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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary"><i>Virginius</i> Affair</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa solid 1px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Capture_of_the_%27Virginius%27_-_The_Graphic,_1873.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_Capture_of_the_%27Virginius%27_-_The_Graphic%2C_1873.jpg/240px-The_Capture_of_the_%27Virginius%27_-_The_Graphic%2C_1873.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_Capture_of_the_%27Virginius%27_-_The_Graphic%2C_1873.jpg/360px-The_Capture_of_the_%27Virginius%27_-_The_Graphic%2C_1873.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_Capture_of_the_%27Virginius%27_-_The_Graphic%2C_1873.jpg/480px-The_Capture_of_the_%27Virginius%27_-_The_Graphic%2C_1873.jpg 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="308" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The "Virginius", with portraits of General Bernabé Varona and General William A.C. Ryan, executed by Cuban volunteers at Santiago de Cuba. <a href="/wiki/The_Graphic" title="The Graphic">The Graphic</a>, 1873.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><span class="nowrap">October 30 – November 8, 1873<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1873-10-30</span> – <span class="dtend">1873-11-08</span>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location" style="text-align: left;">Santiago de Cuba</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Participants</th><td class="infobox-data attendee" style="text-align: left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>United States</li><li>United Kingdom</li><li>Spain</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Outcome</th><td class="infobox-data description" style="text-align: left;">Peace negotiation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">53</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b><i>Virginius</i> Affair</b> was a diplomatic dispute that occurred from October 1873 to February 1875 between the United States, Great Britain, and Spain (then in control of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>) during the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Years%27_War" title="Ten Years' War">Ten Years' War</a>. <i>Virginius</i> was a fast American ship hired by Cuban insurrectionists to land men and munitions in Cuba to attack the Spanish regime there. It was captured by the Spanish, who wanted to try the men onboard (many of whom were American and British citizens) as pirates and execute them. The Spanish executed 53 men but stopped when the British government intervened. </p><p>Throughout the ordeal, there was loose talk that the US might declare war on Spain. During the lengthy negotiations, the Spanish government underwent several leadership changes. US consul <a href="/wiki/Caleb_Cushing" title="Caleb Cushing">Caleb Cushing</a> ended the episode by negotiating $80,000 in reparations to be paid to the families of the executed Americans. The Spanish government compensated British families through negotiation before American compensation. The incident was remarkable for the use of international diplomacy for a peaceful settlement implemented by <a href="/wiki/US_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Secretary of State">US Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Hamilton Fish</a> rather than opting for a costly war between the United States and Spain. The <i>Virginius</i> Affair started a resurgence in the <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a> in the late 19th century. Until then its fleet had been inferior to the warships of Spain. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ten_Years'_War"><span id="Ten_Years.27_War"></span>Ten Years' War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginius_Affair&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ten Years' War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the island country of Cuba under Spanish rule was one of the few Western Hemisphere countries where slavery remained legal and was widely practiced.<sup id="cite_ref-Bpp6-7_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bpp6-7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 10, 1868, a revolution broke out, known as the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Years%27_War" title="Ten Years' War">Ten Years' War</a>, by Cuban landowners, led by <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Manuel_de_C%C3%A9spedes" title="Carlos Manuel de Céspedes">Carlos Manuel de Céspedes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bpp7-8_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bpp7-8-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish, led initially by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Lersundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Lersundi">Francisco Lersundi</a>, used the military to suppress the rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp8_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp8-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1870, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Hamilton Fish</a> persuaded President Grant not to recognize Cuban belligerency, and the United States maintained an unstable peace with Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Bpp5_14_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bpp5_14-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Cuban war continued, an international patriotic insurgency began to arise in support of the Cuban rebellion; war bonds were sold in the US to support the Cuban resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp12_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp12-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the US Cuban patriots was John F. Patterson, who bought a former Confederate steamer, <i>Virgin</i>, at the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Navy_Yard" title="Washington Navy Yard">Washington Navy Yard</a>, renaming her <i>Virginius</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp16_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp16-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legality of Patterson's purchase of <i>Virginius</i> would later come to national and international attention.<sup id="cite_ref-Bpp100-101_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bpp100-101-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cuban rebellion ended in an 1878 armistice after Spanish general <a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Mart%C3%ADnez-Campos" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenio Martínez-Campos">Arsenio Martínez-Campos</a> pardoned all Cuban rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-Bpp136-137_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bpp136-137-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Virginius"><i>Virginius</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginius_Affair&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Virginius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Virginius</i> was a small, high-speed side-wheel steamer built to serve as a <a href="/wiki/Blockade_runner" title="Blockade runner">blockade runner</a> between Havana and Mobile, Alabama, for the Confederacy during the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp25_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp25-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sp62_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sp62-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally built as <i>Virgin</i> by Aitken & Mansel of <a href="/wiki/Whiteinch" title="Whiteinch">Whiteinch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> in 1864, she became a prize of the United States when captured on April 12, 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp25_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp25-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1870, <i>Virginius</i> was purchased by an American, John F. Patterson, acting secretly as an agent for Cuban insurgent <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Quesada_y_Loynaz" title="Manuel de Quesada y Loynaz">Manuel de Quesada</a> and two US citizens, Marshall O. Roberts and J.K. Roberts.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp25_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp25-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship was originally captained by Francis Sheppherd. Both Patterson and Shepphard immediately registered the ship in the New York Custom House, having paid $2,000 to be bonded. However, no sureties were listed.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp26_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp26-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patterson took a required oath attesting that he was the sole owner of <i>Virginius</i>. The secret purpose of purchasing <i>Virginius</i> was to transport men, munitions, and supplies to aid the Cuban rebellion. For three years, the ship aided the Cuban rebellion; it was protected by US naval ships, including <a href="/wiki/USS_Kansas_(1863)" title="USS Kansas (1863)">USS <i>Kansas</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Canandaigua_(1862)" title="USS Canandaigua (1862)">USS <i>Canandaigua</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sp62_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sp62-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish said that it was an outlaw ship and aggressively sought to capture it.<sup id="cite_ref-Sp62_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sp62-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bp26_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp26-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capture,_trial,_and_executions"><span id="Capture.2C_trial.2C_and_executions"></span>Capture, trial, and executions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginius_Affair&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Capture, trial, and executions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Fry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Joseph_Fry.jpg/220px-Joseph_Fry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Joseph_Fry.jpg/330px-Joseph_Fry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Joseph_Fry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Joseph Fry, captain of <i>Virginius</i>, whom Spain executed for bringing arms to Cuban rebels</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hero_tales_of_the_American_soldier_and_sailor_as_told_by_the_heroes_themselves_and_their_comrades;_the_unwritten_history_of_American_chivalry_(1899)_(14760898856).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hero_tales_of_the_American_soldier_and_sailor_as_told_by_the_heroes_themselves_and_their_comrades%3B_the_unwritten_history_of_American_chivalry_%281899%29_%2814760898856%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hero_tales_of_the_American_soldier_and_sailor_as_told_by_the_heroes_themselves_and_their_comrades%3B_the_unwritten_history_of_American_chivalry_%281899%29_%2814760898856%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hero_tales_of_the_American_soldier_and_sailor_as_told_by_the_heroes_themselves_and_their_comrades%3B_the_unwritten_history_of_American_chivalry_%281899%29_%2814760898856%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3660" data-file-height="2626" /></a><figcaption>Captain Fry takes leave of his companions</figcaption></figure> <p>Captain <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fry_(captain)" title="Joseph Fry (captain)">Joseph Fry</a> was made the new captain of <i>Virginius</i> in October 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-Sp64_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sp64-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fry had served in the US Navy for 15 years before joining the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> during the Civil War. Fry was promoted to commodore in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Navy">Confederate Navy</a>. However, after that position disappeared after the U.S. victory in 1865, Fry was underemployed. In 1873 he took the job as captain of <i>Virginius</i>. <i>Virginius</i>, moored in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston, Jamaica</a> by this time, needed repair, and the boilers were breaking down.