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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture and religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture and religion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Udasis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Udasis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Udasis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Udasis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nanakpanthis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nanakpanthis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nanakpanthis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nanakpanthis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arya_Samaj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arya_Samaj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Arya Samaj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arya_Samaj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Temples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Temples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Temples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81" title="পাঞ্জাবি হিন্দু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাঞ্জাবি হিন্দু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Hindu_Punjabi" title="Orang Hindu Punjabi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Hindu Punjabi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="പഞ്ചാബി ഹിന്ദുക്കൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പഞ്ചാബി ഹിന്ദുക്കൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82" title="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਹਿੰਦੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਹਿੰਦੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88" title="پنجابی ہندو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پنجابی ہندو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="பஞ்சாபி இந்துக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பஞ்சாபி இந்துக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D3%99%D0%BD%D2%97%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Пәнҗаб Һиндулары – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пәнҗаб Һиндулары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="పంజాబీ హిందువులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పంజాబీ హిందువులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%97%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Пенджабські індуїсти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пенджабські індуїсти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88" title="پنجابی ہندو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پنجابی ہندو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Punjabi Hindus</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="pa">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਹਿੰਦੂ  <b>·</b>  <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پنجابی ہندو</span> <br /><i>Panjābī Hindū</i></div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 17,630,000–19,985,490 approx.</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data">10,678,140 (<a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 Census</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-census2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Delhi" title="Hinduism in Delhi">Delhi</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data">4,029,110 – 5,875,780 (2011 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-delhi2011_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delhi2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Delhi2015_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delhi2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Delhi1991_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delhi1991-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DelhiPopulation_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DelhiPopulation-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data">2,028,120 – 2,535,150 (2011 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-Haryana2014_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haryana2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haryana2019_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haryana2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haryana2024_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haryana2024-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HaryanaPopulation_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaryanaPopulation-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data">281,050 (2011 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-census2011-langreport_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-langreport-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data">222,410 (2011 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data">249,716 (<a href="/wiki/2023_Census_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Census of Pakistan">2023 Census</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data">94,150 (2011 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-census2011-langreport_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-langreport-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Jammu_division" title="Jammu division">Jammu</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data">59,930 (2011 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-census2011-langreport_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-langreport-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data">27,240 (2011 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-census2011-langreport_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-langreport-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi dialects">its dialects</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthi</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/250px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_Hinduism" title="Exorcism in Hinduism">Exorcism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvija" title="Dvija">Dvija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasa" title="Dasa">Dasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Music</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" title="Alankāra">Alankāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita" title="Sangita">Sangita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Food & Diet Customs</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Other topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts">Template:Hindu scriptures and texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hinduism & Other Religions</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Jainism" title="Hinduism and Jainism">Hinduism and Jainism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">and Buddhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">and Sikhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">and Judaism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and Christianity">and Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">and Islam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other Related Links (Templates)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"> Hindu Scriptures & Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"> Hindu Philosphy</a></li> <li>Sampradayas (Traditions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saivism" title="Template:Saivism"> Shaivism</a></li> <li><a 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nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Punjabi_culture" title="Category:Punjabi culture">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:145%;font-weight:heavy;"><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" title="Punjab region"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Punjabi_example.svg/85px-Punjabi_example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Punjabi_example.svg/128px-Punjabi_example.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Punjabi_example.svg/170px-Punjabi_example.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_folklore" title="Punjabi folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi dialects">Dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_diaspora" title="Punjabi diaspora">Diaspora</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i>Asia</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis_in_Afghanistan" title="Punjabis in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Punjabis" title="British Punjabis">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <p><i>North America</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Canadians" title="Punjabi Canadians">Canada</a></li></ul> <p><i>Oceania</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Australians" title="Punjabi Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_New_Zealanders" title="Punjabi New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Malaysians" title="Punjabi Malaysians">Malaysia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Punjab">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_clothing" title="Punjabi clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Punjab" title="Folk dances of Punjab">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_festivals" title="Punjabi festivals">Festivals</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_fairs_and_festivals_in_Punjab,_India" title="List of fairs and festivals in Punjab, India">India</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_festivals_(Pakistan)" title="Punjabi festivals (Pakistan)">Pakistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_literature" title="Punjabi literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Punjabi_media" title="List of Punjabi media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Punjab" title="Music of Punjab">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Punjab" title="Religion in the Punjab">Religion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Folk_practices_in_Punjab" title="Folk practices in Punjab">Folk religion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Muslims" title="Punjabi Muslims">Islam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Sikhs" title="Punjabi Sikhs">Sikhism</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hinduism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Christians" title="Punjabi Christians">Christianity</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Kabaddi" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi Kabaddi">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Punjabi-language_television_channels" title="List of Punjabi-language television channels">Television</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Majha" title="Majha">Majha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwa_(Punjab)" title="Malwa (Punjab)">Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doaba" title="Doaba">Doaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puadh" title="Puadh">Puadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagar tract">Bagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothohar_Plateau" title="Pothohar Plateau">Pothwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derajat" title="Derajat">Derajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatiore" title="Bhatiore">Bhatiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiana" title="Bhattiana">Bhattiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhachh" title="Chhachh">Chhachh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachhi_(Punjab)" title="Kachhi (Punjab)">Kachhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doab#The_Punjab_Doabs" title="Doab">Doabs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sindh_Sagar_Doab" title="Sindh Sagar Doab">Sindh Sagar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chaj_Doab" title="Chaj Doab">Chaj</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rachna_Doab" title="Rachna Doab">Rachna</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bari_Doab" class="mw-redirect" title="Bari Doab">Bari</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bist_Doab" class="mw-redirect" title="Bist Doab">Bist</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Region" title="Bar Region">Bars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sandal_Bar" title="Sandal Bar">Sandal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kirana_Bar" title="Kirana Bar">Kirana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Neeli_Bar" title="Neeli Bar">Neeli</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ganji_Bar" title="Ganji Bar">Ganji</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gondal_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gondal Bar">Gondal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jungle_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungle Bar">Jungle</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #0047AB;border-bottom:1px solid #0047AB;font-size:95%;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Punjab" title="Portal:Punjab"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png/50px-Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png/75px-Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png/100px-Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="527" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Punjab" title="Portal:Punjab">Punjab portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Punjabis" title="Template:Punjabis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Punjabis" title="Template talk:Punjabis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Punjabis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Punjabis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Punjabi Hindus</b> are adherents of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> who identify <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnically</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">linguistically</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culturally</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogically</a> as <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a> and are natives of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. Punjabi Hindus are the third-largest religious group of the Punjabi community, after the <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Muslims" title="Punjabi Muslims">Punjabi Muslims</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Sikhs" title="Punjabi Sikhs">Punjabi Sikhs</a>. While Punjabi Hindus mostly inhabit the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a> today, many have ancestry across the greater Punjab region, which was <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partitioned</a> between <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> in 1947. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_Hindus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient">Ancient</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_Hindus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1500-1200_BCE_Rigveda,_manuscript_page_sample_i,_Mandala_1,_Hymn_1_(Sukta_1),_Adhyaya_1,_lines_1.1.1_to_1.1.9,_Sanskrit,_Devanagari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1500-1200_BCE_Rigveda%2C_manuscript_page_sample_i%2C_Mandala_1%2C_Hymn_1_%28Sukta_1%29%2C_Adhyaya_1%2C_lines_1.1.1_to_1.1.9%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/220px-1500-1200_BCE_Rigveda%2C_manuscript_page_sample_i%2C_Mandala_1%2C_Hymn_1_%28Sukta_1%29%2C_Adhyaya_1%2C_lines_1.1.1_to_1.1.9%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1500-1200_BCE_Rigveda%2C_manuscript_page_sample_i%2C_Mandala_1%2C_Hymn_1_%28Sukta_1%29%2C_Adhyaya_1%2C_lines_1.1.1_to_1.1.9%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/330px-1500-1200_BCE_Rigveda%2C_manuscript_page_sample_i%2C_Mandala_1%2C_Hymn_1_%28Sukta_1%29%2C_Adhyaya_1%2C_lines_1.1.1_to_1.1.9%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1500-1200_BCE_Rigveda%2C_manuscript_page_sample_i%2C_Mandala_1%2C_Hymn_1_%28Sukta_1%29%2C_Adhyaya_1%2C_lines_1.1.1_to_1.1.9%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/440px-1500-1200_BCE_Rigveda%2C_manuscript_page_sample_i%2C_Mandala_1%2C_Hymn_1_%28Sukta_1%29%2C_Adhyaya_1%2C_lines_1.1.1_to_1.1.9%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2791" data-file-height="1150" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a> is the oldest <a href="/wiki/Vedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic">Vedic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> Hindu text that originated in the northwestern Punjab region.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> is the oldest recorded religion practiced by the <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi people">Punjabi people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nayar1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nayar1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">historical Vedic religion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a> (1500–500 BCE) constituted the religious ideas and practices in Punjab, and centred primarily in the worship of <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, the Hindu god of heaven and lightning.<sup id="cite_ref-Berry1996p20_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berry1996p20-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vedic tribes moved further eastwards in the northern <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley">Indus Valley</a> and towards the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges valley">Ganges-Yamuna doab</a> during the late Vedic Period, and Brahminism developed out of the Vedic origins in the <a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra" title="Kurukshetra">Kurukshetra</a> area. The religion of the Vedic Period is one of the precursors of Hinduism, and the Vedic period ended when the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu synthesis">Hindu synthesis</a> developed out of the interaction between Brahminism, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Sramanism</a>, and local religions.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michaels-legacy_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michaels-legacy-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bulk of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> was composed in the Punjab region between circa 1500 and 1200 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while later Vedic scriptures were composed more eastwards, between the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> rivers. An ancient Indian law book called the <a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_priest" title="Hindu priest">Hindu priests</a>, shaped Punjabi religious life from 200 BCE onward.<sup id="cite_ref-Nayar_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nayar-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_colonial_era">British colonial era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_Hindus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: British colonial era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sadhu_and_companion_sit_under_a_large_tree_in_Lahore_in_1914,_a_true-colour_photograph_taken_by_Albert_Kahn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sadhu_and_companion_sit_under_a_large_tree_in_Lahore_in_1914%2C_a_true-colour_photograph_taken_by_Albert_Kahn.jpg/250px-Sadhu_and_companion_sit_under_a_large_tree_in_Lahore_in_1914%2C_a_true-colour_photograph_taken_by_Albert_Kahn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sadhu_and_companion_sit_under_a_large_tree_in_Lahore_in_1914%2C_a_true-colour_photograph_taken_by_Albert_Kahn.jpg/330px-Sadhu_and_companion_sit_under_a_large_tree_in_Lahore_in_1914%2C_a_true-colour_photograph_taken_by_Albert_Kahn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sadhu_and_companion_sit_under_a_large_tree_in_Lahore_in_1914%2C_a_true-colour_photograph_taken_by_Albert_Kahn.jpg/500px-Sadhu_and_companion_sit_under_a_large_tree_in_Lahore_in_1914%2C_a_true-colour_photograph_taken_by_Albert_Kahn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1482" /></a><figcaption>Colour photograph of a <i><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">sadhu</a></i> and companion sitting under a large tree in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a> in 1914, taken by Stéphane Passet</figcaption></figure> <p>Prominent <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian nationalists</a> from Punjab, such as <a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a>, belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a>. The Arya Samaj, a <a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu reformist</a> sect was active in propagating their message in Punjab.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar2004_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar2004-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early part of the 20th century, the Samaj and organisations inspired by it, such as Jat Pat Todak Mandal, were active in campaigning against caste discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other activities in which the Samaj engaged included campaigning for the acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Widow_remarriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Widow remarriage">widow remarriage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's education">women's education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">colonial era</a>, the practice of <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">religious syncretism</a> among Punjabi Hindus and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Muslims" title="Punjabi Muslims">Punjabi Muslims</a> was noted and documented by officials in census reports: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>"In other parts of the Province, too, traces of Hindu festivals are noticeable among the Muhammadans. In the western Punjab, <a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Baisakhi</a>, the new year's day of the Hindus, is celebrated as an agricultural festival, by all Muhammadans, by racing bullocks yoked to the well gear, with the beat of tom-toms, and large crowds gather to witness the show, The race is called Baisakhi and is a favourite pastime in the well-irrigated tracts. Then the processions of <a href="/wiki/Ta%27zieh#Ta'zīya_in_South_Asia" title="Ta'zieh">Tazias</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a>, with the accompaniment of tom-toms, fencing parties and bands playing on flutes and other musical instruments (which is disapproved by the orthodox Muhammadans) and the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Sebil_(fountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil (fountain)">Sabils</a> (shelters where water and <a href="/wiki/Sharbat_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharbat (beverage)">sharbat</a> are served out) are clearly influenced by similar practices at Hindu festivals, while the illuminations on occasions like the <a href="/wiki/Mela_Chiraghan" title="Mela Chiraghan">Chiraghan fair</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore" title="Shalimar Gardens, Lahore">Shalamar (Lahore)</a> are no doubt practices answering to the holiday-making instinct of the converted Hindus."