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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Storia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Storia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Storia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Storia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Storia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contesto_storico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contesto_storico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Contesto storico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contesto_storico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fondazione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fondazione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Fondazione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fondazione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prosperità" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prosperità"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Prosperità</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prosperità-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declino_e_crollo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declino_e_crollo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Declino e crollo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declino_e_crollo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rilevanza_storica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rilevanza_storica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rilevanza storica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rilevanza_storica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Impero di Trebisonda</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 63 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserreich_Trapezunt" title="Kaiserreich Trapezunt - tedesco svizzero" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kaiserreich Trapezunt" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="tedesco svizzero" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="إمبراطورية طربزون - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إمبراطورية طربزون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Trabzon imperiyası - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Trabzon imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="ترابزون ایمپیراتورلوغو - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ترابزون ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Трапезундская імперыя - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трапезундская імперыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Трапэзундзкая імпэрыя - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Трапэзундзкая імпэрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Трапезундска империя - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Трапезундска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezuntsko_Carstvo" title="Trapezuntsko Carstvo - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Trapezuntsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_de_Trebisonda" title="Imperi de Trebisonda - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi de Trebisonda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezuntsk%C3%A9_c%C3%ADsa%C5%99stv%C3%AD" title="Trapezuntské císařství - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Trapezuntské císařství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymerodraeth_Trebizond" title="Ymerodraeth Trebizond - gallese" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ymerodraeth Trebizond" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserreich_Trapezunt" title="Kaiserreich Trapezunt - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaiserreich Trapezunt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mperatoriya_Trabzoni" title="İmperatoriya Trabzoni - Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İmperatoriya Trabzoni" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezuntske_m%C3%B3cnarstwo" title="Trapezuntske mócnarstwo - basso sorabo" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Trapezuntske mócnarstwo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="basso sorabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αυτοκρατορία της Τραπεζούντας - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοκρατορία της Τραπεζούντας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Empire of Trebizond" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebizonda_imperio" title="Trebizonda imperio - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Trebizonda imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_de_Trebisonda" title="Imperio de Trebisonda - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio de Trebisonda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezundi_keisririik" title="Trapezundi keisririik - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Trapezundi keisririik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebizondako_Inperioa" title="Trebizondako Inperioa - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Trebizondako Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="امپراتوری ترابوزان - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری ترابوزان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebizondin_keisarikunta" title="Trebizondin keisarikunta - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Trebizondin keisarikunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezundi_keisririik" title="Trapezundi keisririik - võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Trapezundi keisririik" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_de_Tr%C3%A9bizonde" title="Empire de Trébizonde - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire de Trébizonde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_de_Trebisonda" title="Imperio de Trebisonda - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio de Trebisonda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A1" title="האימפריה של טרפזונטס - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה של טרפזונטס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezuntsko_Carstvo" title="Trapezuntsko Carstvo - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Trapezuntsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezuntske_m%C3%B3cnarstwo" title="Trapezuntske mócnarstwo - alto sorabo" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Trapezuntske mócnarstwo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="alto sorabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezunti_Cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1rs%C3%A1g" title="Trapezunti Császárság - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Trapezunti Császárság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տրապիզոնի կայսրություն - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տրապիզոնի կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekaisaran_Trebizond" title="Kekaisaran Trebizond - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekaisaran Trebizond" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%83%93%E3%82%BE%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="トレビゾンド帝国 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トレビゾンド帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ტრაპიზონის იმპერია - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტრაპიზონის იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%ED%8E%98%EC%A4%80%ED%83%80_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="트라페준타 제국 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트라페준타 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emperatoriya_Trebzon%C3%AA" title="Împeratoriya Trebzonê - curdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Împeratoriya Trebzonê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Trapezuntinum" title="Imperium Trapezuntinum - latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperium Trapezuntinum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezundo_imperija" title="Trapezundo imperija - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Trapezundo imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Трапезунтско Царство - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Трапезунтско Царство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ട്രെബിസോണ്ഡ് സാമ്രാജ്യം - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ട്രെബിസോണ്ഡ് സാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Trebizond" title="Empayar Trebizond - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Trebizond" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ترابوزان امپراتوری - mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ترابوزان امپراتوری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keizerrijk_Trebizonde" title="Keizerrijk Trebizonde - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Keizerrijk Trebizonde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezunt" title="Trapezunt - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Trapezunt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezunt-riket" title="Trapezunt-riket - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trapezunt-riket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_de_Trebizonda" title="Empèri de Trebizonda - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri de Trebizonda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesarstwo_Trapezuntu" title="Cesarstwo Trapezuntu - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cesarstwo Trapezuntu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_de_Trebizonda" title="Império de Trebizonda - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império de Trebizonda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_Trapezuntului" title="Imperiul Trapezuntului - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul Trapezuntului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Трапезундская империя - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трапезундская империя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezuntsko_Carstvo" title="Trapezuntsko Carstvo - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Trapezuntsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Empire of Trebizond" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezuntsk%C3%A9_cis%C3%A1rstvo" title="Trapezuntské cisárstvo - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Trapezuntské cisárstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezundsko_cesarstvo" title="Trapezundsko cesarstvo - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trapezundsko cesarstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Трапезунтско царство - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трапезунтско царство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejsard%C3%B6met_Trabzon" title="Kejsardömet Trabzon - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kejsardömet Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Trabzon İmparatorluğu - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Trabzon İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Трапезундська імперія - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трапезундська імперія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="سلطنت طربزون - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلطنت طربزون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezund_imperiyasi" title="Trapezund imperiyasi - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Trapezund imperiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_Trapezous" title="Đế quốc Trapezous - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Trapezous" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94%E6%9D%BE%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="特拉比松帝国 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="特拉比松帝国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ტრაპიზონიშ იმპერია - mengrelio" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტრაპიზონიშ იმპერია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mengrelio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94%E6%9D%BE%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="特拉比松帝国 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="特拉比松帝国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q178913#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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</nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox sinottico" summary="Tabella sinottica che riassume le principali caratteristiche di uno Stato non più esistente"><tbody><tr class="sinottico_testata"><th colspan="2" style="background:#e9967a; color:#000;">Impero di Trebisonda</th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><div style="display:grid; grid-auto-flow:column; gap:.2em .4em; margin:0 auto; max-width:255px; align-items:center; justify-content:space-evenly;"> <div style="grid-area:1;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banner_of_the_Empire_of_Trebizond.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Impero di Trebisonda – Bandiera"><img alt="Impero di Trebisonda – Bandiera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Banner_of_the_Empire_of_Trebizond.svg/125px-Banner_of_the_Empire_of_Trebizond.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Banner_of_the_Empire_of_Trebizond.svg/188px-Banner_of_the_Empire_of_Trebizond.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Banner_of_the_Empire_of_Trebizond.svg/250px-Banner_of_the_Empire_of_Trebizond.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div style="grid-area:2;"><small> (<a href="/wiki/Araldica_bizantina#Altre_bandiere_ed_emblemi_bizantini" title="Araldica bizantina">dettagli</a>)</small></div> </div> </td></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Empire_of_Trebizond.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Impero di Trebisonda - Localizzazione"><img alt="Impero di Trebisonda - Localizzazione" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Map_of_the_Empire_of_Trebizond.svg/260px-Map_of_the_Empire_of_Trebizond.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Map_of_the_Empire_of_Trebizond.svg/390px-Map_of_the_Empire_of_Trebizond.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Map_of_the_Empire_of_Trebizond.svg/520px-Map_of_the_Empire_of_Trebizond.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>Impero di Trebisonda - Localizzazione</figcaption></figure>Mappa dell'impero di Trebisonda poco dopo il 1204 </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background:#e9967a; color:#000;">Dati amministrativi</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Lingua_ufficiale" title="Lingua ufficiale">Lingue ufficiali</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Lingua_greca" title="Lingua greca">greco</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Lingua_(linguistica)" title="Lingua (linguistica)">Lingue parlate</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Lingua_greca" title="Lingua greca">Greco</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Capitale_(citt%C3%A0)" title="Capitale (città)">Capitale</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Trebisonda" title="Trebisonda">Trebisonda</a> </td></tr><tr><th>Dipendente da</th><td><a href="/wiki/Sultanato_di_Rum" title="Sultanato di Rum">Sultanato di Rum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impero_timuride" title="Impero timuride">Impero timuride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impero_ottomano" title="Impero ottomano">Impero ottomano</a> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background:#e9967a; color:#000;">Politica</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Forma_di_governo" title="Forma di governo">Forma di governo</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Autocrazia" title="Autocrazia">Autocrazia</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Mega_Comneno" title="Mega Comneno">Mega Comneno</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Imperatori_trapezuntini" title="Imperatori trapezuntini">elenco</a> </td></tr><tr><th>Nascita</th><td>1204 con <a href="/wiki/Alessio_I_di_Trebisonda" title="Alessio I di Trebisonda">Alessio I</a> e <a href="/wiki/Davide_I_di_Trebisonda" title="Davide I di Trebisonda">Davide I</a> </td></tr><tr><th>Causa</th><td><a href="/wiki/Assedio_di_Costantinopoli_(1204)" title="Assedio di Costantinopoli (1204)">Assedio di Costantinopoli (1204)</a> </td></tr><tr><th>Fine</th><td>1461 con <a href="/wiki/Davide_II_di_Trebisonda" title="Davide II di Trebisonda">Davide II di Trebisonda</a> </td></tr><tr><th>Causa</th><td><a href="/wiki/Caduta_di_Trebisonda" title="Caduta di Trebisonda">Caduta di Trebisonda</a> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background:#e9967a; color:#000;">Territorio e popolazione</th></tr><tr><th>Bacino geografico</th><td><a href="/wiki/Mar_Nero" title="Mar Nero">Mar Nero</a> </td></tr><tr><th>Territorio originale</th><td><a href="/wiki/Ponto" title="Ponto">Ponto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paflagonia" title="Paflagonia">Paflagonia</a> e costa sud della <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background:#e9967a; color:#000;">Economia</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Valuta" title="Valuta">Valuta</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Aspron_trachy" title="Aspron trachy">Aspero</a> d'argento </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background:#e9967a; color:#000;">Religione e società</th></tr><tr><th>Religioni preminenti</th><td><a href="/wiki/Cristianesimo" title="Cristianesimo">Cristianesimo</a> </td></tr><tr><th>Religione di Stato</th><td><a href="/wiki/Chiesa_ortodossa" title="Chiesa ortodossa">cristianesimo ortodosso</a> </td></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzanc_1204.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Byzanc_1204.png/260px-Byzanc_1204.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Byzanc_1204.png/390px-Byzanc_1204.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Byzanc_1204.png/520px-Byzanc_1204.