<sup id="cite_ref-Sp63_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sp63-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As most of the previous crew had deserted, Fry recruited a new crew of 52 American and British men. Many were inexperienced and did not understand that <i>Virginius</i> was supporting the Cuban rebellion. Three were very young recruits, no older than 13 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-Sp64_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sp64-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Virginius</i> took on 103 native Cuban soldiers that arrived on board a New York steamer. The US Consul at Kingston, Thomas H. Pearne, had warned Fry that he would be shot if captured. However, Fry did not believe the Spanish would shoot a blockade runner.<sup id="cite_ref-H11_22_1873_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H11_22_1873-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-October, Captain Fry, accompanied by the four principal Cuban patriots, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_C%C3%A9spedes_y_del_Castillo" title="Pedro de Céspedes y del Castillo">Pedro de Céspedes</a> (brother of <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Manuel_de_C%C3%A9spedes" title="Carlos Manuel de Céspedes">Carlos Manuel de Céspedes</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bernab%C3%A9_Varona" title="Bernabé Varona">Bernabé Varona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_del_Sol" title="Jesús del Sol">Jesús del Sol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_A.C._Ryan" title="William A.C. Ryan">William A.C. Ryan</a>, took <i>Virginius</i> to Haiti and loaded the ship with munitions.<sup id="cite_ref-Spp63-64_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spp63-64-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 30, <i>Virginius</i> sailed to Comito to pick up more weapons and then, on the same day, started toward Cuba. The Spanish had been warned when <i>Virginius</i> left Jamaica and sent out the warship <a href="/wiki/Spanish_corvette_Tornado" title="Spanish corvette Tornado"><i>Tornado</i></a> to capture the vessel.<sup id="cite_ref-Sp64_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sp64-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 30, 1873 <i>Tornado</i> spotted <i>Virginius</i> on open water 6 miles (9.7 km) from Cuba and gave chase. <i>Virginius</i> was heavily weighted, and the stress from the boilers caused the ship to take on water, significantly slowing any progress.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp40-41_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp40-41-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the chase continued, <i>Tornado</i>, a fast warship, fired on <i>Virginius</i> several times, damaging the top deck. Captain Fry surrendered <i>Virginius</i>, knowing that his ship's overworked boilers and leaking hull could not outrun <i>Tornado</i> on the open sea. The Spanish quickly boarded and secured the ship, taking the entire crew prisoner and sailing the ship to <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp43_45_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp43_45-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish immediately ordered the entire crew to be put on trial as pirates.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp45_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp45-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire <i>Virginius</i> crew, both American and British citizens, as well as the Cuban patriots, were found guilty by a court martial and were sentenced to death. The Spanish ignored the protest of the US vice-consul, who attempted to give American citizens legal aid. On November 4, 1873, the four principal Cuban patriots who accompanied Fry were executed by a firing squad without trial since he had already been condemned as a pirate. After the executions, the British vice-consul at Santiago, concerned that one of the patriots killed, George Washington Ryan, claimed British citizenship, wired Jamaica to receive aid from the Royal Navy to stop further executions.<sup id="cite_ref-Bpp47-48_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bpp47-48-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hearing news of the ship's capture and the executions, Altamont de Cordova, a Jamaican resident, was able to get British Commodore A.F.R. de Horsey to send the sloop <a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Niobe_(1866)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMS Niobe (1866) (page does not exist)">HMS <i>Niobe</i></a> under <a href="/wiki/Sir_Lambton_Loraine,_11th_Baronet" title="Sir Lambton Loraine, 11th Baronet">Sir Lambton Loraine, 11th Baronet</a> to Santiago to stop further executions.<sup id="cite_ref-Bpp48-49_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bpp48-49-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 7, an additional 37 crew members, including Captain Fry, were executed by firing squad.<sup id="cite_ref-Bpp52-53_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bpp52-53-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish soldiers decapitated them and trampled their bodies with horses. On November 8, twelve more crew members were executed until finally, both the <a href="/wiki/USS_Wyoming_(1859)" title="USS Wyoming (1859)">USS <i>Wyoming</i></a>, under the command of Civil War Naval hero Will Cushing, and HMS <i>Niobe</i> reached Santiago.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp54_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp54-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The carnage stopped on the same day that Cushing (and possibly the British Captain Lorraine) threatened local commander <a href="/wiki/Juan_Nepomuceno_Burriel" title="Juan Nepomuceno Burriel">Juan N. Burriel</a> that he would bombard Santiago if there were any more executions.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp54_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp54-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 53 were executed at Santiago under Burriel's authority. On a lighter note in the midst of the carnage, in an interview that Burriel requested with Sir Lambton Lorraine, he attempted to shake hands with the English captain, who stood straight and exclaimed, "I will not shake hands with a butcher". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="US_public_reaction">US public reaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginius_Affair&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: US public reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The initial press reaction to the capture of <i>Virginius</i> was conservative, but as news of executions poured into the nation, certain newspapers became more aggressive in promoting Cuban intervention and war.<sup id="cite_ref-B64-65_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B64-65-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> stated that if the executions of Americans from <i>Virginius</i> were illegal, war needed to be declared.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp65_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp65-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Tribune">New York Tribune</a></i> asserted that actions of Burriel and the Cuban Volunteers necessitated "the death knell of Spanish power in America."<sup id="cite_ref-Bp65_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp65-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a></i> demanded Secretary <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Hamilton Fish</a>'s resignation and the recognition by the US of the Cuban belligerency.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp65_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp65-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The National Republican</i>, believing the threat of war with Spain to be imminent, encouraged the sale of Cuban bonds.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp64_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp64-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American public considered the executions a national insult and rallied for intervention. Protest rallies took place across the nation in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, encouraging intervention in Cuba and vengeance on Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Bpp65-66_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bpp65-66-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British Minister to the United States, Sir <a href="/wiki/Edward_Thornton_(diplomat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Thornton (diplomat)">Edward Thornton</a>, believed the American public was ready for war with Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp66_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp66-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large rally in New York's <a href="/wiki/Steinway_Hall" title="Steinway Hall">Steinway Hall</a> on November 17, 1873, led by future Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_Evarts" class="mw-redirect" title="William Evarts">William Evarts</a>, took a moderate position, and the meeting adopted a resolution that war would be necessary, yet regrettable, if Spain chose to "consider our defense against savage butchery as a cause of war...."<sup id="cite_ref-Bpp70-71_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bpp70-71-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="US_diplomatic_response">US diplomatic response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginius_Affair&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: US diplomatic response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hamilton_Fish_and_State_Department">Hamilton Fish and State Department</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginius_Affair&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hamilton Fish and State Department"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamilton_Fish_Brady_Edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hamilton_Fish_Brady_Edited.jpg/180px-Hamilton_Fish_Brady_Edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hamilton_Fish_Brady_Edited.jpg/270px-Hamilton_Fish_Brady_Edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hamilton_Fish_Brady_Edited.jpg/360px-Hamilton_Fish_Brady_Edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="1506" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Hamilton Fish</a>, US Secretary of State</figcaption></figure> <p>On Wednesday, November 5, 1873, the first news from the US Consul-General in <a href="/wiki/Havana,_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Havana, Cuba">Havana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Hall" title="Henry Clay Hall">Henry C. Hall</a>, informed the US State Department that <i>Virginius</i> had been captured.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp57_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp57-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was no knowledge that four mercenaries had already been killed; Secretary of State Hamilton Fish believed the <i>Virginius</i> was just another ship captured aiding the Cuban rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp57_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp57-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 7, Cuba headed the agenda of US President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>'s Cabinet meeting as news came in of the deaths of Ryan and three other mercenaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Bpp57-58_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bpp57-58-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cabinet agreed that the executions would be "regarded as an inhuman act not in accordance with the spirit of the civilization of the nineteenth century."<sup id="cite_ref-Bp58_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp58-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 8, Fish met with Spanish minister Don <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Polo_de_Bernab%C3%A9" title="José Polo de Bernabé">José Polo de Bernabé</a> and discussed the legality of the capture of <i>Virginius</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bpp58-59_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bpp58-59-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 11, Grant's Cabinet decided that war with Spain was not desirable, but Cuban intervention was possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp59_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp59-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 12, five days after the event, Fish received the devastating news that 37 crew members of <i>Virginius</i> had been executed.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp60_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp60-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fish ordered US Minister to Spain <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sickles" title="Daniel Sickles">Daniel Sickles</a> to protest the executions and demand reparations for any persons considered US citizens who were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp60_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp60-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 13, Fish formally protested to Polo and stated that the US had a free hand on Cuba and the <i>Virginius</i> Affair.