</i><sup id="cite_ref-punjab1911_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-punjab1911-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 174">: 174 </span></sup><br /><i>"Besides actual conversion, Islam has had a considerable influence on the Hindu religion. The sects of reformers based on a revolt from the orthodoxy of <a href="/wiki/Varnashrama_Dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Varnashrama Dharma">Varnashrama Dharma</a> were obviously the outcome of the knowledge that a different religion could produce equally pious and right thinking men. Laxity in social restrictions also appeared simultaneously in various degrees and certain customs were assimilated to those of the Muhammadans. On the other hand the miraculous powers of Muhammadan saints were enough to attract the saint worshiping Hindus, to allegiance, if not to a total change of faith... The <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Saudagaran-e-Delhi" title="Punjabi Saudagaran-e-Delhi">Shamsis</a> are believers in <a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Sabzwari" title="Shamsuddin Sabzwari">Shah Shamas Tabrez</a> of <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>, and follow the <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a>, for the time being, of the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ilism">Ismailia</a> sect of <a href="/wiki/Shias" class="mw-redirect" title="Shias">Shias</a>... they belong mostly to the <a href="/wiki/Sunar" title="Sunar">Sunar caste</a> and their connection with the sect is kept a secret, like Freemasonry. They pass as ordinary Hindus, but their devotion to the Imam is very strong."</i><sup id="cite_ref-punjab1911_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-punjab1911-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 130">: 130 </span></sup></span> </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Excerpts from the <a href="/wiki/Census_of_India" title="Census of India">Census of India</a> (<a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab Province</a>), 1911 CE</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1947_Partition">1947 Partition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_Hindus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1947 Partition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Approximately 3 million Punjabi Hindus migrated from <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">West Punjab</a> and <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier Province</a> (present-day Pakistan) to <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">East Punjab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> (present-day India) during the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-washedu_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washedu-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This split the former British province of Punjab between the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a>. The mostly <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> western part of the province became Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab province</a>; the mostly <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikh</a> and Hindu eastern part became India's East Punjab state (later divided into the new states of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>). Many Hindus and Sikhs lived in the west, and many Muslims lived in the east, and the fears of all such minorities were so great that the Partition saw many people displaced and much intercommunal violence. Some have described the violence in Punjab as a retributive genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrass1974326_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrass1974326-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The newly formed governments had not anticipated, and were completely unequipped for, a two-way migration of such staggering magnitude, and massive violence and slaughter occurred on both sides of the new India-Pakistan border. Estimates of the number of deaths vary, with low estimates at 200,000 and high estimates at 2,000,000. The worst case of violence among all regions is concluded to have taken place in Punjab.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-D'Costa_2011_53_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D'Costa_2011_53-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Butalia_2000_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butalia_2000-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punjabi_Suba_and_trifurcation_of_Punjab">Punjabi Suba and trifurcation of Punjab</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_Hindus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Punjabi Suba and trifurcation of Punjab"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba_movement" title="Punjabi Suba movement">Punjabi Suba movement</a></div> <p>After the Partition, Sikh leaders and political parties demanded a <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba_movement" title="Punjabi Suba movement">"Punjabi Suba"</a> (Punjabi Province) where Punjabi language written in the <a href="/wiki/Gurumukhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurumukhi">Gurumukhi</a> script would be the language of the state in North India. </p><p>At the instigation of the <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a>, many Punjabi Hindus in present-day Ambala, Una, and Sirsa stated <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> as their mother tongue in the censuses of 1951 and 1961. Some areas of the erstwhile East Punjab state where Hindi, <a href="/wiki/Haryanvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanvi">Haryanvi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">Western Pahari</a>-speaking Hindus formed the majority, became part of the newly created states of <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> where Hindi was declared the state language. This was in contrast with the primarily Punjabi-speaking locals in some regions of the newly created states.<sup id="cite_ref-google2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A direct result of the trifurcation of East Punjab into three states made Punjab a Sikh-majority state in India. Today, Punjabi Hindus make up approximately 38.5% population of present Punjab State of India.<sup id="cite_ref-google_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google3_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_Hindus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_Hindus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Devi_talab_jal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Devi_talab_jal.jpg/250px-Devi_talab_jal.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Devi_talab_jal.jpg/375px-Devi_talab_jal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Devi_talab_jal.jpg/500px-Devi_talab_jal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Devi_Talab_Mandir" title="Devi Talab Mandir">Devi Talab Mandir</a> in Jalandar, Punjab, India.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, Punjabi Hindus make up approximately 38.5% of the state's population; numbering 10.7 million and are a majority in the <a href="/wiki/Doaba" title="Doaba">Doaba</a> region. Punjabi Hindus form a majority in five districts of Punjab, namely, <a href="/wiki/Pathankot_district" title="Pathankot district">Pathankot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_district" title="Jalandhar district">Jalandhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_district" title="Hoshiarpur district">Hoshiarpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fazilka_district" title="Fazilka district">Fazilka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Bhagat_Singh_Nagar_district" title="Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district">Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar</a> districts.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1947 partition, many Hindus from <a href="/wiki/West_Punjab" title="West Punjab">West Punjab</a> and <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier Province</a> settled in Delhi. Determined from 1991 and 2015 estimates, Punjabi Hindus form approximately 24 to 35 percent of Delhi's population;<sup id="cite_ref-Delhi1991_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delhi1991-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Delhi2015_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delhi2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on 2011 official census counts out of a total population of 16.8 million, this amounts to between 4 and 5.9 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-delhi2011_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delhi2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Punjabi Hindus form between approximately 8 and 10 percent of <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>'s population and are very much influential in the state politics.<sup id="cite_ref-HaryanaPopulation_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaryanaPopulation-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on 2011 official census counts out of a total population of 25.4 million, this amounts to between 2.03 and 2.54 million people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_Hindus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan">Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katas_Raj_Temple_Top_Mountain_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Katas_Raj_Temple_Top_Mountain_View.jpg/250px-Katas_Raj_Temple_Top_Mountain_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Katas_Raj_Temple_Top_Mountain_View.jpg/500px-Katas_Raj_Temple_Top_Mountain_View.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2209" data-file-height="1599" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Katas_Raj_Temples" title="Katas Raj Temples">Katas Raj Temples</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chakwal_District" title="Chakwal District">Chakwal District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the large-scale exodus that took place during the 1947 partition, there remains a small Punjabi Hindu community in Pakistan today. According to the <a href="/wiki/2017_Census_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Census of Pakistan">2017 Census</a>, there are about 200,000 Hindus in Punjab province, forming approximately 0.2% of the total population.<sup id="cite_ref-2017_Census_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017_Census-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the community resides in the primarily rural South Punjab districts of <a href="/wiki/Rahim_Yar_Khan_District" title="Rahim Yar Khan District">Rahim Yar Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_District" title="Bahawalpur District">Bahawalpur</a> where they form 3.12% and 1.12% of the population respectively,<sup id="cite_ref-Districtwise_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Districtwise-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the rest are concentrated in urban centres such as <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, the last functioning Hindu temple in Lahore, once the cultural capital of Punjabi Hindus, was destroyed to make way for a multi-story commercial building, and thus the millennia-old history of Hindus in Lahore came to an end. <sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_Hindus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Large <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_diaspora" title="Punjabi diaspora">diaspora</a> communities exist in many countries including in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Countries">Gulf Countries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_religion">Culture and religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_Hindus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Culture and religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durgiana_Temple,_Amritsar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Durgiana_Temple%2C_Amritsar.jpg/250px-Durgiana_Temple%2C_Amritsar.