyday nature—ranging from name tags, prayers (often in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>), personal messages, business letters, and expressions of affection, to bawdy phrases of a profane and sometimes even of a vulgar nature. Following this find, it is nowadays commonly presumed that, at least in late use, Runic was a widespread and common writing system. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BM-ClogAlmanac.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/BM-ClogAlmanac.JPG/250px-BM-ClogAlmanac.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/BM-ClogAlmanac.JPG/330px-BM-ClogAlmanac.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/BM-ClogAlmanac.JPG/500px-BM-ClogAlmanac.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>17th-century clog almanac collected by Sir <a href="/wiki/Hans_Sloane" title="Hans Sloane">Hans Sloane</a>, now in the collection of the British Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>In the later Middle Ages, runes also were used in the <a href="/wiki/Runic_calendar" title="Runic calendar">clog almanacs</a> (sometimes called <i>Runic staff</i>, <i>Prim</i>, or <i>Scandinavian calendar</i>) of Sweden and <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>. The authenticity of some monuments bearing Runic inscriptions found in Northern America is disputed; most of them have been dated to modern times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Runes_in_Eddic_poetry">Runes in Eddic poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Runes in Eddic poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, the runic alphabet is attested to a divine origin (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: <i lang="non">reginkunnr</i>). This is attested as early as on the <a href="/wiki/Noleby_Runestone" title="Noleby Runestone">Noleby Runestone</a> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 AD</span> that reads <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Runo fahi raginakundo toj[e'k]a...</i></span>, meaning "I prepare the suitable divine rune..."<sup id="cite_ref-RUNDATAVG63_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RUNDATAVG63-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in an attestation from the 9th century on the <a href="/wiki/Sparl%C3%B6sa_Runestone" title="Sparlösa Runestone">Sparlösa Runestone</a>, which reads <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Ok rað runaʀ þaʀ rægi[n]kundu</i></span>, meaning "And interpret the runes of divine origin".<sup id="cite_ref-RUNDATVG119_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RUNDATVG119-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a> poem <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1vam%C3%A1l" title="Hávamál">Hávamál</a></i></span>, Stanza 80, the runes also are described as <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">reginkunnr</i></span>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682" /> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="non" class="poem"> <p>Þat er þá reynt,<br /> er þú at rúnum spyrr<br /> inum reginkunnum,<br /> þeim er gerðu ginnregin<br /> ok fáði fimbulþulr,<br /> þá hefir hann bazt, ef hann þegir.<sup id="cite_ref-Hávamál_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hávamál-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>That is now proved,<br /> what you asked of the runes,<br /> of the potent famous ones,<br /> which the great gods made,<br /> and the mighty sage stained,<br /> that it is best for him if he stays silent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington199925_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington199925-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The poem <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Hávamál</i></span> explains that the originator of the runes was the major deity, <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>. Stanza 138 describes how Odin received the runes through self-sacrifice: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682" /> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="non" class="poem"> <p>Veit ek at ek hekk vindga meiði a<br /> netr allar nío,<br /> geiri vndaþr ok gefinn Oðni,<br /> sialfr sialfom mer,<br /> a þeim meiþi, er mangi veit, hvers hann af rótom renn. </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>I know that I hung on a windy tree<br /> <a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Norse_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbers in Norse mythology">nine</a> long nights,<br /> wounded with a spear, dedicated to Odin,<br /> myself to myself,<br /> on that tree of which no man knows from where its roots run.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington199934_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington199934-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In stanza 139, Odin continues: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682" /> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="non" class="poem"> <p>Við hleifi mik seldo ne viþ hornigi,<br /> nysta ek niþr,<br /> nam ek vp rvnar,<br /> opandi nam,<br /> fell ek aptr þaðan. </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>No bread did they give me nor a <a href="/wiki/Drinking_horn" title="Drinking horn">drink from a horn</a>,<br /> downwards I peered;<br /> I took up the runes,<br /> screaming I took them,<br /> then I fell back from there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington199934_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington199934-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the Poetic Edda poem <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADgs%C3%BEula" title="Rígsþula">Rígsþula</a></i></span> another origin is related of how the runic alphabet became known to humans. The poem relates how <span title="Old Norse-language text"><span lang="non" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADg_(Norse_god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ríg (Norse god)">Ríg</a></span></span>, identified as <span title="Old Norse-language text"><span lang="non" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Heimdall" title="Heimdall">Heimdall</a></span></span> in the introduction, sired three sons—<span title="Old Norse-language text"><span lang="non" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></span></span> (slave), <span title="Old Norse-language text"><span lang="non" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Churl" title="Churl">Churl</a></span></span> (freeman), and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><span lang="non" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jarl_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarl (title)">Jarl</a></span></span> (noble)—by human women. These sons became the ancestors of the three classes of humans indicated by their names. When Jarl reached an age when he began to handle weapons and show other signs of nobility, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><span lang="non" style="font-style: normal;">Ríg</span></span> returned and, having claimed him as a son, taught him the runes. In 1555, the exiled Swedish archbishop <span title="Old Norse-language text"><span lang="non" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Olaus_Magnus" title="Olaus Magnus">Olaus Magnus</a></span></span> recorded a tradition that a man named <span title="Old Norse-language text"><span lang="non" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kettil_Runske" title="Kettil Runske">Kettil Runske</a></span></span> had stolen three rune staffs from Odin and learned the runes and their magic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Futharks">Futharks<span class="anchor" id="Futhark"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Futharks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Futhark" redirects here. For the programming language, see <a href="/wiki/Futhark_(programming_language)" title="Futhark (programming language)">Futhark (programming language)</a>.</div> <p><i>Futhark</i> is a collective term in runology used to describe all runic rows which follows the Germanic alphabetical order of F, U, Þ, A, R, K.. etc (compare <a href="#Runic_alphabet">§ Runic alphabet</a>). In English, it is also common to call each futhark after its regional composition, since the original <a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)">A-rune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan">K-rune</a> shifted regionally through time: <i>"Futhark"</i> (ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ) can specify the Elder runic row, <i>"Futhorc"</i> (ᚠᚢᚦᚩᚱᚳ) can specify the Anglo-Frisian runic row, and <i>"Futhork"</i> (ᚠᚢᚦᚯᚱᚴ) can specify the Younger runic row. The younger can further be divided into <i>"Futhąrk"</i> and <i>"Futhork"</i> based on the early and late transliteration of the younger Óss-rune (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚯ</span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elder_Futhark_(2nd_to_8th_centuries)"><span id="Elder_Futhark_.282nd_to_8th_centuries.29"></span>Elder Futhark (2nd to 8th centuries)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Elder Futhark (2nd to 8th centuries)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inscription_on_Golden_horn_of_Gallehus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Inscription_on_Golden_horn_of_Gallehus.jpg/220px-Inscription_on_Golden_horn_of_Gallehus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Inscription_on_Golden_horn_of_Gallehus.jpg/330px-Inscription_on_Golden_horn_of_Gallehus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Inscription_on_Golden_horn_of_Gallehus.jpg/440px-Inscription_on_Golden_horn_of_Gallehus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the Elder Futhark inscription on a replica of one of the 5th-century AD <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horns_of_Gallehus" title="Golden Horns of Gallehus">Golden Horns of Gallehus</a> found on <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>, now Denmark</figcaption></figure> <p>The Elder Futhark, used for writing <a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Norse">Proto-Norse</a>, consists of 24 runes that often are arranged in three groups of eight; each group is referred to as an <i><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark#Description" title="Elder Futhark">ætt</a></i> (Old Norse, meaning '<a href="/wiki/Norse_clans" title="Norse clans">clan, group</a>'). The earliest known sequential listing of the full set of 24 runes dates to approximately AD 400 and is found on the <a href="/wiki/Kylver_Stone" title="Kylver Stone">Kylver Stone</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a>, Sweden. </p><p>Each rune most likely had a name which was chosen to represent the sound of the rune itself. The names are, however, not directly attested for the Elder Futhark themselves. <a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">Germanic philologists</a> <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">reconstruct</a> names in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> based on the names given for the runes in the later alphabets attested in the <a href="/wiki/Rune_poem" title="Rune poem">rune poems</a> and the linked names of the letters of the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a>. For example, the letter /a/ was named from the runic <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">letter</a> <span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_ansuz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Runic_letter_ansuz.svg/4px-Runic_letter_ansuz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Runic_letter_ansuz.svg/7px-Runic_letter_ansuz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Runic_letter_ansuz.svg/9px-Runic_letter_ansuz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="18" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> called <a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)">Ansuz</a>. An asterisk before the rune names means that they are <a href="/wiki/Attested_language" title="Attested language">unattested</a> <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">reconstructions</a>. The 24 Elder Futhark runes are the following:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPage20058,_15–16_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage20058,_15–16-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rune </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Universal_Character_Set" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Character Set">UCS</a> </th> <th><abbr title="Transliteration">Trans.</abbr> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> name </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_fehu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="f"><img alt="f" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Runic_letter_fehu.svg/20px-Runic_letter_fehu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Runic_letter_fehu.svg/21px-Runic_letter_fehu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Runic_letter_fehu.svg/28px-Runic_letter_fehu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚠ">ᚠ</a></span> </td> <th>f </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɸ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/f/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu">*fehu</a> </td> <td>"chattel, wealth" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_uruz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="u"><img alt="u" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_uruz.svg/14px-Runic_letter_uruz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_uruz.svg/21px-Runic_letter_uruz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_uruz.svg/28px-Runic_letter_uruz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚢ">ᚢ</a></span> </td> <th>u </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u(ː)/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)">?*ūruz</a> </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a>", Wild ox (or *ûram "water/slag"?) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="th,þ"><img alt="th,þ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg/20px-Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg/25px-Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚦ">ᚦ</a></span> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Thorn_(letter)" title="Thorn (letter)">þ</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ð/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/*%C3%BEurisaz" class="mw-redirect" title="*þurisaz">?*þurisaz</a> </td> <td>"Thurs" (see <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">Jötunn</a>) or *þunraz ("the god <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thunraz</a>") </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_ansuz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="a"><img alt="a" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Runic_letter_ansuz.svg/9px-Runic_letter_ansuz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Runic_letter_ansuz.svg/13px-Runic_letter_ansuz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Runic_letter_ansuz.svg/18px-Runic_letter_ansuz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="18" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚨ">ᚨ</a></span> </td> <th>a </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a(ː)/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/*Ansuz_(rune)" class="mw-redirect" title="*Ansuz (rune)">*ansuz</a> </td> <td>"god" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_raido.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="r"><img alt="r" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Runic_letter_raido.svg/20px-Runic_letter_raido.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Runic_letter_raido.svg/24px-Runic_letter_raido.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚱ">ᚱ</a></span> </td> <th>r </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raido" title="Raido">*raidō</a> </td> <td>"ride, journey" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_kauna.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="k"><img alt="k" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Runic_letter_kauna.svg/20px-Runic_letter_kauna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Runic_letter_kauna.svg/26px-Runic_letter_kauna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="26" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚲ">ᚲ</a></span> </td> <th>k (c) </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan">?*kaunan</a> </td> <td>"ulcer"? (or *kenaz "torch"?) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_gebo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="g"><img alt="g" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_gebo.svg/14px-Runic_letter_gebo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_gebo.svg/21px-Runic_letter_gebo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_gebo.svg/28px-Runic_letter_gebo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚷ">ᚷ</a></span> </td> <th>g </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gyfu" title="Gyfu">*gebō</a> </td> <td>"gift" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_wunjo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="w"><img alt="w" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Runic_letter_wunjo.svg/10px-Runic_letter_wunjo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Runic_letter_wunjo.svg/15px-Runic_letter_wunjo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Runic_letter_wunjo.svg/20px-Runic_letter_wunjo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚹ">ᚹ</a></span> </td> <th>w </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wunj%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Wunjō">*wunjō</a> </td> <td>"joy" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_haglaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="h"><img alt="h" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Runic_letter_haglaz.svg/14px-Runic_letter_haglaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Runic_letter_haglaz.svg/21px-Runic_letter_haglaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Runic_letter_haglaz.svg/28px-Runic_letter_haglaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_haglaz_variant.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="h"><img alt="h" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Runic_letter_haglaz_variant.svg/20px-Runic_letter_haglaz_variant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Runic_letter_haglaz_variant.svg/40px-Runic_letter_haglaz_variant.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚺ">ᚺ ᚻ</a></span> </td> <th>h </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz">*hagalaz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">"hail"</a> (the precipitation) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_naudiz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="n"><img alt="n" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_naudiz.svg/12px-Runic_letter_naudiz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_naudiz.svg/18px-Runic_letter_naudiz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_naudiz.svg/24px-Runic_letter_naudiz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚾ">ᚾ</a></span> </td> <th>n </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz">*naudiz</a> </td> <td>"need" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_isaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="i"><img alt="i" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Runic_letter_isaz.svg/2px-Runic_letter_isaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Runic_letter_isaz.svg/3px-Runic_letter_isaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Runic_letter_isaz.svg/4px-Runic_letter_isaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛁ">ᛁ</a></span> </td> <th>i </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i(ː)/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz">*īsaz</a> </td> <td>"ice" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_jeran.