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp60_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp60-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 14, Grant's cabinet agreed that if US reparation demands were not met, the Spanish legation would be closed. An exaggerated report came into the White House that more crew members had been shot. In reality, twelve crew members had been executed.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp61_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp61-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 15, Polo visited Fish and stated that <i>Virginius</i> was a pirate ship and that her crew had been a hostile threat to Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-Bpp62-62_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bpp62-62-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fish, although doubtful of the legality of the ship's US ownership, was determined to advocate the nation's honor in demanding reparations from Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp63_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp63-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the same day, a cable from Fish arrived in Spain for Sickles demanding the return of <i>Virginius</i> to the US, the release of the crew that had escaped execution, a salute from Spain to the US flag, punishment for the perpetrators, and reparations for families.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp79_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp79-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castelar_by_Josep_Nin_i_Tud%C3%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Castelar_by_Josep_Nin_i_Tud%C3%B3.jpg/180px-Castelar_by_Josep_Nin_i_Tud%C3%B3.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Castelar_by_Josep_Nin_i_Tud%C3%B3.jpg/270px-Castelar_by_Josep_Nin_i_Tud%C3%B3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Castelar_by_Josep_Nin_i_Tud%C3%B3.jpg/360px-Castelar_by_Josep_Nin_i_Tud%C3%B3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Castelar" title="Emilio Castelar">Emilio Castelar</a>, President of Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>Negotiations in Spain between Sickles and Minister of State José de Carvajal became heated, and progress towards a settlement became unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-Bpp80-81_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bpp80-81-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish press openly attacked Sickles, the US, and Britain, intending to promote war between the three countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp83_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp83-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Sickles-Carvajal negotiations broke down, President <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Castelar" title="Emilio Castelar">Emilio Castelar</a> decided to settle the <i>Virginius</i> matter<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through Fish and Polo in Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp89_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp89-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanksgiving Day">Thanksgiving Day</a>, November 27, Polo proposed to Fish that Spain would give up the <i>Virginius</i> and the remaining crew if the US would investigate the legal status of its ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp93_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp93-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Fish and Grant agreed to Polo's offer and that the Spanish salute to the US flag would be dispensed with if <i>Virginius</i> was found not to have legal US private citizen ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp93_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp93-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 28, Polo and Fish met at the State Department and signed a formal agreement that included the return of <i>Virginius</i> and crew and an investigation by both governments of the legal ownership of <i>Virginius</i> and any crimes committed by the Spanish Volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp94_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp94-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The threat of war between the two countries had been averted through negotiations, but the time and place of the surrender of the <i>Virginius</i> and the remaining crew remained undetermined for several days.<sup id="cite_ref-Bpp94-95_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bpp94-95-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 5, Fish and Polo signed an agreement that <i>Virginius</i>, with the US flag flying, would be turned over to the US Navy on December 16 at the port of <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%ADa_Honda,_Cuba" title="Bahía Honda, Cuba">Bahía Honda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bpp.99-100_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bpp.99-100-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sickles, having lost the confidence of Grant and Fish, resigned on December 20, 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp117_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp117-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 6, 1874, after advice from Fish on a replacement for Sickles, Grant appointed eminent attorney and Spanish scholar <a href="/wiki/Caleb_Cushing" title="Caleb Cushing">Caleb Cushing</a> as Minister to Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Bpp120_122_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bpp120_122-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virginius_and_crew_returned"><i>Virginius</i> and crew returned</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginius_Affair&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Virginius and crew returned"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Surrender_of_the_Virginius_in_Bahia_Honda_-_from_a_sketch_by_our_special_artist_LCCN89708596.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/The_Surrender_of_the_Virginius_in_Bahia_Honda_-_from_a_sketch_by_our_special_artist_LCCN89708596.jpg/220px-The_Surrender_of_the_Virginius_in_Bahia_Honda_-_from_a_sketch_by_our_special_artist_LCCN89708596.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/The_Surrender_of_the_Virginius_in_Bahia_Honda_-_from_a_sketch_by_our_special_artist_LCCN89708596.jpg/330px-The_Surrender_of_the_Virginius_in_Bahia_Honda_-_from_a_sketch_by_our_special_artist_LCCN89708596.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/The_Surrender_of_the_Virginius_in_Bahia_Honda_-_from_a_sketch_by_our_special_artist_LCCN89708596.jpg/440px-The_Surrender_of_the_Virginius_in_Bahia_Honda_-_from_a_sketch_by_our_special_artist_LCCN89708596.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption>The Surrender of the <i>Virginius</i> in Bahia Honda</figcaption></figure> <p>On December 16, <i>Virginius</i>, now in complete disrepair and taking on water, was towed out to open sea with the US flag flying to be turned over to the US Navy. US Captain W.D. Whiting on board <a href="/wiki/USS_Despatch_(1873)" title="USS Despatch (1873)">USS <i>Despatch</i></a> agreed with Spanish Commander <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_la_C%C3%A1mara" title="Manuel de la Cámara">Manuel de la Cámara</a> to turn over <i>Virginius</i> the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-Bpp109-110_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bpp109-110-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 17, at exactly 9:00 a.m., <i>Virginius</i> was formally turned over to the US Navy without incident.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp111_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp111-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same day, after an investigation, US Attorney General <a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Williams" title="George Henry Williams">George H. Williams</a> ruled that the US ownership of <i>Virginius</i> had been fraudulent and that she had no right to fly the US flag; however, Spain had no right to capture <i>Virginius</i> and her crew on the open sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp102_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp102-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 4:17 a.m., on December 26, while under tow by <a href="/wiki/USS_Ossipee_(1861)" title="USS Ossipee (1861)">USS <i>Ossipee</i></a>, <i>Virginius</i> <a href="/wiki/Foundered" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundered">foundered</a> off <a href="/wiki/Cape_Fear_(region)" title="Cape Fear (region)">Cape Fear</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en route to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp114_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp114-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her 91 remaining crewmen, who had been held as prisoners under harsh conditions, were handed over to Captain D.L. Braine of <i>Juanita</i> and were taken safely to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bpp106-107_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bpp106-107-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reparations_awarded">Reparations awarded</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginius_Affair&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reparations awarded"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caleb_Cushing_by_Mathew_B_Brady.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Caleb_Cushing_by_Mathew_B_Brady.jpeg/200px-Caleb_Cushing_by_Mathew_B_Brady.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Caleb_Cushing_by_Mathew_B_Brady.jpeg/300px-Caleb_Cushing_by_Mathew_B_Brady.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Caleb_Cushing_by_Mathew_B_Brady.jpeg/400px-Caleb_Cushing_by_Mathew_B_Brady.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Cushing" title="Caleb Cushing">Caleb Cushing</a>, U.S. Consul to Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>On January 3, 1874, Spanish President <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Castelar_y_Ripoll" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilio Castelar y Ripoll">Emilio Castelar</a> was voted out of office and replaced by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Serrano,_1st_Duke_of_la_Torre" title="Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre">Francisco Serrano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp119_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp119-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cushing, who had replaced Sickles as US Consul to Spain, stated that the US had been fortunate that Castelar, a university scholar, had been President of Spain, given that his replacement, Serrano, might have been more apt to go to war over the affair.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp120_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp120-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cushing's primary duty was to get Spanish reparations for <i>Virginius</i> family victims and punishment of Burriel for the 53 Santiago executions.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp123_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp123-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cushing met Serrano in May on June 26, <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Ulloa" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusto Ulloa">Augusto Ulloa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp123_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp123-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 5, Cushing, now well respected by Spanish authority, wrote to Fish that Spain was ready to make reparations.<sup id="cite_ref-Bpp123-124_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bpp123-124-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October, Cushing was informed that President Castelar had secretly negotiated reparations between Spain and Britain that totaled £7,700, but black British citizen families were given less money.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp124_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp124-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 7, Grant and Fish demanded $2,500 from Spain for each US citizen shot, regardless of race.