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Durgiana_Temple%2C_Amritsar.jpg/375px-Durgiana_Temple%2C_Amritsar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Durgiana_Temple%2C_Amritsar.jpg/500px-Durgiana_Temple%2C_Amritsar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Durgiana_Temple" title="Durgiana Temple">Durgiana Temple</a> in Amritsar, Punjab, India.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_of_Radha_and_Krishna_painted_in_the_early_19th_century_on_the_walls_of_the_Maiyanatha_Thakurdwara_in_Katra_Dulo,_Amritsar,_Punjab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Fresco_of_Radha_and_Krishna_painted_in_the_early_19th_century_on_the_walls_of_the_Maiyanatha_Thakurdwara_in_Katra_Dulo%2C_Amritsar%2C_Punjab.jpg/220px-Fresco_of_Radha_and_Krishna_painted_in_the_early_19th_century_on_the_walls_of_the_Maiyanatha_Thakurdwara_in_Katra_Dulo%2C_Amritsar%2C_Punjab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Fresco_of_Radha_and_Krishna_painted_in_the_early_19th_century_on_the_walls_of_the_Maiyanatha_Thakurdwara_in_Katra_Dulo%2C_Amritsar%2C_Punjab.jpg/330px-Fresco_of_Radha_and_Krishna_painted_in_the_early_19th_century_on_the_walls_of_the_Maiyanatha_Thakurdwara_in_Katra_Dulo%2C_Amritsar%2C_Punjab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Fresco_of_Radha_and_Krishna_painted_in_the_early_19th_century_on_the_walls_of_the_Maiyanatha_Thakurdwara_in_Katra_Dulo%2C_Amritsar%2C_Punjab.jpg/440px-Fresco_of_Radha_and_Krishna_painted_in_the_early_19th_century_on_the_walls_of_the_Maiyanatha_Thakurdwara_in_Katra_Dulo%2C_Amritsar%2C_Punjab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="1626" /></a><figcaption>Fresco of <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a> painted in the early 19th century on the walls of the Maiyanatha Thakurdwara in Katra Dulo, Amritsar, Punjab</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Hindu_illustrated_manuscript_written_in_Gurmukhi_script_with_paintings_inside_04.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/A_Hindu_illustrated_manuscript_written_in_Gurmukhi_script_with_paintings_inside_04.webp/220px-A_Hindu_illustrated_manuscript_written_in_Gurmukhi_script_with_paintings_inside_04.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/A_Hindu_illustrated_manuscript_written_in_Gurmukhi_script_with_paintings_inside_04.webp/330px-A_Hindu_illustrated_manuscript_written_in_Gurmukhi_script_with_paintings_inside_04.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/A_Hindu_illustrated_manuscript_written_in_Gurmukhi_script_with_paintings_inside_04.webp/440px-A_Hindu_illustrated_manuscript_written_in_Gurmukhi_script_with_paintings_inside_04.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1449" /></a><figcaption>A Hindu illustrated manuscript written in <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi script</a> with paintings inside</figcaption></figure><p> As in many other parts of India, Hinduism in Punjab has adapted over time and has become a synthesis of culture and history.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MATA_MANSA_DEVI-PANCHKULA,_HARYANA_outer_view_of_temple_on_top.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MATA_MANSA_DEVI-PANCHKULA%2C_HARYANA_outer_view_of_temple_on_top.jpg/220px-MATA_MANSA_DEVI-PANCHKULA%2C_HARYANA_outer_view_of_temple_on_top.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MATA_MANSA_DEVI-PANCHKULA%2C_HARYANA_outer_view_of_temple_on_top.jpg/330px-MATA_MANSA_DEVI-PANCHKULA%2C_HARYANA_outer_view_of_temple_on_top.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MATA_MANSA_DEVI-PANCHKULA%2C_HARYANA_outer_view_of_temple_on_top.jpg/440px-MATA_MANSA_DEVI-PANCHKULA%2C_HARYANA_outer_view_of_temple_on_top.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Mata Mansa Devi Mandir, Panchkula<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p> As <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> believe that dharma is universal and evolves with time, many Hindus also value other spiritual paths and religious traditions. They believe that any traditions that are equally able to nurture one's <i>Atman</i> should be accepted and taught. Hinduism itself encourages any being to reach their own self-realization in their own unique way either through <a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a> or through other means of devotion and meditation.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Punjabi Hindus continue heterogeneous religious practices in spiritual kinship with Sikhism. This not only includes veneration of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Sikh gurus</a> in private practice but also visits to Sikh <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">gurdwaras</a> in addition to Hindu temples.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Anjali Gera Roy, The Hindu Punjabis of <a href="/wiki/West_Punjab" title="West Punjab">Western Punjab</a> settled away from their ancestral homeland during 1947 partition, speak a hybrid language based on <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> (or Hindi with Punjabi accent).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Udasis">Udasis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_Hindus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Udasis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Udasi" title="Udasi">Udasi</a> is a religious sect of ascetic <a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">sadhus</a> centered in Punjab Region. The Udasis were key interpreters of the Sikh philosophy and the custodians of important Sikh shrines until the <a href="/wiki/Akali_movement" title="Akali movement">Akali movement</a>. They brought many converts into the Sikh fold during the 18th and the early 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, their religious practices border on a syncretism of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> and Hinduism. When the <a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Singh Sabha">Singh Sabha</a>, dominated by <a href="/wiki/Tat_Khalsa" title="Tat Khalsa">Tat Khalsa</a> Sikhs, redefined the Sikh identity in the early 20th century, the Udasi <a href="/wiki/Mahant" title="Mahant">mahants</a> were expelled from the Sikh shrines. Since then, the Udasis have increasingly regarded themselves as Hindus rather than Sikhs.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nanakpanthis">Nanakpanthis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_Hindus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nanakpanthis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous Punjabi Hindus are <a href="/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthi</a>, who revere <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> alongside their Hindu deities but without following the other gurus, and nor identify as <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> in terms of religious affiliation; at the time of the 1891 census of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">British Punjab</a>, it has been estimated that, out of the 1,8 million Sikhs around 579,000 were Hindu Nanakpanthis, but in later classifications the definitions of "Hindu" and "Sikh" would be more precise and the Hindu Nanakpanthis would stop being counted as "Sikhs".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arya_Samaj">Arya Samaj</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_Hindus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Arya Samaj"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu reformist</a> organization founded in the 1870s by <a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a>, and while he was from <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, the movement had a lot of influence among Punjabi Hindus, especially the <a href="/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Khatris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arora" title="Arora">Aroras</a>, the Arya Samajis being social reformers who aimed to promote <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> and were against what they called "supersititions" such as idolatry, wanted to rise the literacy rates (especially for women) and were fighting <a href="/wiki/Caste_discrimination_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste discrimination in India">caste discrimination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temples">Temples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_Hindus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Temples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Punjabi Hindu temples historically had various names depending on the associated denomination, such as <i>Shivala</i> (<a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivist</a> temple), <i>Devidwara</i> (<a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktist</a> temple), or <i>Thakurdwara</i> (<a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavist</a> temple).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thakurdwara complexes often had a <i><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_(shrine)" title="Samadhi (shrine)">samadh</a></i> (samadhi) mausoleum dedicated to the founder of the temple and a <i><a href="/wiki/Dharamshala_(type_of_building)" title="Dharamshala (type of building)">dharamsala</a></i> (building for accommodating pilgrims and ascetics, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Bairagi_(Ascetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bairagi (Ascetics)">bairagis</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Devidwaras were devoted to the worship of the <i><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">devi</a></i> (goddesses).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temples often have various deities as their central focus in the form of a <i><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murti</a></i> (idol), with there being no general uniformity in this regard.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindu worshipping practices at a temple are more individualistic in-nature rather than congregational.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_Hindus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main room or area of a temple will house the deity in the form of a murti, with this space being known as <i><a href="/wiki/Garbhagriha" title="Garbhagriha">garbha griha</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanctum_sanctorum" title="Sanctum sanctorum">sanctum sanctorum</a>), which is the "heart" or inner-most point of the temple.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, there is a passageway that allows for <a href="/wiki/Circumambulation" title="Circumambulation">circuambulation</a> of the garbha griha space, which is a requirement after prayers are given.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Architecturally, there is usually a dome or spire structure built over the garbha griha.