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="j"><img alt="j" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Runic_letter_jeran.svg/20px-Runic_letter_jeran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Runic_letter_jeran.svg/21px-Runic_letter_jeran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Runic_letter_jeran.svg/28px-Runic_letter_jeran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="38" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛃ">ᛃ</a></span> </td> <th>j </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C4%93ran" title="Jēran">*jēra-</a> </td> <td>"year, good year, harvest" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_iwaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ï,ei"><img alt="ï,ei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Runic_letter_iwaz.svg/20px-Runic_letter_iwaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Runic_letter_iwaz.svg/21px-Runic_letter_iwaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Runic_letter_iwaz.svg/28px-Runic_letter_iwaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛇ">ᛇ</a></span> </td> <th>ï (æ) </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æː/</span><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eihaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Eihaz">*ī(h)waz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata">"yew-tree"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_pertho.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="p"><img alt="p" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Runic_letter_pertho.svg/12px-Runic_letter_pertho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Runic_letter_pertho.svg/18px-Runic_letter_pertho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Runic_letter_pertho.svg/25px-Runic_letter_pertho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%88" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛈ">ᛈ</a></span> </td> <th>p </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pertho" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertho">?*perþ-</a> </td> <td>meaning unknown; possibly "pear-tree". </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_algiz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="z"><img alt="z" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Runic_letter_algiz.svg/20px-Runic_letter_algiz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Runic_letter_algiz.svg/40px-Runic_letter_algiz.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛉ">ᛉ</a></span> </td> <th>z </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz">?*algiz</a> </td> <td>"elk" (or "protection, defence"<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_sowilo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="s"><img alt="s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Runic_letter_sowilo.svg/20px-Runic_letter_sowilo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Runic_letter_sowilo.svg/24px-Runic_letter_sowilo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="s"><img alt="s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg/12px-Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg/18px-Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg/24px-Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛊ">ᛊ ᛋ</a></span> </td> <th>s </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sowilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilo">*sōwilō</a> </td> <td>"sun" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="t"><img alt="t" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg/14px-Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg/21px-Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg/28px-Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛏ">ᛏ</a></span> </td> <th>t </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_rune" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiwaz rune">*tīwaz</a> </td> <td>"the god <a href="/wiki/Tyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyr">Tiwaz</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_berkanan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="b"><img alt="b" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Runic_letter_berkanan.svg/12px-Runic_letter_berkanan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Runic_letter_berkanan.svg/18px-Runic_letter_berkanan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Runic_letter_berkanan.svg/25px-Runic_letter_berkanan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛒ">ᛒ</a></span> </td> <th>b </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan">*berkanan</a> </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Betula" class="mw-redirect" title="Betula">birch</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="e"><img alt="e" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg/20px-Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg/40px-Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%96" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛖ">ᛖ</a></span> </td> <th>e </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e(ː)/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ehwaz" title="Ehwaz">*ehwaz</a> </td> <td>"horse" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_mannaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="m"><img alt="m" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Runic_letter_mannaz.svg/14px-Runic_letter_mannaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Runic_letter_mannaz.svg/21px-Runic_letter_mannaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Runic_letter_mannaz.svg/28px-Runic_letter_mannaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%97" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛗ">ᛗ</a></span> </td> <th>m </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mannaz_rune" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannaz rune">*mannaz</a> </td> <td>"man" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_laukaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="l"><img alt="l" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Runic_letter_laukaz.svg/12px-Runic_letter_laukaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Runic_letter_laukaz.svg/18px-Runic_letter_laukaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Runic_letter_laukaz.svg/24px-Runic_letter_laukaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛚ">ᛚ</a></span> </td> <th>l </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz">*laguz</a> </td> <td>"water, lake" (or possibly *laukaz "leek") </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ŋ"><img alt="ŋ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg/20px-Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg/21px-Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg/28px-Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ŋ"><img alt="ŋ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant2.svg/20px-Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant2.svg/40px-Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛜ">ᛜ</a></span> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ingwaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingwaz">*ingwaz</a> </td> <td>"the god <a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Ingwaz</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_dagaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="d"><img alt="d" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Runic_letter_dagaz.svg/14px-Runic_letter_dagaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Runic_letter_dagaz.svg/21px-Runic_letter_dagaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Runic_letter_dagaz.svg/28px-Runic_letter_dagaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛞ">ᛞ</a></span> </td> <th>d </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dagaz" title="Dagaz">*dagaz</a> </td> <td>"day" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_othalan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="o"><img alt="o" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_othalan.svg/14px-Runic_letter_othalan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_othalan.svg/21px-Runic_letter_othalan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_othalan.svg/28px-Runic_letter_othalan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="41" data-file-height="57" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛟ">ᛟ</a></span> </td> <th>o </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o(ː)/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Othalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Othalan">*ōþila-/*ōþala-</a> </td> <td>"heritage, estate, possession" </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglo-Saxon_runes_(5th_to_11th_centuries)"><span id="Anglo-Saxon_runes_.285th_to_11th_centuries.29"></span>Anglo-Saxon runes (5th to 11th centuries)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Anglo-Saxon runes (5th to 11th centuries)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon runes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anglosaxonrunes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Anglosaxonrunes.svg/250px-Anglosaxonrunes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Anglosaxonrunes.svg/330px-Anglosaxonrunes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Anglosaxonrunes.svg/500px-Anglosaxonrunes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The Anglo-Saxon Futhorc</figcaption></figure> <p>The Anglo-Saxon runes, also known as the <i>futhorc</i> (sometimes written <i>fuþorc</i>), are an extended alphabet, consisting of 29, and later 33, characters. It was probably used from the 5th century onwards. There are competing theories as to the origins of the Anglo-Saxon (also called Anglo-Frisian) Futhorc. One theory proposes that it was developed in <a href="/wiki/Frisia" title="Frisia">Frisia</a> and later spread to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> while another holds that Scandinavians introduced runes to England, where the futhorc was modified and exported to Frisia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some examples of futhorc inscriptions are found on the <a href="/wiki/Thames_scramasax" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames scramasax">Thames scramasax</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Codex_(Anglo-Saxon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna Codex (Anglo-Saxon)">Vienna Codex</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Otho" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton Otho">Cotton Otho</a> B.x (<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_rune_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon rune poem">Anglo-Saxon rune poem</a>) and on the <a href="/wiki/Ruthwell_Cross" title="Ruthwell Cross">Ruthwell Cross</a>. </p><p>The Anglo-Saxon rune poem gives the following characters and names: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚠ</span> feoh, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span> ur, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚦ</span> þorn, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚩ</span> os, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚱ</span> rad, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚳ</span> cen, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚷ</span> gyfu, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚹ</span> ƿynn, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚻ</span> hægl, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚾ</span> nyd, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span> is, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛄ</span> ger, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛇ</span> eoh, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛈ</span> peorð, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛉ</span> eolh, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋ</span> sigel, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛏ</span> tir, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛒ</span> beorc, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛖ</span> eh, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛗ</span> mann, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛚ</span> lagu, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛝ</span> ing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛟ</span> œthel, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛞ</span> dæg, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚪ</span> ac, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚫ</span> æsc, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚣ</span> yr, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛡ</span> ior, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛠ</span> ear. </p><p>Extra runes attested to outside of the rune poem include <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛢ</span> cweorð, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛣ</span> calc, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚸ</span> gar, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛥ</span> stan. Some of these additional letters have only been found in <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a>. Feoh, þorn, and sigel stood for [f], [θ], and [s] in most environments, but voiced to [v], [ð], and [z] between vowels or voiced consonants. Gyfu and wynn stood for the letters <a href="/wiki/Yogh" title="Yogh">yogh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wynn" title="Wynn">wynn</a>, which became [g] and [w] in <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Marcomannic_runes"_(8th_to_9th_centuries)"><span id=".22Marcomannic_runes.22_.288th_to_9th_centuries.29"></span>"Marcomannic runes" (8th to 9th centuries)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: "Marcomannic runes" (8th to 9th centuries)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcomannic.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Marcomannic.PNG/310px-Marcomannic.PNG" decoding="async" width="310" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Marcomannic.PNG/465px-Marcomannic.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Marcomannic.PNG/620px-Marcomannic.PNG 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomannic</a> runes</figcaption></figure> <p>A runic alphabet consisting of a mixture of Elder Futhark with Anglo-Saxon futhorc is recorded in a treatise called <i>De Inventione Litterarum</i>, ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Hrabanus_Maurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hrabanus Maurus">Hrabanus Maurus</a> and preserved in 8th- and 9th-century manuscripts mainly from the southern part of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alemannia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alemannia">Alemannia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>). The manuscript text attributes the runes to the <i>Marcomanni, quos nos Nordmannos vocamus</i>, and hence traditionally, the alphabet is called "Marcomannic runes", but it has no connection with the <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a>, and rather is an attempt by Carolingian scholars to represent all letters of the Latin alphabets with runic equivalents. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Grimm" title="Wilhelm Grimm">Wilhelm Grimm</a> discussed these runes in 1821.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Younger_Futhark_(9th_to_11th_centuries)"><span id="Younger_Futhark_.289th_to_11th_centuries.29"></span>Younger Futhark (9th to 11th centuries)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Younger Futhark (9th to 11th centuries)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yngre_futharken.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Yngre_futharken.svg/290px-Yngre_futharken.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Yngre_futharken.svg/435px-Yngre_futharken.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Yngre_futharken.svg/580px-Yngre_futharken.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="121" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a>: long-branch runes and short-twig runes</figcaption></figure> <p>The Younger Futhark, also called Scandinavian Futhark, is a reduced form of the <a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a>, consisting of only 16 characters. The reduction correlates with phonetic changes when <a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Norse">Proto-Norse</a> evolved into <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>. They are found in Scandinavia and <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> settlements abroad, probably in use from the 9th century onward. They are divided into long-branch (Danish) and short-twig (Swedish and Norwegian) runes. The difference between the two versions is a matter of controversy. A general opinion is that the difference between them was functional (viz., the long-branch runes were used for documentation on stone, whereas the short-twig runes were in everyday use for private or official messages on wood). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigurd.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sigurd.svg/500px-Sigurd.svg.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sigurd.svg/960px-Sigurd.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>While also featuring a runic inscription detailing the erection of a bridge for a loved one, the 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_stones#Sö_101" title="Sigurd stones">Ramsung carving</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_stones" title="Sigurd stones">Sigurd stone</a> that depicts the legend of <a href="/wiki/Sigurd" title="Sigurd">Sigurd</a>.</figcaption></figure><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Runic_alphabets">Runic alphabets<span class="anchor" id="Runic_alphabets"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Runic alphabets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Runic alphabet" redirects here. For runic alphabets following the futhark order, see <a href="/wiki/Futhark" class="mw-redirect" title="Futhark">Futhark</a>.