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp124_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp124-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 28, 1874, Fish instructed Cushing that all <i>Virginius</i> crew members not considered British would be considered American.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp125_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp125-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spanish Consul Antonio Mantilla, Polo's replacement, agreed with the reparations. Grant's 1875 State of the Union Address announced that reparations were near, quieting anger over the <i>Virginius</i> affair.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp125_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp125-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reparations, however, were put on hold as Spain changed governments on December 28, <a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">from a republic</a> back to a monarchy. <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII" title="Alfonso XII">Alfonso XII</a> became King of Spain on January 11, 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp125_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp125-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 16, Cushings met with the new Spanish state minister <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_de_Castro_y_Casal" title="Alejandro de Castro y Casal">Castro</a>, urged settlement before the US Congress adjourned, and noted that reparations would be a minor matter compared to an all-out war between Spain and the US.<sup id="cite_ref-Bpp125-126_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bpp125-126-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under an agreement of February 7, 1875, signed on March 5, the Spanish government paid the US an indemnity of $80,000 for the execution of the Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp126_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp126-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burriel's Santiago executions were considered illegal by Spain, and President Serrano and King Alfonso condemned him.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp127_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp127-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case against Burriel was taken up by the Spanish Tribunal of the Navy in June 1876. However, Burriel died on December 24, 1877, before any trial could occur.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp128_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp128-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the reparation, a private indemnity in St. Louis was given to Captain Fry's financially troubled family, which had been unable to pay rent and had no permanent place to live.<sup id="cite_ref-Bp138_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bp138-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginius_Affair&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <i>Virginius</i> affair first broke out, a Spanish <a href="/wiki/Ironclad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironclad">ironclad</a>—the <i><a href="/wiki/Spanish_ironclad_Arapiles" title="Spanish ironclad Arapiles">Arapiles</a></i>—happened to be anchored in <a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a> for repairs, leading to the uncomfortable realization on the part of the US Navy that it had no ship capable of defeating such a vessel. US Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/George_M._Robeson" title="George M. Robeson">George M. Robeson</a> believed a US naval resurgence was necessary. Congress hastily issued contracts to construct five new ironclads and accelerated its repair program for several more.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/USS_Puritan_(BM-1)" title="USS Puritan (BM-1)">USS <i>Puritan</i></a> and the four <a href="/wiki/Amphitrite-class_monitor" title="Amphitrite-class monitor"><i>Amphitrite</i>-class</a> monitors were subsequently built as a result of the <i>Virginius</i> war scare.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All five vessels would later take part in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> of 1898. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginius_Affair&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bpp6-7-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bpp6-7_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bpp7-8-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bpp7-8_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp8-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bp8_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bpp5_14-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bpp5_14_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, pp. 5, 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp12-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bp12_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp16-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bp16_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bpp100-101-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bpp100-101_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, pp. 100–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bpp136-137-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bpp136-137_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, pp. 136–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp25-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bp25_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bp25_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bp25_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bancroft, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sp62-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sp62_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sp62_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sp62_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Soodalter, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp26-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bp26_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bp26_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bancroft, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sp64-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sp64_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sp64_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sp64_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Soodalter, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sp63-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sp63_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Soodalter, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H11_22_1873-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-H11_22_1873_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartford Weekly (November 22, 1873), <i>The Cuban Massacre</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spp63-64-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spp63-64_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Soodalter, pp. 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp40-41-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bp40-41_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, pp. 38–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp43_45-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bp43_45_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, pp. 43, 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp45-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bp45_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bpp47-48-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bpp47-48_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, pp. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bpp48-49-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bpp48-49_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bpp52-53-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bpp52-53_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp54-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bp54_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bp54_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B64-65-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-B64-65_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, pp. 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp65-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bp65_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bp65_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bp65_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp64-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bp64_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bpp65-66-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bpp65-66_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp66-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bp66_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bpp70-71-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bpp70-71_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, pp. 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp57-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bp57_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bp57_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bpp57-58-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bpp57-58_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 57–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp58-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bp58_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bpp58-59-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bpp58-59_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp59-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bp59_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp60-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bp60_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bp60_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bp60_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp61-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bp61_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bpp62-62-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bpp62-62_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp63-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bp63_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp79-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bp79_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bpp80-81-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bpp80-81_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp83-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bp83_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Castelar y Ripoll, Emilio"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Castelar_y_Ripoll,_Emilio">"Castelar y Ripoll, Emilio" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 470.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Castelar+y+Ripoll%2C+Emilio&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=470&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginius+Affair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp89-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bp89_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp93-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bp93_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bp93_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp94-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bp94_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bpp94-95-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bpp94-95_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, pp. 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bpp.99-100-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bpp.99-100_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, pp. 99–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp117-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bp117_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bpp120_122-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bpp120_122_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, pp. 120, 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bpp109-110-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bpp109-110_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, pp. 109–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp111-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bp111_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp102-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bp102_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030313/1873-12-31/ed-1/?sp=3&q=virginius+ossipee+sunk&r=-0.066,0.232,0.724,0.442,0">"The Virginius Last Voyage"</a>. <i>The New York Herald</i>: 3. December 31, 1873.