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Early life, education, and law career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_life,_education,_and_law_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Travels_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travels_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Travels in Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travels_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_political_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_political_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early political activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_political_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_Senate_(1851–1874)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Senate_(1851–1874)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>United States Senate (1851–1874)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_States_Senate_(1851–1874)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle United States Senate (1851–1874) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-United_States_Senate_(1851–1874)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_"Crime_against_Kansas"_and_beating_by_Preston_Brooks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"Crime_against_Kansas"_and_beating_by_Preston_Brooks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The "Crime against Kansas" and beating by Preston Brooks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"Crime_against_Kansas"_and_beating_by_Preston_Brooks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emancipation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emancipation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Emancipation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emancipation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstruction_and_Civil_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction_and_Civil_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Reconstruction and Civil rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction_and_Civil_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alaska_annexation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alaska_annexation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Alaska annexation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alaska_annexation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CSS_Alabama_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CSS_Alabama_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>CSS <i>Alabama</i> claims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CSS_Alabama_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominican_Republic_annexation_treaty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominican_Republic_annexation_treaty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Dominican Republic annexation treaty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominican_Republic_annexation_treaty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberal_Republican_revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal_Republican_revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Liberal Republican revolt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal_Republican_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conciliation_to_South" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conciliation_to_South"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Conciliation to South</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conciliation_to_South-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virginius_Affair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virginius_Affair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span><i>Virginius</i> Affair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virginius_Affair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historical interpretations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_interpretations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical interpretations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles Sumner</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B1" title="تشارلز سومنر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشارلز سومنر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B1" title="چارلز سامنر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چارلز سامنر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Charles Sumner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Charles Sumner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Charles Sumner" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B1" title="چارلز سامنر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چارلز سامنر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles Sumner" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EC%84%AC%EB%84%88" title="찰스 섬너 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="찰스 섬너" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Charles Sumner" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%A8" title="צ'ארלס סאמנר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'ארלס סאמנר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%96_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჩარლზ სუმნერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩარლზ სუმნერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Charles Sumner" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B1" title="تشارلز سومنر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشارلز سومنر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Charles Sumner" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A0%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC" title="チャールズ・サムナー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャールズ・サムナー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Charles Sumner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B1" title="چارلز سامنر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چارلز سامنر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Charles Sumner" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Charles Sumner" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7" title="Самнер, Чарлз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Самнер, Чарлз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Charles Sumner" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Charles Sumner" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Charles Sumner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E5%A7%86%E5%A5%88" title="查爾斯·索姆奈 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="查爾斯·索姆奈" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1066198#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Senator_Sumner_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Senator Sumner (disambiguation)">Senator Sumner (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Charles Sumner</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Sumner_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Charles_Sumner_Brady-Handy.jpg/220px-Charles_Sumner_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Charles_Sumner_Brady-Handy.jpg/330px-Charles_Sumner_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Charles_Sumner_Brady-Handy.jpg/440px-Charles_Sumner_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="1316" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1865</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Dean of the United States Senate">Dean of the United States Senate</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1869 – March 11, 1874</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Benjamin Wade</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Zachariah Chandler</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Foreign_Relations_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Foreign Relations Committee">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1861 – March 4, 1871</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Mason" title="James M. Mason">James M. Mason</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />April 25, 1851 – March 11, 1874</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rantoul_Jr." title="Robert Rantoul Jr.">Robert Rantoul Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_B._Washburn" title="William B. Washburn">William B. Washburn</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1811-01-06</span>)</span>January 6, 1811<br /><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 11, 1874<span style="display:none">(1874-03-11)</span> (aged 63)<br /><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Auburn_Cemetery" title="Mount Auburn Cemetery">Mount Auburn Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> (1840–1848)<br /><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Soil">Free Soil</a> (1848–1854)<br /><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (1854–70)<br /><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican</a> (1870–1872)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a> (1854–70)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Alice Hooper</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1866; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1873)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sumner_family" title="Sumner family">Sumner family</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">AB</a>, <a href="/wiki/LLB" class="mw-redirect" title="LLB">LLB</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Sumner_(signature).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles Sumner's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Charles_Sumner_%28signature%29.svg/128px-Charles_Sumner_%28signature%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Charles_Sumner_%28signature%29.svg/192px-Charles_Sumner_%28signature%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Charles_Sumner_%28signature%29.svg/256px-Charles_Sumner_%28signature%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="73" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Charles Sumner</b> (January 6, 1811 – March 11, 1874) was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who represented <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> from 1851 until his death in 1874. Before and during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, he was a leading American advocate for the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolition of slavery">abolition of slavery</a>. He chaired the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Foreign_Relations_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Foreign Relations Committee">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a> from 1861 to 1871, until he lost the position following a dispute with President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Proposed_annexation_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo">attempted annexation of Santo Domingo</a>. After breaking with Grant, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican Party</a>, spending his final two years in the Senate alienated from his party. Sumner had a controversial and divisive legacy for many years after his death, but in recent decades, his historical reputation has improved in recognition of his early support for racial equality. </p><p>Sumner began his political activism as a member of various anti-slavery groups, leading to his election to the U.S. Senate in 1851 as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a>; he soon became a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Republican Party">Republican Party</a>. In the Senate, he devoted his efforts to opposing the "<a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a>,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2001266_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2001266-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which in 1856 culminated in a <a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">vicious beating</a>, almost to the point of death, by Representative <a href="/wiki/Preston_Brooks" title="Preston Brooks">Preston Brooks</a> on the Senate floor.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sumner's severe injuries and extended absence from the Senate made him a symbol of the anti-slavery cause. Though he did not return to the Senate until 1859, Massachusetts <a href="/wiki/1857_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1857 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">reelected him in 1857</a>, leaving his empty desk as a reminder of the incident, which polarized the nation as the Civil War approached. </p><p>During the war, Sumner led the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical Republican">Radical Republican</a> faction, which was critical of President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> for being too moderate toward the South. As chair of the Foreign Relations Committee, Sumner worked to ensure that <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> did not intervene on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States">Confederate States</a>. After the Union won the war and Lincoln was assassinated, Sumner and <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a> led congressional efforts to grant equal civil and voting rights to freedmen and to block ex-Confederates from power so they would not reverse the gains derived from the Union's victory in the war. President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>'s persistent opposition to these efforts played a role in his <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">impeachment</a> in 1868. </p><p>During the Grant administration, Sumner fell out of favor with his party. He supported the annexation of Alaska but opposed Grant's proposal to annex <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>. After leading senators to defeat the <a href="/wiki/Proposed_annexation_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo Treaty</a> in 1870, Sumner denounced him in such terms that reconciliation was impossible, and Senate Republicans stripped him of his power. Sumner opposed <a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">Grant's 1872 reelection</a> and supported Liberal Republican <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a>. He died in office less than two years later. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life,_education,_and_law_career"><span id="Early_life.2C_education.2C_and_law_career"></span>Early life, education, and law career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sumner&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life, education, and law career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Sumner_birthplace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Charles_Sumner_birthplace.jpg/200px-Charles_Sumner_birthplace.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Charles_Sumner_birthplace.jpg/300px-Charles_Sumner_birthplace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Charles_Sumner_birthplace.jpg/400px-Charles_Sumner_birthplace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Sumner's birthplace on Irving Street, <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston" title="Beacon Hill, Boston">Beacon Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Charles Sumner was born on Irving Street in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> on January 6, 1811. His father, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pinckney_Sumner" title="Charles Pinckney Sumner">Charles Pinckney Sumner</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard">Harvard</a>-educated lawyer, <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a>, and early proponent of racial integration of schools, who shocked 19th-century Boston by opposing anti-<a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a> laws.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref-1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref-1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother, Relief Jacob, worked as a seamstress before marrying Charles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald19603_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald19603-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both of Sumner's parents were born in poverty and were described as exceedingly formal and undemonstrative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald19604_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald19604-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father served as Clerk of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives">Massachusetts House of Representatives</a> from 1806 to 1807 and from 1810 to 1811, and he had a moderately successful legal practice. Throughout Sumner's childhood, his family teetered on the edge of the middle class.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald19606–7_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald19606–7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles Pinckney Sumner hated slavery and told his son that freeing the slaves would "do us no good" unless society treated them equally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1960130_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1960130-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a close associate of Unitarian leader <a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing" title="William Ellery Channing">William Ellery Channing</a>. Expanding on Channing's argument that human beings had infinite potential to improve themselves, Sumner concluded that environment had "an important, if not controlling influence" in shaping people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1960104_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1960104-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, if society gave precedence to "knowledge, virtue and religion", then "the most forlorn shall grow into forms of unimagined strength and beauty."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1960105_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1960105-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moral law, he believed, was as important for governments as it was for individuals, and legal institutions that inhibited personal progress—like slavery or segregation—were evil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1960105_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1960105-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The family's fortunes improved in 1825, when Charles Pinckney Sumner became <a href="/wiki/Sheriff" title="Sheriff">Sheriff</a> of <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Suffolk County, Massachusetts">Suffolk County</a>; he held the position until his death in 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald196014_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald196014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family attended <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Church_(Boston)" title="Trinity Church (Boston)">Trinity Church</a>, but after 1825, they occupied a pew in <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Chapel" title="King's Chapel">King's Chapel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sumner's father was also able to provide higher education for his children; the young Charles attended Boston Latin School, where he befriended <a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Winthrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Charles Winthrop">Robert Charles Winthrop</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Freeman_Clarke" title="James Freeman Clarke">James Freeman Clarke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Francis_Smith" title="Samuel Francis Smith">Samuel Francis Smith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Phillips" title="Wendell Phillips">Wendell Phillips</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref-1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref-1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1830, he graduated from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a>, where he lived in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Harvard_dormitories" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Harvard dormitories">Hollis Hall</a> and was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Porcellian_Club" title="Porcellian Club">Porcellian Club</a>. He then attended <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>, where he became a protégé of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Joseph Story</a> and an enthusiastic student of <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191181_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191181-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After graduating in 1834, Sumner was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Bar_(law)" title="Bar (law)">bar</a> and entered private practice in Boston in partnership with <a href="/wiki/George_Stillman_Hillard" title="George Stillman Hillard">George Stillman Hillard</a>. A visit to Washington decided him against a political career, and he returned to Boston resolved to practice law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191181_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191181-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He contributed to the quarterly <i>American Jurist</i> and edited Story's court decisions as well as some law texts. From 1836 to 1837, Sumner lectured at Harvard Law School. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travels_in_Europe">Travels in Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sumner&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Travels in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1837, Sumner visited Europe with financial support from benefactors, including Story and Congressman <a href="/wiki/Richard_Fletcher_(American_politician)" title="Richard Fletcher (American politician)">Richard Fletcher</a>. He landed at <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> and found the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Rouen">cathedral</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> striking: "The great lion of the north of France … transcending all that my imagination had pictured."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough201121–24_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough201121–24-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reached <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in December, studied <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, and visited the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough201130,_42,_47_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough201130,_42,_47-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He mastered French within six months and attended lectures at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">the Sorbonne</a> on subjects ranging from geology to Greek history to criminal law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough201159,_130_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough201159,_130-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his journal for January 20, 1838, Sumner noted that one lecturer "had quite a large audience among whom I noticed two or three blacks, or rather mulattos—two-thirds black perhaps—dressed quite <i>à la mode</i> and having the easy, jaunty air of young men of fashion...." They were "well received" by the other students after the lecture. He continued:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough2011131_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough2011131-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They were standing in the midst of a knot of young men and their color seemed to be no objection to them. I was glad to see this, though with American impressions, it seemed very strange. It must be then that the distance between free blacks and whites among us is derived from education, and does not exist in the nature of things.</p></blockquote> <p>Sumner decided that Americans' predisposition to see blacks as inferior was a learned viewpoint, and he determined to become an abolitionist upon returning to America.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the next three years, Sumner became fluent in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and met with many leading European statesmen.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1838, he visited Britain, where <a href="/wiki/Lord_Brougham" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Brougham">Lord Brougham</a> declared that he "had never met with any man of Sumner's age of such extensive legal knowledge and natural legal intellect".