</div> <p><i>Runic alphabets</i> is periodically used in runology to describe runic rows following the Latin alphabetical order of ABCD.. etc (compare <a href="#Futhark">§ Futhark</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_runes_(12th_to_15th_centuries)"><span id="Medieval_runes_.2812th_to_15th_centuries.29"></span>Medieval runes (12th to 15th centuries)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Medieval runes (12th to 15th centuries)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval runes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medeltida_runor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Medeltida_runor.svg/410px-Medeltida_runor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="410" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Medeltida_runor.svg/615px-Medeltida_runor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Medeltida_runor.svg/820px-Medeltida_runor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="111" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval runes</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saleby_kyrkklocka,_V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Saleby_kyrkklocka%2C_V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland.png/250px-Saleby_kyrkklocka%2C_V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Saleby_kyrkklocka%2C_V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland.png 1.5x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saleby_church_bell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saleby church bell (page does not exist)">Saleby church bell</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salebyklockan" class="extiw" title="sv:Salebyklockan">sv</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Västergötland">Västergötland</a>, Sweden, including a runic inscription from 1228 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Middle Ages, the Younger Futhark in Scandinavia was expanded, so that it once more contained one sign for each phoneme of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse language</a>. Dotted variants of <a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a> signs were introduced to denote the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Voiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced">voiced</a> consonants, or vice versa, voiceless variants of voiced consonants, and several new runes also appeared for vowel sounds. Inscriptions in medieval Scandinavian runes show a large number of variant rune forms, and some letters, such as <i>s</i>, <i>c</i>, and <i>z</i> often were used interchangeably.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsenMoltke1942vii_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsenMoltke1942vii-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerner200420_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner200420-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medieval runes were in use until the 15th century. Of the total number of Norwegian runic inscriptions preserved today, most are medieval runes. Notably, more than 600 inscriptions using these runes have been discovered in <a href="/wiki/Bergen_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergen (Norway)">Bergen</a> since the 1950s, mostly on wooden sticks (the so-called <a href="/wiki/Bryggen_inscriptions" title="Bryggen inscriptions">Bryggen inscriptions</a>). This indicates that runes were in common use side by side with the Latin alphabet for several centuries. Indeed, some of the medieval runic inscriptions are written in Latin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dalecarlian_runes_(16th_to_19th_centuries)"><span id="Dalecarlian_runes_.2816th_to_19th_centuries.29"></span>Dalecarlian runes (16th to 19th centuries)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dalecarlian runes (16th to 19th centuries)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian runes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalrunor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dalrunor.svg/410px-Dalrunor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="410" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dalrunor.svg/615px-Dalrunor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dalrunor.svg/820px-Dalrunor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian runes</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>According to Carl-Gustav Werner, "In the isolated province of <a href="/wiki/Dalarna" title="Dalarna">Dalarna</a> in Sweden a mix of runes and Latin letters developed."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerner20047_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner20047-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dalecarlian runes came into use in the early 16th century and remained in some use up to the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some discussion remains on whether their use was an unbroken tradition throughout this period or whether people in the 19th and 20th centuries learned runes from books written on the subject. The character inventory was used mainly for transcribing <a href="/wiki/Swedish_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish (language)">Swedish</a> in areas where <a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a> was predominant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_from_Roman_script">Differences from Roman script</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Differences from Roman script"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Roman script would ultimately replace runes in most contexts, it differed significantly from runic script. For example, on the differences between the use of Anglo-Saxon runes and the Latin script that would come to replace them, runologist Victoria Symons says: </p> <blockquote><p>As well as being distinguished from the roman alphabet in visual appearance and letter order, the fuþorc is further set apart by the fact that, unlike their roman counterparts, runic letters are often associated not only with sound values but also with names. These names are often nouns and, in almost all instances, they begin with the sound value represented by the associated letter. ... The fact that each rune represents [both] a sound value and a word gives this writing system a multivalent quality that further distinguishes it from roman script. A roman letter simply represents its sound value. When used, for example, for the purpose of pagination, such letters can assume added significance, but this is localised to the context of an individual manuscript. Runic letters, on the other hand, are inherently multivalent; they can, and often do, represent several different kinds of information simultaneously. This aspect of runic letters is one that is frequently employed and exploited by writers and scribes who include them in their manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESymons20166-7_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESymons20166-7-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideograpic_runes">Ideograpic runes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ideograpic runes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ideographic_rune" title="Ideographic rune">Ideographic rune</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%96G43B.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%C3%96G43B.png/250px-%C3%96G43B.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%C3%96G43B.png/330px-%C3%96G43B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%C3%96G43B.png/500px-%C3%96G43B.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a> inscription <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland_Runic_Inscription_43" title="Östergötland Runic Inscription 43">Ög43</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a> rune <a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛞ">ᛞ</a> (early <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: *<i lang="non">dagʀ</i>, "day") used as an ideographic rune for the writers name.</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to their historic use as letters, runes were also used to represent their names as <a href="/wiki/Ideograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideograph">ideographs</a>. Such instances are sometimes referred to by way of the modern German loanword <i>Begriffsrunen</i>, meaning 'concept-runes' (singular <i>Begriffsrune</i>), but the descriptive term "ideographic runes" is also used.<sup id="cite_ref-ideographic_runes_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ideographic_runes-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such were used throughout the <a href="/wiki/1st_millennium" title="1st millennium">1st millennium</a> and into the Medieval Period, utilized by both Norse and Anglo-Saxon runic writers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Runology">Runology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Runology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Runology" title="Runology">Runology</a></div> <p>The modern study of runes was initiated during the Renaissance, by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bureus" title="Johannes Bureus">Johannes Bureus</a> (1568–1652). Bureus viewed runes as holy or magical in a <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">kabbalistic</a> sense. The study of runes was continued by <a href="/wiki/Olof_Rudbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Olof Rudbeck">Olof Rudbeck Sr</a> (1630–1702) and presented in his collection <i>Atlantica</i>. <a href="/wiki/Anders_Celsius" title="Anders Celsius">Anders Celsius</a> (1701–1744) further extended the science of runes and travelled around the whole of Sweden to examine the <i>runstenar</i>. From the "golden age of <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a>" in the 19th century, runology formed a specialized branch of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic linguistics">Germanic linguistics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Body_of_inscriptions">Body of inscriptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Body of inscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic inscriptions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kam-med-runer-fra-Vimose_DO-4148_2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Kam-med-runer-fra-Vimose_DO-4148_2000.jpg/220px-Kam-med-runer-fra-Vimose_DO-4148_2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Kam-med-runer-fra-Vimose_DO-4148_2000.jpg/330px-Kam-med-runer-fra-Vimose_DO-4148_2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Kam-med-runer-fra-Vimose_DO-4148_2000.jpg/440px-Kam-med-runer-fra-Vimose_DO-4148_2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1616" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Vimose_inscriptions" title="Vimose inscriptions">Vimose Comb</a> from the island of <a href="/wiki/Funen" title="Funen">Funen</a>, Denmark, features the earliest known runic inscription (AD 150 to 200) and simply reads, ᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨ "Harja", a male name.<sup id="cite_ref-LOOIJENGA_2003:_160_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOOIJENGA_2003:_160-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The largest group of surviving Runic inscription are <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a> runestones, commonly found in Denmark and Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another large group are medieval runes, most commonly found on small objects, often wooden sticks. The largest concentration of runic inscriptions are the <a href="/wiki/Bryggen_inscriptions" title="Bryggen inscriptions">Bryggen inscriptions</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Bergen,_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergen, Norway">Bergen</a>, more than 650 in total. <a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a> inscriptions number around 350, about 260 of which are from Scandinavia, of which about half are on <a href="/wiki/Bracteate" title="Bracteate">bracteates</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon futhorc</a> inscriptions number around 100 items. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_use">Modern use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Modern use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_runic_writing" title="Modern runic writing">Modern runic writing</a></div> <p>Runic alphabets have seen numerous uses since the 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Viking_revival" title="Viking revival">Viking revival</a>, in Scandinavian <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gothicismus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothicismus">Gothicismus</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic occultism">Germanic occultism</a> in the 19th century, and in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a> genre and of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Germanic paganism">modern Germanic paganism</a> in the 20th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Esotericism">Esotericism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Esotericism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germanic_mysticism_and_Nazi_Germany">Germanic mysticism and Nazi Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Germanic mysticism and Nazi Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Armanen_runes" title="Armanen runes">Armanen runes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiligut_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiligut runes">Wiligut runes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Runengymnastik" class="mw-redirect" title="Runengymnastik">Runengymnastik</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EBay_025.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/EBay_025.jpg/220px-EBay_025.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/EBay_025.jpg/330px-EBay_025.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/EBay_025.jpg/440px-EBay_025.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2380" data-file-height="1821" /></a><figcaption>Runic script on an 1886 gravestone in <a href="/wiki/Parkend" title="Parkend">Parkend</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>From 1933, the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel_unit_insignia" class="mw-redirect" title="Schutzstaffel unit insignia">Schutzstaffel unit insignia</a> comprised two <a href="/wiki/Sig_rune" class="mw-redirect" title="Sig rune">sig runes</a>, which derive from the <a href="/wiki/Armanen_runes" title="Armanen runes">Armanen Futhark</a>, invented in the 19th century by <i>völkisch</i> author <a href="/wiki/Guido_von_List" title="Guido von List">Guido von List</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The pioneer of the <i><a href="/wiki/Armanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Armanist">Armanist</a></i> branch of <a href="/wiki/Ariosophy" title="Ariosophy">Ariosophy</a> and one of the more important figures in <a href="/wiki/Esotericism_in_Germany_and_Austria" title="Esotericism in Germany and Austria">esotericism in Germany and Austria</a> in the late 19th and early 20th century was the <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> occultist, mysticist, and <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Völkisch">völkisch</a> author, <a href="/wiki/Guido_von_List" title="Guido von List">Guido von List</a>. In 1908, he published in <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Geheimnis_der_Runen" class="mw-redirect" title="Das Geheimnis der Runen">Das Geheimnis der Runen</a></i> ("The Secret of the Runes") a set of eighteen so-called, "<a href="/wiki/Armanen_runes" title="Armanen runes">Armanen runes</a>", based on the Younger Futhark and runes of List's own introduction, which allegedly were revealed to him in a state of temporary blindness after cataract operations on both eyes in 1902. The use of runes in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic mysticism">Germanic mysticism</a>, notably List's "Armanen runes" and the derived "<a href="/wiki/Wiligut_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiligut runes">Wiligut runes</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Maria_Wiligut" title="Karl Maria Wiligut">Karl Maria Wiligut</a>, played a certain role in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_symbolism" title="Nazi symbolism">Nazi symbolism</a>. The fascination with runic symbolism was mostly limited to <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, and not shared by the other members of the Nazi top echelon. Consequently, runes appear mostly in insignia associated with the <i><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i> ("SS"), the paramilitary organization led by Himmler. Wiligut is credited with designing the <a href="/wiki/SS-Ehrenring" title="SS-Ehrenring">SS-Ehrenring</a>, which displays a number of "Wiligut runes".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_paganism_and_esotericism">Modern paganism and esotericism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Modern paganism and esotericism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Runes are popular in <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> esotericism, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Germanic paganism">modern Germanic paganism</a>, and to a lesser extent in other forms of <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">modern paganism</a>. Various systems of <a href="/wiki/Runic_divination" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic divination">Runic divination</a> have been published since the 1980s, notably by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Blum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph Blum">Ralph Blum</a> (1982), <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Flowers" title="Stephen Flowers">Stephen Flowers</a> (1984, onward), <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Grundy" title="Stephan Grundy">Stephan Grundy</a> (1990), and Nigel Pennick (1995).