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>L'impero di Trebisonda in azzurro </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background:#e9967a; color:#000;">Evoluzione storica</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Successione_di_Stati" title="Successione di Stati">Preceduto da</a></th><td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Double-headed_eagle_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Double-headed_eagle_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg/20px-Double-headed_eagle_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Double-headed_eagle_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg/30px-Double-headed_eagle_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Double-headed_eagle_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg/40px-Double-headed_eagle_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="330" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Impero_bizantino" title="Impero bizantino">Impero bizantino</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Successione_di_Stati" title="Successione di Stati">Succeduto da</a></th><td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1844%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Impero ottomano (bandiera)"><img alt="Impero ottomano (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Impero_ottomano" title="Impero ottomano">Impero ottomano</a> </td></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_piede2 noprint nomobile metadata" colspan="2"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178913" class="extiw" title="d:Q178913"><span title="Modifica i dati della voce Impero di Trebisonda su Wikidata">Modifica dati su Wikidata</span></a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Stato_storico/man" title="Template:Stato storico/man"><span title="Manuale del template Stato storico">Manuale</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>L'<b>Impero di Trebisonda</b> fu uno degli stati successori dell'<a href="/wiki/Impero_bizantino" title="Impero bizantino">impero bizantino</a>, formato da <a href="/wiki/Alessio_I_di_Trebisonda" title="Alessio I di Trebisonda">Alessio Mega Comneno</a> dopo l'<a href="/wiki/Assedio_di_Costantinopoli_(1204)" title="Assedio di Costantinopoli (1204)">Assedio di Costantinopoli del 1204</a>, che porterà alla caduta della capitale bizantina nelle mani dei <a href="/wiki/Crociato" title="Crociato">crociati</a> e dei <a href="/wiki/Repubblica_di_Venezia" title="Repubblica di Venezia">veneziani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quarta_crociata" title="Quarta crociata">quarta crociata</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storia">Storia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impero_di_Trebisonda&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Storia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impero_di_Trebisonda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Storia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contesto_storico">Contesto storico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impero_di_Trebisonda&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Contesto storico" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impero_di_Trebisonda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Contesto storico"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medieval_Trebizond_-_it.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Medieval_Trebizond_-_it.png/220px-Medieval_Trebizond_-_it.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Medieval_Trebizond_-_it.png/330px-Medieval_Trebizond_-_it.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Medieval_Trebizond_-_it.png/440px-Medieval_Trebizond_-_it.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption>Linea della cinta muraria di Trebisonda</figcaption></figure> <p>La città di <a href="/wiki/Trebisonda" title="Trebisonda">Trebisonda</a> era la capitale del <a href="/wiki/Thema" title="Thema">thema</a> della <a href="/wiki/Chaldia" title="Chaldia">Chaldia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> che secondo il <a href="/wiki/Geografo" class="mw-redirect" title="Geografo">geografo</a> arabo del X secolo <a href="/wiki/Abulfeda_(storico_arabo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abulfeda (storico arabo)">Abulfeda</a> era stata in gran parte costruita sulle rovine di <a href="/wiki/Egrisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Egrisi">Egrisi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La Chaldia aveva già mostrato tendenze separatiste nel X e nell'XI secolo, quando passò sotto il controllo di un capo ribelle locale, <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Gabras" title="Teodoro Gabras">Teodoro Gabras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-harris_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harris-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'<a href="/wiki/Imperatore_bizantino" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperatore bizantino">imperatore bizantino</a> <a href="/wiki/Alessio_I_Comneno" title="Alessio I Comneno">Alessio I Comneno</a> lo confermò governatore, ma preferì tenere il figlio di Gabras a <a href="/wiki/Costantinopoli" title="Costantinopoli">Costantinopoli</a> come ostaggio affinché agisse secondo buona condotta. Forse anche per via di questa azione cautelare, Gabras si dimostrò un degno guardiano, respingendo pure un attacco <a href="/wiki/Regno_di_Georgia" title="Regno di Georgia">georgiano</a> a Trebisonda.<sup id="cite_ref-harris_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harris-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uno dei suoi successori, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregorio_Taronites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregorio Taronites (la pagina non esiste)">Gregorio Taronites</a>, si ribellò forte del supporto del sultano della <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>, ma fu sconfitto e imprigionato, salvo poi essere nominato governatore ancora una volta.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Coniate" class="mw-redirect" title="Coniate">Coniate</a> descrive come tirannico il mandato del governatore <a href="/wiki/Costantino_Gabras" title="Costantino Gabras">Costantino Gabras</a>, le cui azioni legittimarono l'imperatore <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_II_Comneno" title="Giovanni II Comneno">Giovanni II Comneno</a> a condurre una spedizione contro di lui nel 1139.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Costantino Gabras fu l'ultimo governatore ribelle noto a aver registrato la storia prima degli eventi del 1204. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fondazione">Fondazione</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impero_di_Trebisonda&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Fondazione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impero_di_Trebisonda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Fondazione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Assieme all'<a href="/wiki/Impero_di_Nicea" title="Impero di Nicea">impero di Nicea</a> retto dalla dinastia dei <a href="/wiki/Lascaris" title="Lascaris">Lascaris</a> e al <a href="/wiki/Despotato_d%27Epiro" title="Despotato d'Epiro">Despotato d'Epiro</a> della <a href="/wiki/Angeli_(famiglia)" title="Angeli (famiglia)">dinastia degli Angeli</a>, l'impero di Trebisonda fu uno dei tre stati <a href="/wiki/Impero_bizantino" title="Impero bizantino">bizantini</a> sorti dopo la caduta di Costantinopoli per opera dei Crociati nel 1204.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'impero fu fondato dai fratelli <a href="/wiki/Alessio_I_di_Trebisonda" title="Alessio I di Trebisonda">Alessio I Comneno</a> e <a href="/wiki/Davide_I_di_Trebisonda" title="Davide I di Trebisonda">Davide I Comneno</a>, che negli anni immediatamente successivi, grazie all'aiuto militare georgiano, promosso dalla loro zia materna, conquistarono rapidamente Trebisonda,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sinope" title="Sinope">Sinope</a> e la provincia della <a href="/wiki/Paflagonia" title="Paflagonia">Paflagonia</a>, occupando una parte della fascia costiera nord-orientale dell'<a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> all'incirca corrispondente alla regione storica del <a href="/wiki/Ponto" title="Ponto">Ponto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alessio I e Davide I erano figli del <a href="/wiki/Porphyrogenn%C4%93tos" title="Porphyrogennētos">porfirogenito</a> <a href="/wiki/Manuele_Comneno_(figlio_di_Andronico_I)" title="Manuele Comneno (figlio di Andronico I)">Manuele Comneno</a>, a sua volta figlio ed erede dell'<a href="/wiki/Imperatore_bizantino" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperatore bizantino">imperatore bizantino</a> <a href="/wiki/Andronico_I_Comneno" title="Andronico I Comneno">Andronico I Comneno</a>, e della moglie <a href="/wiki/Rusudan_(principessa)" title="Rusudan (principessa)">Rusudan</a> di Georgia, figlia del Re <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_III_di_Georgia" title="Giorgio III di Georgia">Giorgio III</a>. Il <i>Basileus</i> Andronico I discendeva da <a href="/wiki/Davide_IV_di_Georgia" title="Davide IV di Georgia">Davide IV il Costruttore di Georgia</a>, tramite la madre Katay, figlia di quest'ultimo, e nel 1185 era stato deposto e trucidato da una sommossa popolare a supporto di Isacco II Angelo, che gli successe, mentre il figlio Manuele era stato accecato (in modo che la <a href="/wiki/Mutilazioni_politiche_nella_cultura_bizantina" title="Mutilazioni politiche nella cultura bizantina">menomazione</a> gli togliesse ogni diritto di successione) e incarcerato, morendo per le ferite riportate. Le fonti concordano che Rusudan, moglie di Manuele e madre di Alessio I e Davide I, sia riuscita a lasciare Costantinopoli per sfuggire alla persecuzione da parte di Isacco II Angelo<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, ma non è chiaro se la sua destinazione sia stata la Georgia, sua terra natale, o la <a href="/wiki/Paflagonia" title="Paflagonia">Paflagonia</a>, terra di origine dei <a href="/wiki/Comneni" title="Comneni">Comneni</a>. </p><p>Dopo la caduta di Costantinopoli nella Quarta Crociata, Alessio I e Davide I ottennero l'aiuto militare della zia materna fornito dalla regina <a href="/wiki/Tamara_di_Georgia" title="Tamara di Georgia">Tamara di Georgia</a>, con cui si allearono. Mentre il minore Davide I, capace e valoroso stratega militare, aveva il comando delle forze armate del piccolo Impero, comprendente Trebisonda, Sinope e la Paflagonia, Alessio I si occupò dell'amministrazione interna, fece di Trebisonda la capitale del suo impero e al pari dei sovrani degli altri due stati bizantini usò il tradizionale titolo imperiale di "<i>imperatore e autocrate dei Romani</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I sovrani di Trebisonda si autodefinivano <i><a href="/wiki/Mega_Comneno" title="Mega Comneno">Megas Komnenos</a></i> (<i>grandi Comneni</i>) e usarono il titolo imperiale tradizionale fino al 1262,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> quando, a seguito della restaurazione dell'impero bizantino da parte dei sovrani di Nicea, il titolo imperiale trapezuntino fu cambiato in "<i>imperatore e autocrate dell'intero Oriente, l'<a href="/wiki/Iberia_caucasica" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia caucasica">Iberia</a> e la <a href="/wiki/Perateia" title="Perateia">Perateia</a></i>".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trebisonda controllava inizialmente un territorio contiguo sulla costa meridionale del <a href="/wiki/Mar_Nero" title="Mar Nero">Mar Nero</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> che comprendeva le attuali <a href="/wiki/Province_della_Turchia" title="Province della Turchia">province turche</a> di <a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Sinope" title="Provincia di Sinope">Sinop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Ordu" title="Provincia di Ordu">Ordu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Giresun" title="Provincia di Giresun">Giresun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Trebisonda" title="Provincia di Trebisonda">Trabzon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Bayburt" title="Provincia di Bayburt">Bayburt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fhane" title="Provincia di Gümüşhane">Gümüşhane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Rize" title="Provincia di Rize">Rize</a> e <a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Artvin" title="Provincia di Artvin">Artvin</a>; nel <a href="/wiki/XIII_secolo" title="XIII secolo">XIII secolo</a> arrivò a controllare anche la <a href="/wiki/Perateia" title="Perateia">Perateia</a>, che includeva le città di <a href="/wiki/Cherson_(Crimea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherson (Crimea)">Cherson</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ker%C4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerč">Kerč</a> in <a href="/wiki/Penisola_di_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Penisola di Crimea">Crimea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al comando di Davide I, <a href="/wiki/Imperatori_trapezuntini" title="Imperatori trapezuntini">coimperatore</a> con Alessio, il nuovo impero si estese rapidamente verso occidente, occupando dapprima i dintorni di Sinope, quindi la Paflagonia e la città di <a href="/wiki/Eraclea_Pontica" title="Eraclea Pontica">Eraclea Pontica</a>, fino ai confini con l'impero di Nicea.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'espansione ebbe vita breve: nel 1206, l'impero di Nicea strappò a Trebisonda i domini a ovest di Sinope, e Sinope stessa fu catturata dai <a href="/wiki/Selgiuchidi" title="Selgiuchidi">Selgiuchidi</a> nel 1214.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prosperità"><span id="Prosperit.C3.A0"></span>Prosperità</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impero_di_Trebisonda&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Prosperità" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impero_di_Trebisonda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Prosperità"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trebizond1300.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Trebizond1300.png/310px-Trebizond1300.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Trebizond1300.png/465px-Trebizond1300.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Trebizond1300.png 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>L'impero di Trebisonda nel 1300.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mentre l'Impero di Nicea si preoccupava di riprendere Costantinopoli e impossessarsi dello <a href="/wiki/Stato_fantoccio" title="Stato fantoccio">stato fantoccio</a> dell'<a href="/wiki/Impero_latino" class="mw-redirect" title="Impero latino">Impero latino</a>, che sarebbe stato poi inglobato nel 1453 dagli <a href="/wiki/Impero_ottomano" title="Impero ottomano">Ottomani</a>, Trebisonda riuscì a sopravvivere più a lungo dei propri rivali diretti. </p><p>L'impero comneno fu perpetuamente in conflitto prima col <a href="/wiki/Sultanato_di_Rum" title="Sultanato di Rum">sultanato d'Iconio</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> poi con gli Ottomani, oltre che con Bisanzio e le <a href="/wiki/Repubbliche_marinare" title="Repubbliche marinare">Repubbliche marinare</a> italiane, in particolar modo con la <a href="/wiki/Repubblica_di_Genova" title="Repubblica di Genova">Repubblica di Genova</a>, che, avendo una base a <a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Amasra</a>, ne minacciava i confini.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Militarmente debole, l'impero sopravvisse grazie alla sua rete di alleanze, aizzando uno contro l'altro gli stati vicini e offrendo in matrimonio, con ricche doti, le sue principesse, soprattutto ai capi delle tribù turche dell'Anatolia interna. </p><p>La <a href="/wiki/Presa_di_Baghdad" title="Presa di Baghdad">presa di Baghdad</a> compiuta da <a href="/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" title="Hulagu Khan">Hulagu Khan</a> nel 1258 rese Trebisonda il capolinea occidentale della <a href="/wiki/Via_della_seta" title="Via della seta">via della seta</a>, facendo crescere enormemente la prosperità della città sotto l'ala protettrice dei <a href="/wiki/Impero_mongolo" title="Impero mongolo">Mongoli</a>, localizzati anche in <a href="/wiki/Khanato_dell%27Orda_d%27Oro" title="Khanato dell'Orda d'Oro">Crimea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>, di ritorno in occidente dal suo viaggio in <a href="/wiki/Cina" title="Cina">Cina</a>, attraversò Trebisonda nel 1295.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nel corso del travagliato regno di <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_II_di_Trebisonda" title="Giovanni II di Trebisonda">Giovanni II</a> (r. 1280-1297), fu raggiunta una riconciliazione con il restaurato Impero bizantino e cessarono le rivendicazioni su Costantinopoli.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trebisonda godette di un periodo di ricchezza e benessere durante il lungo regno del figlio maggiore di Giovanni, <a href="/wiki/Alessio_II_di_Trebisonda" title="Alessio II di Trebisonda">Alessio II</a> (r. 1297-1330). Durante il suo regno, la città di <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Teodosiopoli</a> appartenne all'Impero di Trebisonda per qualche anno intorno al 1310. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declino_e_crollo">Declino e crollo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impero_di_Trebisonda&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Declino e crollo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impero_di_Trebisonda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Declino e crollo"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130657691">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .vedi-anche{font-size:95%}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139142988">.mw-parser-output .hatnote-content{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Caduta_di_Trebisonda" title="Caduta di Trebisonda">Caduta di Trebisonda</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trebizond1400.