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald196065-71_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald196065-71-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he often praised British society as more refined than American, Sumner published a fierce defense of the American position in the <a href="/wiki/Aroostook_War" title="Aroostook War">dispute over the Maine-Canada boundary</a>, circulated by Minister to France <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald196065-71_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald196065-71-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1840, at age 29, Sumner returned to Boston to practice law but devoted more time to lecturing at Harvard Law, editing court reports, and contributing to law journals, especially on historical and biographical themes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191181_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191181-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sumner developed friendships with several prominent Bostonians, particularly <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a>, whose house he visited regularly in the 1840s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1960174_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1960174-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Longfellow's daughters found his stateliness amusing; he would ceremoniously open doors for the children while saying "<i>In presequas</i>" ("after you") in a sonorous tone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1960174_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1960174-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_activism">Early political activism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sumner&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early political activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sumner embarked on a public political career in 1845, when he emerged as one of the most prominent critics of slavery in the city of Boston and the state of Massachusetts, a hotbed of abolitionist sentiment. </p><p>On July 4, Sumner delivered the Boston <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a> oration, <i>The True Grandeur of Nations</i>. His speech was critical of the move toward <a href="/wiki/War_with_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="War with Mexico">war with Mexico</a> and an impassioned appeal for freedom and peace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191181_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191181-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sumner considered the conflict a <a href="/wiki/War_of_aggression" title="War of aggression">war of aggression</a> but was primarily concerned that captured territories would expand slavery westward. He soon became a sought-after orator for formal occasions throughout Boston. His lofty themes and stately eloquence made a profound impression. His platform presence was imposing. He stood 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) tall, with a massive frame. His voice was clear and powerful. His gestures were unconventional and individual, but vigorous and impressive. His literary style was florid, with much detail, allusion, and quotation, often from the Bible as well as the Greeks and Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191181_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191181-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Longfellow wrote that he delivered speeches "like a cannoneer ramming down cartridges", while Sumner himself said that "you might as well look for a joke in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of Texas">annexation of Texas</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Slave_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave state">slave state</a> in December, Sumner took an active role in the anti-slavery movement. In 1847, he denounced the declaration of war against Mexico with such vigor that he was recognized as a leader of the "<a href="/wiki/Conscience_Whigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscience Whigs">Conscience</a>" faction of the Massachusetts <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a>. He declined the Whig nomination for the United States House of Representatives in 1848,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191181_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191181-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> instead helping organize the <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a> and becoming chairman of the state party's executive committee, a position he used to advocate for abolition and build a coalition that included anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1960152_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1960152-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sumner also took an active role in other social causes. He worked with <a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a> to improve Massachusetts's system of public education, advocated <a href="/wiki/Prison_reform" title="Prison reform">prison reform</a>, and represented the plaintiffs in <i><a href="/wiki/Roberts_v._City_of_Boston" title="Roberts v. City of Boston">Roberts v. City of Boston</a></i>, which challenged the legality of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">racial segregation</a> in public schools. Arguing before the Massachusetts <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Supreme_Judicial_Court" title="Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court">Supreme Court</a>, Sumner noted that schools for blacks were physically inferior and that segregation bred harmful psychological and sociological effects—arguments made in <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> over a century later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1960180_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1960180-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sumner lost the case, but the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court" title="Massachusetts General Court">Massachusetts General Court</a> abolished school segregation in 1855. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States_Senate_(1851–1874)"><span id="United_States_Senate_.281851.E2.80.931874.29"></span>United States Senate (1851–1874)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sumner&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States Senate (1851–1874)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1851, a coalition of Democratic and Free Soil legislators gained control of the Massachusetts General Court. In exchange for Free Soil support for Democratic governor <a href="/wiki/George_Boutwell" class="mw-redirect" title="George Boutwell">George Boutwell</a>, the Free Soil Party named Sumner its choice for U.S. Senate. Despite the private agreement, conservative Democrats opposed his candidacy and called for a less radical candidate. The impasse was broken after three months and Sumner was elected on a parliamentary technicality by a one-vote majority on April 24, 1851, in part thanks to the support of Senate President <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His election marked a sharp break in Massachusetts politics, as his abolitionist politics contrasted sharply those of his best-known predecessor in the seat, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>, one of the foremost supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the first few sessions, Sumner did not promote any of his controversial causes. On August 26, 1852, he delivered his <a href="/wiki/Maiden_speech" title="Maiden speech">maiden speech</a>, despite strenuous efforts to dissuade him. This oratorical effort incorporated a popular abolitionist motto, "Freedom National; Slavery Sectional," as its title. In it, Sumner attacked the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though both major party platforms affirmed every provision of the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a> as final, including the Fugitive Slave Act, Sumner called for its repeal. For more than three hours, he denounced it as a violation of the Constitution, an affront to the public conscience, and an offence against <a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">divine law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191182_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191182-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his speech, a senator from <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> urged that there be no reply: "The ravings of a maniac may sometimes be dangerous, but the barking of a puppy never did any harm." Sumner's outspoken opposition to slavery made him few friends in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1960236_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1960236-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"Crime_against_Kansas"_and_beating_by_Preston_Brooks"><span id="The_.22Crime_against_Kansas.22_and_beating_by_Preston_Brooks"></span>The "Crime against Kansas" and beating by Preston Brooks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sumner&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The "Crime against Kansas" and beating by Preston Brooks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">Caning of Charles Sumner</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Crime_against_Kansas" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Crime against Kansas">The Crime against Kansas</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>On May 19 and 20, 1856, during the civil unrest known as "<a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a>," Sumner denounced the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> in his "Crime against Kansas" speech.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The long speech argued for Kansas's immediate admission as a free state and denounced "<a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a>"—the political power of the slave owners. Their motivation, he alleged, was to spread slavery even to free territories:<sup id="cite_ref-Long_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Not in any common lust for power did this uncommon tragedy have its origin. It is the rape of a virgin Territory, compelling it to the hateful embrace of slavery; and it may be clearly traced to a depraved desire for a new Slave State, hideous offspring of such a crime, in the hope of adding to the power of slavery in the National Government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfau2003393_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfau2003393-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Sumner verbally attacked authors of the Act, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> of Illinois and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Butler" title="Andrew Butler">Andrew Butler</a> of South Carolina: </p> <blockquote><p>The senator from South Carolina has read many books of chivalry, and believes himself a chivalrous knight with sentiments of honor and courage. Of course he has chosen a mistress to whom he has made his vows, and who, though ugly to others, is always lovely to him; though polluted in the sight of the world, is chaste in his sight—I mean the harlot, slavery. For her his tongue is always profuse in words. Let her be impeached in character, or any proposition made to shut her out from the extension of her wantonness, and no extravagance of manner or hardihood of assertion is then too great for this senator.</p></blockquote><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Chivalry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Southern_Chivalry.jpg/275px-Southern_Chivalry.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Southern_Chivalry.jpg/413px-Southern_Chivalry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Southern_Chivalry.jpg/550px-Southern_Chivalry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1648" /></a><figcaption>Lithograph of <a href="/wiki/Preston_Brooks" title="Preston Brooks">Preston Brooks</a>' 1856 attack on Sumner</figcaption></figure><p>Two days later, on the afternoon of May 22, Representative <a href="/wiki/Preston_Brooks" title="Preston Brooks">Preston Brooks</a>, Butler's first cousin once removed,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Preston_Smith_Brooks:_The_Man_and_H_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preston_Smith_Brooks:_The_Man_and_H-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> confronted Sumner in the Senate chamber and beat him severely on the head, using a thick <a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">gutta-percha</a> cane with a gold head. Sumner was knocked down and trapped under the heavy desk, which was bolted to the floor. Blinded by his own blood, he staggered up the aisle and collapsed into unconsciousness. Brooks continued to beat the motionless Sumner until his cane broke, at which point he continued to strike Sumner with the remaining piece.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuleo2012112_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuleo2012112-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other senators attempted to help Sumner, but were blocked by <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Keitt" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurence Keitt">Laurence Keitt</a>, who brandished a pistol and shouted, "Let them be!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1960293_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1960293-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The episode became a symbol of polarization in the antebellum period; Sumner became a martyr in the North and Brooks a hero in the South. Thousands attended rallies in support of Sumner throughout the North. <a href="/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott" title="Louisa May Alcott">Louisa May Alcott</a> described a rally in Boston on November 3 in a letter to Anna Alcott: "Eight hundred gentlemen on horseback escorted him and formed a line up Beacon St. through which he rode smiling and bowing, he looked pale but otherwise as usual. The only time Sumner rose along the route was when he passed the Orphan Asylum and saw all the little blue aproned girls waving their hands to him. I thought it was very sweet in him to do that honor to the fatherless and motherless children. A little child was carried out to give him a great bouquet, which he took and kissed the baby bearer. The streets were lined with wreaths, flags, and loving people to welcome the good man back....and tho I was only a 'love lorn' governess I waved my cotton handkerchief like a meek banner to my hero with honorable wounds on his head and love of little children in his heart. Hurra!! I could not hear the speeches at the State House so I tore down Hancock St. and got a place opposite his house. I saw him go in, and soon after the cheers of the horsemen and crowd brought him smiling to the window, he only bowed, but when the leader of the cavelcade cried out 'Three cheers for the mother of Charles Sumner!' he stepped back and soon appeared leading an old lady who nodded, waved her hand, put down the curtain, and then with a few dozen more cheers the crowd dispersed. I was so excited I pitched about like a mad woman, shouted, waved, hung onto fences, rushed thro crowds, and swarmed about in a state of rapterous insanity till it was all over and then I went home hoarse and worn out." </p><p>More than a million copies of Sumner's "Crime against Kansas" speech were distributed. <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> remarked, "I do not see how a barbarous community and a civilised community can constitute one state. I think we must get rid of slavery, or we must get rid of freedom."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, Brooks was praised by Southern newspapers. The <i>Richmond Enquirer</i> editorialized that Sumner should be caned "every morning" and Southerners sent Brooks hundreds of new canes in endorsement of his assault. Southern lawmakers made rings out of the cane's remains, which they wore on neck chains to show solidarity with Brooks.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Historian <a href="/wiki/William_Gienapp" title="William Gienapp">William Gienapp</a> has concluded that Brooks's "assault was of critical importance in transforming the struggling Republican party into a major political force."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theological and legal scholar William R. Long characterized the speech as "a most rebarbative and vituperative speech on the Senate floor", which "flows with Latin quotations and references to English and Roman history." In his eyes, the speech was "a gauntlet thrown down, a challenge to the 'Slave Power' to admit once and for all that it were encircling the free states with their tentacular grip and gradually siphoning off the breath of democracy-loving citizens."<sup id="cite_ref-Long_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Sumner_steel_engraving_c1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Charles_Sumner_steel_engraving_c1860.jpg/180px-Charles_Sumner_steel_engraving_c1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Charles_Sumner_steel_engraving_c1860.jpg/270px-Charles_Sumner_steel_engraving_c1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Charles_Sumner_steel_engraving_c1860.jpg/360px-Charles_Sumner_steel_engraving_c1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>1860 steel-engraved portrait of Sumner</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to <a href="/wiki/Head_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Head trauma">head trauma</a>, Sumner suffered "psychic wounds," now understood to be <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough2011225–31_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough2011225–31-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he spent months convalescing, his political enemies ridiculed him and accused him of cowardice for not resuming his duties. The <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court" title="Massachusetts General Court">Massachusetts General Court</a> reelected him in November 1856, believing that his vacant chair in the Senate chamber served as a powerful symbol of <a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">free speech</a> and resistance to slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Sumner returned to the Senate in 1857, he was unable to last a day. His doctors advised a sea voyage and "a complete separation from the cares and responsibilities that must beset him at home." He sailed for Europe and immediately found relief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough2011225–31_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough2011225–31-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During two months in Paris in the spring of 1857, he renewed friendships, especially with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gold_Appleton" title="Thomas Gold Appleton">Thomas Gold Appleton</a>, dined out frequently, and attended the opera. His contacts there included <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a>, poet <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Alphonse de Lamartine</a>, former French Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">François Guizot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Turgenev" title="Ivan Turgenev">Ivan Turgenev</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough2011225–31_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough2011225–31-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sumner toured several countries, including <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, before returning to Washington, where he spent only a few days in the Senate in December. Both then and during several later attempts to return to work, he found himself exhausted just listening to Senate business. He sailed once more for Europe on May 22, 1858, the second anniversary of Brooks's attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough2011225–31_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough2011225–31-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Paris, prominent physician <a href="/wiki/Charles-%C3%89douard_Brown-S%C3%A9quard" title="Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard">Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard</a> diagnosed Sumner's condition as spinal cord damage that he could treat by <a href="/wiki/Cauterization" title="Cauterization">burning the skin</a> along the spinal cord. Sumner chose to refuse anaesthesia, which was thought to reduce the effectiveness of the procedure. Observers both at the time and since doubted Brown-Séquard's efforts were of value.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough2011225–31_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough2011225–31-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After spending weeks recovering from these treatments, Sumner resumed his touring, this time as far east as Dresden and Prague and south to Italy twice. In France he visited Brittany and Normandy, as well as Montpellier. He wrote his brother: "If anyone cares to know how I am doing, you can say better and better."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough2011233_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough2011233-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Barbarism_of_Slavery" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Barbarism of Slavery">The Barbarism of Slavery</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>In 1859, Sumner returned to the Senate permanently. Though fellow Republicans advised a less strident tone, he answered: "When crime and criminals are thrust before us, they are to be met by all the energies that God has given us by argument, scorn, sarcasm and denunciation." He delivered his first return speech, "The Barbarism of Slavery," on June 4, 1860. He attacked attempts to depict <a href="/wiki/Proslavery_thought" title="Proslavery thought">slavery as a benevolent institution</a>, said it stifled economic development in the South, and that it left slaveholders reliant on "the bludgeon, the revolver, and the bowie-knife". He addressed an anticipated objection on the part of one of his colleagues: "Say, sir, in your madness, that you own the sun, the stars, the moon; but do not say that you own a man, endowed with a soul that shall live immortal, when sun and moon and stars have passed away." Even allies found his language too strong, one calling it "harsh, vindictive, and slightly brutal".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuleo2012113–20_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuleo2012113–20-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent the summer rallying the anti-slavery forces for <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">the election of 1860</a> and opposing talk of compromise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuleo2012113–20_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuleo2012113–20-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sumner&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Civil War began, Sumner was among the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a> who advocated immediate abolition of slavery and the destruction of the Southern planter class.<sup id="cite_ref-Oates_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oates-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although like-minded on slavery, the Radicals were loosely organized and disagreed on issues such as the tariff and currency.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Radicals in the Senate included <a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Zachariah Chandler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Benjamin Wade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oates_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oates-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the fall of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a> in April 1861, Sumner, Chandler and Wade repeatedly visited President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> to discuss slavery and the rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-Oates_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oates-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gilbert Osofsky argues that Sumner saw the war as a "death struggle" between "<a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">two mutually contradictory civilizations</a>," and his solution was "to 'civilize' and 'Americanize' the South" by conquest, then forcibly mold it into a society defined in Northern terms, as an idealized version of <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the war, Sumner had been the special champion of black Americans, being the most vigorous advocate of emancipation, of enlisting blacks in the Union Army, and of the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191182_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191182-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emancipation">Emancipation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sumner&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Emancipation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Radicals desired the immediate emancipation of slaves and persistently lobbied for it as wartime policy, but Lincoln was resistant, since the slave states <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> would be encouraged to join the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oates_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oates-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln instead adopted a plan for gradual emancipation and compensation to slavers, but consulted Sumner frequently.