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Uthark_theory" title="Uthark theory">Uthark theory</a> originally was proposed as a scholarly hypothesis by <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Agrell" title="Sigurd Agrell">Sigurd Agrell</a> in 1932. In 2002, Swedish esotericist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Karlsson" title="Thomas Karlsson">Thomas Karlsson</a> popularized this "Uthark" runic row, which he refers to as, the "night side of the runes", in the context of modern occultism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bluetooth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BluetoothLogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/BluetoothLogo.svg/224px-BluetoothLogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="224" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/BluetoothLogo.svg/336px-BluetoothLogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/BluetoothLogo.svg/448px-BluetoothLogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="188" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> logo with the initials of <a href="/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth" title="Harald Bluetooth">Harald Blåtand</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> logo is the combination of two runes of the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚼ</span> <a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><i>hagall</i></a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛒ</span> <a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><i>bjarkan</i></a>, equivalent to the letters H and B, that are the initials of <a href="/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth" title="Harald Bluetooth">Harald “Blåtand” Gormsson</a>'s name (<i>Bluetooth</i> in English), who was a king of Denmark from the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fantasy_literature">Fantasy literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Fantasy literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cirth#Runes_from_The_Hobbit" title="Cirth">Cirth § Runes from The Hobbit</a></div> <p>Runes play an important role in the horror story "Casting the Runes," by the academic Medievalist and ghost story author M. R. James, first published in his 1911 collection "More Ghost Stories of an Antiquary." In <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i> (1937), the Anglo-Saxon runes are used on a map and on the title page to emphasize its connection to the <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf (Middle-earth)">Dwarves</a>. They also were used in the initial drafts of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>, but later were replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a> rune-like alphabet invented by Tolkien, used to write the language of the Dwarves, <a href="/wiki/Khuzdul" title="Khuzdul">Khuzdul</a>. Following Tolkien, historical and fictional runes appear commonly in modern popular culture, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">fantasy literature</a>, like in <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a></i>, where Runes is a subject taught at Hogwarts, also in the 7th book <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows" title="Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows">Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows</a></i>, Dumbledore gave Hermione a children's book called <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tales_of_Beedle_the_Bard" title="The Tales of Beedle the Bard">The Tales of Beedle the Bard</a></i> which is written in runes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video,_board_and_role-playing_games"><span id="Video.2C_board_and_role-playing_games"></span>Video, board and role-playing games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Video, board and role-playing games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Runes feature extensively in many video games that incorporate themes from early Germanic cultures, including <i><a href="/wiki/Hellblade:_Senua%27s_Sacrifice" title="Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice">Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jotun_(video_game)" title="Jotun (video game)">Jøtun</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Northgard" title="Northgard">Northgard</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ultima_VII_Part_Two:_Serpent_Isle" title="Ultima VII Part Two: Serpent Isle">Ultima VII Part Two: Serpent Isle</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/God_of_War_(franchise)" title="God of War (franchise)">God of War</a></i>. They are used for a range of purposes including puzzles, names, symbols, decoration and on runestones that provide information about Nordic mythology and background for the game's narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELysiane201816,_20,_35–36_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELysiane201816,_20,_35–36-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthgard_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthgard-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHakala202021_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakala202021-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1992 video game <i><a href="/wiki/Heimdall_(video_game)" title="Heimdall (video game)">Heimdall</a></i> used runes as "magical symbols" associated with unnatural forces. <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Role-playing games">Role-playing games</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ultima_(series)#Artificial_scripts_and_language" title="Ultima (series)"><i>Ultima</i> series</a>, use a runic font for in-game signs and printed maps and booklets, and <a href="/wiki/Metagaming_Concepts" title="Metagaming Concepts">Metagaming</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fantasy_Trip" title="The Fantasy Trip">The Fantasy Trip</a></i> used rune-based cipher for clues and jokes throughout its publications.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Runic_(Unicode_block)" title="Runic (Unicode block)">Runic (Unicode block)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Runen_Schlagstempel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Runen_Schlagstempel.jpg/250px-Runen_Schlagstempel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Runen_Schlagstempel.jpg/330px-Runen_Schlagstempel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Runen_Schlagstempel.jpg/500px-Runen_Schlagstempel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Runic steel stamps, Elder Futhark</figcaption></figure> <p>Runic alphabets were added to the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in September, 1999 with the release of version 3.0. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Unicode_block" title="Unicode block">Unicode block</a> for Runic alphabets is U+16A0–U+16FF. It is intended to encode the letters of the <a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Frisian runes">Anglo-Frisian runes</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a> long-branch and short-twig (but not the staveless) variants, in cases where cognate letters have the same shape resorting to "<a href="/wiki/Universal_Character_Set_characters" title="Universal Character Set characters">unification</a>". </p><p>The block as of Unicode 3.0 contained 81 symbols: 75 runic letters (U+16A0–U+16EA), 3 punctuation marks (Runic Single Punctuation U+16EB <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">᛫</span>, Runic Multiple Punctuation U+16EC <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">᛬</span> and Runic Cross Punctuation U+16ED <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">᛭</span>), and three runic symbols that are used in early modern <a href="/wiki/Runic_calendar" title="Runic calendar">runic calendar</a> staves ("Golden number Runes", Runic <a href="/wiki/Arlaug" class="mw-redirect" title="Arlaug">Arlaug</a> Symbol U+16EE <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛮ</span>, Runic <a href="/wiki/Tvimadur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tvimadur">Tvimadur</a> Symbol U+16EF <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛯ</span>, Runic <a href="/wiki/Belgthor" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgthor">Belgthor</a> Symbol U+16F0 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛰ</span>). As of Unicode 7.0 (2014), eight characters were added, three representing <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>'s mode of writing Modern English in Anglo-Saxon runes, and five for the "cryptogrammic" vowel symbols used in an inscription on the <a href="/wiki/Franks_Casket" title="Franks Casket">Franks Casket</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center;font-family:'Noto Sans Runic'"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Runic_(Unicode_block)" title="Runic (Unicode block)">Runic</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U16A0_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U16A0_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U16A0_grey"><a href="#endnote_U16A0_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U16A0.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+16Ax </td> <td title="U+16A0: RUNIC LETTER FEHU FEOH FE F">ᚠ </td> <td title="U+16A1: RUNIC LETTER V">ᚡ </td> <td title="U+16A2: RUNIC LETTER URUZ UR U">ᚢ </td> <td title="U+16A3: RUNIC LETTER YR">ᚣ </td> <td title="U+16A4: RUNIC LETTER Y">ᚤ </td> <td title="U+16A5: RUNIC LETTER W">ᚥ </td> <td title="U+16A6: RUNIC LETTER THURISAZ THURS THORN">ᚦ </td> <td title="U+16A7: RUNIC LETTER ETH">ᚧ </td> <td title="U+16A8: RUNIC LETTER ANSUZ A">ᚨ </td> <td title="U+16A9: RUNIC LETTER OS O">ᚩ </td> <td title="U+16AA: RUNIC LETTER AC A">ᚪ </td> <td title="U+16AB: RUNIC LETTER AESC">ᚫ </td> <td title="U+16AC: RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH-OSS O">ᚬ </td> <td title="U+16AD: RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG-OSS O">ᚭ </td> <td title="U+16AE: RUNIC LETTER O">ᚮ </td> <td title="U+16AF: RUNIC LETTER OE">ᚯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+16Bx </td> <td title="U+16B0: RUNIC LETTER ON">ᚰ </td> <td title="U+16B1: RUNIC LETTER RAIDO RAD REID R">ᚱ </td> <td title="U+16B2: RUNIC LETTER KAUNA">ᚲ </td> <td title="U+16B3: RUNIC LETTER CEN">ᚳ </td> <td title="U+16B4: RUNIC LETTER KAUN K">ᚴ </td> <td title="U+16B5: RUNIC LETTER G">ᚵ </td> <td title="U+16B6: RUNIC LETTER ENG">ᚶ </td> <td title="U+16B7: RUNIC LETTER GEBO GYFU G">ᚷ </td> <td title="U+16B8: RUNIC LETTER GAR">ᚸ </td> <td title="U+16B9: RUNIC LETTER WUNJO WYNN W">ᚹ </td> <td title="U+16BA: RUNIC LETTER HAGLAZ H">ᚺ </td> <td title="U+16BB: RUNIC LETTER HAEGL H">ᚻ </td> <td title="U+16BC: RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH-HAGALL H">ᚼ </td> <td title="U+16BD: RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG-HAGALL H">ᚽ </td> <td title="U+16BE: RUNIC LETTER NAUDIZ NYD NAUD N">ᚾ </td> <td title="U+16BF: RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG-NAUD N">ᚿ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+16Cx </td> <td title="U+16C0: RUNIC LETTER DOTTED-N">ᛀ </td> <td title="U+16C1: RUNIC LETTER ISAZ IS ISS I">ᛁ </td> <td title="U+16C2: RUNIC LETTER E">ᛂ </td> <td title="U+16C3: RUNIC LETTER JERAN J">ᛃ </td> <td title="U+16C4: RUNIC LETTER GER">ᛄ </td> <td title="U+16C5: RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH-AR AE">ᛅ </td> <td title="U+16C6: RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG-AR A">ᛆ </td> <td title="U+16C7: RUNIC LETTER IWAZ EOH">ᛇ </td> <td title="U+16C8: RUNIC LETTER PERTHO PEORTH P">ᛈ </td> <td title="U+16C9: RUNIC LETTER ALGIZ EOLHX">ᛉ </td> <td title="U+16CA: RUNIC LETTER SOWILO S">ᛊ </td> <td title="U+16CB: RUNIC LETTER SIGEL LONG-BRANCH-SOL S">ᛋ </td> <td title="U+16CC: RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG-SOL S">ᛌ </td> <td title="U+16CD: RUNIC LETTER C">ᛍ </td> <td title="U+16CE: RUNIC LETTER Z">ᛎ </td> <td title="U+16CF: RUNIC LETTER TIWAZ TIR TYR T">ᛏ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+16Dx </td> <td title="U+16D0: RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG-TYR T">ᛐ </td> <td title="U+16D1: RUNIC LETTER D">ᛑ </td> <td title="U+16D2: RUNIC LETTER BERKANAN BEORC BJARKAN B">ᛒ </td> <td title="U+16D3: RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG-BJARKAN B">ᛓ </td> <td title="U+16D4: RUNIC LETTER DOTTED-P">ᛔ </td> <td title="U+16D5: RUNIC LETTER OPEN-P">ᛕ </td> <td title="U+16D6: RUNIC LETTER EHWAZ EH E">ᛖ </td> <td title="U+16D7: RUNIC LETTER MANNAZ MAN M">ᛗ </td> <td title="U+16D8: RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH-MADR M">ᛘ </td> <td title="U+16D9: RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG-MADR M">ᛙ </td> <td title="U+16DA: RUNIC LETTER LAUKAZ LAGU LOGR L">ᛚ </td> <td title="U+16DB: RUNIC LETTER DOTTED-L">ᛛ </td> <td title="U+16DC: RUNIC LETTER INGWAZ">ᛜ </td> <td title="U+16DD: RUNIC LETTER ING">ᛝ </td> <td title="U+16DE: RUNIC LETTER DAGAZ DAEG D">ᛞ </td> <td title="U+16DF: RUNIC LETTER OTHALAN ETHEL O">ᛟ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+16Ex </td> <td title="U+16E0: RUNIC LETTER EAR">ᛠ </td> <td title="U+16E1: RUNIC LETTER IOR">ᛡ </td> <td title="U+16E2: RUNIC LETTER CWEORTH">ᛢ </td> <td title="U+16E3: RUNIC LETTER CALC">ᛣ </td> <td title="U+16E4: RUNIC LETTER CEALC">ᛤ </td> <td title="U+16E5: RUNIC LETTER STAN">ᛥ </td> <td title="U+16E6: RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH-YR">ᛦ </td> <td title="U+16E7: RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG-YR">ᛧ </td> <td title="U+16E8: RUNIC LETTER ICELANDIC-YR">ᛨ </td> <td title="U+16E9: RUNIC LETTER Q">ᛩ </td> <td title="U+16EA: RUNIC LETTER X">ᛪ </td> <td title="U+16EB: RUNIC SINGLE PUNCTUATION">᛫ </td> <td title="U+16EC: RUNIC MULTIPLE PUNCTUATION">᛬ </td> <td title="U+16ED: RUNIC CROSS PUNCTUATION">᛭ </td> <td title="U+16EE: RUNIC ARLAUG SYMBOL">ᛮ </td> <td title="U+16EF: RUNIC TVIMADUR SYMBOL">ᛯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+16Fx </td> <td title="U+16F0: RUNIC BELGTHOR SYMBOL">ᛰ </td> <td title="U+16F1: RUNIC LETTER K">ᛱ </td> <td title="U+16F2: RUNIC LETTER SH">ᛲ </td> <td title="U+16F3: RUNIC LETTER OO">ᛳ </td> <td title="U+16F4: RUNIC LETTER FRANKS CASKET OS">ᛴ </td> <td title="U+16F5: RUNIC LETTER FRANKS CASKET IS">ᛵ </td> <td title="U+16F6: RUNIC LETTER FRANKS CASKET EH">ᛶ </td> <td title="U+16F7: RUNIC LETTER FRANKS CASKET AC">ᛷ </td> <td title="U+16F8: RUNIC LETTER FRANKS CASKET AESC">ᛸ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U16A0_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U16A0_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U16A0_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U16A0_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Runicus" title="Codex Runicus">Codex Runicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_runestones" title="List of runestones">List of runestones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic runic inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sveriges_runinskrifter" title="Sveriges runinskrifter">Sweden's rune inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_stones" title="Sigurd stones">Sigurd stones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadic_numerals" title="Pentadic numerals">Pentadic numerals</a> – Runic notation for presenting numbers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rundata" title="Rundata">Rundata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rune_poem" title="Rune poem">Rune poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runic magic</a> – Ancient or modern magic performed with runes or runestones</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runiform_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Runiform (disambiguation)">Runiform (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runology" title="Runology">Runology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_symbolism" title="Letter symbolism">Letter symbolism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Runology_works">Runology works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Runology works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bautil" title="Bautil">Bautil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runa_ABC" title="Runa ABC">Runa ABC</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similar_scripts_to_runes">Similar scripts to runes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Similar scripts to runes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic script">Old Italic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic script</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The oldest known runic inscription dates to around AD 150 and is found on a comb discovered in the bog of <a href="/wiki/Vimose" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimose">Vimose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Funen" title="Funen">Funen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoklund2003173_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoklund2003173-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription reads <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">harja</i></span>; a disputed candidate for a 1st-century inscription is on the <a href="/wiki/Meldorf_fibula" title="Meldorf fibula">Meldorf fibula</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Inscriptions such as <span title="Germanic languages collective text"><i lang="gem">wagnija</i></span>, <span title="Germanic languages collective text"><i lang="gem">niþijo</i></span>, and <span title="Germanic languages collective text"><i lang="gem">harija</i></span> are supposed to represent tribe names, tentatively proposed to be <a href="/wiki/Vangiones" title="Vangiones">Vangiones</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nidensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nidensis (page does not exist)">Nidensis</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a> tribes located in the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELooijenga1997_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELooijenga1997-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since names ending in <span title="Germanic languages collective text"><i lang="gem">-io</i></span> reflect Germanic morphology representing the Latin ending <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-ius</i></span>, and the suffix <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-inius</i></span> was reflected by Germanic <span title="Germanic languages collective text"><i lang="gem">-inio-</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeisgerber1968135,_392ff_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisgerber1968135,_392ff-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeisgerber1966–1967207_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisgerber1966–1967207-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the question of the problematic ending <span title="Germanic languages collective text"><i lang="gem">-ijo</i></span> in masculine Proto-Norse would be resolved by assuming Roman (Rhineland) influences, while "the awkward ending -a of <span title="Germanic languages collective text"><i lang="gem">laguþewa</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyrett199444ff_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyrett199444ff-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may be solved by accepting the fact that the name may indeed be West Germanic".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELooijenga1997_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELooijenga1997-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFPenzlHall1994a">Penzl & Hall 1994a</a> assume a period of "Proto-Nordic-Westgermanic" unity down to the 5th century and the <a href="/wiki/Gallehus_horns" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallehus horns">Gallehus horns</a> inscription.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenzlHall1994b186_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenzlHall1994b186-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The division between Northwest Germanic and Proto-Norse is somewhat arbitrary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonsen196536_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonsen196536-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Himelfarb, Elizabeth J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.archaeology.org/0001/newsbriefs/egypt.html">"First Alphabet Found in Egypt"</a>, Archaeology 53, Issue 1 (January/February 2000): 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U16A0.pdf"><i>Runic</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (chart), Unicode, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211007050759/http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U16A0.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-10-07<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-24</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Runic&rft.pub=Unicode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FU16A0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spurkland-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spurkland_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpurkland2005" class="citation book cs1">Spurkland, Terje (2005). <i>Norwegian runes and runic inscriptions</i>. 