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Trebizond1400.png/310px-Trebizond1400.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Trebizond1400.png/465px-Trebizond1400.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Trebizond1400.png/620px-Trebizond1400.png 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>L'impero di Trebisonda (in marrone) nel 1400.</figcaption></figure> <p>Alla fine del <a href="/wiki/XIV_secolo" title="XIV secolo">XIV secolo</a>, la potenza ottomana era in rapida ascesa. <a href="/wiki/Manuele_III_di_Trebisonda" title="Manuele III di Trebisonda">Manuele III</a> (r. 1390-1417) riuscì ancora a garantire la sopravvivenza dell'impero alleandosi con <a href="/wiki/Tamerlano" title="Tamerlano">Tamerlano</a>, emiro di <a href="/wiki/Samarcanda" title="Samarcanda">Samarcanda</a>, e traendo vantaggio dalla schiacciante vittoria conseguita dai <a href="/wiki/Impero_timuride" title="Impero timuride">Timuridi</a> sugli Ottomani (<a href="/wiki/Battaglia_di_Ancyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Battaglia di Ancyra">battaglia di Ancyra</a>, 1402) che bloccò temporaneamente la loro espansione nell'Anatolia orientale.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Il suo successore, <a href="/wiki/Alessio_IV_di_Trebisonda" title="Alessio IV di Trebisonda">Alessio IV</a> (r. 1417-1429), diede due delle sue figlie in moglie a <a href="/wiki/Jahan_Shah" title="Jahan Shah">Jahan Shah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khan" title="Khan">khan</a> dei <a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e ad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Beg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Beg (la pagina non esiste)">Ali Beg</a>, khan degli <a href="/wiki/Ak_Koyunlu" title="Ak Koyunlu">Ak Koyunlu</a>, che erano tra loro rivali, garantendosi ulteriore protezione;<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> la figlia maggiore di Alessio, Maria, divenne la terza moglie dell'imperatore bizantino <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_VIII_Paleologo" title="Giovanni VIII Paleologo">Giovanni VIII Paleologo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A fronte di queste alleanze, le difese militari dell'impero rimanevano modeste: il viaggiatore <a href="/wiki/Spagna" title="Spagna">spagnolo</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Tafur" title="Pedro Tafur">Pedro Tafur</a>, che visitò Trebisonda nel 1437, riferì nel suo diario di viaggio che la città, pur avendo delle mura di cinta robuste, poteva contare su meno di <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003400000000000000♠"></span>4<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span></span> soldati.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sotto <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_IV_di_Trebisonda" title="Giovanni IV di Trebisonda">Giovanni IV</a> (e. 1429–1459) la situazione dell'impero si fece più critica: il <a href="/wiki/Sultano" title="Sultano">sultano</a> ottomano <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a> tentò di catturare Trebisonda per mare nel 1442, ma fu bloccato da una burrasca.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nel 1456, mentre era in corso l'<a href="/wiki/Assedio_di_Belgrado_(1456)" title="Assedio di Belgrado (1456)">assedio di Belgrado</a> da parte di <a href="/wiki/Maometto_II" title="Maometto II">Maometto II</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> il governatore ottomano di <a href="/wiki/Amasya" title="Amasya">Amasya</a> attaccò la città e, sebbene sconfitto, prese molti prigionieri e riscosse un forte tributo. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_IV_di_Trebisonda" title="Giovanni IV di Trebisonda">Giovanni IV</a> cercò di impedire che Trebisonda facesse la fine di Costantinopoli (presa dagli ottomani tre anni prima, nel 1453) stringendo delle alleanze: diede in sposa sua figlia a <a href="/wiki/Uzun_Hasan" title="Uzun Hasan">Uzun Hasan</a>, khan degli Ak Koyunlu, in cambio della promessa di proteggere la città;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ottenne inoltre la protezione degli <a href="/wiki/Emiro" title="Emiro">emiri</a> di Sinope e <a href="/wiki/Karamania" class="mw-redirect" title="Karamania">Karamania</a>, e del re e dei principi di <a href="/wiki/Regno_di_Georgia" title="Regno di Georgia">Georgia</a>. Dopo la morte di Giovanni, gli succedette il fratello <a href="/wiki/Davide_II_di_Trebisonda" title="Davide II di Trebisonda">Davide II</a>, che cercò l'appoggio di varie potenze europee in chiave anti-ottomana, alimentando le voci di oscuri piani e complotti dei Turchi per la conquista di <a href="/wiki/Gerusalemme" title="Gerusalemme">Gerusalemme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maometto II, venuto a sapere di queste trattative, prese come una provocazione la richiesta di Davide II di rimuovere il tributo imposto al suo predecessore. La risposta ottomana giunse nell'estate del 1461: partito da <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> alla testa di un'imponente armata, Maometto II dapprima si diresse verso Sinope, il cui emiro si arrese rapidamente,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> quindi volse a sud attraversando l'Armenia (e nominando ivi egli stesso un capo religioso col titolo di <a href="/wiki/Supremo_Patriarca_e_Catholicos_di_tutti_gli_Armeni" title="Supremo Patriarca e Catholicos di tutti gli Armeni">patriarca</a> dei <a href="/wiki/Chiesa_apostolica_armena" title="Chiesa apostolica armena">cristiani locali</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> per neutralizzare i turcomanni di Uzun Hasan. Una volta isolata Trebisonda, Maometto la raggiunse rapidamente prima ancora che gli abitanti venissero a sapere del suo arrivo, e <a href="/wiki/Caduta_di_Trebisonda" title="Caduta di Trebisonda">strinse d'assedio la città</a>. Trebisonda resistette un mese prima di arrendersi, il 15 agosto 1461.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alcuni castelli guidarono una resistenza isolata per qualche settimana, ma con la caduta della città si estinguevano le ultime vestigia dell'<a href="/wiki/Impero_bizantino" title="Impero bizantino">Impero romano d'Oriente</a> in Anatolia. Nel 1475 gli ottomani conquistarono il <a href="/wiki/Principato_di_Teodoro" title="Principato di Teodoro">principato di Teodoro</a>, estinguendo l'ultimo stato diretto erede dell'Impero.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rilevanza_storica">Rilevanza storica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impero_di_Trebisonda&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Rilevanza storica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impero_di_Trebisonda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Rilevanza storica"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'impero di Trebisonda prosperò grazie alle <a href="/wiki/Miniere" class="mw-redirect" title="Miniere">miniere</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Argento" title="Argento">argento</a> e all'antica via commerciale di <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Lingua_italiana" title="Lingua italiana">italiano</a> esiste il <a href="/wiki/Sostantivo" title="Sostantivo">sostantivo</a> <i>«trebisonda»</i>, e la <a href="/wiki/Locuzione" title="Locuzione">locuzione</a> <i>«<a href="/wiki/Perdere_la_trebisonda" title="Perdere la trebisonda">perdere la trebisonda</a>»</i>, significa <i>«perdere la rotta»</i> o <i>«perdere l'orientamento»</i> (a ricordo del fatto che Trebisonda era un luogo raggiungibile da tutte le rotte che transitavano nel <a href="/wiki/Mar_Nero" title="Mar Nero">Mar Nero</a>, e quindi un rifugio in caso di <a href="/wiki/Tempeste" class="mw-redirect" title="Tempeste">tempeste</a>); una spiegazione alternativa si può trovare nel fatto che Trebisonda fu il penultimo territorio bizantino prima che cadesse il principato di Teodoro nel 1475.