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1960319_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1960319-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaynes1909247–51_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes1909247–51-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite their disagreements, Lincoln called Sumner "my idea of a bishop" and an embodiment of the American people's conscience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1960319_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1960319-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1861, Sumner counseled Lincoln to make emancipation the war's primary objective.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaynes1909247–51_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes1909247–51-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that military necessity would eventually force Lincoln's hand and that emancipation would give the Union higher moral standing, which would keep Britain from entering the Civil War on the Confederacy's side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaynes1909247–51_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes1909247–51-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oates_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oates-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1861, at the Massachusetts Republican Convention in Worcester, Sumner openly expressed his belief that slavery was the war's sole cause and that the Union government's primary objective was to end it. Sumner argued that Lincoln could command the Union Army to emancipate slaves under color of <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaynes1909247–51_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes1909247–51-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the conservative press, Sumner's speech was denounced as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/incendiary" class="extiw" title="wikt:incendiary">incendiary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaynes1909247–51_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes1909247–51-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservative Massachusetts newspapers editorialized that he was mentally ill and a "candidate for the insane asylum,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaynes1909247–51_50-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes1909247–51-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the Radicals fully endorsed Sumner's speech, and he continued to advance his argument publicly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaynes1909247–51_50-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes1909247–51-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an intermediate measure, the Radicals passed two <a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Acts" title="Confiscation Acts">Confiscation Acts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">1861</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">1862</a> that allowed the military to emancipate confiscated slaves whom the Confederate military had impressed into service. </p><p>On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a>, abolishing slavery in all Confederate territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Oates_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oates-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a> subsequently abolished the practice of chattel slavery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sumner&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a></div> <p>After the withdrawal of Southern senators, Sumner became chair of the Committee on Foreign Relations in March 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191182_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191182-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As chair, he renewed his efforts for <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">diplomatic recognition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>. Haiti had sought recognition since winning independence in 1804 but faced opposition from Southern senators. In their absence, the United States recognized Haiti in 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 8, 1861, the <a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Union Navy</a> warship <a href="/wiki/USS_San_Jacinto_(1850)" title="USS San Jacinto (1850)">USS <i>San Jacinto</i></a> intercepted the British steamer <a href="/wiki/RMS_Trent" title="RMS Trent">RMS <i>Trent</i></a>. Two Confederate diplomats aboard were placed into port custody.<sup id="cite_ref-Haynes_Trent_Affair_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haynes_Trent_Affair-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the capture, the British government dispatched 8,000 troops to the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a> and sought to strengthen the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haynes_Trent_Affair_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haynes_Trent_Affair-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_Seward" class="mw-redirect" title="William Seward">William Seward</a> believed the diplomats were contraband of war, but Sumner argued the men did not qualify as such because they were unarmed. He favored their release along with an apology from the U.S. government towards Britain. In the Senate, Sumner suppressed open debate in order to save the Lincoln administration from embarrassment. On December 25, 1861, at Lincoln's invitation, Sumner addressed the cabinet. He read letters from prominent British political figures, including <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Richard Cobden</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">John Bright</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/George_Douglas_Campbell,_8th_Duke_of_Argyll" class="mw-redirect" title="George Douglas Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll">Duke of Argyll</a> as evidence that political sentiment in Britain supported the envoys' return to the British.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln quietly but reluctantly ordered the captives' release to British custody and apologized. After the <i>Trent</i> affair, Sumner's reputation improved among conservative Northerners.<sup id="cite_ref-Haynes_Trent_Affair_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haynes_Trent_Affair-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconstruction_and_Civil_rights">Reconstruction and Civil rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sumner&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reconstruction and Civil rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Sumner_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Charles_Sumner_Brady-Handy.jpg/180px-Charles_Sumner_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Charles_Sumner_Brady-Handy.jpg/270px-Charles_Sumner_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Charles_Sumner_Brady-Handy.jpg/360px-Charles_Sumner_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="1316" /></a><figcaption>Sumner by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1865</span></figcaption></figure> <p>As one of the Radical Republican leaders in the post-war Senate, Sumner fought to provide equal civil and voting rights for freedmen on the grounds that "consent of the governed" was a basic principle of <a href="/wiki/American_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="American republicanism">American republicanism</a>. </p><p>Sumner's radical legal theory of Reconstruction proposed that nothing beyond the confines of the Constitution, read in light of the Declaration of Independence, restricted Congress's treatment of the rebelling states. Though not as radical as <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a>, who considered the Confederate states "conquered provinces," Sumner argued that by declaring <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a>, the state governments had committed <i><a href="/wiki/Felo_de_se" title="Felo de se">felo de se</a></i> (state suicide) and could be regulated as territories that should be prepared for statehood, under conditions set by the national government. </p><p>Sumner emerged as an idealist and a champion for civil rights through this turbulent and controversial period.<sup id="cite_ref-Foner-Reconstruction_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner-Reconstruction-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He joined fellow Republicans in overriding President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>'s vetoes, though his most radical ideas were not implemented. Sumner favored partial male suffrage with a <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> requirement for all Southerners in order to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstone_p18_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstone_p18-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Congress imposed a loyalty requirement the following year; Sumner was strongly supportive.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstone_p18_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstone_p18-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sumner was a friend of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gridley_Howe" title="Samuel Gridley Howe">Samuel Gridley Howe</a> and a guiding force for the <a href="/wiki/American_Freedmen%27s_Inquiry_Commission" title="American Freedmen's Inquiry Commission">American Freedmen's Inquiry Commission</a>, started in 1863. He was one of the most prominent advocates for suffrage for blacks, along with free homesteads and free public schools. His uncompromising attitude did not endear him to moderates, and his arrogance and inflexibility often inhibited his effectiveness as a legislator. He was largely excluded from work on the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a>, in part because he did not get along with Illinois Senator <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull" title="Lyman Trumbull">Lyman Trumbull</a>, who chaired the Senate Judiciary Committee and did much of the work on it. Sumner introduced an alternative amendment that combined the Thirteenth Amendment with elements of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a>. It would have abolished slavery and declared that "all people are equal before the law." During Reconstruction, he often attacked civil rights legislation as inadequate and fought for legislation to give land to freed slaves and to mandate education for all, regardless of race, in the South. He viewed segregation and slavery as two sides of the same coin.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He introduced a civil rights bill in 1872 to mandate equal accommodation in all public places and required suits brought under the bill to be argued in the federal courts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1970532_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1970532-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill failed, but Sumner revived it in the next Congress, and on his deathbed begged visitors to see that it did not fail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1970587_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1970587-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sumner repeatedly tried to remove the word "white" from naturalization laws. He introduced bills to that effect in 1868 and 1869, but neither came to a vote. On July 2, 1870, Sumner moved to amend a pending bill in a way that would strike the word "white" wherever in all Congressional acts pertaining to <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalization</a> of immigrants. On July 4, 1870, he said: "Senators undertake to disturb us … by reminding us of the possibility of large numbers swarming from China; but the answer to all this is very obvious and very simple. If the Chinese come here, they will come for citizenship or merely for labor. If they come for citizenship, then in this desire do they give a pledge of loyalty to our institutions; and where is the peril in such vows? They are peaceful and industrious; how can their citizenship be the occasion of solicitude?" He accused legislators promoting anti-Chinese legislation of betraying the principles of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>: "Worse than any heathen or pagan abroad are those in our midst who are false to our institutions." Sumner's bill failed, and from 1870 to 1943, and in some cases as late as 1952, Chinese and other Asians were ineligible for naturalized U.S. citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sumner remained a champion of civil rights for blacks. He co-authored the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1875" title="Civil Rights Act of 1875">Civil Rights Act of 1875</a> with <a href="/wiki/John_Mercer_Langston" title="John Mercer Langston">John Mercer Langston</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and introduced the bill in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> on May 13, 1870. The bill passed a year after his death, in February 1875, and President Grant signed it into law on March 1. It was the last civil rights legislation for 82 years until the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a> ruled it unconstitutional in 1883 when it decided a group of cases known as the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Cases" title="Civil Rights Cases">Civil Rights Cases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Johnson <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">was impeached</a>, Sumner voted for conviction at his trial. He was only sorry that he had to vote on each article of impeachment, for as he said, he would have rather voted, "Guilty of all, and infinitely more."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1970337_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1970337-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alaska_annexation">Alaska annexation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sumner&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alaska annexation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout March 1867, Secretary <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a> and Russian representative Edouard de Stoeckl met in Washington, D.C., and negotiated a treaty for the annexation and sale of the Russian American territory of Alaska to the United States for $7,200,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Johnson submitted the treaty to Congress for ratification with Sumner's approval, and on April 9, his foreign relations committee approved and sent the treaty to the Senate. In a three-hour speech, Sumner spoke in favor of the treaty on the Senate floor, describing in detail Alaska's imperial history, natural resources, population, and climate. Sumner wanted to block British expansion from Canada, arguing that Alaska was geographically and financially strategic, especially for the Pacific Coast States. He said Alaska would increase America's borders, spread republican institutions, and represent an act of friendship with Russia. The treaty won its needed two-thirds majority by one vote.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1867 treaty neither formally recognized, categorised, nor compensated any native Alaskan <a href="/wiki/Eskimos" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimos">Eskimos</a> or Indians, referring to them only as "uncivilized tribes" under the control of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-Fixico_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fixico-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By federal law, Native Alaskan tribes, including the <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleut</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Athabascan" class="mw-redirect" title="Athabascan">Athabascan</a>, were entitled only to land that they inhabited.<sup id="cite_ref-Fixico_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fixico-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to treaty, native Alaskan tribes were excluded from U.S. citizenship, but citizenship was available to Russian residents. <a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples#Alaska" title="Creole peoples">Creoles</a>, persons of Russian and Indian descent, were considered Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-Treaty_with_Russia_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treaty_with_Russia-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sumner said the new territory should be called by its Aleutian name, <i>Alaska</i>, meaning "great land."<sup id="cite_ref-Sumner_(1867)_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sumner_(1867)-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He advocated for free public education and equal protection laws for U.S. citizens in Alaska.<sup id="cite_ref-Sumner_(1867)_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sumner_(1867)-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Personal achievements in 1867 included his election as a member to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="CSS_Alabama_claims">CSS <i>Alabama</i> claims</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sumner&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: CSS Alabama claims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumner_Lion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sumner_Lion.png/220px-Sumner_Lion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sumner_Lion.png/330px-Sumner_Lion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sumner_Lion.png/440px-Sumner_Lion.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1392" /></a><figcaption>Sumner puts head in British lion's mouth—<i>Harper's Weekly</i>, 1872</figcaption></figure> <p>Sumner was well regarded in the United Kingdom, but after the war he sacrificed his reputation in the U.K. with his stand on U.S. claims for British breaches of neutrality. The U.S. had claims against Britain for the damage inflicted by Confederate raiding ships fitted out in British ports. Sumner held that since Britain had accorded the rights of <a href="/wiki/Belligerent" title="Belligerent">belligerents</a> to the Confederacy, it was responsible for extending the duration of the war and consequent losses. In 1869, he asserted that Britain should pay damages for not merely the raiders, but also "that other damage, immense and infinite, caused by the prolongation of the war", specifically the <a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">British blockade runners</a>, which were estimated to have given the Confederacy 60% of its weapons, 1/3 of the lead for its bullets, 3/4 ingredients for its powder, and most of the cloth for its uniforms;<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some historians believe that this may have lengthened the war by two years and cost 400,000 more lives of soldiers and civilians on both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He demanded $2,000,000,000 for these "national claims" in addition to $125,000,000 for damages from the raiders. Sumner did not expect that Britain ever would or could pay this sum, but he suggested that Britain turn over Canada as payment.<sup id="cite_ref-Corning_1918_59-84_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corning_1918_59-84-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proposition offended many Britons, but was taken seriously by many Americans, including the Secretary of State, whose support for it nearly derailed the settlement with Great Britain in the months before the arbitration conference met at Geneva. At the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims">Geneva arbitration conference</a> in 1871, which settled U.S. claims against Britain, the panel of arbitrators refused to consider those "national claims." </p><p>Sumner had some influence over <a href="/wiki/J._Lothrop_Motley" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Lothrop Motley">J. Lothrop Motley</a>, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassador</a> to Britain, causing him to disregard the instructions of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Hamilton Fish</a> on the matter. This offended President Grant, but while it would be given as the official reason for Motley's removal, was not really so pressing: the dismissal took place a year after Motley's alleged misbehavior, and the real reason was an act of spite by Grant against Sumner.<sup id="cite_ref-Corning_1918_59-84_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corning_1918_59-84-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dominican_Republic_annexation_treaty">Dominican Republic annexation treaty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sumner&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dominican Republic annexation treaty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proposed_annexation_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo">Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo</a></div> <p>In 1869, President Grant, in an expansionist plan, looked into the annexation of a Caribbean island country, the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, then known as Santo Domingo. Grant believed that the island's mineral resources would be valuable to the United States, and that African Americans repressed in the South would have a safe haven to which to migrate. A labor shortage in the South would force Southerners to be tolerant toward African Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July and November 1869, under Grant's authority and with the State Department's permission on the second trip, <a href="/wiki/Orville_Babcock" class="mw-redirect" title="Orville Babcock">Orville Babcock</a>, Grant's private secretary, secretly negotiated a treaty with President <a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_B%C3%A1ez" title="Buenaventura Báez">Buenaventura Báez</a> of the Dominican Republic. The initial treaty had not been authorized by the State Department, but the island nation was on the verge of a civil war between Báez and ex-President Marcos A. Cabral.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grant sent in the U.S. Navy to keep the Dominican Republic free from invasion and civil war while the treaty negotiations took place. This military action was controversial since the naval protection was unauthorized by Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorey1900379–81_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey1900379–81-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official treaty, drafted by Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Hamilton Fish</a> in October 1869, annexed the Dominican Republic to the United States, gave eventual statehood, the lease of <a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Bay" title="Samaná Bay">Samaná Bay</a> for $150,000 yearly, and a $1,500,000 payment of the Dominican national debt.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1870, in order to gain support for the treaty, Grant visited Sumner's Washington home and mistakenly believed that Sumner had consented to the treaty. Sumner said that he had only promised to give the treaty friendly consideration. This meeting led to bitter contention between Sumner and Grant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorey1900382–84_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey1900382–84-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty was formally submitted to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> on January 10, 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ulysses_S._Grant_seated_portrait_Brady.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/President_Ulysses_S._Grant_seated_portrait_Brady.jpg/180px-President_Ulysses_S._Grant_seated_portrait_Brady.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/President_Ulysses_S._Grant_seated_portrait_Brady.jpg/270px-President_Ulysses_S._Grant_seated_portrait_Brady.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/President_Ulysses_S._Grant_seated_portrait_Brady.jpg/360px-President_Ulysses_S._Grant_seated_portrait_Brady.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, photographed by Mathew Brady in 1869.<br />The Dominican Republic annexation treaty caused bitter contention between President Grant and Senator Sumner.