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cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus, Cornelius</a> (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Tac.+Ger.+10&fromdoc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0083">"Germany and its Tribes, chapter 10"</a>. In Alfred John Church; William Jackson Brodribb; Lisa Cerrato (eds.). <i>Complete Works of Tacitus</i> (1999 Perseus ed.). New York: Random House. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803185149/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Tac.+Ger.+10&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0083">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germany+and+its+Tribes%2C+chapter+10&rft.btitle=Complete+Works+of+Tacitus&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1999+Perseus&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Tacitus&rft.aufirst=Cornelius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DTac.%2BGer.%2B10%26fromdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFooteWilson1970-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFooteWilson1970_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFooteWilson1970">Foote & Wilson 1970</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFooteWilson1970401-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFooteWilson1970401_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFooteWilson1970">Foote & Wilson 1970</a>, p. 401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam2007" class="citation book cs1">William, Gareth (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U-2vCQAAQBAJ&q=%22rune-inscribed+sticks+from+bryggen%22&pg=PA473"><i>West over Sea: Studies in Scandinavian Sea-Borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 473. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789047421214" title="Special:BookSources/9789047421214"><bdi>9789047421214</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+over+Sea%3A+Studies+in+Scandinavian+Sea-Borne+Expansion+and+Settlement+Before+1300&rft.pages=473&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789047421214&rft.aulast=William&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU-2vCQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522rune-inscribed%2Bsticks%2Bfrom%2Bbryggen%2522%26pg%3DPA473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RUNDATAVG63-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RUNDATAVG63_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2">"Vg 63", <a href="/wiki/Rundata" title="Rundata"><i>Rundata</i></a> (entry) (2.0 for Windows ed.)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vg+63&rft.btitle=Rundata&rft.edition=2.0+for+Windows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RUNDATVG119-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RUNDATVG119_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2">"Vg 119", <a href="/wiki/Rundata" title="Rundata"><i>Rundata</i></a> (entry) (2.0 for Windows ed.)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vg+119&rft.btitle=Rundata&rft.edition=2.0+for+Windows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington199925-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington199925_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarrington1999">Larrington 1999</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington199934-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington199934_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington199934_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarrington1999">Larrington 1999</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage20058,_15–16-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPage20058,_15–16_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPage2005">Page 2005</a>, pp. 8, 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">also rendered <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛː/</span>, see <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language#Vowels" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic phonology</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Warren, Victor Elliott, Runes: an introduction, Manchester University Press ND, 1980, 51-53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrimm1821" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Grimm" title="Wilhelm Grimm">Grimm, William</a> (1821), "18", <i>Ueber deutsche Runen</i> [<i>Concerning German runes</i>] (in German), pp. <span class="nowrap">149–</span>59</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=18&rft.btitle=Ueber+deutsche+Runen&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=1821&rft.aulast=Grimm&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsenMoltke1942vii-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsenMoltke1942vii_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobsenMoltke1942">Jacobsen & Moltke 1942</a>, p. vii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner200420-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerner200420_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWerner2004">Werner 2004</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner20047-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerner20047_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWerner2004">Werner 2004</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrix2015" class="citation news cs1">Brix, Lise (May 21, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sciencenordic.com/isolated-people-sweden-only-stopped-using-runes-100-years-ago">"Isolated people in Sweden only stopped using runes 100 years ago"</a>. <i>ScienceNordic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190719042236/http://sciencenordic.com/isolated-people-sweden-only-stopped-using-runes-100-years-ago">Archived</a> from the original on July 19, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ScienceNordic&rft.atitle=Isolated+people+in+Sweden+only+stopped+using+runes+100+years+ago&rft.date=2015-05-21&rft.aulast=Brix&rft.aufirst=Lise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsciencenordic.com%2Fisolated-people-sweden-only-stopped-using-runes-100-years-ago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESymons20166-7-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESymons20166-7_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSymons2016">Symons 2016</a>, p. 6-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ideographic_runes-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ideographic_runes_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1540882/FULLTEXT01.pdf">"Runrön Runologiska bidrag utgivna av Institutionen för nordiska språk vid Uppsala universitet 24"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>uu.diva-portal.org</i> (in Swedish, German, and English). nstitutionen för nordiska språk vid Uppsala universitet. 221. p. 225<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-29</span></span>. <q>Runes were used as ideographic runes (Begriffsrunen).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uu.diva-portal.org&rft.atitle=Runr%C3%B6n+Runologiska+bidrag+utgivna+av+Institutionen+f%C3%B6r+nordiska+spr%C3%A5k+vid+Uppsala+universitet+24&rft.pages=225&rft.date=221&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuu.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A1540882%2FFULLTEXT01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LOOIJENGA_2003:_160-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LOOIJENGA_2003:_160_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Looijenga 2003: 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Gruyter2002" class="citation book cs1">de Gruyter, Walter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PBKxhq2p0PgC&q=%22Younger+Futhark+were+used+more%22&pg=PA700"><i>The Nordic Languages, Volume 1</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 700. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110197051" title="Special:BookSources/9783110197051"><bdi>9783110197051</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nordic+Languages%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=700&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9783110197051&rft.aulast=de+Gruyter&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPBKxhq2p0PgC%26q%3D%2522Younger%2BFuthark%2Bwere%2Bused%2Bmore%2522%26pg%3DPA700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bluetooth.com/about-us/bluetooth-origin/">"Origin of the name"</a>. <i>Bluetooth® Technology Website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bluetooth%C2%AE+Technology+Website&rft.atitle=Origin+of+the+name&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bluetooth.com%2Fabout-us%2Fbluetooth-origin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELysiane201816,_20,_35–36-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELysiane201816,_20,_35–36_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLysiane2018">Lysiane 2018</a>, pp. 16, 20, 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthgard-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthgard_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorthgard">Northgard</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakala202021-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHakala202021_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHakala2020">Hakala 2020</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorthgard" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://store.steampowered.com/news/app/466560/view/5016431176761421493">"Northgard – Balancing Patch 7 – July 2021 – Steam News"</a>. <i>store.steampowered.com</i>. 20 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=store.steampowered.com&rft.atitle=Northgard+%E2%80%93+Balancing+Patch+7+%E2%80%93+July+2021+%E2%80%93+Steam+News&rft.date=2021-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstore.steampowered.com%2Fnews%2Fapp%2F466560%2Fview%2F5016431176761421493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAntonsen1965" class="citation journal cs1">Antonsen, Elmer H. (1965). "On Defining Stages in Prehistoric Germanic". <i>Language</i>. <b>41</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">19–</span>36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F411849">10.2307/411849</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/411849">411849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=On+Defining+Stages+in+Prehistoric+Germanic&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F411849&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F411849%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Antonsen&rft.aufirst=Elmer+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Birkett, Thomas. 2010. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khm.uio.no/english/research/publications/7th-symposium-preprints/documents/birkett.pdf">The <i>alysendlecan</i> rune: Runic abbreviations in their immediate literary context</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829090350/https://www.khm.uio.no/english/research/publications/7th-symposium-preprints/documents/birkett.pdf">Archived</a> 2021-08-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khm.uio.no/english/research/publications/7th-symposium-preprints/">Preprints to The 7th International Symposium on Runes and Runic Inscriptions, Oslo 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829090348/https://www.khm.uio.no/english/research/publications/7th-symposium-preprints/">Archived</a> 2021-08-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Last accessed 29 August 2021. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Vries1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Vries_(philologist)" title="Jan de Vries (philologist)">de Vries, Jan</a> (1962). <i>Altnordisches Etymologisches Worterbuch</i> (1977 ed.). Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-05436-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-05436-3"><bdi>978-90-04-05436-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Altnordisches+Etymologisches+Worterbuch&rft.edition=1977&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-90-04-05436-3&rft.aulast=de+Vries&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Düwel, Klaus (2001). <i>Runenkunde</i> (in German). JB Metzler.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Runenkunde&rft.pub=JB+Metzler&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=D%C3%BCwel&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDüwel2004" class="citation book cs1">Düwel, Klaus (2004). "Runic". In Read, Malcolm; Murdoch, Brian (eds.). <i>Early Germanic Literature and Culture</i>. Boydell & Brewer. pp. <span class="nowrap">121–</span>147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781571131997" title="Special:BookSources/9781571131997"><bdi>9781571131997</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Runic&rft.btitle=Early+Germanic+Literature+and+Culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E147&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781571131997&rft.aulast=D%C3%BCwel&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFooteWilson1970" class="citation book cs1">Foote, P. G.; Wilson, D. M. (1970). <i>The Viking Achievement</i>. London: Sidgwick & Jackson. p. 401. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-283-97926-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-283-97926-2"><bdi>978-0-283-97926-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Viking+Achievement&rft.place=London&rft.pages=401&rft.pub=Sidgwick+%26+Jackson&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-283-97926-2&rft.aulast=Foote&rft.aufirst=P.+G.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacobsenMoltke1942" class="citation book cs1">Jacobsen, Lis; <a href="/wiki/Erik_Moltke" title="Erik Moltke">Moltke, Erik</a> (1942). <i>Danmarks Runeindskrifter</i>. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaards.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Danmarks+Runeindskrifter&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pub=Ejnar+Munksgaards&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=Lis&rft.au=Moltke%2C+Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoch2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_T._Koch" title="John T. Koch">Koch, John T.</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wales.ac.uk/Resources/Documents/Centre/2020/Celto-Germanic2020.pdf"><i>Celto-Germanic, Later Prehistory and Post-Proto-Indo-European vocabulary in the North and West</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Aberystwyth Canolfan Uwchefrydiau Cymreig a Cheltaidd Prifysgol Cymru, University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781907029325" title="Special:BookSources/9781907029325"><bdi>9781907029325</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125063756/https://www.wales.ac.uk/Resources/Documents/Centre/2020/Celto-Germanic2020.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-11-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Translated by Larrington. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283946-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283946-6"><bdi>978-0-19-283946-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poetic+Edda&rft.series=Oxford+World%27s+Classics&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283946-6&rft.aulast=Larrington&rft.aufirst=Carolyne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLooijenga2003" class="citation book cs1">Looijenga, Tineke (2003). <i>Texts and Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12396-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12396-0"><bdi>978-90-04-12396-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Texts+and+Contexts+of+the+Oldest+Runic+Inscriptions&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12396-0&rft.aulast=Looijenga&rft.aufirst=Tineke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLooijenga1997" class="citation thesis cs1">Looijenga, JH (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dissertations.ub.rug.nl/faculties/arts/1997/j.h.looijenga/"><i>Runes Around the North Sea and on the Continent AD 150–700</i></a> (Thesis). Groningen University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060728220636/http://dissertations.ub.rug.nl/faculties/arts/1997/j.h.looijenga/">Archived</a> from the original on 2006-07-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Woodbridge, UK; Rochester, NY: <a href="/wiki/Boydell_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Boydell Press">Boydell Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-205-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-205-8"><bdi>978-1-84383-205-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919191036/https://books.google.com/books?id=hx7UigqsTKoC">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Runic+Amulets+and+Magic+Objects&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+UK%3B+Rochester%2C+NY&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-205-8&rft.aulast=MacLeod&rft.aufirst=Mindy&rft.au=Mees%2C+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhx7UigqsTKoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarkey2001" class="citation journal cs1">Markey, TL (2001). "A Tale of the Two Helmets: Negau A and B". <i>Journal of Indo-European Studies</i>. <b>29</b>: <span class="nowrap">69–</span>172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indo-European+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Tale+of+the+Two+Helmets%3A+Negau+A+and+B&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Markey&rft.aufirst=TL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMees2000" class="citation journal cs1">Mees, Bernard (2000). "The North Etruscan Thesis of the Origin of the Runes". <i>Arkiv för Nordisk Filologi</i>. <b>115</b>: <span class="nowrap">33–</span>82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arkiv+f%C3%B6r+Nordisk+Filologi&rft.atitle=The+North+Etruscan+Thesis+of+the+Origin+of+the+Runes&rft.volume=115&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Mees&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOdenstedt1990" class="citation book cs1">Odenstedt, Bengt (1990). <i>On the Origin and Early History of the Runic Script</i>. Uppsala, Sweden: Gustav Adolfs akademien. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-85352-20-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-85352-20-3"><bdi>978-91-85352-20-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Origin+and+Early+History+of+the+Runic+Script&rft.place=Uppsala%2C+Sweden&rft.pub=Gustav+Adolfs+akademien&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-91-85352-20-3&rft.aulast=Odenstedt&rft.aufirst=Bengt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrel2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Orel" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Orel">Orel, Vladimir E.