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Herald&rft.atitle=The+Virginius+Last+Voyage&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1873-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fresource%2Fsn83030313%2F1873-12-31%2Fed-1%2F%3Fsp%3D3%26q%3Dvirginius%2Bossipee%2Bsunk%26r%3D-0.066%2C0.232%2C0.724%2C0.442%2C0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginius+Affair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp114-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bp114_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bpp106-107-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bpp106-107_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, pp. 106–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp119-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bp119_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp120-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bp120_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp123-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bp123_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bp123_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bpp123-124-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bpp123-124_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, pp. 123–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp124-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bp124_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bp124_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp125-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bp125_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bp125_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bp125_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bpp125-126-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bpp125-126_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, pp. 125–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp126-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bp126_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp127-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bp127_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp128-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bp128_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bp138-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bp138_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Home Squadron: The U.S. Navy on the North Atlantic Station, James B Rentfrew, Annapolis: Naval Inst. Press, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swann, pp. 138, 141–142.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginius_Affair&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bradford, Richard H. (1980). <i>The Virginius Affair</i>. Boulder: Colorado Associate University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870810804" title="Special:BookSources/0870810804">0870810804</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoodalter2009" class="citation journal cs1">Soodalter, Ron (2009). "To The Brink In Cuba 1873". <i>Military History</i>. <b>26</b> (4): 62–67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+History&rft.atitle=To+The+Brink+In+Cuba+1873&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=62-67&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Soodalter&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginius+Affair" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Swann, Leonard Alexander (1965). <i>John Roach, Maritime Entrepreneur: the Years as Naval Contractor, 1862–1886</i>. — U.S. Naval Institute. (reprinted: 1980. Ayer Publishing). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780405130786" title="Special:BookSources/9780405130786">9780405130786</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginius_Affair&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Allin, Lawrence Carroll. "The First Cuban War: The Virginius Affair." <i>American Neptune</i> 38 (1978): 233–48.</li> <li>Kmen, Henry A. "Remember the Virginius: New Orleans and Cuba in 1873." <i>Louisiana History</i> 11.4 (1970): 313–331. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4231148">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Nevins, Allan</a> <i>Hamilton Fish: The inner history of the Grant administration</i> (two volumes 1936) 2:657-694. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hamiltonfishinne0000nevi">online</a></li> <li>Owen, John Malloy. <i>Liberal Peace, Liberal War: From the Virginius Affair to the Spanish-American War</i> (Cornell University Press, 1997).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginius_Affair&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Fry, Joseph"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Fry,_Joseph">"Fry, Joseph" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a></i>. 1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fry%2C+Joseph&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.date=1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginius+Affair" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cubagenweb.org/mil/grande/virginius.htm">Account of the Virginius Incident</a> at the Cuban Genealogy Center Web site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spanamwar.com/virginius.htm">Virginius Incident</a> at Spanish–American War Centennial</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/ships/html/sh_097900_virginius.htm">Virginius</a> at Ships of the World Web site</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1873_shipwrecks" title="Template:1873 shipwrecks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1873_shipwrecks" title="Template talk:1873 shipwrecks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1873_shipwrecks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1873 shipwrecks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shipwrecks_and_maritime_incidents_in_1873" class="hlist vevent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1873" title="List of shipwrecks in 1873">Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1873</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shipwrecks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; padding:0 1em 0 1em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 14em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">22 Jan:</span> <a href="/wiki/Northfleet_(ship)" title="Northfleet (ship)"><i>Northfleet</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 3 Mar:</span> <a href="/wiki/Lalla_Rookh_(1856_ship)" title="Lalla Rookh (1856 ship)"><i>Lalla Rookh</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 1 Apr:</span> <a href="/wiki/SS_Atlantic_(1870)" title="SS Atlantic (1870)"><i>Atlantic</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 7 Jun:</span> <a href="/wiki/Stornoway_(clipper)" title="Stornoway (clipper)"><i>Stornoway</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">20 Jul:</span> <a href="/wiki/PS_Governor_Wynyard" title="PS Governor Wynyard"><i>Governor Wynyard</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">29 Aug:</span> <a href="/wiki/USS_Philadelphia_(1861)" title="USS Philadelphia (1861)"><i>Ironsides</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">26 Sep: <i><a href="/wiki/SS_Prins_Hendrik_(1871)" title="SS Prins Hendrik (1871)">Prins Hendrik</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">15 Oct:</span> <a href="/wiki/SS_Ironsides" title="SS Ironsides"><i>Ironsides</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">18 Oct:</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Throop" title="Lizzie Throop">Lizzie Throop</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">c. Oct:</span> <a href="/wiki/SS_Ismailia_(1870)" title="SS Ismailia (1870)"><i>Ismailia</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">c. Oct:</span> <a href="/wiki/Meridian_(shipwreck)" title="Meridian (shipwreck)"><i>Meridian</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">22 Nov:</span> <a href="/wiki/SS_Ville_du_Havre" title="SS Ville du Havre"><i>Ville du Havre</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">28 Nov:</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Loch_Earn_(ship)" title="Loch Earn (ship)">Loch Earn</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">26 Dec:</span> <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virginius</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">30 Dec:</span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_ironclad_Tetu%C3%A1n" title="Spanish ironclad Tetuán"><i>Tetuán</i></a></span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; padding:0 1em 0 1em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 14em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 5 Feb:</span> <i><a href="/wiki/SS_Ellan_Vannin_(1860)" title="SS Ellan Vannin (1860)">Mona's Queen</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 3 Jun:</span> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Alacrity_(1872)" title="HMS Alacrity (1872)">HMS <i>Alacrity</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">15 Jun:</span> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Caledonia_(1862)" title="HMS Caledonia (1862)">HMS <i>Caledonia</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">15 Jun:</span> <a href="/wiki/SS_Tynwald_(1866)" title="SS Tynwald (1866)"><i>Tynwald</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 8 Aug:</span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_ironclad_M%C3%A9ndez_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez" title="Spanish ironclad Méndez Núñez"><i>Méndez Núñez</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">24 Aug:</span> <a href="/wiki/USS_Powhatan_(1850)" title="USS Powhatan (1850)">USS <i>Powhatan</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 1 Sep:</span> <a href="/wiki/SS_King_Orry_(1871)" title="SS King Orry (1871)"><i>King Orry</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">13 Oct:</span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_ironclad_M%C3%A9ndez_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez" title="Spanish ironclad Méndez Núñez"><i>Méndez Núñez</i></a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">19 Oct:</span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_ironclad_Numancia" title="Spanish ironclad Numancia"><i>Numancia</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">30 Oct:</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Virginius</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">24 Nov:</span> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bellerophon_(1865)" title="HMS Bellerophon (1865)">HMS <i>Bellerophon</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 5 Dec:</span> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Celeste" title="Mary Celeste"><i>Mary Celeste</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> Unk:</span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_ironclad_Arapiles" title="Spanish ironclad Arapiles"><i>Arapiles</i></a></span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist vevent" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1872" title="List of shipwrecks in 1872">← 1872</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1874" title="List of shipwrecks in 1874">1874 →</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Reconstruction_era" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reconstruction_Era" title="Template:Reconstruction Era"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reconstruction_Era" title="Template talk:Reconstruction Era"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reconstruction_Era" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reconstruction Era"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Reconstruction_era" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Federal government</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Presidents <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Congress <ul><li><a href="/wiki/38th_United_States_Congress" title="38th United States Congress">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_United_States_Congress" title="39th United States Congress">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/40th_United_States_Congress" title="40th United States Congress">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/41st_United_States_Congress" title="41st United States Congress">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/42nd_United_States_Congress" title="42nd United States Congress">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/43rd_United_States_Congress" title="43rd United States Congress">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44th_United_States_Congress" title="44th United States