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impero_di_Trebisonda&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impero_di_Trebisonda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) George Finlay, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=eEDJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA310"><span style="font-style:italic;">A History of Greece</span></a>, Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 310, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-11-08-07836-8" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-11-08-07836-8">978-11-08-07836-8</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Bernt Brendemoen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=mLPC7YBLr44C&pg=PA23"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Turkish Dialects of Trabzon</span></a>, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002, p. 23, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-34-47-04570-4" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-34-47-04570-4">978-34-47-04570-4</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harris-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-harris_3-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-harris_3-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Jonathan Harris, Catherine Holmes e Eugenia Russell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=bO_zmrgmn3sC&pg=PA155"><span style="font-style:italic;">Byzantines, Latins, and Turks in the Eastern Mediterranean World After 1150</span></a>, OUP Oxford, 2012, p. 155, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-01-99-64188-8" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-01-99-64188-8">978-01-99-64188-8</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Catherine Holmes, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=_h3_c0U1jVoC&redir_esc=y%7C"><span style="font-style:italic;">Basil II and the Governance of Empire (976–1025)</span></a>, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 98, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-19-927968-5" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-19-927968-5">978-0-19-927968-5</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) George Finlay, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=PHsOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA314"><span style="font-style:italic;">Mediaeval Greece and the empire of Trebizond, A.D. 1204-1461</span></a>, Clarendon Press, 1877, p. 314.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Marshall Cavendish, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=j894miuOqc4C&pg=PA749"><span style="font-style:italic;">World and Its Peoples</span></a>, vol. 1, MC, 2006, p. 749, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-07-61-47571-2" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-07-61-47571-2">978-07-61-47571-2</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Hakan Alan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=UYrTfx-vc2QC&pg=PA167"><span style="font-style:italic;">Turkey</span></a>, ASBOOK, 2010, p. 167, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-97-50-11477-9" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-97-50-11477-9">978-97-50-11477-9</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Paolo Maltagliati, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=HiXcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT4"><span style="font-style:italic;">L'impero di Trebisonda</span></a>, Soldiershop Publishing, 2015, p. 4, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-99-15886-6" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-99-15886-6">978-88-99-15886-6</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Gerolamo Boccardo e Stefano Pagliani, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=_l9FAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA974"><span style="font-style:italic;">Nuova enciclopedia italiana: Testo</span></a>, 6ª ed., Unione tipografico-editrice torinese, 1877, p. 974.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) James Bainbridge, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=0m5e-J3b7mIC&pg=PA593"><span style="font-style:italic;">Turkey</span></a>, EDT srl, 2009, p. 593, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-60-40461-9" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-60-40461-9">978-88-60-40461-9</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>) Michael Bussmann e Gabriele Tröger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=YF53DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT112"><span style="font-style:italic;">Türkei Reiseführer Michael Müller Verlag</span></a>, Michael Müller Verlag, 2015, p. 112, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-39-56-54297-8" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-39-56-54297-8">978-39-56-54297-8</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) George Finlay, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=MFkGSx-IB8UC&pg=PA348"><span style="font-style:italic;">History of Greece</span></a>, Clarendon Press, 1877, p. 348.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Lincoln Paine, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=6vglAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT311"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Sea and Civilization</span></a>, Atlantic Books Ltd, 2014, p. 311, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-17-82-39357-3" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-17-82-39357-3">978-17-82-39357-3</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; 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Peacock e Sara Nur Yildiz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=0WhsocprQJMC&pg=PA182"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Seljuks of Anatolia</span></a>, I.B.Tauris, 2013, p. 182, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-18-48-85887-9" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-18-48-85887-9">978-18-48-85887-9</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Songul Mecit, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=C1RKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA98"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Rum Seljuqs</span></a>, Routledge, 2013, p. 98, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-11-34-50899-0" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-11-34-50899-0">978-11-34-50899-0</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Théoharis Stavrides, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=ptXG0uA70lAC&pg=PA132"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Sultan of Vezirs</span></a>, BRILL, 2001, p. 131, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-90-04-12106-5" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-90-04-12106-5">978-90-04-12106-5</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Ivan Biliarsky, Ovidiu Cristea e Anca Oroveanu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=TzosBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Balkans and Caucasus</span></a>, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2012, p. 32, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-14-43-83705-7" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-14-43-83705-7">978-14-43-83705-7</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Timothy May, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=4gB9DQAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA201"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Mongol Empire</span></a>, ABC-CLIO, 2016, p. 201, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-16-10-69340-0" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-16-10-69340-0">978-16-10-69340-0</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Giulio Busi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=yTdmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT221"><span style="font-style:italic;">Marco Polo</span></a>, Edizioni Mondadori, 2018, p. 221, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-52-08897-1" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-52-08897-1">978-88-52-08897-1</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Fritz Rudolf Künker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=iWd0mimd-dMC&pg=PA297"><span style="font-style:italic;">Künker Auktion 137</span></a>, Numismatischer Verlag Künker, p. 298.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) John Hutchins Rosser, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=AYpqikYr3Q8C&pg=PA308"><span style="font-style:italic;">Historical Dictionary of Byzantium</span></a>, Scarecrow Press, 2012, p. 308, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-08-10-87567-8" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-08-10-87567-8">978-08-10-87567-8</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=ayAFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA182"><span style="font-style:italic;">The christian treasury</span></a>, 1878, p. 182.