</a> (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookofgerman0000orel"><i>A Handbook of Germanic Etymology</i></a></span>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12875-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12875-0"><bdi>978-90-04-12875-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Germanic+Etymology&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12875-0&rft.aulast=Orel&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookofgerman0000orel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPage2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Ian_Page" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Ian Page">Page, Raymond Ian</a> (2005). <i>Runes</i>. The British Museum Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-8065-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-8065-6"><bdi>978-0-7141-8065-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Runes&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=The+British+Museum+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-8065-6&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHakala2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hakala, Pyry (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/120923">"Modern Trends in God of War"</a>. <i>Tampere University</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tampere+University&rft.atitle=Modern+Trends+in+God+of+War&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Hakala&rft.aufirst=Pyry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrepo.tuni.fi%2Fhandle%2F10024%2F120923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPenzlHall1994a" class="citation journal cs1">Penzl, Herbert; Hall, Margaret Austin (Mar 1994a). "The Cambridge history of the English language, vol. 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De Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Runes+and+Roman+Letters+in+Anglo-Saxon+Manuscripts&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Symons&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSyrett1994" class="citation book cs1">Syrett, Martin (1994). <i>The Unaccented Vowels of Proto-Norse</i>. North-Western European Language Evolution. Vol. 11. John Benjamins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7838-049-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7838-049-4"><bdi>978-87-7838-049-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unaccented+Vowels+of+Proto-Norse&rft.series=North-Western+European+Language+Evolution&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-87-7838-049-4&rft.aulast=Syrett&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeisgerber1966–1967" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Weisgerber, Johannes Leo (1966–1967). "Frühgeschichtliche Sprachbewegungen im Kölner Raum (mit 8 Karten)". <i>Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter</i> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rheinische+Vierteljahrsbl%C3%A4tter&rft.atitle=Fr%C3%BChgeschichtliche+Sprachbewegungen+im+K%C3%B6lner+Raum+%28mit+8+Karten%29&rft.date=1966%2F1967&rft.aulast=Weisgerber&rft.aufirst=Johannes+Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeisgerber1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Weisgerber, Johannes Leo (1968). <i>Die Namen der Ubier</i> (in German). Cologne: Opladen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Namen+der+Ubier&rft.place=Cologne&rft.pub=Opladen&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Weisgerber&rft.aufirst=Johannes+Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWerner2004" class="citation book cs1">Werner, Carl-Gustav (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/fonts/allrunes/allrunes.pdf"><i>The Allrunes Font and Package</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Comprehensive Tex Archive Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171020085541/ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/fonts/allrunes/allrunes.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Allrunes+Font+and+Package&rft.pub=The+Comprehensive+Tex+Archive+Network&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Werner&rft.aufirst=Carl-Gustav&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Ftug.ctan.org%2Fpub%2Ftex-archive%2Ffonts%2Fallrunes%2Fallrunes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1996" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Henrik (1996). "The Origin of the Runes". <i>Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik</i>. <b>45</b>: <span class="nowrap">211–</span>18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18756719-045-01-90000019">10.1163/18756719-045-01-90000019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amsterdamer+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+%C3%A4lteren+Germanistik&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Runes&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18756719-045-01-90000019&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Henrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runes&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Runes" class="extiw" title="commons:Runes"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Runes</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Rune_Yoga" class="extiw" title="v:Rune Yoga">Rune Yoga</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khm.uio.no/english/research/publications/nytt-om-runer/"><i>Nytt om Runer</i></a> (runology journal), <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">NO</a>: UIO</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nytt+om+Runer&rft.place=NO&rft.pub=UIO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khm.uio.no%2Fenglish%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2Fnytt-om-runer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905182709/http://www.galinngrund.org/Runes-Bibliography.htm"><i>Bibliography of Runic Scholarship</i></a>, Galinn grund, archived from the original on 2008-09-05</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliography+of+Runic+Scholarship&rft.pub=Galinn+grund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galinngrund.org%2FRunes-Bibliography.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christerhamp.se/runor/gamla/"><i>Gamla Runinskrifter</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">SE</a>: Christer hamp</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gamla+Runinskrifter&rft.place=SE&rft.pub=Christer+hamp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christerhamp.se%2Frunor%2Fgamla%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGosse1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_William_Gosse" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund William Gosse">Gosse, Edmund William</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Runes, Runic Language and Inscriptions"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Runes,_Runic_Language_and_Inscriptions">"Runes, Runic Language and Inscriptions" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">852–</span>853.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Runes%2C+Runic+Language+and+Inscriptions&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E852-%3C%2Fspan%3E853&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Gosse&rft.aufirst=Edmund+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmithBealeRichardsScholma-Mason2018" class="citation cs2">Smith, Nicole; Beale, Gareth; Richards, Julian; Scholma-Mason, Nela (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue47/8/index.html">"Maeshowe: The Application of RTI to Norse Runes (Data Paper)"</a>, <i>Internet Archaeology</i> (47), <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.47.8">10.11141/ia.47.8</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165773006">165773006</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Maeshowe%3A+The+Application+of+RTI+to+Norse+Runes+%28Data+Paper%29&rft.issue=47&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11141%2Fia.47.8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165773006%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft.au=Beale%2C+Gareth&rft.au=Richards%2C+Julian&rft.au=Scholma-Mason%2C+Nela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintarch.ac.uk%2Fjournal%2Fissue47%2F8%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/norol">Old Norse Online</a> by Todd B. Krause and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/lrc">Linguistics Research Center</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>, contains a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/norol/100">lesson on runic inscriptions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frisiacoasttrail.blog/2023/11/12/scratching-runes-is-no-different-from-spraying-your-tag-on-a-piece/"><i>Scratching runes was not much different from spraying tags</i></a>, Frisia Coast Trail (2023)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Runes954" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist nounderlines mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Runes" title="Template:Runes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Runes" title="Template talk:Runes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Runes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Runes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Runes954" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Runes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runology" title="Runology">Runology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_runologists" title="List of runologists">List of runologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rundata" title="Rundata">Rundata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Germanic Elder Futhark</a><br />24-type Fuþark<br />(ca. <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a> to 9th c.)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0.5em 0;"><table cellspacing="0" class="IPA" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i>Normalized<br />Variations</i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em;">–<br />–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚠ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚦ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚨ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Raido" title="Raido"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚱ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚲ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Gyfu" title="Gyfu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚷ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Wynn" title="Wynn"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚹ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">᛬</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚺ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚻ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚾ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/J%C4%93ran" title="Jēran"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛃ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Eihwaz" title="Eihwaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛇ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Peor%C3%B0" title="Peorð"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛈ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛉ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛊ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">᛬</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛏ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛒ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ehwaz" title="Ehwaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛖ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Mannaz" title="Mannaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛗ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛚ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛜ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛝ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Dagaz" title="Dagaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛞ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Othala" title="Othala"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛟ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></b><br /></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Þ">þ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">ð</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%83" title="Ã">ã</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C7%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Ƿ">ƿ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%8F" title="Ï">ï</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">é</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a></b><br />ʀ</small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">ð</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a></small></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Frisian Futhorc</a><br />28-type Fuþorc<br />(ca. 5th c. to 9th c.)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0.5em 0;"><table cellspacing="0" class="IPA" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i>Normalized<br />Variations</i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em;">–<br />–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚠ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚦ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)#Anglo-Saxon_Futhorc" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚩ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Raido" title="Raido"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚱ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚳ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Gyfu" title="Gyfu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚷ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Wynn" title="Wynn"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚹ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"> </td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚻ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚺ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚾ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/J%C4%93ran" title="Jēran"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛄ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/J%C4%93ran" title="Jēran"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛡ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Eihwaz" title="Eihwaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛇ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Peor%C3%B0" title="Peorð"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛈ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛉ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"> </td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛏ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛒ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ehwaz" title="Ehwaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛖ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Mannaz" title="Mannaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛗ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛚ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛝ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛜ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Dagaz" title="Dagaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛞ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Othala" title="Othala"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛟ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"> </td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)#Anglo-Saxon_Futhorc" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚪ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)#Anglo-Saxon_Futhorc" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚫ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚣ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"> </td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ear_(rune)" title="Ear (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛠ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></b><br /></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Þ">þ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">ð</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound">ɧ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C8%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ȝ">ȝ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C7%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Ƿ">ƿ</a></b>/<a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%8F" title="Ï">ï</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">é</a><br />ēo</small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ">œ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">oe</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ōe</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">æ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b>ea</b><br />æa</small></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Later Anglo-Saxon Futhorc</a><br />33-type Fuþorc<br />(ca. 8th c. to 12th c.)