Congress">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/45th_United_States_Congress" title="45th United States Congress">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)" title="Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era)">Moderate Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)" title="Conservative Republicans (Reconstruction era)">Conservative Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">African-American senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives#Reconstruction_and_early_post-Reconstruction_era,_1870–1887" title="List of African-American United States representatives">African-American representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congressional_Joint_Committee_on_Reconstruction" title="United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction">United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Reconstruction" title="United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction">United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Federal judiciary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">Taney Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Court" title="Chase Court">Chase Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waite_Court" title="Waite Court">Waite Court</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Federal bureaucracy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;">State governments</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_politicians_during_the_Reconstruction_Era" title="Category:African-American politicians during the Reconstruction Era">Politicians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stalwarts_(politics)" title="Stalwarts (politics)">Stalwarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull" title="Lyman Trumbull">Lyman Trumbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Benjamin Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bingham" title="John Bingham">John Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mitchell_Ashley" title="James Mitchell Ashley">James Mitchell Ashley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Savings_Bank" title="Freedman's Savings Bank">Freedman's Savings Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_during_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Women during the Reconstruction era">Women during the Reconstruction era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Presidential</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">DNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">National Union Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy Party</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">1868</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">DNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">RNC</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">DNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">RNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight-Out_Democratic_Party" title="Straight-Out Democratic Party">Straight-Out Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">DNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">RNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Greenback_National_Convention" title="1876 Greenback National Convention">Greenback Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Prohibition_National_Convention" title="1876 Prohibition National Convention">Prohibition Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">Electoral Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">U.S. Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864%E2%80%9365_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1864–65 United States Senate elections">1864–65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866%E2%80%9367_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1866–67 United States Senate elections">1866–67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868%E2%80%9369_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1868–69 United States Senate elections">1868–69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870%E2%80%9371_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1870–71 United States Senate elections">1870–71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1872–73 United States Senate elections">1872–73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874%E2%80%9375_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1874–75 United States Senate elections">1874–75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876%E2%80%9377_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1876–77 United States Senate elections">1876–77</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864%E2%80%9365_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1864–65 United States House of Representatives elections">1864–65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866%E2%80%9367_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1866–67 United States House of Representatives elections">1866–67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868%E2%80%9369_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1868–69 United States House of Representatives elections">1868–69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870%E2%80%9371_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1870–71 United States House of Representatives elections">1870–71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1872–73 United States House of Representatives elections">1872–73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874%E2%80%9375_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1874–75 United States House of Representatives elections">1874–75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876%E2%80%9377_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1876–77 United States House of Representatives elections">1876–77</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Gubernatorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1863 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1863_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Alabama gubernatorial election">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 California gubernatorial election">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Kentucky gubernatorial election">KY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_New_Hampshire_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 New Hampshire gubernatorial election">NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Virginia_gubernatorial_elections" title="1863 Virginia gubernatorial elections">VA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1864 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Illinois gubernatorial election">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Indiana gubernatorial election">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Louisiana gubernatorial election">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Maryland gubernatorial election">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Missouri gubernatorial election">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_New_Hampshire_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 New Hampshire gubernatorial election">NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1865 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1865_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Florida gubernatorial election">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Louisiana gubernatorial election">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 New Jersey gubernatorial election">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 South Carolina gubernatorial election">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1866_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Delaware_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Delaware gubernatorial election">DE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 North Carolina gubernatorial election">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Oregon_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Oregon gubernatorial election">OR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Texas gubernatorial election">TX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1867 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1867_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 California gubernatorial election">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Maryland gubernatorial election">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1868 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1868_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Alabama gubernatorial election">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Florida gubernatorial election">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Illinois gubernatorial election">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Indiana gubernatorial election">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Louisiana gubernatorial election">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Missouri gubernatorial election">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 North Carolina gubernatorial election">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 New Jersey gubernatorial election">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 South Carolina gubernatorial election">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1869 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1869_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Iowa gubernatorial election">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Mississippi_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Mississippi gubernatorial election">MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Virginia gubernatorial election">VA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1870 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1870_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Alabama gubernatorial election">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Delaware_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Delaware gubernatorial election">DE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Missouri gubernatorial election">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Oregon_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Oregon gubernatorial election">OR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 South Carolina gubernatorial election">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1871 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1871_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 California gubernatorial election">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Iowa gubernatorial election">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Kentucky gubernatorial election">KY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Maryland gubernatorial election">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 New Jersey gubernatorial election">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1872 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1872_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Alabama gubernatorial election">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Florida gubernatorial election">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Illinois gubernatorial election">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Indiana gubernatorial election">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Louisiana gubernatorial election">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Missouri gubernatorial election">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 North Carolina gubernatorial election">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 South Carolina gubernatorial election">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1873 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1873_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Iowa gubernatorial election">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Mississippi_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Mississippi gubernatorial election">MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Texas gubernatorial election">TX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Virginia gubernatorial election">VA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1874 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1874_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Alabama gubernatorial election">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Delaware_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Delaware gubernatorial election">DE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Kansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Kansas gubernatorial election">KS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Missouri gubernatorial election">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 New Jersey gubernatorial election">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Nevada_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Nevada gubernatorial election">NV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Oregon_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Oregon gubernatorial election">OR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 South Carolina gubernatorial election">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1875 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1875_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 California gubernatorial election">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Iowa gubernatorial election">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Kentucky gubernatorial election">KY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Maryland gubernatorial election">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1876 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1876_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Alabama gubernatorial election">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Colorado_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Colorado gubernatorial election">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_1876_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="April 1876 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT <i>Apr.