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Rustam Shukurov, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=9CYiDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA305"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Byzantine Turks, 1204-1461</span></a>, BRILL, 2016, p. 305, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-90-04-30775-9" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-90-04-30775-9">978-90-04-30775-9</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Donald M. Nicol, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=y2d6OHLqwEsC&pg=PA404"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453</span></a>, Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 404, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-05-21-43991-6" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-05-21-43991-6">978-05-21-43991-6</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Silvia Ronchey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=YBGyG9H0OCEC&pg=PT157"><span style="font-style:italic;">L'enigma di Piero</span></a>, Bur, 2012, p. 157, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-58-62866-9" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-58-62866-9">978-88-58-62866-9</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a href="/wiki/Warren_Treadgold" title="Warren Treadgold">Warren T. Treadgold</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC&pg=PA962"><span style="font-style:italic;">A History of the Byzantine State and Society</span></a>, Stanford University Press, 1997, p. 962, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-08-04-72630-6" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-08-04-72630-6">978-08-04-72630-6</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Alexander Mikaberidze, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=JNNQCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA656"><span style="font-style:italic;">Historical Dictionary of Georgia</span></a>, 2ª ed., Rowman & Littlefield, 2015, p. 656, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-14-42-24146-6" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-14-42-24146-6">978-14-42-24146-6</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Tony Jaques, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=3amnMPTPP5MC&pg=PA126"><span style="font-style:italic;">Battles and Sieges</span></a>, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007, p. 126, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-03-13-33537-2" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-03-13-33537-2">978-03-13-33537-2</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=8IpMDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT213"><span style="font-style:italic;">Costantinopoli: ultimo atto</span></a>, Edizioni Piemme, 2016, p. 213, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-58-51579-2" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-58-51579-2">978-88-58-51579-2</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Donald M. Nicol, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=y2d6OHLqwEsC&pg=PA407"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453</span></a>, Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 407, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-05-21-43991-6" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-05-21-43991-6">978-05-21-43991-6</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Dorothy Dunnett, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=07BU9QADIq0C&pg=PT570"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Spring of the Ram</span></a>, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2010, p. 570, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-03-07-76241-2" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-03-07-76241-2">978-03-07-76241-2</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a href="/wiki/Franz_Babinger" title="Franz Babinger">Franz Babinger</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC&pg=PA197"><span style="font-style:italic;">Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time</span></a>, Princeton University Press, 1978, p. 197, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-06-91-01078-6" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-06-91-01078-6">978-06-91-01078-6</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Cemal Kadafar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=LsP-2y7kuJkC&pg=PR19"><span style="font-style:italic;">Between Two Worlds</span></a>, University of California Press, 1995, p. XIX, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-05-20-20600-7" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-05-20-20600-7">978-05-20-20600-7</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Cyril Mango, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=hp76BnwczzgC&pg=PA294"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Oxford History of Byzantium</span></a>, OUP Oxford, 2002, p. 294, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-01-98-14098-6" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-01-98-14098-6">978-01-98-14098-6</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Michael Meeker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=IuMlDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA112"><span style="font-style:italic;">A Nation of Empire</span></a>, University of California Press, 2002, p. 112, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-05-20-22526-8" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-05-20-22526-8">978-05-20-22526-8</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Philip Grierson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=_kpOCsoUwksC&pg=PA274"><span style="font-style:italic;">Byzantine Coins</span></a>, University of California Press, 1982, p. 274, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-04-16-71360-2" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-04-16-71360-2">978-04-16-71360-2</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTreccani_trebisonda" class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/trebisonda"><span style="font-style:italic;">Impero di Trebisonda</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Treccani.it – <a href="/wiki/Vocabolario_Treccani" title="Vocabolario Treccani">Vocabolario Treccani</a> on line</span>, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://espresso.repubblica.it/opinioni/la-bustina-di-minerva/2007/08/03/news/come-perdere-la-trebisonda-1.4615"><span style="font-style:italic;">Come perdere la Trebisonda</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">espresso.repubblica.it</span>, 3 agosto 2007.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impero_di_Trebisonda&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impero_di_Trebisonda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> J. Herrin, <span style="font-style:italic;">Bisanzio</span>, Milano, Corbaccio, 2007.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> S. P. Karpov, <span style="font-style:italic;">L'impero di Trebisonda, Venezia, Genova e Roma. Rapporti politici, diplomatici e commerciali</span>, Roma, Il Veltro, 1986.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a href="/wiki/William_Miller_(storico)" title="William Miller (storico)">W. Miller</a>, <span style="font-style:italic;">Trebizond. The Last Greek Empire of the Byzantine Era</span>, Chicago, Argonaut Publishers, 1968.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a href="/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich" title="John Julius Norwich">John Julius Norwich</a>, <span style="font-style:italic;">Bisanzio</span>, Milano, Mondadori, 2000.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a href="/wiki/Georgij_Aleksandrovi%C4%8D_Ostrogorskij" title="Georgij Aleksandrovič Ostrogorskij">Georgij Aleksandrovič Ostrogorskij</a>, <span style="font-style:italic;">Storia dell'Impero bizantino</span>, Torino, Einaudi, 1968.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Évelyne Patlagean, <span style="font-style:italic;">Un medioevo greco</span>, Bari, Dedalo, 2009.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Tommaso Braccini, <span style="font-style:italic;">Trebisonda. L'Impero incantato tra Storia e Leggenda</span>, Roma, Salerno, 2024.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impero_di_Trebisonda&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impero_di_Trebisonda&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperatori_trapezuntini" title="Imperatori trapezuntini">Imperatori trapezuntini</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impero_di_Trebisonda&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impero_di_Trebisonda&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Empire of Trebizond"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Empire_of_Trebizond?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Empire_of_Trebizond?uselang=it">Impero di Trebisonda</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impero_di_Trebisonda&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impero_di_Trebisonda&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSapere.it" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sapere.it/enciclopedia/Trebisónda,+Impèro+di-.