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0.5em 0;"><table cellspacing="0" class="IPA" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i>Normalized<br />Variations</i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em;">–<br />–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚠ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚦ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)#Anglo-Saxon_Futhorc" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚩ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Raido" title="Raido"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚱ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚳ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Gyfu" title="Gyfu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚷ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Wynn" title="Wynn"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚹ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"> </td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚻ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚺ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚾ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/J%C4%93ran" title="Jēran"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛄ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/J%C4%93ran" title="Jēran"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛡ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Eihwaz" title="Eihwaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛇ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Peor%C3%B0" title="Peorð"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛈ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛉ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"> </td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛏ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛒ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ehwaz" title="Ehwaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛖ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Mannaz" title="Mannaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛗ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛚ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛝ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛜ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Dagaz" title="Dagaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛞ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Othala" title="Othala"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛟ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)#Anglo-Saxon_Futhorc" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚪ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)#Anglo-Saxon_Futhorc" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚫ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚣ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/J%C4%93ran" title="Jēran"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛡ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ear_(rune)" title="Ear (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛠ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛢ"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛢ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Calc_(rune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calc (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛣ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛥ"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛥ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Gyfu" title="Gyfu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚸ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes#Rune_inventory" title="Anglo-Saxon runes"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛤ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></b><br /></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Þ">þ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">ð</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound">ɧ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C8%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ȝ">ȝ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C7%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Ƿ">ƿ</a></b>/<a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%8F" title="Ï">ï</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">é</a><br />ēo</small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ">œ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">oe</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ōe</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">æ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b>īa</b><br />īo</small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b>ea</b><br />æa</small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">q</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b>st</b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">ḡ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">k̄</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">c̄</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ck_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ck (digraph)">ck</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Kk_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kk (digraph)">kk</a></small></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Norse Younger Futhark</a><br />16-type Fuþark<br />(ca. 8th c. to 11th c.)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0.5em 0;"><table cellspacing="0" class="IPA" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i><a href="/wiki/Long-branch_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-branch runes">Long-Branch</a></i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em">–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚠ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚦ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚬ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Raido" title="Raido"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚱ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚴ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">᛬</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚼ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚾ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ar_(rune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛅ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">᛬</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛏ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛒ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Mannaz" title="Mannaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛘ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛚ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛦ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i><a href="/wiki/Short-twig_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-twig runes">Short-Twig</a></i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em">–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚠ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚦ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚭ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Raido" title="Raido"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚱ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚴ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">᛬</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚽ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚿ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ar_(rune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛆ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛌ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">᛬</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛐ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛓ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Mannaz" title="Mannaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛙ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛚ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛧ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></b><br /></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>/<a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a><br /><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a><br /><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a>/<a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Þ">þ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">ð</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ą</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">å</a>/<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ǫ</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a><br /><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ä</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b>ʀ</b></small></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Later Younger Futhark</a><br />Stung Fuþark<br />(ca. 11th c. to 13th c.)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0.5em 0;"><table cellspacing="0" class="IPA" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i>Regular</i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em">–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚠ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚦ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚬ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Raido" title="Raido"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚱ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚴ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">᛬</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚼ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚾ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ar_(rune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛅ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">᛬</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛐ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛒ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Mannaz" title="Mannaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛘ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛚ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛦ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a><br /><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Þ">þ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">å</a>/<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ǫ</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ä</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></b><br />ʀ</small></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top; padding-top: 2.5em"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i>Stung</i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em">–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚡ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚤ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚧ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚵ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛀ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛂ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛑ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛔ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛛ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">ð</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_nasal" title="Voiced uvular nasal">ɴ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ä</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced velar lateral approximant">ʟ</a></b></small></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval runes</a><br />Medieval Fuþark<br />(ca. 13th c. to 18th c.)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0.5em 0;"><table cellspacing="0" class="IPA" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i>1st types</i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em">–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚠ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚦ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚮ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Raido" title="Raido"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚱ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚴ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">᛬</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚼ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚿ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ar_(rune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛆ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">᛬</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛐ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛒ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Mannaz" title="Mannaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛘ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛚ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛦ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Þ">þ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">q</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></b></small></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i>2nd types</i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em">–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚡ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚤ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚧ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚰ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚵ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚾ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛂ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ar_(rune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛅ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛍ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛑ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛔ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛛ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛨ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">ð</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C7%AA" title="Ǫ">ǫ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ä</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced velar lateral approximant">ʟ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a></b></small></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i>3rd types</i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em">–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚯ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚶ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛀ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛎ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastur_(rune)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plastur (rune) (page does not exist)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛕ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ng</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_nasal" title="Voiced uvular nasal">ɴ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴘ">ᴘ</a></b></small></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i>4th types</i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em">–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛪ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a></b></small></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><small><i>Alphabetical<br />amalgamation</i></small></td> <td style="width: 1.85em">–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ar_(rune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛆ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛒ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛍ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛎ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛑ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚧ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛂ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚠ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚵ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚶ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚼ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚴ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛚ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛛ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Mannaz" title="Mannaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛘ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚿ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚾ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛀ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚮ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚰ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛔ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastur_(rune)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plastur (rune) (page does not exist)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛕ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚴ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Raido" title="Raido"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚱ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛐ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚦ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚡ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚤ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 1.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚴ</span></a> <a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛪ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚼ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚤ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛦ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛨ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛎ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛍ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚰ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ar_(rune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛅ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚯ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">ð</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced velar lateral approximant">ʟ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_nasal" title="Voiced uvular nasal">ɴ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C7%AA" title="Ǫ">ǫ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴘ">ᴘ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">q</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Þ">þ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ä</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a></b></small></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian runes</a><br />Dalecarlian alphabet<br />(ca. 16th c. to 19th c.)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0.5em 0;"><table cellspacing="0" class="IPA" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><small><i>Alphabetical<br />(incomplete)</i></small></td> <td style="width: 1.85em">–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛅ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛒ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚦ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛆ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚠ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""></span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚼ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚴ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛚ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛘ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚿ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛰ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">𐋐</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛩ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚱ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛌ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛐ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋᛌ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛠ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""></span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">Å</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚯ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛦ</span></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">q</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">ä</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a></b></small></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">See also</span></dt> <dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://app.raa.se/open/runor/search">Runic inscriptions interactive map</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic inscriptions</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rune_Poems" class="mw-redirect" title="Rune Poems">Rune Poems</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">Runestones</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runic magic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Modern_runic_writing" title="Modern runic writing">Modern runic writing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-runes" title="Pseudo-runes">Pseudo-runes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless runes</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newari_scripts" title="Newari scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incung_script" title="Incung script">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembak_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lembak script">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogan_script" title="Ogan script">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasemah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasemah script">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serawai_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Serawai script">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_I_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox I script">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rma_script" title="Rma script">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Anishinaabewibii'iganan" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Anishinaabewibii'iganan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_scripts" title="Iberian scripts">Iberian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑206" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_peoples436" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_peoples" title="Template talk:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_peoples436" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern European</a> origin primarily identified as speakers of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">Early culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_early_Germanic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Family in early Germanic culture">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Folklore </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_folklore" title="Proto-Germanic folklore">Proto-Germanic folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon mythology">Anglo-Saxon mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_funerary_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic funerary practices">Funerary practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial_mounds" title="Anglo-Saxon burial mounds">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Numbers in Germanic paganism">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic paganism">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture#Scripts" title="Early Germanic culture">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Runes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sippe" title="Sippe">Sippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic symbols">Symbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_warfare" title="Early Germanic warfare">Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_and_Vandal_warfare" title="Gothic and Vandal warfare">Gothic and Vandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Viking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisigavi" title="Brisigavi">Brisgavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucinobantes" title="Bucinobantes">Bucinobantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentienses" title="Lentienses">Lentienses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetovari" title="Raetovari">Raetovari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrabaecampi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrabaecampi">Adrabaecampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalausi" title="Armalausi">Armalausi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auiones" title="Auiones">Auiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarpi" title="Avarpi">Avarpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baemi" title="Baemi">Baemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banochaemae" title="Banochaemae">Banochaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerosi" title="Caerosi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateinoi" title="Bateinoi">Bateinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetasii" title="Baetasii">Betasii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brondings" title="Brondings">Brondings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritni" title="Caritni">Caritni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuari" title="Casuari">Casuari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaedini" title="Chaedini">Chaedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaemae" title="Chaemae">Chaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali" title="Chali">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charudes" title="Charudes">Charudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuarii" title="Chasuarii">Chasuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattuarii" title="Chattuarii">Chattuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobandi" title="Cobandi">Cobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corconti" title="Corconti">Corconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cugerni" title="Cugerni">Cugerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauciones" title="Dauciones">Dauciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulgubnii" title="Dulgubnii">Dulgubnii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favonae" title="Favonae">Favonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firaesi" title="Firaesi">Firaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosi" title="Fosi">Fosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisiavones" title="Frisiavones">Frisiavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrivii" title="Gambrivii">Gambrivii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutones" title="Gutones">Gutones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilleviones" title="Hilleviones">Hilleviones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hea%C3%B0obards" title="Heaðobards">Heaðobards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diduni" title="Diduni">Diduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helisii" class="mw-redirect" title="Helisii">Helisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helveconae" title="Helveconae">Helveconae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimi" title="Manimi">Manimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahanarvali" title="Nahanarvali">Nahanarvali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsacii" title="Marsacii">Marsacii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Marsi (Germanic tribe)">Marsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattiaci" title="Mattiaci">Mattiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njars" title="Njars">Njars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuithones" title="Nuithones">Nuithones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osi_(tribe)" title="Osi (tribe)">Osi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reudigni" title="Reudigni">Reudigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugini" title="Rugini">Rugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suarines" title="Suarines">Suarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunici" title="Sunici">Sunici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifals" title="Taifals">Taifals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelir" title="Thelir">Thelir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texandri" title="Texandri">Toxandri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes">Tubantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagoth" title="Vagoth">Vagoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangiones" title="Vangiones">Vangiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varisci" title="Varisci">Varisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victohali" title="Victohali">Victohali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoviloth" title="Vinoviloth">Vinoviloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warini" title="Warini">Warini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Christianization of the Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization of Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Christianization of Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Germanic_peoples" title="Category:Germanic peoples">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fantasy_fiction451" style="text-align:center;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fantasy_fiction" title="Template:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fantasy_fiction" title="Template talk:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fantasy_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fantasy_fiction451" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fantasy" title="History of fantasy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_fantasy" title="Early history of fantasy">Sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Action-adventure <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_world" title="Lost world">Lost world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia‎</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_fantasy" title="Children's fantasy">Children's fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsian_fantasy" title="Bangsian fantasy">Bangsian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale_parody" title="Fairy tale parody">Fairy tale parodies</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairytale_fantasy" title="Fairytale fantasy">Fairytale fantasy</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_of_manners" title="Fantasy of manners">Fantasy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_fantasy" title="Hard fantasy">Hard fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LitRPG" title="LitRPG">LitRPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_fantasy" title="Low fantasy">Low fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythic_fiction" title="Mythic fiction">Mythic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythpunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythpunk">Mythpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omegaverse" title="Omegaverse">Omegaverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a>‎ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fantasy" title="Urban fantasy">Urban fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective fiction‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_weird" title="New weird">New weird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">West‎ern fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_television" title="Fantasy television">television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_anime" title="List of fantasy anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fantasy_films" title="Lists of fantasy films">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_fantasy_films" title="List of highest-grossing fantasy films">highest-grossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sword_and_sorcery_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sword and sorcery films">S&S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_television_programs" title="List of fantasy television programs">Television programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_authors" title="List of fantasy authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Adult_Fantasy_series" title="Ballantine Adult Fantasy series">Ballantine Adult Fantasy series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_comics" title="List of fantasy comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Masterworks" title="Fantasy Masterworks">Fantasy Masterworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fantasy novels">List of novels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(A%E2%80%93H)" title="List of fantasy novels (A–H)">A–H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(I%E2%80%93R)" title="List of fantasy novels (I–R)">I–R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(S%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of fantasy novels (S–Z)">S–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_story_collections" title="List of fantasy story collections">List of story collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fiction_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy fiction magazine">Magazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_(magazine)" title="Fantastic (magazine)">Fantastic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Adventures" title="Fantastic Adventures">Fantastic Adventures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Locus_(magazine)" title="Locus (magazine)">Locus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magazine_of_Fantasy_%26_Science_Fiction" title="The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction">The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Science_Fantasy_(magazine)" title="Science Fantasy (magazine)">Science Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unknown_(magazine)" title="Unknown (magazine)">Unknown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9erie" title="Féerie">Féeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_podcast" title="Fantasy podcast">Podcasts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Balrog Award">Balrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fantasy_Award" title="British Fantasy Award">British Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_Award" title="Crawford Award">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_Award" title="Gandalf Award">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gemmell_Awards_for_Fantasy" title="David Gemmell Awards for Fantasy">Gemmell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fantasy_Award" title="International Fantasy Award">International Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Fantasy_Novel_Award" title="Japan Fantasy Novel Award">Japan Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s_d%27Or" title="Méliès d'Or">Méliès d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Awards" title="Mythopoeic Awards">Mythopoeic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htifantasia_Award" title="Tähtifantasia Award">Tähtifantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award" title="World Fantasy Award">World Fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fandom" title="Fantasy fandom">Fandom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanspeak" title="Fanspeak">Fanspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">Filk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_fandom" title="Harry Potter fandom"><i>Harry Potter</i> fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inklings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Inklings">The Inklings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_fandom" title="Lovecraft fandom">Lovecraft fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Society" title="Mythopoeic Society">Mythopoeic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_influence_on_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien's influence on fantasy">Tolkien's influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien">Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Convention" title="World Fantasy Convention">World Fantasy Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_trope" title="Fantasy trope">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghouls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental" title="Elemental">Elementals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">Faeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster" title="Fire-breathing monster">Fire-breathing monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp" title="Imp">Imps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werecat" title="Werecat">Werecats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin-walker" title="Skin-walker">Skin-walkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural#Spirit" title="Supernatural">Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction" title="Talking animals in fiction">Talking animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lich" title="Lich">Liches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeletons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">Yōkai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_characters" title="List of stock characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caveman" title="Caveman">Caveman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">Damsel in distress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_lord" title="Dark lord">Dark lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_(fairy_tale)" title="Donor (fairy tale)">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonslayer" title="Dragonslayer">Dragonslayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_godmother" title="Fairy godmother">Fairy godmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)" title="Magician (fantasy)">Magicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_and_fantasy_detectives" title="List of science fiction and fantasy detectives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Wild man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_magic_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard and soft magic systems">Hard and soft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Dark</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">neutral</a>/<a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_item" title="Magic item">Magic item</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li></ul></li> <li>Schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egregore" title="Egregore">Egregore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumaturgy" title="Thaumaturgy">Thaumaturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">Theurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_races" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy races">Fantasy races</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Treants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant" title="Giant">Giants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">Gnomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">Goblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin" title="Gremlin">Gremlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfling" title="Halfling">Halflings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">Hobgoblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprechaun" title="Leprechaun">Leprechauns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merfolk" title="Merfolk">Merfolk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">Mermen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oni" title="Oni">Oni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Places and events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_worlds" title="List of fantasy worlds">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy map">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_city_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost city (fiction)">Lost city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fiction" title="Subterranean fiction">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_plane" title="Astral plane">Astral plane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_forest" title="Enchanted forest">Enchanted forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thieves%27_guild" title="Thieves' guild">Thieves' guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_schools#Magic_schools" title="List of fictional schools">Magic school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost stories</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT themes in speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_fantasy" title="Outline of fantasy">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fantasy" title="Category:Fantasy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" 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