</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1876_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="November 1876 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT <i>Nov.</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Florida gubernatorial election">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Illinois gubernatorial election">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Indiana gubernatorial election">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Kansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Kansas gubernatorial election">KS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Louisiana gubernatorial election">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Missouri gubernatorial election">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 North Carolina gubernatorial election">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 South Carolina gubernatorial election">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">U.S. elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_elections" title="1864 United States elections">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_United_States_elections" title="1866 United States elections">1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_elections" title="1868 United States elections">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_elections" title="1870 United States elections">1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_elections" title="1872 United States elections">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_United_States_elections" title="1874 United States elections">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_elections" title="1876 United States elections">1876</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i> (1792)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Equality_of_the_Sexes_and_the_Condition_of_Women&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women (page does not exist)">The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women</a></i> (1838)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman_in_the_Nineteenth_Century" title="Woman in the Nineteenth Century">Woman in the Nineteenth Century</a></i> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Compensated_Emancipation_Act" title="District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act">District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_Act_of_1862" title="Militia Act of 1862">Militia Act of 1862</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1863</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._143" title="General Order No. 143">General Order No. 143</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era#Lincoln's_presidential_Reconstruction" title="Reconstruction era">Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_percent_plan" title="Ten percent plan">Ten percent plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_Act" title="National Bank Act">National Bank Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Loyal_National_League" title="Women's Loyal National League">Women's Loyal National League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1863 State of the Union Address">1863 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1864</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Davis_Bill" title="Wade–Davis Bill">Wade–Davis Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_elections" title="1864 United States elections">1864 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1864 State of the Union Address">1864 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1865</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_second_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address">Address</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Field_Orders_No._15" title="Special Field Orders No. 15">Special Field Orders No. 15 </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau_bills" title="Freedmen's Bureau bills">Freedmen's Bureau bills</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House" title="Battle of Appomattox Court House">Confederates surrender at Appomattox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaw_University" title="Shaw University">Shaw University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Departure_(United_States)" title="New Departure (United States)">New Departure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1865 State of the Union Address">1865 State of the Union Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Founding of the Ku Klux Klan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1866</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_massacre_of_1866" title="Memphis massacre of 1866">Memphis massacre of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Massacre_of_1866" title="New Orleans Massacre of 1866">New Orleans Massacre of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_Around_the_Circle" title="Swing Around the Circle">Swing Around the Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_Conference_and_Cherokee_Reconstruction_Treaty_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866">Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Organic_Act#Treaty_of_Washington_(1866)" title="Oklahoma Organic Act">Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866</a></li> <li>Tennessee readmitted to Union</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petition_for_Universal_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petition for Universal Freedom (page does not exist)">Petition for Universal Freedom</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Union" title="National Labor Union">National Labor Union</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Garland" title="Ex parte Garland">Ex parte Garland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Milligan" title="Ex parte Milligan">Ex parte Milligan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Kidnapping_Act_of_1866" title="Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866">Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1866_United_States_elections" title="1866 United States elections">1866 elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1867</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1867)" title="Tenure of Office Act (1867)">Tenure of Office Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_Army_Act" title="Command of Army Act">Command of Army Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_Lodge_Treaty#Indian_Peace_Commission" title="Medicine Lodge Treaty">Indian Peace Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia" title="Knights of the White Camelia">Knights of the White Camelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_military_districts" title="Reconstruction military districts">Reconstruction military districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_conventions_of_1867&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutional conventions of 1867 (page does not exist)">Constitutional conventions of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_of_1867" title="Habeas Corpus Act of 1867">Habeas Corpus Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peonage_Act_of_1867" title="Peonage Act of 1867">Peonage Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1867 State of the Union Address">1867 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1868</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">Impeachment managers investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_impeachment_adopted_against_Andrew_Johnson" title="Articles of impeachment adopted against Andrew Johnson">Articles of impeachment</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arkansas readmitted to Union</li> <li>Florida readmitted to Union</li> <li>North Carolina readmitted to Union</li> <li>South Carolina readmitted to Union</li> <li>Louisiana readmitted to Union</li> <li>Alabama readmitted to Union</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opelousas_massacre" title="Opelousas massacre">Opelousas massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Fourth Reconstruction Act</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Georgia_v._Stanton" title="Georgia v. Stanton">Georgia v. Stanton</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_elections" title="1868 United States elections">1868 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1868 State of the Union Address">1868 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1869</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National Woman Suffrage Association">National Woman Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="American Woman Suffrage Association">American Woman Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims"><i>Alabama</i> Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_annexation_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo">Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Indian_Commissioners" title="Board of Indian Commissioners">Board of Indian Commissioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Credit_Act_of_1869" title="Public Credit Act of 1869">Public Credit Act of 1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1869)" title="Black Friday (1869)">Black Friday (1869)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_McCardle" title="Ex parte McCardle">Ex parte McCardle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1869 State of the Union Address">1869 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1870</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1870" title="Naturalization Act of 1870">Naturalization Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war" title="Kirk–Holden war">Kirk–Holden war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoffner_Act" title="Shoffner Act">Shoffner Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_elections" title="1870 United States elections">1870 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1870 State of the Union Address">1870 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1871</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ku_Klux_Klan_hearings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ku Klux Klan hearings (page does not exist)">Ku Klux Klan hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Second Enforcement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan_Act" title="Ku Klux Klan Act">Ku Klux Klan Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcorn_State_University" title="Alcorn State University">Alcorn State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian race riot of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1871)" title="Treaty of Washington (1871)">Treaty of Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandals_of_the_Ulysses_S._Grant_administration#New_York_custom_house_ring" title="Scandals of the Ulysses S. Grant administration">New York custom house ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_commission" title="Civil service commission">Civil service commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_expedition_to_Korea" title="United States expedition to Korea">United States expedition to Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1871 State of the Union Address">1871 