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another feature is a small passageway called the <i><a href="/wiki/Antarala" title="Antarala">antrala</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Vestibule_(architecture)" title="Vestibule (architecture)">vestibule</a>), which connects the garbha griha and <i><a href="/wiki/Mandapa" title="Mandapa">mandapa</a></i> (pillard hall) spaces together.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mandapa is a pavilion that allows the devotees to congregate.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temples are built on a raised, staired platform with one entryway, with the entrance-porch being called a <i><a href="/wiki/Ardhamandapa" title="Ardhamandapa">ardh-mandapa</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_Hindus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/40px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/60px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/32px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/48px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/64px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="964" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Punjab" title="Portal:Punjab">Punjab portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">History of Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan">Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_India" title="List of Hindu temples in India">List of Hindu temples in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhabra" title="Bhabra">Bhabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals_in_Punjab" title="List of Hindu festivals in Punjab">List of Hindu festivals in Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Punjab" title="East Punjab">East Punjab</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_Hindus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Delhi2015-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Delhi2015_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delhi2015_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">“The most important section among settlers is the Punjabis who are estimated to constitute around 35 percent of the population."<sup id="cite_ref-Singh2015_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Delhi1991-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Delhi1991_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delhi1991_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">“Though Punjabis constitute a mere twenty-four per cent of so of the capital city's population, on average they hold fifty-three per cent of the available managerial positions."<sup id="cite_ref-Sanjay2008_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanjay2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54">: 54 </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DelhiPopulation-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DelhiPopulation_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Punjabi Hindus represent between 24 and 35 per cent of Delhi's population, determined from 1991 and 2015 estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanjay2008_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanjay2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Singh2015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the 2011 official census counts out of a total population of 16,787,941, this amounts to between 4,029,106 and 5,875,779 persons.<sup id="cite_ref-delhi2011_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delhi2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haryana2014-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haryana2014_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“Punjabis constitute about eight per cent of the state’s population, they are a can’t-be-ignored political constituency."<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar2014_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haryana2019-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haryana2019_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“Political experts attribute the rise of the BJP in the region to sustained consolidation among certain communities, especially the Punjabis who account for 8% of the state’s estimated population of around 28 million.”<sup id="cite_ref-Naqshbandi2019_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naqshbandi2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haryana2024-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haryana2024_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“From the announcement of candidates to the election campaign, the Congress primarily focused on the 22-25 percent Jat and 20-22 percent Scheduled Caste voters. In contrast, the BJP, in line with its non-Jat strategy, focused on the 30-32 percent OBCs, 9-10 percent Punjabis and 8-9 percent Brahmins.”<sup id="cite_ref-Manav2024_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manav2024-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HaryanaPopulation-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HaryanaPopulation_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaryanaPopulation_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Punjabi Hindus represent between 8 and 10 percent of Haryana's population, determined from 2014, 2019, and 2024 estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar2014_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Naqshbandi2019_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naqshbandi2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Manav2024_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manav2024-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the 2011 official census counts out of a total population of 25,351,462, this amounts to between 2,028,117 and 2,535,146 persons.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michaels-legacy-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Michaels-legacy_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels (2004</a>, p. 38): "The legacy of the Vedic religion in Hinduism is generally overestimated. The influence of the mythology is indeed great, but the religious terminology changed considerably: all the key terms of Hinduism either do not exist in Vedic or have a completely different meaning. The religion of the Veda does not know the ethicised migration of the soul with retribution for acts (<i>karma</i>), the cyclical destruction of the world, or the idea of salvation during one's lifetime (<i>jivanmukti; moksa; nirvana</i>); the idea of the world as illusion (<i>maya</i>) must have gone against the grain of ancient India, and an omnipotent creator god emerges only in the late hymns of the rgveda. Nor did the Vedic religion know a caste system, the burning of widows, the ban on remarriage, images of gods and temples, Puja worship, Yoga, pilgrimages, vegetarianism, the holiness of cows, the doctrine of stages of life (<i>asrama</i>), or knew them only at their inception. Thus, it is justified to see a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions."<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJamisonWitzel1992" class="citation web cs1">Jamison, Stephanie; Witzel, Michael (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/vedica.pdf">"Vedic Hinduism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Harvard University. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vedic+Hinduism&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Jamison&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft.au=Witzel%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.fas.harvard.edu%2F~witzel%2Fvedica.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span>: "... to call this period Vedic Hinduism is a contradictio in terminis since Vedic religion is very different from what we generally call Hindu religion – at least as much as Old Hebrew religion is from medieval and modern Christian religion. However, Vedic religion is treatable as a predecessor of Hinduism."<br />See also <a href="#CITEREFHalbfass1991">Halbfass 1991</a>, pp. 1–2</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_Hindus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191113211224/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-17.html">"Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-17.html">the original</a> on 13 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+Website+%3A+Office+of+the+Registrar+General+%26+Census+Commissioner%2C+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FC-17.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/behind-the-decline/article7654960.ece">"Behind the decline"</a>. 16 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Behind+the+decline&rft.date=2015-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrontline.thehindu.com%2Fcover-story%2Fbehind-the-decline%2Farticle7654960.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census2011_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230423/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS">"Population by religion community – 2011"</a>. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS">the original</a> on 23 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+by+religion+community+%E2%80%93+2011&rft.pub=The+Registrar+General+%26+Census+Commissioner%2C+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FC-01%2FDDW03C-01%2520MDDS.XLS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-delhi2011-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-delhi2011_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-delhi2011_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-delhi2011_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925">"Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts"</a>. <i>City Population</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+Population&rft.atitle=Delhi+%28India%29%3A+Union+Territory%2C+Major+Agglomerations+%26+Towns+%E2%80%93+Population+Statistics+in+Maps+and+Charts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2FIndia-Delhi.html%3Fcityid%3D2925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanjay2008-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanjay2008_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanjay2008_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSanjay_Yadav2008" class="citation book cs1">Sanjay Yadav (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CTBBL1q5C_EC&pg=PA10"><i>The Invasion of Delhi</i></a>. Worldwide Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-88054-00-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-88054-00-8"><bdi>978-81-88054-00-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invasion+of+Delhi&rft.pub=Worldwide+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-88054-00-8&rft.au=Sanjay+Yadav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCTBBL1q5C_EC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh2015-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singh2015_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singh2015_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2015" class="citation news cs1">Singh, Raj (6 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/delhi-assembly-elections-2015-important-facts-and-stakeholders-25298.html">"Delhi Assembly elections 2015: Important facts and major stakeholders"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/India_TV" title="India TV">India TV</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+TV&rft.atitle=Delhi+Assembly+elections+2015%3A+Important+facts+and+major+stakeholders&rft.date=2015-02-06&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Raj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatvnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fnational%2Fdelhi-assembly-elections-2015-important-facts-and-stakeholders-25298.