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Trebisónda, Impèro di-</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">sapere.it</span>, <a href="/wiki/De_Agostini" title="De Agostini">De Agostini</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178913#P6706" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Stati_medievali_in_Anatolia"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stati_medievali_in_Anatolia" title="Template:Stati medievali in Anatolia"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Stati_medievali_in_Anatolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Stati medievali in Anatolia (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Stati_medievali_in_Anatolia&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title">Stati medievali in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> (dopo il 1071)</span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Stati musulmani</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Ah%C3%AE" title="Ahî">Ahî</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ak_Koyunlu" title="Ak Koyunlu">Ak Koyunlu</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Alaiye" title="Alaiye">Alaiye</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Artuqidi" title="Artuqidi">Artuqidi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1nidi" title="Aydınidi">Aydınidi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dinastia_Candar" title="Dinastia Candar">Candaroğulları</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Beilicati_di_Canik" title="Beilicati di Canik">Canik</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Chobanidi" title="Chobanidi">Chobanidi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Danishmendidi" title="Danishmendidi">Danishmendidi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Beilicato_di_Dilma%C3%A7" title="Beilicato di Dilmaç">Dilmaç</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dulqadiridi" title="Dulqadiridi">Dulqadiridi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Eretnidi" title="Eretnidi">Eretnidi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Beilicato_di_Erzincan" title="Beilicato di Erzincan">Erzincan</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/E%C5%9Frefo%C4%9Fullar%C4%B1" title="Eşrefoğulları">Eşrefoğulları</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Germiyan" title="Germiyan">Germiyan</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Beilicato_di_Hac%C4%B1emir" title="Beilicato di Hacıemir">Hacıemir</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Hamididi" title="Hamididi">Hamididi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Inalidi" title="Inalidi">Inalidi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kadi_Burhan_al-Din" title="Kadi Burhan al-Din">Kadi Burhan al-Din</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Beilicato_di_Karaman" title="Beilicato di Karaman">Karamanidi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Karasidi" title="Karasidi">Karasidi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Beilicato_di_L%C3%A2dik" title="Beilicato di Lâdik">Lâdik</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mengugekidi" title="Mengugekidi">Mengugekidi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mente%C5%9Fe" title="Menteşe">Menteşe</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Impero_ottomano" title="Impero ottomano">Impero ottomano</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Perv%C3%A2neo%C4%9Fullar%C4%B1" title="Pervâneoğulları">Pervâneoğulları</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ramazanidi" title="Ramazanidi">Ramazanidi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Shah-Arman" title="Shah-Arman">Shah-Arman</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sultanato_di_Rum" title="Sultanato di Rum">Sultanato di Rum</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A2hipatao%C4%9Fullar%C4%B1" title="Sâhipataoğulları">Sâhipataoğulları</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Saltuqidi" title="Saltuqidi">Saltuqidi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Saruhanidi" title="Saruhanidi">Saruhanidi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tacettino%C4%9Fullar%C4%B1" title="Tacettinoğulları">Tacettinoğulları</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Beilicato_di_Tanr%C4%B1bermi%C5%9F" title="Beilicato di Tanrıbermiş">Tanrıbermiş</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Beilicato_di_Teke" title="Beilicato di Teke">Tekke</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Zachas" class="mw-redirect" title="Zachas">Zachas</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Stati cristiani</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Impero_bizantino" title="Impero bizantino">Impero bizantino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Regno_armeno_di_Cilicia" title="Regno armeno di Cilicia">Regno armeno di Cilicia</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Impero_di_Nicea" title="Impero di Nicea">Impero di Nicea</a><b> ·</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Impero di Trebisonda</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ospitalieri_di_San_Giovanni_di_Gerusalemme" title="Ospitalieri di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme">Ospitalieri di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Impero_latino_di_Costantinopoli" title="Impero latino di Costantinopoli">Impero latino di Costantinopoli</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Filareto_Bracamio" title="Filareto Bracamio">Filareto Bracamio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Zaccaria" title="Benedetto Zaccaria">Famiglia Zaccaria</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/156021692">156021692</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n86058033">n86058033</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Israele" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Israele">J9U</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="ebraico">HE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557987605171">987007557987605171</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#FAFAFA}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}</style><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Double-headed_eagle_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bisanzio"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Double-headed_eagle_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg/25px-Double-headed_eagle_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Double-headed_eagle_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg/38px-Double-headed_eagle_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Double-headed_eagle_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg/50px-Double-headed_eagle_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="330" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Bisanzio" title="Portale:Bisanzio">Portale Bisanzio</a></b></div></div><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r140555418"><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coa_Illustration_Elements_Building_Castle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medioevo"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Coa_Illustration_Elements_Building_Castle.svg/25px-Coa_Illustration_Elements_Building_Castle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Coa_Illustration_Elements_Building_Castle.svg/38px-Coa_Illustration_Elements_Building_Castle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Coa_Illustration_Elements_Building_Castle.svg/50px-Coa_Illustration_Elements_Building_Castle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Medioevo" title="Portale:Medioevo">Portale Medioevo</a></b></div></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Estratto da "<a dir="ltr" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impero_di_Trebisonda&oldid=141334949">https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impero_di_Trebisonda&oldid=141334949</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Categorie" title="Categoria:Categorie">Categorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Impero_di_Trebisonda" title="Categoria:Impero di Trebisonda">Impero di Trebisonda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Stati_costituiti_negli_anni_1200" title="Categoria:Stati costituiti negli anni 1200">Stati costituiti negli anni 1200</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Stati_dissolti_negli_anni_1460" title="Categoria:Stati dissolti negli anni 1460">Stati dissolti negli anni 1460</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Impero_bizantino" title="Categoria:Impero bizantino">Impero bizantino</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Stati_tributari_dell%27Impero_ottomano" title="Categoria:Stati tributari dell'Impero ottomano">Stati tributari dell'Impero ottomano</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorie nascoste: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P6706_letta_da_Wikidata" title="Categoria:P6706 letta da Wikidata">P6706 letta da Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_VIAF" title="Categoria:Voci con codice VIAF">Voci con codice VIAF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_LCCN" title="Categoria:Voci con codice LCCN">Voci con codice LCCN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_J9U" title="Categoria:Voci con codice J9U">Voci con codice J9U</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_non_biografiche_con_codici_di_controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Categoria:Voci non biografiche con codici di controllo di autorità">Voci non biografiche con codici di controllo di autorità</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Questa pagina è stata modificata per l'ultima volta il 30 set 2024 alle 16:22.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Il testo è disponibile secondo la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.it">licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione-Condividi 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