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1872</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Mining_Act_of_1872" title="General Mining Act of 1872">General Mining Act of 1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Mobilier_scandal" title="Crédit Mobilier scandal">Crédit Mobilier scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_War" title="Modoc War">Modoc War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Route_scandal" title="Star Route scandal">Star Route scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salary_Grab_Act" title="Salary Grab Act">Salary Grab Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_Act" title="Amnesty Act">Amnesty Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_elections" title="1872 United States elections">1872 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1872 State of the Union Address">1872 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1873</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slaughter-House_Cases" title="Slaughter-House Cases">Slaughter-House Cases</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Virginius</i> Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1873" title="Coinage Act of 1873">Coinage Act of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">Long Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comstock_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Comstock laws">Comstock laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1873 State of the Union Address">1873 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1874</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liberty_Place" title="Battle of Liberty Place">Battle of Liberty Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coushatta_massacre" title="Coushatta massacre">Coushatta massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_War" title="Red River War">Red River War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Massacre_of_1874" title="Election Massacre of 1874">Election Massacre of 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_massacre" title="Vicksburg massacre">Vicksburg massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hills Gold Rush">Black Hills Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanborn_incident" title="Sanborn incident">Sanborn incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Moiety_Acts" title="Anti-Moiety Acts">Anti-Moiety Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_United_States_elections" title="1874 United States elections">1874 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1874 State of the Union Address">1874 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1875</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Cruikshank" title="United States v. Cruikshank">United States v. Cruikshank</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1875" title="Civil Rights Act of 1875">Civil Rights Act of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Plan" title="Mississippi Plan">Mississippi Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifton_Riot_of_1875&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifton Riot of 1875 (page does not exist)">Clifton Riot of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yazoo_City_Riot_of_1875&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yazoo City Riot of 1875 (page does not exist)">Yazoo City Riot of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specie_Payment_Resumption_Act" title="Specie Payment Resumption Act">Specie Payment Resumption Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Ring" title="Whiskey Ring">Whiskey Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeler_Compromise" title="Wheeler Compromise">Wheeler Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandals_of_the_Ulysses_S._Grant_administration#Department_of_Interior" title="Scandals of the Ulysses S. Grant administration">Delano affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Boyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratt & Boyd">Pratt & Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1875 State of the Union Address">1875 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1876</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_massacre" title="Hamburg massacre">Hamburg massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellenton_massacre" title="Ellenton massacre">Ellenton massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Great Sioux War of 1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Reese" title="United States v. Reese">United States v. Reese</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trader_post_scandal" title="Trader post scandal">Trader post scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial Exposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandals_of_the_Ulysses_S._Grant_administration#Cattellism" title="Scandals of the Ulysses S. Grant administration">Cattellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_burglary_conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Safe burglary conspiracy">Safe burglary conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_elections" title="1876 United States elections">1876 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1876 State of the Union Address">1876 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1877</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">Electoral Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_War" title="Nez Perce War">Nez Perce War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Land_Act" title="Desert Land Act">Desert Land Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877" title="Great Railroad Strike of 1877">Great Railroad Strike of 1877</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posse_Comitatus_Act" title="Posse Comitatus Act">Posse Comitatus Act</a> (1878)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Cases" title="Civil Rights Cases">Civil Rights Cases</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Harris" title="United States v. Harris">United States v. Harris</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_v._Mississippi" title="Williams v. Mississippi">Williams v. Mississippi</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giles_v._Harris" title="Giles v. Harris">Giles v. Harris</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disenfranchisement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Historiography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Bibliography of the Reconstruction era">Bibliography of the Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Shepherd_Pike" title="James Shepherd Pike">James Shepherd Pike</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Prostrate_State:_South_Carolina_under_Negro_Government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Prostrate State: South Carolina under Negro Government (page does not exist)">The Prostrate State</a></i> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce" title="James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce">James Bryce</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Commonwealth">The American Commonwealth</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_G._Bowers" title="Claude G. Bowers">Claude G. Bowers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Tragic_Era&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Tragic Era (page does not exist)">The Tragic Era</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">John Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lynwood_Fleming" title="Walter Lynwood Fleming">Walter Lynwood Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Archibald_Dunning" title="William Archibald Dunning">William Archibald Dunning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles A. Beard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_K._Beale" title="Howard K. Beale">Howard K. Beale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Reconstruction_in_America" title="Black Reconstruction in America">Black Reconstruction in America</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward" title="C. Vann Woodward">C. Vann Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Williamson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joel Williamson (page does not exist)">Joel Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_R._Brock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William R. Brock (page does not exist)">William R. Brock</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Crisis" title="The American Crisis">The American Crisis</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin" title="John Hope Franklin">John Hope Franklin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=From_Slavery_to_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="From Slavery to Freedom (page does not exist)">From Slavery to Freedom</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=After_Slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="After Slavery (page does not exist)">After Slavery</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Litwack" title="Leon Litwack">Leon Litwack</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Been_in_the_Storm_So_Long" title="Been in the Storm So Long">Been in the Storm So Long</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:_America%27s_Unfinished_Revolution,_1863%E2%80%931877" title="Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877">Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Stampp" title="Kenneth M. Stampp">Kenneth M. Stampp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Hahn" title="Steven Hahn">Steven Hahn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Nation_Under_Our_Feet" title="A Nation Under Our Feet">A Nation Under Our Feet</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Founding" title="The Second Founding">The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winslow_Homer" title="Winslow Homer">Winslow Homer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_the_Old_Mistress" title="A Visit from the Old Mistress">A Visit from the Old Mistress</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dixon_Jr." title="Thomas Dixon Jr.">Thomas Dixon Jr.</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Leopard%27s_Spots" title="The Leopard's Spots">The Leopard's Spots</a></i> (1902)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Clansman:_A_Historical_Romance_of_the_Ku_Klux_Klan" title="The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan">The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)" title="Gone with the Wind (film)">Gone with the Wind</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_W._Blight" title="David W. Blight">David W. Blight</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Race_and_Reunion" title="Race and Reunion">Race and Reunion</a></i> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">Forty acres and a mule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">Habeas corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">History of the United States (1865–1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">Paramilitary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race (human categorization)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitecapping" title="Whitecapping">Whitecapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reconstruction_Era" title="Category:Reconstruction Era">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginius_Affair&oldid=1237251396">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginius_Affair&oldid=1237251396</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1873_in_international_relations" title="Category:1873 in international relations">1873 in international relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1875_in_international_relations" title="Category:1875 in international relations">1875 in international relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Diplomatic_incidents" title="Category:Diplomatic incidents">Diplomatic incidents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the foreign relations of the United States">History of the foreign relations of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1873_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1873 in the United States">1873 in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_maritime_incidents" title="Category:International maritime incidents">International maritime incidents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Category:19th-century military history of the United States">19th-century military history of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ten_Years%27_War" title="Category:Ten Years' War">Ten Years' War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Category:Presidency of Ulysses S. 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