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumar2014-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kumar2014_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kumar2014_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumar2014" class="citation news cs1">Kumar, Virender (28 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/the-vulnerable-punjabi-in-an-unthinkable-post-in-haryana/">"The 'vulnerable Punjabi' in an unthinkable post in Haryana"</a>. <i>Indian Express</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Express&rft.atitle=The+%27vulnerable+Punjabi%27+in+an+unthinkable+post+in+Haryana&rft.date=2014-10-28&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Virender&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Fpolitics%2Fthe-vulnerable-punjabi-in-an-unthinkable-post-in-haryana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naqshbandi2019-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Naqshbandi2019_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naqshbandi2019_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNaqshbandi2019" class="citation news cs1">Naqshbandi, Aurangzeb (23 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/khattar-gives-bjp-an-edge-in-haryana-s-punjabi-belt/story-ZcKpjfaRGekxCgHDOHzctK.html">"Manohar Lal Khattar gives BJP an edge in Haryana's Punjabi belt"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Manohar+Lal+Khattar+gives+BJP+an+edge+in+Haryana%E2%80%99s+Punjabi+belt&rft.date=2019-10-23&rft.aulast=Naqshbandi&rft.aufirst=Aurangzeb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fkhattar-gives-bjp-an-edge-in-haryana-s-punjabi-belt%2Fstory-ZcKpjfaRGekxCgHDOHzctK.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manav2024-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manav2024_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manav2024_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManav2024" class="citation news cs1">Manav, Sushil (14 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/politics/haryana-numbers-show-congress-had-best-strike-rate-among-jats-bjp-among-punjabis-ahirs/2309668/">"Haryana numbers show Congress had best strike rate among Jats, BJP among Punjabis & Ahirs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Print" class="mw-redirect" title="The Print">The Print</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Print&rft.atitle=Haryana+numbers+show+Congress+had+best+strike+rate+among+Jats%2C+BJP+among+Punjabis+%26+Ahirs&rft.date=2024-10-14&rft.aulast=Manav&rft.aufirst=Sushil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Fpolitics%2Fharyana-numbers-show-congress-had-best-strike-rate-among-jats-bjp-among-punjabis-ahirs%2F2309668%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2011-langreport-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census2011-langreport_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2011-langreport_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2011-langreport_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2011-langreport_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf">"Language – India, States and Union Territories"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Census of India 2011</i>. Office of the Registrar General. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+of+India+2011&rft.atitle=Language+%E2%80%93+India%2C+States+and+Union+Territories&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011Census%2FC-16_25062018_NEW.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/rsgpc-to-publicize-issue-of-punjabi-in-rajasthan/articleshow/62531214.cms">"RSGPC to publicize issue of Punjabi in Rajasthan"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 17 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=RSGPC+to+publicize+issue+of+Punjabi+in+Rajasthan&rft.date=2018-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchandigarh%2Frsgpc-to-publicize-issue-of-punjabi-in-rajasthan%2Farticleshow%2F62531214.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachaltribune/una-amalgam-of-punjabi-and-pahari-cultures-591383">"Una, amalgam of Punjabi and Pahari cultures"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Una%2C+amalgam+of+Punjabi+and+Pahari+cultures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Farchive%2Fhimachaltribune%2Funa-amalgam-of-punjabi-and-pahari-cultures-591383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/india/himachal-pradesh-youth-status-report-sex-ratio-up-but-total-fertility-rate-declining-5013052/">"Himachal Pradesh Youth status report: Sex ratio up but total fertility rate declining"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>. Shimla. Express News Service. 5 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418092812/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/himachal-pradesh-youth-status-report-sex-ratio-up-but-total-fertility-rate-declining-5013052/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Himachal+Pradesh+Youth+status+report%3A+Sex+ratio+up+but+total+fertility+rate+declining&rft.date=2018-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Fhimachal-pradesh-youth-status-report-sex-ratio-up-but-total-fertility-rate-declining-5013052%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_9.pdf">"Population by Religion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+by+Religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpopulation%2F2023%2Ftables%2Fnational%2Ftable_9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/include-punjabi-as-official-language-in-jammu-and-kashmir-punjab-cm-amarinder-204566">"Include Punjabi as official language in Jammu and Kashmir: Punjab CM Amarinder"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Include+Punjabi+as+official+language+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir%3A+Punjab+CM+Amarinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Fpunjab%2Finclude-punjabi-as-official-language-in-jammu-and-kashmir-punjab-cm-amarinder-204566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ghaintpunjab.com/GhaintPunjab/Article/37944/mini-punjab-uttrakhand-punjabi-cinema-sonam-bajwa-hometown">"A Mini Punjab in Uttrakhand That Has Given Punjabi Cinema a Superstar Diva!"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Mini+Punjab+in+Uttrakhand+That+Has+Given+Punjabi+Cinema+a+Superstar+Diva%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghaintpunjab.com%2FGhaintPunjab%2FArticle%2F37944%2Fmini-punjab-uttrakhand-punjabi-cinema-sonam-bajwa-hometown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nayar1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nayar1_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNayar2012" class="citation book cs1">Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q7pO-IZY218C&pg=PA7"><i>The Punjabis in British Columbia: Location, Labour, First Nations, and Multiculturalism</i></a>. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-4070-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-4070-5"><bdi>978-0-7735-4070-5</bdi></a>. <q>Hinduism is the oldest of the religions practiced by the Punjabis</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Punjabis+in+British+Columbia%3A+Location%2C+Labour%2C+First+Nations%2C+and+Multiculturalism&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+-+MQUP&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-4070-5&rft.aulast=Nayar&rft.aufirst=Kamala+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq7pO-IZY218C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berry1996p20-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berry1996p20_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerry,_Thomas1996" class="citation book cs1">Berry, Thomas (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionsofindia00berr"><i>Religions of India: Hinduism, Yoga, Buddhism</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionsofindia00berr/page/20">20</a>–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10781-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10781-5"><bdi>978-0-231-10781-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+India%3A+Hinduism%2C+Yoga%2C+Buddhism&rft.pages=20-21&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-231-10781-5&rft.au=Berry%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligionsofindia00berr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">name="Vedic religion"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vedic-religion">"Vedic religion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></i>. 10 November 2023. <q>It <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic religion</a> takes its name from the collections of sacred texts known as the Vedas. Vedism is the oldest stratum of religious activity in India for which there exist written materials. It was one of the major traditions that shaped Hinduism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vedic+religion&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FVedic-religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVirdee2018" class="citation book cs1">Virdee, Pippa (February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WYJIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24"><i>From the Ashes of 1947</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42811-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42811-8"><bdi>978-1-108-42811-8</bdi></a>. <q>The Rig Veda and the Upanishads, which belonged to the Vedic religion, were a precursor of Hinduism, both of which were composed in Punjab.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Ashes+of+1947&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018-02&rft.isbn=978-1-108-42811-8&rft.aulast=Virdee&rft.aufirst=Pippa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWYJIDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin (13 July 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anintroductiontohinduismgavinfloodd.oupseeotherbooks_355_z/page/37/mode/2up"><i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0"><bdi>978-0-521-43878-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996-07-13&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43878-0&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanintroductiontohinduismgavinfloodd.oupseeotherbooks_355_z%2Fpage%2F37%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nayar-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nayar_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNayar2012" class="citation book cs1">Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q7pO-IZY218C&pg=PA7"><i>The Punjabis in British Columbia: Location, Labour, First Nations, and Multiculturalism</i></a>. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-4070-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-4070-5"><bdi>978-0-7735-4070-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Punjabis+in+British+Columbia%3A+Location%2C+Labour%2C+First+Nations%2C+and+Multiculturalism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+-+MQUP&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-4070-5&rft.aulast=Nayar&rft.aufirst=Kamala+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq7pO-IZY218C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumar2004-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kumar2004_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaj_Kumar2004" class="citation book cs1">Raj Kumar (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C7SQW69LLSIC&pg=PA1"><i>Essays on Social Reform Movements</i></a>. Discovery Publishing House. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7141-792-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7141-792-6"><bdi>978-81-7141-792-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Social+Reform+Movements&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=Discovery+Publishing+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7141-792-6&rft.au=Raj+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC7SQW69LLSIC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRajivlochan2014" class="citation book cs1">Rajivlochan, M. (2014). <i>Coping with Exclusions the Non-Political Way. Mapping Social Exclusion in India: Caste, Religion and Borderlands</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">82–</span>83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coping+with+Exclusions+the+Non-Political+Way.+Mapping+Social+Exclusion+in+India%3A+Caste%2C+Religion+and+Borderlands&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E82-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Rajivlochan&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKishwar1986" class="citation journal cs1">Kishwar, Madhu (26 April 1986). "Arya Samaj and Women's Education: Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Jalandhar". <i><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Political_Weekly" title="Economic and Political Weekly">Economic and Political Weekly</a></i>. <b>21</b> (17): <span class="nowrap">WS9 –</span> <span class="nowrap">WS24</span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4375593">4375593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Arya+Samaj+and+Women%27s+Education%3A+Kanya+Mahavidyalaya%2C+Jalandhar&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EWS9+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EWS24%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1986-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4375593%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kishwar&rft.aufirst=Madhu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-punjab1911-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-punjab1911_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-punjab1911_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1911-26575903/">"Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 1, Report"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+1911.+Vol.+14%2C+Punjab.+Pt.+1%2C+Report.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fsite%2FSAOA%2FSouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA%2FCensusReports-1911-26575903%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalamat1997" class="citation book cs1">Salamat, Zarina (1997). <i>The Punjab in 1920's: a case study of Muslims</i>. Karachi: Royal Book Company. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-407-230-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-969-407-230-2"><bdi>978-969-407-230-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40480171">40480171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Punjab+in+1920%27s%3A+a+case+study+of+Muslims&rft.place=Karachi&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Royal+Book+Company&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40480171&rft.isbn=978-969-407-230-2&rft.aulast=Salamat&rft.aufirst=Zarina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBanerjee-DubeDube2009" class="citation book cs1">Banerjee-Dube, Ishita; Dube, Saurabh (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/302183130"><i>Ancient to modern: religion, power, and community in India</i></a>. New Delhi; Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-569662-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-569662-2"><bdi>978-0-19-569662-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/302183130">302183130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+to+modern%3A+religion%2C+power%2C+and+community+in+India&rft.place=New+Delhi%3B+Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F302183130&rft.isbn=978-0-19-569662-2&rft.aulast=Banerjee-Dube&rft.aufirst=Ishita&rft.au=Dube%2C+Saurabh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F302183130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-washedu-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-washedu_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf">"The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+partition+of+India+and+retributive+genocide+in+the+Punjab%2C+1946%E2%80%9347%3A+means%2C+methods%2C+and+purposes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Fbrass%2FPartition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrass1974326-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrass1974326_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrass1974">Brass 1974</a>, p. 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2009" class="citation journal cs1">Talbot, Ian (2009). "Partition of India: The Human Dimension". <i>Cultural and Social History</i>. <b>6</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">403–</span>410. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2752%2F147800409X466254">10.2752/147800409X466254</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147110854">147110854</a>. <q>The number of casualties remains a matter of dispute, with figures being claimed that range from 200,000 to 2 million victims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+and+Social+History&rft.atitle=Partition+of+India%3A+The+Human+Dimension&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E403-%3C%2Fspan%3E410&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2752%2F147800409X466254&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147110854%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D'Costa_2011_53-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-D'Costa_2011_53_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFD'Costa2011" class="citation book cs1">D'Costa, Bina (2011). <i>Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia</i>. Routledge. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415565660" title="Special:BookSources/9780415565660"><bdi>9780415565660</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationbuilding%2C+Gender+and+War+Crimes+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780415565660&rft.aulast=D%27Costa&rft.aufirst=Bina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butalia_2000-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Butalia_2000_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButalia2000" class="citation book cs1">Butalia, Urvashi (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/b/butalia-silence.html"><i>The Other Side of Silence: Voices From the Partition of India</i></a>. Duke University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Side+of+Silence%3A+Voices+From+the+Partition+of+India&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Butalia&rft.aufirst=Urvashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Ffirst%2Fb%2Fbutalia-silence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSikand2004" class="citation book cs1">Sikand, Yoginder (2004). <i>Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations</i>. 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Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520233836" title="Special:BookSources/9780520233836"><bdi>9780520233836</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Are+You+From%3F+Middle-Class+Migrants+in+the+Modern+World&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780520233836&rft.aulast=Raj&rft.aufirst=Dhooleka+Sarhadi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW6YwDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpunjabi%2Bhindus%2Bsyncretic%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MINE, T. I., & ROY, A. G. (2004). NOT SPEAKING A LANGUAGE. 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Delhi: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-563780-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-563780-1"><bdi>0-19-563780-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39001441">39001441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+religious+boundaries%3A+culture%2C+identity%2C+and+diversity+in+the+Sikh+tradition&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39001441&rft.isbn=0-19-563780-1&rft.au=Oberoi%2C+Harjot.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFox1985" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Richard Gabriel (1985). <i>Lions of the Punjab: culture in the making</i> (1. print ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: Univ. of California Pr. pp. <span class="nowrap">112–</span>113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05491-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05491-2"><bdi>978-0-520-05491-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lions+of+the+Punjab%3A+culture+in+the+making&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E112-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.edition=1.+print&rft.pub=Univ.+of+California+Pr&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05491-2&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Richard+Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot2010" class="citation book cs1">Jaffrelot, Christopher (2010). <i>Religion, Caste, and Politics in India</i>. Primus Books. p. 97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Caste%2C+and+Politics+in+India&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Jaffrelot&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_62-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_62-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_62-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_62-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_62-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2009" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Jagraj (2009). "Difference Between Gurdwara and Mandir (Temple) - Mandir (Temple)". <i>A Complete Guide to Sikhism</i>. Unistar Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">106–</span>107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171427543" title="Special:BookSources/9788171427543"><bdi>9788171427543</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Difference+Between+Gurdwara+and+Mandir+%28Temple%29+-+Mandir+%28Temple%29&rft.btitle=A+Complete+Guide+to+Sikhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.pub=Unistar+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9788171427543&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Jagraj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Journal of Regional History</i>. Department of History, Guru Nanak Dev University. 