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sumner, opposed to American imperialism in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and fearful that annexation would lead to the conquest of the neighboring black republic of Haiti, became convinced that corruption lay behind the treaty, and that men close to Grant shared in the corruption. As chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he initially withheld his opinion on the treaty on January 18, 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorey1900384–86_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey1900384–86-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sumner had been leaked information from Assistant Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Bancroft_Davis" title="Bancroft Davis">Bancroft Davis</a> that U.S. Naval ships were being used to protect Báez. Sumner's committee voted against annexation and, at Sumner's suggestion and possibly to save the party from an ugly fight or Grant from embarrassment, the Senate debated the treaty behind closed doors in executive session. Grant persisted and sent messages to Congress in favor of annexation on March 14 and May 31, 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorey1900384–86_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey1900384–86-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In closed session, Sumner spoke out against the treaty, warning that there would be difficulty with the foreign nationals, noting the chronic rebellion on the island and the risk that the independence of Haiti, recognized by the U.S. in 1862, would be lost. He said that Grant's use of the U.S. Navy as a protectorate was a violation of international law and unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, on June 30, 1870, the treaty was voted on by the Senate and failed to gain the 2/3 majority required for passage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorey1900384–86_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey1900384–86-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next day, Grant, feeling betrayed by Sumner, retaliated by ordering the dismissal of Sumner's close friend <a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">John Lothrop Motley</a>, Ambassador to Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorey1900384–86_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey1900384–86-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By autumn, Sumner's personal hostility to Grant was public knowledge, and he blamed the Secretary of State for failing to resign rather than let Grant have his way. The two men, friends until then, became bitter enemies. In December 1870, still fearful that Grant meant to acquire Santo Domingo somehow, Sumner gave a fiercely critical speech accusing him of usurpation and Babcock of unethical conduct. Already Grant, supported by Fish, had initiated a campaign to depose Sumner from the chairmanship of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Although Sumner said he was an "Administration man," in addition to having stopped Grant's Dominican Republic treaty attempt, Sumner had defeated Grant's full repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1867)" title="Tenure of Office Act (1867)">Tenure of Office Act</a>, blocked Grant's nomination of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Turney_Stewart" title="Alexander Turney Stewart">Alexander Stewart</a> as Secretary of Treasury, and been a constant harassing force pushing Reconstruction policies faster than Grant had been willing to go. Grant also resented Sumner's superior manner. Told that Sumner did not believe in the Bible, Grant supposedly said he was not surprised: "He didn't write it."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the rift between Grant and Sumner increased, Sumner's health began to decline. When the 42nd U.S. Congress convened on March 4, 1871, senators affiliated with Grant, known as "New Radicals" voted to oust Sumner from the Senate Foreign Relations Committee chairmanship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorey1900392,_394_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey1900392,_394-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1970446–47_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1970446–47-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberal_Republican_revolt">Liberal Republican revolt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sumner&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Liberal Republican revolt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sumner now turned against Grant. Like many other reformers, he decried the corruption in Grant's administration. Sumner believed that the civil rights program he championed could not be carried through by a corrupt government. In 1872, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican Party</a>, which had been started by reformist Republicans such as <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a>. The Liberal Republicans supported black suffrage, the three Reconstruction amendments, and the basic civil rights already protected by law, but also called for amnesty for ex-Confederates and decried the Republican governments in the South elected with the help of black votes, belittled the terrorism of the Ku Klux Klan, and argued that the time had come to restore "home rule" in the South, which in practical terms meant white Democratic rule. For Sumner's civil rights bill they gave no support at all, but Sumner joined them because he had become convinced that the time had come for reconciliation, and that Democrats were sincere in declaring that they would abide by the Reconstruction settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senator_Sumner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Senator_Sumner.jpg/180px-Senator_Sumner.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Senator_Sumner.jpg/270px-Senator_Sumner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Senator_Sumner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>Sumner in his later years</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conciliation_to_South">Conciliation to South</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sumner&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Conciliation to South"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sumner never saw his support for civil rights as hostile to the South. On the contrary, he had always contended that a guarantee of equality was the one condition essential for true reconciliation. Unlike some other Radical Republicans, he had strongly opposed any hanging or imprisonment of Confederate leaders. In December 1872, he introduced a Senate resolution providing that Civil War battle names should not appear as "battle honors" on the regimental flags of the U.S. Army. The proposal was not new: Sumner had offered a similar resolution on May 8, 1862, and in 1865 he had proposed that no painting hanging in the Capitol portray scenes from the Civil War, because, as he saw it, keeping alive the memories of a war between a people was barbarous. His proposal did not affect the vast majority of battle-flags, as nearly all the regiments that fought had been state regiments, and these were not covered. But Sumner's idea was that any U.S. regiment that would in the future enlist Southerners as well as Northerners should not carry on its ensigns any insult to those who joined it. His resolution had no chance of passing, but its presentation offended Union army veterans. The Massachusetts legislature censured Sumner for giving "an insult to the loyal soldiery of the nation" and as "meeting the unqualified condemnation of the people of the Commonwealth." Poet <a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a> led an effort to rescind that censure the following year. He succeeded early in 1874 with the help of abolitionist <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Bowen_Smith" title="Joshua Bowen Smith">Joshua Bowen Smith</a>, who was serving in the legislature that year.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sumner was able to hear the rescinding resolution presented to the Senate on the last day he was there. He died the next afternoon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaynes1909431_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes1909431-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Virginius_Affair"><i>Virginius</i> Affair</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sumner&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Virginius Affair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On October 30, 1873, the <i>Virginius</i>, a munitions and troop transportation ship supporting the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Years%27_War" title="Ten Years' War">Cuban Rebellion</a> and flying the U.S. flag, was captured by Spanish authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a hasty trial in <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago</a>, Cuba, Spain executed 53 crew members, including American and British citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sumner sympathized with the Cuban rebels and those executed by Spain, but refused to support U.S. military intervention or the annexation of Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradford_pp71-72_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradford_pp71-72-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 17, 1873, Sumner stated his views in an interview on the <a href="/wiki/Virginius_Affair" title="Virginius Affair"><i>Virginius</i> Affair</a> at a local library in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradford_pp71-72_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradford_pp71-72-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that although the ship was flying a U.S. flag, its mission was illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradford_p72_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradford_p72-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sumner, who opposed the Cuban insurgent neutrality of the Grant Administration, believed that the United States needed to support the <a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Spanish Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradford_p72_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradford_p72-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 28, 1873, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Hamilton Fish</a>, who coolly handled the incident amid national outcries for war, negotiated a peaceful settlement with Spanish President <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Castelar" title="Emilio Castelar">Emilio Castelar</a>, and prevented war with Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sumner&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumner-death.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sumner-death.jpg/250px-Sumner-death.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sumner-death.jpg/375px-Sumner-death.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sumner-death.jpg/500px-Sumner-death.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>Death of Sumner</figcaption></figure><p>Long ailing, Charles Sumner died of a <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a> at his home in Washington, D.C., on March 11, 1874, aged 63, after serving nearly 23 years in the Senate. He <a href="/wiki/Lay_in_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay in state">lay in state</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">United States Capitol rotunda</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the second senator (Henry Clay being the first, in 1852) and fourth person so honored. At his March 16 burial in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Auburn_Cemetery" title="Mount Auburn Cemetery">Mount Auburn Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, the pallbearers included <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the aftermath, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Lamar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Lamar">Lucius Lamar</a>'s eulogy for Sumner was controversial enough considering his Southern heritage that the incident resulted in Lamar's inclusion in <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>'s book <i><a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage" title="Profiles in Courage">Profiles in Courage</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_interpretations">Historical interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sumner&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Historical interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contemporaries and historians have explored Sumner's personality and public career at length. Sumner's reputation among historians in the first half of the 20th century was largely negative—he was particularly blamed by both the Dunning School and anti-Dunning revisionists for the excesses of Radical Reconstruction, which, in the prevailing scholarship, included letting Blacks vote and hold office.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But as perceptions of Reconstruction changed in recent years, so too have perceptions of Sumner.<sup id="cite_ref-Foner-Reconstruction_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner-Reconstruction-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholars have emphasized his role as a foremost champion of Black rights before, during, and after the Civil War; one historian says he was "perhaps the least racist man in America in his day."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Sumner's personality has also divided contemporaries and historians. Sumner's friend Senator <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a> praised Sumner's integrity, his "moral courage," the "sincerity of his convictions," and the "disinterestedness of his motives." But none of his friends at the time doubted his courage, and abolitionist Wendell Phillips, who knew Sumner well, remembered that southerners in the 1850s in Washington wondered, every time Sumner left his house in the morning, whether he would return alive.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just before he died, Sumner turned to his friend Ebenezer Rockwood Hoar. "Judge," he said, "tell Emerson how much I love and revere him." "He said of you once," Hoar replied, "that he never knew so white a soul."<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Sumner_House_Boston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Charles_Sumner_House_Boston.jpg/220px-Charles_Sumner_House_Boston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Charles_Sumner_House_Boston.jpg/330px-Charles_Sumner_House_Boston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Charles_Sumner_House_Boston.jpg/440px-Charles_Sumner_House_Boston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_House" title="Charles Sumner House">Charles Sumner House</a>, Boston</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Moorfield_Storey" title="Moorfield Storey">Moorfield Storey</a>, Sumner's private secretary for two years and subsequent biographer, wrote of him: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Charles Sumner was a great man in his absolute fidelity to principle, his clear perception of what his country needed, his unflinching courage, his perfect sincerity, his persistent devotion to duty, his indifference to selfish considerations, his high scorn of anything petty or mean. He was essentially simple to the end, brave, kind, and pure…. Originally modest and not self-confident, the result of his long contest was to make him egotistical and dogmatic. There are few successful men who escape these penalties of success, the common accompaniment of increasing years….Sumner's naively simple nature, his confidence in his fellows, and his lack of humor combined to prevent his concealing what many feel but are better able to hide. From the time he entered public life till he died he was a strong force constantly working for righteousness….To Sumner more than to any single man, except possibly Lincoln, the colored race owes its emancipation and such measure of equal rights as it now enjoys.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Sumner's biographer <a href="/wiki/David_Herbert_Donald" title="David Herbert Donald">David Donald</a>, a Southerner, presents Sumner in his Pulitzer Prize-winning first volume, <i>Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War</i> (1960), as an insufferably arrogant moralist; an egoist bloated with pride; pontifical and Olympian, and unable to distinguish between large issues and small ones. Donald concludes that Sumner was a coward who avoided confrontations with his many enemies, whom he routinely insulted in prepared speeches.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in Donald's second volume, <i>Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man</i> (1970), he was much more favorable to Sumner, and though critical, recognized his large contribution to the positive accomplishments of Reconstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Donald notes Sumner's troubles in dealing with his colleagues:<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Distrusted by friends and allies, and reciprocating their distrust, a man of "ostentatious culture", "unvarnished egotism", and "'a specimen of prolonged and morbid juvenility,'" Sumner combined a passionate conviction in his own moral purity with a command of 19th-century "rhetorical flourishes" and a "remarkable talent for rationalization". Stumbling "into politics largely by accident", elevated to the United States Senate largely by chance, willing to indulge in "Jacksonian demagoguery" for the sake of political expediency, Sumner became a bitter and potent agitator of sectional conflict. Carving out a reputation as the South's most hated foe and the Negro's bravest friend, he inflamed sectional differences, advanced his personal fortunes, and helped bring about national tragedy.</p></blockquote><p> Lawyer <a href="/wiki/David_O._Stewart" title="David O. Stewart">David O. Stewart</a> said of him:<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Much about Sumner was in the abstract. For all his oratorical prowess, he was not an effective legislator.</p></blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> wrote of Sumner:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Mr. Sumner's position is exceptional in its honor…. In Congress, he did not rush into party position. He sat long silent and studious. His friends, I remember, were told that they would find Sumner a man of the world like the rest; "it is quite impossible to be at Washington and not bend; he will bend as the rest have done." Well, he did not bend. He took his position and kept it…. I think I may borrow the language which Bishop Burnet applied to Sir Isaac Newton, and say that Charles Sumner "has the whitest soul I ever knew."… Let him hear that every man of worth in New England loves his virtues.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sumner&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 2012 film <i><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_(2012_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln (2012 film)">Lincoln</a></i>, Sumner is portrayed by actor John Hutton.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2013 film <i><a href="/wiki/Saving_Lincoln" title="Saving Lincoln">Saving Lincoln</a></i>, Sumner was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Creed_Bratton" title="Creed Bratton">Creed Bratton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles Sumner was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Patton_Oswalt" title="Patton Oswalt">Patton Oswalt</a> in the 2014 "Charleston" episode of the TV series <a href="/wiki/Drunk_History" title="Drunk History">Drunk History</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Knoxville" title="Johnny Knoxville">Johnny Knoxville</a> portraying Preston Brooks and an inebriated Seth Weitberg telling the story. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sumner&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumner-Longfellow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sumner-Longfellow.jpg/180px-Sumner-Longfellow.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sumner-Longfellow.jpg/270px-Sumner-Longfellow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sumner-Longfellow.jpg/360px-Sumner-Longfellow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="1493" /></a><figcaption>Sumner and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a> photographed by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gardner_(photographer)" title="Alexander Gardner (photographer)">Gardner</a> in 1863</figcaption></figure><p>Sumner was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a> in 1843.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served on the society's board of councilors from 1852 to 1853, and later in life served as the society's secretary of foreign correspondence from 1867 to 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sumner&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sumner was a bachelor for most of his life. In 1866, he began courting Alice Mason Hooper, the widowed daughter-in-law of Massachusetts Representative <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hooper" title="Samuel Hooper">Samuel Hooper</a>, and they married that October. Their marriage was unhappy. Sumner could not respond to his wife's humor, and Alice had a ferocious temper. That winter, Alice began going out to public events with Prussian diplomat <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Holstein" title="Friedrich von Holstein">Friedrich von Holstein</a>. This caused gossip in Washington, but Alice refused to stop seeing Holstein. When Holstein was recalled to Prussia in the spring of 1867, Alice accused Sumner of engineering the action, which Sumner denied. They separated the following September.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sumner's enemies used the affair to attack Sumner's manhood, calling him "The Great Impotency." The situation depressed and embarrassed Sumner.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He obtained an uncontested divorce on the grounds of desertion on May 10, 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials">Memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sumner&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Sumner_statue_(Cambridge,_MA)_-_Anne_Whitney_sculptor.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Statue by Anne Whitney in Harvard Square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Charles_Sumner_statue_%28Cambridge%2C_MA%29_-_Anne_Whitney_sculptor.JPG/180px-Charles_Sumner_statue_%28Cambridge%2C_MA%29_-_Anne_Whitney_sculptor.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Charles_Sumner_statue_%28Cambridge%2C_MA%29_-_Anne_Whitney_sculptor.JPG/270px-Charles_Sumner_statue_%28Cambridge%2C_MA%29_-_Anne_Whitney_sculptor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Charles_Sumner_statue_%28Cambridge%2C_MA%29_-_Anne_Whitney_sculptor.JPG/360px-Charles_Sumner_statue_%28Cambridge%2C_MA%29_-_Anne_Whitney_sculptor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1745" data-file-height="2388" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Charles_Sumner_(Cambridge,_Massachusetts)" title="Statue of Charles Sumner (Cambridge, Massachusetts)">Statue</a> by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Whitney" title="Anne Whitney">Anne Whitney</a> in <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Square" title="Harvard Square">Harvard Square</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US-$500-SC-1880-Fr-345c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/US-%24500-SC-1880-Fr-345c.jpg/220px-US-%24500-SC-1880-Fr-345c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/US-%24500-SC-1880-Fr-345c.jpg/330px-US-%24500-SC-1880-Fr-345c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/US-%24500-SC-1880-Fr-345c.jpg/440px-US-%24500-SC-1880-Fr-345c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2631" /></a><figcaption>$500 <a href="/wiki/Silver_certificate" title="Silver certificate">silver certificate</a> of 1880, with Sumner's portrait.</figcaption></figure> <p>The following are named after Charles Sumner: </p> <ul><li>Sumner Street in Newton Centre, Massachusetts</li> <li>Charles Sumner Elementary School, Camden, New Jersey</li> <li>Charles Sumner – Junior High School 65 in New York City;</li> <li>Charles Sumner Elementary School in <a href="/wiki/Roslindale,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Roslindale, Massachusetts">Roslindale, Massachusetts</a></li> <li>Sumner Avenue in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield, Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_School" title="Charles Sumner School">Charles Sumner School</a> and museum in Washington, D.C.</li> <li>Sumner Elementary School in <a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka, Kansas</a>, now closed, a school that played a key role in the landmark 1954 case <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> and is on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Charles Sumner Math & Science Community Academy Elementary School in Chicago, Illinois</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumner_Academy_of_Arts_%26_Science" title="Sumner Academy of Arts & Science">Sumner Academy of Arts & Science</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Kansas" title="Kansas City, Kansas">Kansas City, Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_House" title="Charles Sumner House">Charles Sumner House</a>, Sumner's home in Boston</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumner_Library" title="Sumner Library">Sumner Library</a> in Minneapolis<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumner_County,_Kansas" title="Sumner County, Kansas">Sumner County, Kansas</a><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumner,_Iowa" title="Sumner, Iowa">Sumner, Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumner,_Nebraska" title="Sumner, Nebraska">Sumner, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumner,_Washington" title="Sumner, Washington">Sumner, Washington</a><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumner,_Oregon" title="Sumner, Oregon">Sumner, Oregon</a></li> <li>Avenida Charles Sumner, Distrito Nacional, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li>Avenue Charles Sumner, <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li>Sumner Avenue, <a href="/wiki/Eastvale,_California" title="Eastvale, California">Eastvale, California</a></li> <li>Sumner Avenue, <a href="/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York" title="Schenectady, New York">Schenectady, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Liberty_ships:_C#Charles_P.–Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Liberty ships: C">SS <i>Charles Sumner</i></a>, a World War II <a href="/wiki/Liberty_ship" title="Liberty ship">Liberty</a> cargo ship.</li> <li>Sumner Street in <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem, Massachusetts</a></li> <li>Sumner was sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Edmonia_Lewis" title="Edmonia Lewis">Edmonia Lewis</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Barnum%27s_American_Museum" title="Barnum's American Museum">Barnum's American Museum</a>, there were wax statues of Brooks attacking Sumner (on the floor).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumner_School" title="Sumner School">Sumner School</a>, West Virginia</li> <li>Sumner Hill and Sumner Hill Road in <a href="/wiki/Stamford,_VT" class="mw-redirect" title="Stamford, VT">Stamford, VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumner_High_School_(St._Louis)" title="Sumner High School (St. Louis)">Sumner High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a></li></ul> <p><br /> There is a <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Charles_Sumner_(Cambridge,_Massachusetts)" title="Statue of Charles Sumner (Cambridge, Massachusetts)">statue of Sumner in Cambridge, Massachusetts</a> by sculptor <a href="/wiki/Anne_Whitney" title="Anne Whitney">Anne Whitney</a> and another <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Charles_Sumner_(Boston)" title="Statue of Charles Sumner (Boston)">statue of Sumner in Boston, Massachusetts</a> by sculptor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ball_(artist)" title="Thomas Ball (artist)">Thomas Ball.</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sumner&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2001266-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2001266_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2001">Taylor 2001</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJonesPodolskyBannon_KerrHammonds2023" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, David S.; Podolsky, Scott H.; Bannon Kerr, Meghan; Hammonds, Evelynn (December 7, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMp2307309">"Slavery and the Journal — Reckoning with History and Complicity"</a>. <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>389</b> (23): 2117–2123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMp2307309">10.1056/NEJMp2307309</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793">0028-4793</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38055250">38055250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Slavery+and+the+Journal+%E2%80%94+Reckoning+with+History+and+Complicity&rft.volume=389&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=2117-2123&rft.date=2023-12-07&rft.issn=0028-4793&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38055250&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMp2307309&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft.au=Podolsky%2C+Scott+H.&rft.au=Bannon+Kerr%2C+Meghan&rft.au=Hammonds%2C+Evelynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1056%252FNEJMp2307309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ref-1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ref-1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref-1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Charles Sumner." Dictionary of American Biography Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928–1936. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC">available online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald19603-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald19603_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1960">Donald 1960</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald19604-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald19604_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1960">Donald 1960</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald19606–7-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald19606–7_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1960">Donald 1960</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1960130-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1960130_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1960">Donald 1960</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1960104-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1960104_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1960">Donald 1960</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1960105-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1960105_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1960105_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1960">Donald 1960</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald196014-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald196014_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1960">Donald 1960</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Henry Haynes, <i>Charles Sumner</i> (G.W. Jacobs & Company, 1909), pg. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191181-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191181_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191181_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191181_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191181_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191181_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191181_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough201121–24-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough201121–24_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCullough2011">McCullough 2011</a>, pp. 21–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough201130,_42,_47-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough201130,_42,_47_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCullough2011">McCullough 2011</a>, pp. 30, 42, 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough201159,_130-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough201159,_130_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCullough2011">McCullough 2011</a>, pp. 59, 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough2011131-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough2011131_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCullough2011">McCullough 2011</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C-SPAN 2 McCullough 2011 National Book Festival</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangguth2014" class="citation book cs1">Langguth, A. J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qcyNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5"><i>After Lincoln: How the North Won the Civil War and Lost the Peace</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 4–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-1732-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-1732-0"><bdi>978-1-4516-1732-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Lincoln%3A+How+the+North+Won+the+Civil+War+and+Lost+the+Peace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-1732-0&rft.aulast=Langguth&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqcyNCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyserArndt2011" class="citation book cs1">Hyser, Raymond M.; Arndt, J. Chris (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VUHHoudlonwC&pg=PA256"><i>Voices of the American Past: Documents in U.S. History</i></a>. Vol. 1. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-34124-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-34124-4"><bdi>978-1-111-34124-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+of+the+American+Past%3A+Documents+in+U.S.+History&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-111-34124-4&rft.aulast=Hyser&rft.aufirst=Raymond+M.&rft.au=Arndt%2C+J.+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVUHHoudlonwC%26pg%3DPA256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald196065-71-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald196065-71_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald196065-71_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1960">Donald 1960</a>, p. 65-71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hPvXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA458"><i>Harpers' Encyclopædia of United States from 458 A.D. to 1905</i></a>. Vol. 8. New York: Harper & Brothers. 1905. pp. 458–459.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harpers%27+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+of+United+States+from+458+A.D.+to+1905&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=458-459&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1905&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhPvXAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1960174-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1960174_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1960174_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1960">Donald 1960</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalther2004" class="citation book cs1">Walther, Eric H. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L9qNIZfUdzsC&pg=PA14"><i>The Shattering of the Union: America in the 1850s</i></a>. Lanham, MD: SR Books. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2799-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2799-1"><bdi>978-0-8420-2799-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shattering+of+the+Union%3A+America+in+the+1850s&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=SR+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8420-2799-1&rft.aulast=Walther&rft.aufirst=Eric+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL9qNIZfUdzsC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1960152-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1960152_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1960">Donald 1960</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1960180-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1960180_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1960">Donald 1960</a>, pp. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers2005" class="citation book cs1">Myers, John L. (2005). <i>Henry Wilson and the coming of the Civil War</i>. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7618-2608-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7618-2608-4"><bdi>0-7618-2608-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52559145">52559145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+Wilson+and+the+coming+of+the+Civil+War&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52559145&rft.isbn=0-7618-2608-4&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Two short-term appointees held Webster's seat from July 1850 to March 1851, when Sumner's full term began. Stephen Puleo, <i>A City So Grand: The Rise of an American Metropolis, Boston 1850–1900</i>, 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Sumner, <i>Freedom National; Slavery Sectional: Speech of Hon. Charles Sumner…</i> (Boston: Ticknor, Reed and Fields, 1852), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freedomnational00sumngoog">available online</a>, accessed June 24, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191182-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191182_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191182_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191182_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1960236-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1960236_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1960">Donald 1960</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumner1856" class="citation book cs1">Sumner, Charles (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_p7sjpWl1kgC&q=%22charles+sumner%22+%22crime+against+kansas%22"><i>The Crime Against Kansas</i></a>. John P. Jewett & Company. p. Title page.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crime+Against+Kansas&rft.pages=Title+page&rft.pub=John+P.+Jewett+%26+Company&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Sumner&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_p7sjpWl1kgC%26q%3D%2522charles%2Bsumner%2522%2B%2522crime%2Bagainst%2Bkansas%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Long-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Long_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2005" class="citation news cs1">Long, William R. (August 8, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325182717/http://www.drbilllong.com/LegalEssays/Sumner.html">"Charles Sumner (1811–74) – Three Essays on A Massachusetts Abolitionist"</a>. www.drbilllong.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drbilllong.com/LegalEssays/Sumner.html">the original</a> on March 25, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Charles+Sumner+%281811%E2%80%9374%29+%E2%80%93+Three+Essays+on+A+Massachusetts+Abolitionist&rft.date=2005-08-08&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drbilllong.com%2FLegalEssays%2FSumner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfau2003393-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfau2003393_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPfau2003">Pfau 2003</a>, p. 393.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"14.2 The Coming of the Civil War." <i>America: History of Our Nation</i>, by James West. Davidson, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009, pp. 186–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Preston_Smith_Brooks:_The_Man_and_H-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Preston_Smith_Brooks:_The_Man_and_H_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The relationship between Brooks and Butler is often reported inaccurately. "In reality, Brooks's father Whitfield Brooks, and Andrew Butler were first cousins." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathis1978" class="citation journal cs1">Mathis, Robert Neil (October 1978). "Preston Smith Brooks: The Man and His Image". <i>The South Carolina Historical Magazine</i>. <b>79</b> (4): 296–310. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27567525">27567525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+South+Carolina+Historical+Magazine&rft.atitle=Preston+Smith+Brooks%3A+The+Man+and+His+Image&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=296-310&rft.date=1978-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27567525%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mathis&rft.aufirst=Robert+Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuleo2012112-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuleo2012112_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPuleo2012">Puleo 2012</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1960293-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1960293_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1960">Donald 1960</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Puleo, 36–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Puleo, 102, 114–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William E. Gienapp, "The Crime Against Sumner: The Caning of Charles Sumner and the Rise of the Republican Party", <i>Civil War History</i>, 25 25 (1979): 218–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas G. Mitchell, <i>Anti-slavery politics in antebellum and Civil War America</i> (2007) p. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough2011225–31-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough2011225–31_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough2011225–31_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough2011225–31_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough2011225–31_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough2011225–31_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCullough2011">McCullough 2011</a>, pp. 225–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sumner's chair was later purchased by <a href="/wiki/Bates_College" title="Bates College">Bates College</a>, an abolitionist-leaning school with which Sumner was involved. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bates.edu/x65010.xml">Faith by their Works: The Progressive Tradition at Bates College from 1855 to 1877</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060902193733/http://www.bates.edu/x65010.xml">Archived</a> September 2, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough2011233-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough2011233_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCullough2011">McCullough 2011</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuleo2012113–20-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuleo2012113–20_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuleo2012113–20_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPuleo2012">Puleo 2012</a>, pp. 113–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oates-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oates_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oates_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oates_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oates_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oates_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oates_46-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Oates">Oates</a> (December 1980), <i>The Slaves Freed</i>, American Heritage Magazine</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley Coben, "Northeastern Business and Radical Reconstruction: A Re-examination", <i>Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i> Vol. 46, No. 1 (Jun. 1959), pp. 67–90 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1892388">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilbert Osofsky, "Cardboard Yankee: How Not to Study the Mind of Charles Sumner", <i>Reviews in American History</i> Vol. 1, No. 4 (Dec. 1973), pp. 595–606 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2701730">in JSTOR</a> quotes are in Osofsky's words on pp. 595, 596</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1960319-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1960319_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1960319_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1960">Donald 1960</a>, p. 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes1909247–51-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaynes1909247–51_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaynes1909247–51_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaynes1909247–51_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaynes1909247–51_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaynes1909247–51_50-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaynes1909247–51_50-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaynes1909247–51_50-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaynes1909">Haynes 1909</a>, pp. 247–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred N. Hunt, <i>Haiti's Influence on Antebellum America: Slumbering Volcano in the Caribbean</i> (Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haynes_Trent_Affair-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haynes_Trent_Affair_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haynes_Trent_Affair_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haynes_Trent_Affair_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Haynes (1909), <i>Charles Sumner</i>, pp. 251–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Donald, Jean Harvey Baker, and Michael F. Holt, <i>The Civil War and Reconstruction</i> (2001), 135–38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foner-Reconstruction-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foner-Reconstruction_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foner-Reconstruction_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Foner">Foner</a> (1983), <i>The New View Of Reconstruction</i>, <a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="American Heritage Magazine">American Heritage Magazine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldstone_p18-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstone_p18_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstone_p18_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldstone, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald, 2: 532</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1970532-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1970532_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1970">Donald 1970</a>, p. 532.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1970587-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1970587_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1970">Donald 1970</a>, p. 587.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2004" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Roger (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HGM9AQAAMAAJ&q=%22Worse+than+any+heathen+or+pagan+abroad+are+those+in+our+midst+who+are+false+to+our+institutions.%22&pg=PA5172"><i>Guarding the Golden Door: American Immigration Policy and Immigrants since 1882</i></a>. New York: Hill and Wang. pp. 13–16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guarding+the+Golden+Door%3A+American+Immigration+Policy+and+Immigrants+since+1882&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=13-16&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHGM9AQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Worse%2Bthan%2Bany%2Bheathen%2Bor%2Bpagan%2Babroad%2Bare%2Bthose%2Bin%2Bour%2Bmidst%2Bwho%2Bare%2Bfalse%2Bto%2Bour%2Binstitutions.%2522%26pg%3DPA5172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120702161823/http://baic.house.gov/member-profiles/profile.html?intID=18"><i><span></span></i>John Mercer Langston<i>, Representative, 1890–1891, Republican from Virginia, Black Americans in Congress series</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baic.house.gov/member-profiles/profile.html?intID=18">the original</a> on July 2, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Mercer+Langston%2C+Representative%2C+1890%E2%80%931891%2C+Republican+from+Virginia%2C+Black+Americans+in+Congress+series&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbaic.house.gov%2Fmember-profiles%2Fprofile.html%3FintID%3D18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Gerber, and Alan Friedlander, <i>The Civil Rights Act of 1875 A Reexamination</i> (2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1970337-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1970337_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1970">Donald 1970</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1960" class="citation journal cs1">Reynolds, Robert L. (December 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/content/seward%E2%80%99s-wise-folly">"Seward's Wise Folly"</a>. <i>American Heritage</i>. <b>12</b> (1)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage&rft.atitle=Seward%27s+Wise+Folly&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1960-12&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Fcontent%2Fseward%25E2%2580%2599s-wise-folly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fixico-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fixico_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fixico_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFixico2008" class="citation book cs1">Fixico, Donald Lee (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ALfK7Ag4SXIC&q=Treaties+with+American+Indians"><i>Treaties with American Indians: An Encyclopedia of Rights, Conflicts, and Sovereignty</i></a>. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, Inc. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-880-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-880-8"><bdi>978-1-57607-880-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treaties+with+American+Indians%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Rights%2C+Conflicts%2C+and+Sovereignty&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO%2C+Inc&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-880-8&rft.aulast=Fixico&rft.aufirst=Donald+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DALfK7Ag4SXIC%26q%3DTreaties%2Bwith%2BAmerican%2BIndians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treaty_with_Russia-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Treaty_with_Russia_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=015/llsl015.db&recNum=572">"Treaty with Russia"</a>. 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Lamere Pub. Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hamiltonfish00corngoog/page/n65">59</a>–84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamilton+Fish&rft.pages=59-84&rft.pub=Lamere+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Corning&rft.aufirst=Amos+Elwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhamiltonfish00corngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McFeely (1981), p. 337</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McFeely (1981), pp. 332, 333</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McFeely (1981), pp. 338, 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey1900379–81-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorey1900379–81_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStorey1900">Storey 1900</a>, pp. 379–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2001), p. 501, 502</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey1900382–84-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorey1900382–84_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStorey1900">Storey 1900</a>, pp. 382–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2001), p. 504</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey1900384–86-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorey1900384–86_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorey1900384–86_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorey1900384–86_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorey1900384–86_78-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStorey1900">Storey 1900</a>, pp. 384–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sumner (March 21, 1871), <i>Violations of International Law and Usurpations of War Powers</i>, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2001), <i>Grant</i>, pp. 503–04</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey1900392,_394-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorey1900392,_394_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStorey1900">Storey 1900</a>, pp. 392, 394.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1970446–47-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1970446–47_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1970">Donald 1970</a>, pp. 446–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew L. Slap, <i>The doom of Reconstruction: the liberal Republicans in the Civil War era</i> pp. xiii, 225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26062851/joshua_b_smith_obituary_in_the_boston/">"Obituary. Joshua B. Smith"</a>. <i>Boston Post</i>. 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A. Dunning, <i>Reconstruction, Political and Economic</i> (1907); Howard K. Beale, <i>The Critical Year</i> (1930) was revisionist.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kagan, Robert <i>Dangerous Nation</i>, p. 278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wendell Phillips letter, 'Boston Daily Advertiser,' March 11, 1873.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Donald, "Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man," 587</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Storey (1900), pp. 427–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Osofsky, <i>Cardboard Yankee</i>, pp. 597–98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimes2009" class="citation web cs1">Grimes, William (May 19, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/19/books/19donald.html?_r=0">"David Herbert Donald, Writer on Lincoln, Dies at 88"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Houghton Mifflin, 1904. pp. 245–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonough2012" class="citation web cs1">McDonough, Jodi (November 17, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ingoodtastedenver.com/lincoln-a-history-lesson-for-today-by-jodi-mcdonough/">"Lincoln-A History Lesson For Today"</a>. <i>In Good Taste Denver</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=In+Good+Taste+Denver&rft.atitle=Lincoln-A+History+Lesson+For+Today&rft.date=2012-11-17&rft.aulast=McDonough&rft.aufirst=Jodi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fingoodtastedenver.com%2Flincoln-a-history-lesson-for-today-by-jodi-mcdonough%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Gallagher2013" class="citation news cs1">Brian Gallagher (February 15, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://movieweb.com/exclusive-creed-bratton-talks-history-the-office-and-saving-lincoln/">"Creed Bratton Talks History, The Office and Saving Lincoln"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MovieWeb" class="mw-redirect" title="MovieWeb">MovieWeb</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MovieWeb&rft.atitle=Creed+Bratton+Talks+History%2C+The+Office+and+Saving+Lincoln&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.au=Brian+Gallagher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmovieweb.com%2Fexclusive-creed-bratton-talks-history-the-office-and-saving-lincoln%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanantiquarian.org/memberlists">American Antiquarian Society Members Directory</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunbar, B. (1987). <i>Members and Officers of the American Antiquarian Society</i>. Worcester: American Antiquarian Society.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald, 2:293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald, 2:571</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New York Times</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1873/05/11/archives/hon-charles-sumner-obtains-a-decree-of-divorce.html">Hon. Charles Sumner Obtains a Decree of Divorce, May 11, 1873</a>, accessed June 22, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070706041024/http://www.cjonline.com/stories/092202/com_qna.shtml">"CJOnline.com – Q&A: Sumner school named after anti-slavery leader"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cjonline.com/stories/092202/com_qna.shtml">the original</a> on July 6, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CJOnline.com+%E2%80%93+Q%26A%3A+Sumner+school+named+after+anti-slavery+leader&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cjonline.com%2Fstories%2F092202%2Fcom_qna.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/KS/Shawnee/state.html">National Register of Historical Places – Kansas (KS), Shawnee County</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hclib.org/about/locations/sumner">Sumner Library</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060211030552/http://www.co.sumner.ks.us/MV2Base.asp?VarCN=82">"Sumner County Website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.co.sumner.ks.us/MV2Base.asp?VarCN%3D82">the original</a> on February 11, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sumner+County+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.co.sumner.ks.us%2FMV2Base.asp%3FVarCN%253D82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeany1923" class="citation book cs1">Meany, Edmond S. (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015027074981;view=1up;seq=312"><i>Origin of Washington geographic names</i></a>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 296.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+of+Washington+geographic+names&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Meany&rft.aufirst=Edmond+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015027074981%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sumner&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sumner&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Herbert_Donald" title="David Herbert Donald">Donald, David Herbert</a> (1960). <i>Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Sumner+and+the+Coming+of+the+Civil+War&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Donald&rft.aufirst=David+Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman1964" class="citation journal cs1">Goodman, Paul (September 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/364037">"David Donald's Charles Sumner Reconsidered"</a>. <i>The New England Quarterly</i>. <b>37</b> (3): 373–387. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F364037">10.2307/364037</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/364037">364037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Quarterly&rft.atitle=David+Donald%27s+Charles+Sumner+Reconsidered&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=373-387&rft.date=1964-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F364037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F364037%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F364037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsofsky1973" class="citation journal cs1">Osofsky, Gilbert (December 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2701730">"Cardboard Yankee: How Not to Study the Mind of Charles Sumner"</a>. <i>Reviews in American History</i>. <b>1</b> (4): 595–606. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2701730">10.2307/2701730</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2701730">2701730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+American+History&rft.atitle=Cardboard+Yankee%3A+How+Not+to+Study+the+Mind+of+Charles+Sumner&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=595-606&rft.date=1973-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2701730&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2701730%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Osofsky&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2701730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Herbert_Donald" title="David Herbert Donald">Donald, David Herbert</a> (1970). <i>Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Sumner+and+the+Rights+of+Man&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Donald&rft.aufirst=David+Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Foner, Eric</a> (1970). <i>Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+Soil%2C+Free+Labor%2C+Free+Men%3A+The+Ideology+of+the+Republican+Party+before+the+Civil+War&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForeman2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Foreman_(historian)" title="Amanda Foreman (historian)">Foreman, Amanda</a> (2011). <i>A World on Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War</i>. New York: Penguin Random House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+on+Fire%3A+Britain%27s+Crucial+Role+in+the+American+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Foreman&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes1909" class="citation book cs1">Haynes, George Henry (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UDYOAAAAIAAJ&q=haynes+sumner"><i>Charles Sumner</i></a>. G.W. Jacobs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780722284407" title="Special:BookSources/9780722284407"><bdi>9780722284407</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Sumner&rft.pub=G.W.+Jacobs&rft.date=1909&rft.isbn=9780722284407&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=George+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUDYOAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dhaynes%2Bsumner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffer2010" class="citation book cs1">Hoffer, Williamjames Hull (2010). <i>The Caning of Charles Sumner: Honor, Idealism, and the Origins of the Civil War</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caning+of+Charles+Sumner%3A+Honor%2C+Idealism%2C+and+the+Origins+of+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Hoffer&rft.aufirst=Williamjames+Hull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCullough2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_McCullough" title="David McCullough">McCullough, David</a> (2011). <i>The Greater Journey: Americans in Paris</i>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416571766" title="Special:BookSources/9781416571766"><bdi>9781416571766</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greater+Journey%3A+Americans+in+Paris&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781416571766&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuleo2012" class="citation book cs1">Puleo, Stephen (2012). <i>The Caning: The Assault That Drove America to Civil War</i>. Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59416-516-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59416-516-0"><bdi>978-1-59416-516-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caning%3A+The+Assault+That+Drove+America+to+Civil+War&rft.place=Yardley%2C+PA&rft.pub=Westholme+Publishing+LLC&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59416-516-0&rft.aulast=Puleo&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuleo2024" class="citation book cs1">Puleo, Stephen (2024). <i>The Great Abolitionist: Charles Sumner and the Fight for a More Perfect Union</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781250276278" title="Special:BookSources/9781250276278"><bdi>9781250276278</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Abolitionist%3A+Charles+Sumner+and+the+Fight+for+a+More+Perfect+Union&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9781250276278&rft.aulast=Puleo&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorey1900" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moorfield_Storey" title="Moorfield Storey">Storey, Moorfield</a> (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/charlessumner00storgoog"><i>Charles Sumner</i></a>. Boston, New York, Houghton, Mifflin and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Sumner&rft.pub=Boston%2C+New+York%2C+Houghton%2C+Mifflin+and+Company&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Storey&rft.aufirst=Moorfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcharlessumner00storgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2001" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Anne-Marie (2001). <i>Young Charles Sumner and the Legacy of the American Enlightenment, 1811–1851</i>. U. of Massachusetts Press. p. 422.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Young+Charles+Sumner+and+the+Legacy+of+the+American+Enlightenment%2C+1811%E2%80%931851&rft.pages=422&rft.pub=U.+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Anne-Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Articles">Articles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sumner&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1956" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, Victor H. (May 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2954239">"Charles Sumner and the Trent Affair"</a>. <i>The Journal of Southern History</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 205–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2954239">10.2307/2954239</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2954239">2954239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=Charles+Sumner+and+the+Trent+Affair&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=205-219&rft.date=1956-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2954239&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2954239%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Victor+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2954239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner1983" class="citation journal cs1">Foner, Eric (October–November 1983). "The New View Of Reconstruction". <i>American Heritage Magazine</i>. <b>34</b> (6).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+New+View+Of+Reconstruction&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=6&rft.date=1983-10%2F1983-11&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrasure1928" class="citation journal cs1">Frasure, Carl M. (April 1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2713959">"Charles Sumner and the Rights of the Negro"</a>. <i>The Journal of Negro History</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 126–149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2713959">10.2307/2713959</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2713959">2713959</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149885691">149885691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Negro+History&rft.atitle=Charles+Sumner+and+the+Rights+of+the+Negro&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=126-149&rft.date=1928-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149885691%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2713959%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2713959&rft.aulast=Frasure&rft.aufirst=Carl+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2713959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGienapp1979" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Gienapp" title="William Gienapp">Gienapp, William E.</a> (September 1979). "The Crime against Sumner: The Caning of Charles Sumner and the Rise of the Republican Party". <i>Civil War History</i>. <b>25</b> (3): 218–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcwh.1979.0005">10.1353/cwh.1979.0005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145527756">145527756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil+War+History&rft.atitle=The+Crime+against+Sumner%3A+The+Caning+of+Charles+Sumner+and+the+Rise+of+the+Republican+Party&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=218-45&rft.date=1979-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcwh.1979.0005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145527756%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gienapp&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHidalgo1997" class="citation journal cs1">Hidalgo, Dennis (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/277925">"Charles Sumner and the Annexation of the Dominican Republic"</a>. <i>Itinerario</i>. <b>XXI</b> (2): 51–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0165115300022841">10.1017/S0165115300022841</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163872610">163872610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Itinerario&rft.atitle=Charles+Sumner+and+the+Annexation+of+the+Dominican+Republic&rft.volume=XXI&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=51-66&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0165115300022841&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163872610%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hidalgo&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F277925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJager1969" class="citation journal cs1">Jager, Ronald B. (September 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/363614">"Charles Sumner, the Constitution, and the Civil Rights Act of 1875"</a>. <i>The New England Quarterly</i>. <b>42</b> (3): 350–372. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F363614">10.2307/363614</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/363614">363614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Charles+Sumner%2C+the+Constitution%2C+and+the+Civil+Rights+Act+of+1875&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=350-372&rft.date=1969-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F363614&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F363614%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jager&rft.aufirst=Ronald+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F363614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNason1874" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elias_Nason" title="Elias Nason">Nason, Elias</a> (1874). <i>The Life and Times of Charles Sumner: His Boyhood, Education and Public Career</i>. Boston: B. B. Russell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Charles+Sumner%3A+His+Boyhood%2C+Education+and+Public+Career&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=B.+B.+Russell&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Nason&rft.aufirst=Elias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Oates" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_B._Oates" title="Stephen B. Oates">Oates, Stephen B.</a> (December 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/content/slaves-freed">"The Slaves Freed"</a>. <i>American Heritage Magazine</i>. Vol. 32, no. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Slaves+Freed&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1980-12&rft.aulast=Oates&rft.aufirst=Stephen+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Fcontent%2Fslaves-freed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfau2003" class="citation journal cs1">Pfau, Michael William (2003). "Time, Tropes, And Textuality: Reading Republicanism In Charles Sumner's 'Crime Against Kansas'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Rhetoric & Public Affairs</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 385–413. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Frap.2003.0070">10.1353/rap.2003.0070</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144786197">144786197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rhetoric+%26+Public+Affairs&rft.atitle=Time%2C+Tropes%2C+And+Textuality%3A+Reading+Republicanism+In+Charles+Sumner%27s+%27Crime+Against+Kansas%27&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=385-413&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Frap.2003.0070&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144786197%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pfau&rft.aufirst=Michael+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierson1995" class="citation journal cs1">Pierson, Michael D. (December 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/365874">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'All Southern Society Is Assailed by the Foulest Charges': Charles Sumner's 'The Crime against Kansas' and the Escalation of Republican Anti-Slavery Rhetoric"</a>. <i>The New England Quarterly</i>. <b>68</b> (4): 531–557. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F365874">10.2307/365874</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/365874">365874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%27All+Southern+Society+Is+Assailed+by+the+Foulest+Charges%27%3A+Charles+Sumner%27s+%27The+Crime+against+Kansas%27+and+the+Escalation+of+Republican+Anti-Slavery+Rhetoric&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=531-557&rft.date=1995-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F365874&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F365874%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pierson&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F365874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuchames1953" class="citation journal cs1">Ruchames, Louis (April 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2715536">"Charles Sumner and American Historiography"</a>. <i>Journal of Negro History</i>. <b>38</b> (2): 139–160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2715536">10.2307/2715536</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2715536">2715536</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150278539">150278539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Negro+History&rft.atitle=Charles+Sumner+and+American+Historiography&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=139-160&rft.date=1953-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150278539%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2715536%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2715536&rft.aulast=Ruchames&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fpss%2F2715536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinha2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Manisha_Sinha" title="Manisha Sinha">Sinha, Manisha</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3125037">"The Caning of Charles Sumner: Slavery, Race, and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War"</a>. <i>Journal of the Early Republic</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 233–262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3125037">10.2307/3125037</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3125037">3125037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Early+Republic&rft.atitle=The+Caning+of+Charles+Sumner%3A+Slavery%2C+Race%2C+and+Ideology+in+the+Age+of+the+Civil+War&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=233-262&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3125037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3125037%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=Manisha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3125037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Williams" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._Harry_Williams" title="T. Harry Williams">Williams, T. Harry</a> (December 1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/content/investigation-1862">"Investigation: 1862"</a>. <i>American Heritage Magazine</i>. <b>6</b> (1)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage+Magazine&rft.atitle=Investigation%3A+1862&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1954-12&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=T.+Harry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Fcontent%2Finvestigation-1862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sumner&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sumner,_Charles" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sumner, Charles">Sumner, Charles</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 81–82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sumner%2C+Charles&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=81-82&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Palmer, Beverly Wilson, ed. <i>The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner</i> 2 vols. (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Pierce" title="Edward L. Pierce">Pierce, Edward L.