1982. pp. <span class="nowrap">28–</span>31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Regional+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.pub=Department+of+History%2C+Guru+Nanak+Dev+University&rft.date=1982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNath2002" class="citation book cs1">Nath, Viswambhar (2002). "Life in My Ancestral Village: Places of Worship and Religious Practices". <i>Development: A Saga of Two Worlds</i>. Concept Publishing Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">29–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170229469" title="Special:BookSources/9788170229469"><bdi>9788170229469</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Life+in+My+Ancestral+Village%3A+Places+of+Worship+and+Religious+Practices&rft.btitle=Development%3A+A+Saga+of+Two+Worlds&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788170229469&rft.aulast=Nath&rft.aufirst=Viswambhar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_Hindus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrass1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Brass" title="Paul Brass">Brass, Paul Richard</a> (1974). <i>Language, Religion and Politics in North India</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+Religion+and+Politics+in+North+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Brass&rft.aufirst=Paul+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalbfass1991" class="citation cs2">Halbfass, Wilhelm (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-5fImMZMqNIC"><i>Tradition and Reflection</i></a>, SUNY Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0361-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0361-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-0361-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231223184628/https://books.google.com/books?id=-5fImMZMqNIC">archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tradition+and+Reflection&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0361-7&rft.aulast=Halbfass&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-5fImMZMqNIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichaels2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Axel_Michaels" title="Axel Michaels">Michaels, Axel</a> (2004), <i>Hinduism. Past and present</i>, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+Past+and+present&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_Hindus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTalib1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gurbachan_Singh_Talib" title="Gurbachan Singh Talib">Talib, Gurbachan</a> (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9fQLAAAAIAAJ"><i>Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in Punjab 1947</i></a>. India: <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Gurdwara_Prabandhak_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee">Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+League+Attack+on+Sikhs+and+Hindus+in+Punjab+1947&rft.place=India&rft.pub=Shiromani+Gurdwara+Prabandhak+Committee&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Talib&rft.aufirst=Gurbachan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9fQLAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJalal1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ayesha_Jalal" title="Ayesha Jalal">Jalal, Ayesha</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4407076">"Nation, Reason and Religion: Punjab's Role in the Partition of India"</a>. <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>. <b>33</b> (32): <span class="nowrap">2183–</span>2190. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9976">0012-9976</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4407076">4407076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Nation%2C+Reason+and+Religion%3A+Punjab%27s+Role+in+the+Partition+of+India&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=32&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2183-%3C%2Fspan%3E2190&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4407076%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0012-9976&rft.aulast=Jalal&rft.aufirst=Ayesha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4407076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_Hindus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010215153625/http://webpunjab.com/culture/main.htm">The Punjab—An Overview</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060423232940/http://punjabgovt.nic.in/CULTURE/Historical.htm">Punjab History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060506005341/http://www.pcschicago.org/Punjab/historical.htm">Punjab Historical Background</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060613191214/http://durgianatirath.com/">Shri Durgiana Tirath</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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in India</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aum_Om_black.svg/20px-Aum_Om_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aum_Om_black.svg/30px-Aum_Om_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aum_Om_black.svg/40px-Aum_Om_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Andhra_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Arunachal_Pradesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Arunachal Pradesh (page does not exist)">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Assam" title="Hinduism in Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Bihar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Bihar (page does not exist)">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Chhattisgarh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Chhattisgarh (page does not exist)">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Goa" title="Hinduism in Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Haryana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Haryana (page does not exist)">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Himachal Pradesh (page does not exist)">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Jharkhand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Jharkhand (page does not exist)">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Karnataka" title="Hinduism in Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Kerala" title="Hinduism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Madhya_Pradesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Madhya Pradesh (page does not exist)">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Maharashtra" title="Hinduism in Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Manipur" title="Hinduism in Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Meghalaya" title="Hinduism in Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Mizoram" title="Hinduism in Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Nagaland" title="Hinduism in Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Odisha" title="Hinduism in Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Punjab,_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Punjab, India (page does not exist)">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Rajasthan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Sikkim" title="Hinduism in Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Hinduism in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Tripura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Tripura (page does not exist)">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Uttaranchal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Uttaranchal (page does not exist)">Uttaranchal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Uttar_Pradesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Uttar Pradesh (page does not exist)">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_West_Bengal" title="Hinduism in West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Union Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Andaman and Nicobar Islands (page does not exist)">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Chandigarh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Chandigarh (page does not exist)">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (page does not exist)">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Delhi" title="Hinduism in Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Jammu and Kashmir (page does not exist)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Ladakh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Ladakh (page does not exist)">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Lakshadweep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Lakshadweep (page does not exist)">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Pondicherry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Pondicherry (page does not exist)">Pondicherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus_in_Assam" title="Bengali Hindus in Assam">Assamese-Bengali Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a></li> <li>Dalit Hindus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Kashmiri Hindus">Kashmiri Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Muslim_tribes_from_Hindu_lineage" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri Muslim tribes from Hindu lineage">Hindu-Muslim tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Hindus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathi Hindus">Marathi Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Nepal" title="Hinduism in Nepal">Nepali Hindus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Punjabi Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Hindus" title="Sindhi Hindus">Sindhi Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_South_India" title="Hinduism in South India">South Indian Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Hindu">Tamil Hindus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_India_topics117" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_in_India_topics" title="Template:Religion in India topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_in_India_topics" title="Template talk:Religion in India topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_in_India_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion in India topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_India_topics117" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religion in India</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_India" title="Hinduism in India">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Punjab">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_South_India" title="Hinduism in South India">South India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_India" title="Jainism in India">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in India">Sunni Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in India">Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism_in_India" title="Sufism in India">Sufism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_India" title="Catholic Church in India">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_India" title="Protestantism in India">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_India" title="Baháʼí Faith in India">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadiyya in India">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other paths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_India" title="Zoroastrianism in India">Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_India" title="Irreligion in India">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li>Meena ethnic</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_India" title="Freedom of religion in India">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_harmony_in_India" title="Religious harmony in India">Religious harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_thinkers_of_India" title="Religious thinkers of India">Religious thinkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Minority_Affairs" title="Ministry of Minority Affairs">Ministry of Minority Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_Hindus&oldid=1279453966">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_Hindus&oldid=1279453966</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>10 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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