</a> <i>Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner</i> 4 vols., 1877–93. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?as_q=&num=100&btnG=Google+Search&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_brr=0&lr=&as_vt=%22charles+sumner%22&as_auth=&as_pub=&as_sub=&as_drrb=c&as_miny=&as_maxy=&as_isbn=">online edition</a></li> <li>Sumner, Charles. <i>The Works of Charles Sumner</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?as_q=&num=100&btnG=Google+Search&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_brr=0&lr=&as_vt=%22charles+sumner%22&as_auth=&as_pub=&as_sub=&as_drrb=c&as_miny=&as_maxy=&as_isbn=">online edition</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Sumner_Alaska_Speech_(1867)" class="citation speech cs1">Sumner, Charles (April 9, 1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/AAZ9604.0001.001/1?rgn=full+text;view=image"><i>Speech of Hon. Charles Sumner, of Massachusetts, on the cession of Russian America to the United States</i></a> (Speech). Making of America. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fhvd.32044004379533">2027/hvd.32044004379533</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Speech+of+Hon.+Charles+Sumner%2C+of+Massachusetts%2C+on+the+cession+of+Russian+America+to+the+United+States.&rft.pub=Making+of+America&rft.date=1867-04-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fhvd.32044004379533&rft.aulast=Sumner&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fm%2Fmoa%2FAAZ9604.0001.001%2F1%3Frgn%3Dfull%2Btext%3Bview%3Dimage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sumner&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner" class="extiw" title="c:Charles Sumner">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Charles_Sumner" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Charles Sumner">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner" class="extiw" title="q:Charles Sumner">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Charles_Sumner" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Charles Sumner">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressS001068" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S001068">"Charles Sumner (id: S001068)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Charles+Sumner+%28id%3A+S001068%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DS001068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sumner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrlincolnandfreedom.org/inside.asp?ID=74&subjectID=4">Mr. Lincoln and Freedom: Charles Sumner</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508193045/http://www.mrlincolnandfreedom.org/inside.asp?ID=74&subjectID=4">Archived</a> May 8, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Crime_against_Kansas">Sumner's "Crime Against Kansas" speech</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Sumner,+Charles">Works by Charles Sumner</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/10951">Works by Charles Sumner</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Sumner%2C%20Charles%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Charles%20Sumner%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sumner%2C%20Charles%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Charles%20Sumner%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sumner%2C%20C%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Charles%20Sumner%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Sumner%2C%20Charles%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Charles%20Sumner%22%29%20OR%20%28%221811-1874%22%20AND%20Sumner%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Charles Sumner</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theliberatorfiles.com/category/sumner-charles/">The Liberator Files</a>, Items concerning Charles Sumner from Horace Seldon's collection and summary of research of William Lloyd Garrison's <i>The Liberator</i> original copies at the Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Charles_Sumner" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> at Wikisource</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner" class="extiw" title="commons:Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rantoul_Jr." title="Robert Rantoul Jr.">Robert Rantoul Jr.</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Massachusetts</a> </b><br />1851–1874 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(Massachusetts_governor)" title="John Davis (Massachusetts governor)">John Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Edward Everett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Rockwell" title="Julius Rockwell">Julius Rockwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_S._Boutwell" title="George S. Boutwell">George S. Boutwell</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_B._Washburn" title="William B. Washburn">William B. Washburn</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Mason" title="James M. Mason">James M. Mason</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Foreign_Relations_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Foreign Relations Committee">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a> </b><br />1861–1871 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Privileges_and_Elections" title="United States Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections">Senate Elections Committee</a> </b><br />1871–1872 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_P._Morton" title="Oliver P. Morton">Oliver P. Morton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Benjamin Wade</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Dean of the United States Senate">Dean of the United States Senate</a> </b><br />1869–1874 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Zachariah Chandler</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Persons who have <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lain in state or honor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">United States Capitol rotunda</a> </b><br />1874 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Deans_of_the_United_States_Senate" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_deans" title="Template:US Senate deans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_deans" title="Template talk:US Senate deans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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href="/wiki/Joseph_Anderson_(Tennessee_politician)" title="Joseph Anderson (Tennessee politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gaillard" title="John Gaillard">Gaillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Ruggles" title="Benjamin Ruggles">Ruggles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_P._Mangum" title="Willie P. Mangum">Mangum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pearce" title="James Pearce">Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Bayard_Jr." title="James A. Bayard Jr.">Bayard</a>/<a href="/wiki/Solomon_Foot" title="Solomon Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Foot" title="Solomon Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Anthony" title="Henry B. Anthony">Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_S._Morrill" title="Justin S. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Allison" title="William B. Allison">Allison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_M._Cullom" title="Shelby M. Cullom">Cullom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_H._Gallinger" title="Jacob H. Gallinger">Gallinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_E._Warren" title="Francis E. Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._M._Simmons" title="F. M. Simmons">Simmons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Smoot" title="Reed Smoot">Smoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Borah" title="William Borah">Borah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellison_D._Smith" title="Ellison D. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">McKellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hayden" title="Carl Hayden">Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_J._Ellender" title="Allen J. Ellender">Ellender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Aiken" title="George Aiken">Aiken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Eastland" title="James Eastland">Eastland</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_L._McClellan" title="John L. McClellan">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Eastland" title="James Eastland">Eastland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Magnuson" title="Warren Magnuson">Magnuson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Stennis" title="John C. Stennis">Stennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Leahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="Template:United States senators from Massachusetts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="Template talk:United States senators from Massachusetts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from Massachusetts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">United States senators from Massachusetts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tristram_Dalton" title="Tristram Dalton">Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cabot" title="George Cabot">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Goodhue" title="Benjamin Goodhue">Goodhue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Mason_(politician)" title="Jonathan Mason (politician)">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lloyd_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James Lloyd (Massachusetts politician)">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Gore" title="Christopher Gore">Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_P._Ashmun" title="Eli P. Ashmun">Ashmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prentiss_Mellen" title="Prentiss Mellen">Mellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_H._Mills" title="Elijah H. Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Winthrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Charles Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rantoul_Jr." title="Robert Rantoul Jr.">Rantoul</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Washburn" title="William B. Washburn">Washburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Dawes" title="Henry L. Dawes">Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I._Walsh" title="David I. Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">J. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_A._Smith_II" title="Benjamin A. Smith II">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">E. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Brown_(politician)" title="Scott Brown (politician)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Strong" title="Caleb Strong">Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Dexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Foster_(politician,_born_1757)" title="Dwight Foster (politician, born 1757)">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradley_Varnum" title="Joseph Bradley Varnum">Varnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Gray_Otis_(politician)" title="Harrison Gray Otis (politician)">Otis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lloyd_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James Lloyd (Massachusetts politician)">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Silsbee" title="Nathaniel Silsbee">Silsbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(Massachusetts_governor)" title="John Davis (Massachusetts governor)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_C._Bates" title="Isaac C. Bates">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(Massachusetts_governor)" title="John Davis (Massachusetts governor)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Rockwell" title="Julius Rockwell">Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Boutwell" title="George S. Boutwell">Boutwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Hoar" title="George F. Hoar">Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_M._Crane" title="Winthrop M. Crane">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Weeks" title="John W. Weeks">J. Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I._Walsh" title="David I. Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_A._Coolidge" title="Marcus A. Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Weeks" title="Sinclair Weeks">S. Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">Saltonstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tsongas" title="Paul Tsongas">Tsongas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Cowan" title="Mo Cowan">Cowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Markey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_anti-slavery_parties_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_anti-slavery_parties_(U.S.)" title="Template:Historical anti-slavery parties (U.S.)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_anti-slavery_parties_(U.S.)" title="Template talk:Historical anti-slavery parties (U.S.)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_anti-slavery_parties_(U.S.)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical anti-slavery parties (U.S.)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_anti-slavery_parties_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical anti-slavery parties in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential tickets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Earle_(American_politician)" title="Thomas Earle (American politician)">Thomas Earle</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morris_(Ohio_politician)" title="Thomas Morris (Ohio politician)">Thomas Morris</a> (<a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a>/Charles C. Foote (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Goodell_(abolitionist)" title="William Goodell (abolitionist)">William Goodell</a>/S. M. Bell (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a>/Samuel McFarland (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a>/Samuel McFarland (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Charles F. Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">John P. Hale</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_W._Julian" title="George W. Julian">George W. Julian</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">William L. Dayton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National conventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1848_Free_Soil_%26_Liberty_national_conventions" title="1848 Free Soil & Liberty national conventions">1848 Free Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 National Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other party leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Edward Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair" title="Francis Preston Blair">Francis P. Blair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">American Anti-Slavery Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nebraska_movement" title="Anti-Nebraska movement">Anti-Nebraska movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnburners_and_Hunkers" title="Barnburners and Hunkers">Barnburners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience_Whigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscience Whigs">Conscience Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Party">North American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Foreign_Relations_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Foreign Relations chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Foreign_Relations_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Foreign Relations chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Foreign_Relations_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Foreign Relations chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brown_(Louisiana_politician)" title="James Brown (Louisiana politician)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">R. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littleton_Waller_Tazewell" title="Littleton Waller Tazewell">Tazewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(American_politician)" title="William Wilkins (American politician)">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">Rives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Archer" title="William S. Archer">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Allen_(governor)" title="William Allen (governor)">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Hundley_Sevier" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrose Hundley Sevier">Sevier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Hannegan" title="Edward A. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">W. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Foote" title="Henry S. Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Mason" title="James M. Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Eaton" title="William W. Eaton">Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">Windom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Miller_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Franklin Miller (senator)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Morgan" title="John T. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cushman_K._Davis" title="Cushman K. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_M._Cullom" title="Shelby M. Cullom">Cullom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_O._Bacon" title="Augustus O. Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Stone" title="William J. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Borah" title="William Borah">Borah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Pittman" title="Key Pittman">Pittman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Connally" title="Tom Connally">Connally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg" title="Arthur Vandenberg">Vandenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Connally" title="Tom Connally">Connally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wiley" title="Alexander Wiley">Wiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_F._Green" title="Theodore F. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._William_Fulbright" title="J. William Fulbright">Fulbright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Church" title="Frank Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Percy" title="Charles H. Percy">Percy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Lugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claiborne_Pell" title="Claiborne Pell">Pell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Lugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Menendez" title="Bob Menendez">Menendez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Corker" title="Bob Corker">Corker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Risch" title="Jim Risch">Risch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Menendez" title="Bob Menendez">Menendez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Cardin" title="Ben Cardin">Cardin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Individuals_lain_in_state,_in_honor_and_in_repose_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Template:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Template talk:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Individuals_lain_in_state,_in_honor_and_in_repose_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Individuals <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lain in state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lying in honor">in honor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">in repose</a> in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/State_funerals_in_the_United_States" title="State funerals in the United States">State funerals in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">Lain in state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">US Capitol rotunda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay (1852)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln"><b>Lincoln</b> (1865,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="State funeral of Abraham Lincoln">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens (1868)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sumner (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield"><b>Garfield</b> (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan (1886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley"><b>McKinley</b> (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant" title="Pierre Charles L'Enfant">L'Enfant (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">Dewey (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknown_of_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldier for World War I (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding"><b>Harding</b> (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft"><b>W. H. Taft</b> (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">Pershing (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">R. A. Taft (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknowns_of_World_War_II_and_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War (1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy"><b>Kennedy</b> (1963,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">MacArthur (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover"><b>H. Hoover</b> (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower"><b>Eisenhower</b> (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. E. Hoover (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson"><b>Johnson</b> (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Blassie" title="Michael Blassie">Blassie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknown_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Pepper (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan"><b>Reagan</b> (2004,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford"><b>Ford</b> (2006–07,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush"><b>Bush</b> (2018,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">Lewis (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">National Statuary Hall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Cummings" title="Elijah Cummings">Cummings (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg (2020,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Young" title="Don Young">Young (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/US_Capitol#House_Chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="US Capitol">House Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hooper" title="Samuel Hooper">Hooper (1875)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover_Building" title="Herbert C. Hoover Building">Herbert C. Hoover Building</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown (1996)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase"><b>Chase</b> (1873)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lain_in_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lain in honor">Lain in honor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="US_Capitol_rotunda" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">US Capitol rotunda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_Capitol_shooting#Officers" title="1998 United States Capitol shooting">Chestnut and Gibson (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Parks (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Graham (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Brian_Sicknick" title="Death of Brian Sicknick">Sicknick (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Evans_(police_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Billy Evans (police officer)">Evans (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hershel_W._Williams" title="Hershel W. Williams">Williams (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">Lain in repose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Room" title="East Room">East Room</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison"><b>Harrison</b> (1841)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor"><b>Taylor</b> (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln"><b>Lincoln</b> (1865,</a> <a href="/wiki/Funeral_and_burial_of_Abraham_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley"><b>McKinley</b> (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding"><b>Harding</b> (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt"><b>Roosevelt</b> (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy"><b>Kennedy</b> (1963,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">funeral</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">Great Hall of the<br />US Supreme Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren"><b>Warren</b> (1974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Marshall (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger"><b>Burger</b> (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist"><b>Rehnquist</b> (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg (2020,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol#Senate_Chamber" title="United States Capitol">Senate Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lautenberg" title="Frank Lautenberg">Lautenberg (2013)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Bold</b>: Presidents and chief justices</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Civil_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Civil_War" title="Template talk:American Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_leading_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War">Timeline leading to the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas-Nebraska_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas-Nebraska Act">Kansas-Nebraska Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Declaration_of_Secession" title="South Carolina Declaration of Secession">South Carolina Declaration of Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">Fugitive slave laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_as_a_positive_good_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery as a positive good in the United States">Positive good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Debates_on_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lane Debates on Slavery">Lane Debates on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Sella_Martin" title="J. Sella Martin">J. Sella Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Luther_Stearns" title="George Luther Stearns">George Luther Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Sumner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">Caning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="CombatantsTheatersCampaignsBattlesStates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Combatants</li><li>Theaters</li><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li><li>States</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">Revenue Cutter Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Marine_Corps" title="Confederate States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Theaters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Eastern theater of the American Civil War">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Western theater of the American Civil War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_seaboard_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Lower seaboard theater of the American Civil War">Lower Seaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War">Trans-Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pacific coast theater of the American Civil War">Pacific Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union naval blockade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Campaigns of the American Civil War">campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">Blockade runners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_campaign" title="New Mexico campaign">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_campaign" title="Jackson's Valley campaign">Jackson's Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_campaign" title="Northern Virginia campaign">Northern Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_campaign" title="Maryland campaign">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullahoma_campaign" title="Tullahoma campaign">Tullahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid" title="Morgan's Raid">Morgan's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristoe_campaign" title="Bristoe campaign">Bristoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_campaign" title="Knoxville campaign">Knoxville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_campaign" title="Red River campaign">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_campaigns_of_1864" title="Valley campaigns of 1864">Valley 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hundred_campaign" title="Bermuda Hundred campaign">Bermuda Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Richmond-Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%E2%80%93Nashville_campaign" title="Franklin–Nashville campaign">Franklin–Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition" title="Price's Missouri Expedition">Price's Missouri Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Sherman's March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign of the Carolinas">Carolinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_campaign_(1865)" title="Mobile campaign (1865)">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles" title="List of American Civil War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">1st Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Wilson's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" title="Battle of Fort Donelson">Fort Donelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pea_Ridge" title="Battle of Pea Ridge">Pea Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip" title="Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Seven Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">2nd Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perryville" title="Battle of Perryville">Perryville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Chickamauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pillow" title="Battle of Fort Pillow">Fort Pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Spotsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Cold Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atlanta" title="Battle of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Franklin (1864)">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Five Forks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">States and<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="California in the American Civil War">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado in the American Civil War">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Connecticut in the American Civil War">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory#Dakota_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware#Delaware_in_the_Civil_War" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hawaii and the American Civil War">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Idaho in the American Civil War">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Illinois in the American Civil War">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indiana in the American Civil War">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Iowa in the American Civil War">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kansas in the American Civil War">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maine in the American Civil War">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Massachusetts in the American Civil War">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Michigan in the American Civil War">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota#Civil_War_era_and_Dakota_War_of_1862" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana in the American Civil War">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nebraska Territory in the American Civil War">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nevada in the American Civil War">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Civil_War:_1861–1865" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Jersey in the American Civil War">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York in the American Civil War">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ohio in the American Civil War">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Oregon in the American Civil War">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Rhode Island in the American Civil War">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah in the American Civil War">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Vermont in the American Civil War">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington in the American Civil War">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Wisconsin in the American Civil War">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Atlanta in the American Civil War">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Charleston in the American Civil War">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Chattanooga in the American Civil War">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Orleans in the American Civil War">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester, Virginia in the American Civil War">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_leadership_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military leadership in the American Civil War">Leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">R. H. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">Beauregard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Buchanan" title="Franklin Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(general)" title="Samuel Cooper (general)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest">Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gorgas" title="Josiah Gorgas">Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">A. S. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">J. E. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan" title="John Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Mosby" title="John S. Mosby">Mosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Polk" title="Leonidas Polk">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Price" title="Sterling Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Semmes" title="Raphael Semmes">Semmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">E. K. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock" title="Thomas S. Bocock">Bocock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Memminger" title="Christopher Memminger">Memminger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Stephens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Civil_War)" title="Robert Anderson (Civil War)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_Buell" title="Don Carlos Buell">Buell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Francis_Du_Pont" title="Samuel Francis Du Pont">Du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hull_Foote" title="Andrew Hull Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Hunt" title="Henry Jackson Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_C._Meigs" title="Montgomery C. Meigs">Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ord" title="Edward Ord">Ord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">D. D. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">Rosecrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Pinkerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Welles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims">Alabama Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax riot of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_colonies" title="Confederate colonies">Confederate refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederados" title="Confederados">Confederados</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_riot_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Election riot of 1874">Eufaula riot of 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Savings_Bank" title="Freedman's Savings Bank">Freedman's Savings Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a> of 1873</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Andrew_Johnson" title="Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">first inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">second inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">impeachment managers investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war" title="Kirk–Holden war">Kirk–Holden war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia" title="Knights of the White Camelia">Knights of the White Camelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis riots of 1866">Memphis riots of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian riot of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_massacre_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans massacre of 1866">New Orleans riot of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_of_1867" title="Habeas Corpus Act of 1867">Habeas Corpus Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of February 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of April 1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_military_districts" title="Reconstruction military districts">Reconstruction military districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_Council" title="Fort Smith Council">Indian Council at Fort Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Claims_Commission" title="Southern Claims Commission">Southern Claims Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Post-<br />Reconstruction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Commemoration of the American Civil War">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Centennial" title="American Civil War Centennial">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Discovery_Trail" title="Civil War Discovery Trail">Civil War Discovery Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Roundtable" title="Civil War Roundtable">Civil War Roundtables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trails_Program" title="Civil War Trails Program">Civil War Trails Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_History_Month" title="Confederate History Month">Confederate History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Decoration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_reenactment" title="American Civil War reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Day" title="Robert E. Lee Day">Robert E. Lee Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disenfranchisement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">Historiographic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_display_of_the_Confederate_battle_flag" title="Modern display of the Confederate battle flag">Modern display of the Confederate flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Sons of Confederate Veterans">Sons of Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Union_Veterans_of_the_Civil_War" title="Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War">Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Historical_Society" title="Southern Historical Society">Southern Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of the Confederacy">Children of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Monuments<br />and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Union_Civil_War_monuments_and_memorials" title="List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_the_Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of memorials to Abraham Lincoln">memorials to Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Confederate monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_artworks_in_the_United_States_Capitol" title="Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol">artworks in Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Jefferson_Davis" title="List of memorials to Jefferson Davis">memorials to Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Robert_E._Lee" title="List of memorials to Robert E. Lee">memorials to Lee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" title="Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials">Removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Memorial_Association" title="Ladies' Memorial Association">Ladies' Memorial Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Era_National_Cemeteries_MPS" title="Civil War Era National Cemeteries MPS">U.S. national cemeteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Veterans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1913 Gettysburg reunion">1913 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1938 Gettysburg reunion">1938 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Veteran" title="Confederate Veteran">Confederate Veteran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States">Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_soldiers%27_home" title="Old soldiers' home">Old soldiers' homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_of_Honor" title="Southern Cross of Honor">Southern Cross of Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of weapons in the American Civil War">Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Campaign_Medal" title="Civil War Campaign Medal">Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cavalry in the American Civil War">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Home_Guard" title="Confederate Home Guard">Confederate Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_railroads_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Confederate railroads in the American Civil War">Confederate railroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_revolving_cannon" title="Confederate revolving cannon">Confederate revolving cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients">Medal of Honor recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Medicine in the American Civil War">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of naval battles of the American Civil War">Naval battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Records_of_the_Union_and_Confederate_Armies" title="Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies">Official Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_Ranger_Act" title="Partisan Ranger Act">Partisan rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="American Civil War prison camps">POW camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foods_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Foods of the American Civil War">Rations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Signal Corps in the American Civil War">Signal Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Corps_Badges" title="American Civil War Corps Badges">Union corps badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Army_Balloon_Corps" title="Union Army Balloon Corps">U.S. Balloon Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(Union)" title="Home Guard (Union)">U.S. Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Railroad" title="United States Military Railroad">U.S. Military Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Conduct_of_the_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War">Committee on the Conduct of the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States presidential election">Confederate States presidential election of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperheads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Diplomacy of the American Civil War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_(1863)" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)">Habeas Corpus Act of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference" title="Hampton Roads Conference">Hampton Roads Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_killed_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of politicians killed in the American Civil War">Politicians killed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_League" title="Union League">Union Leagues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">U.S. Presidential Election of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Music of the American Civil War">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body">John Brown's Body</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Lincoln_Portrait" class="mw-redirect" title="A Lincoln Portrait">A Lincoln Portrait</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_Through_Georgia" title="Marching Through Georgia">Marching Through Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland,_My_Maryland" title="Maryland, My Maryland">Maryland, My Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home" title="When Johnny Comes Marching Home">When Johnny Comes Marching Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daar_kom_die_Alibama" title="Daar kom die Alibama">Daar kom die Alibama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">By ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="German Americans in the American Civil War">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Irish Americans in the American Civil War">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans_in_the_Civil_War" title="Italian Americans in the Civil War">Italian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Native Americans in the American Civil War">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catawba_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Catawba in the American Civil War">Catawba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cherokee in the American Civil War">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Choctaw in the American Civil War">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Seminole in the American Civil War">Seminole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861" title="Baltimore riot of 1861">Baltimore riot of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_battlefield_preservation" title="American Civil War battlefield preservation">Battlefield preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the American Civil War">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_war_finance" title="Confederate war finance">Confederate war finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_dollar" title="Confederate States dollar">Confederate States dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_spies" title="American Civil War spies">Espionage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Secret_Service" title="Confederate Secret Service">Confederate Secret Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanging_at_Gainesville" title="Great Hanging at Gainesville">Great Hanging at Gainesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army_revival" title="Confederate States Army revival">Great Revival of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_issues_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Gender issues in the American Civil War">Gender issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Names of the American Civil War">Naming the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_gold_hoax" title="Civil War gold hoax">New York City Gold Hoax of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographers_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Photographers of the American Civil War">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bread_riots" title="Southern bread riots">Richmond riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Salt in the American Civil War">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Supreme Court cases of the American Civil War">Supreme Court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_token" title="Civil War token">Tokens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Sanitary_Commission" title="United States Sanitary Commission">U.S. Sanitary Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_American_Civil_War_soldiers" title="List of female American Civil War soldiers">Women soldiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_and_television_shows_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of films and television shows about the American Civil War">List of films and television shows about the American Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_Civil_War" title="Category:American Civil War">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066198#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066198#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000083645015">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/22940901">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/73115/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdWW9mmhdP8v3tFMfkYyd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118951432">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81057079">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16256721q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16256721q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00771273">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071327584">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007275686305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14640119">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04890883?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/44eb6d56-713f-43c3-a6e9-f47f5ae71bae">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S001068">US Congress</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1505063">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118951432.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118951432">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/074280538">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10569425">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6x34xv4">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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