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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life_and_liaisons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Final years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cunizza_in_the_Divine_Comedy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cunizza_in_the_Divine_Comedy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cunizza in the <i>Divine Comedy</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cunizza_in_the_Divine_Comedy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>In other works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunizza_da_Romano" title="Cunizza da Romano – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cunizza da Romano" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunizza_da_Romano" title="Cunizza da Romano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cunizza da Romano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Куницца да Романо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Italian noblewoman (d. 1279)</div> <p><b>Cunizza da Romano</b> (c. 1198–1279) was an Italian <a href="/wiki/Noblewoman" title="Noblewoman">noblewoman</a> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Da_Romano" class="mw-redirect" title="Da Romano">da Romano</a> dynasty, one of the most prominent families in northeastern Italy, Cunizza's marriages and liaisons, most notably with troubadour <a href="/wiki/Sordello" title="Sordello">Sordello da Goito</a>, are widely documented. Cunizza also appears as a character in a number of works of literature, such as <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cunizza_da_Romano&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cunizza_da_Romano&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cunizza da Romano was born around 1198 in the <a href="/wiki/March_of_Treviso" title="March of Treviso">Marca Trivigiana</a>, a region in northeastern Italy between <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>. She was the third and youngest daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ezzelino_II_da_Romano" title="Ezzelino II da Romano">Ezzelino II da Romano</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Ghibelline</a> nobleman. Cunizza, along with her two brothers <a href="/wiki/Alberico_da_Romano" title="Alberico da Romano">Alberico da Romano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ezzelino_III_da_Romano" title="Ezzelino III da Romano">Ezzelino III da Romano</a>, were conceived with Ezzelino's third wife, Adelaide degli Alberti di Mangona, a noblewoman of Tuscan origin.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_marriage_and_historical_context">Medieval marriage and historical context</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cunizza_da_Romano&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medieval marriage and historical context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cunizza, Alberico, and Ezzelino III were born into an era of medieval Italy that had organized a system for the distribution of wealth among family members, united by blood or marriage. A nobleman’s sons would each receive a <i>fraterna</i>, or <a href="/wiki/Partible_inheritance" title="Partible inheritance">equally divided inheritance</a>. Ezzelino III received a <i>fraterna</i> along with his brother, Alberico, from their father in 1223, while Cunizza received 3,000 lire to be used as dowry. At this time, women were only allotted a portion of the dowry after their husband’s passing, and there is no evidence of whether Cunizza reacquired her dowry funds after her last husband died. Upon Ezzelino III’s acquisition of his inheritance, he sought the opportunity to facilitate his own military and political influence, often by forming and severing elite marriages which were in his best interest. In 1249, Ezzelino imprisoned three brothers of the esteemed dei Dalesmanini family, who were allegedly his closest allies. The brothers had arranged for their sister to be married in secret to one of Ezzelino’s political rivals, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Count_Rizzardo_da_Sanbonifacio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Count Rizzardo da Sanbonifacio (page does not exist)">Count Rizzardo da Sanbonifacio</a> of Verona. To Ezzelino, this union was a declaration of war. He would continue to use marriage to its extremes as an agent for war and invasions, an approach that was unorthodox to traditional marital customs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life_and_liaisons">Personal life and liaisons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cunizza_da_Romano&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life and liaisons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Federico_Faruffini_-_Sordello_e_Cunizza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Federico_Faruffini_-_Sordello_e_Cunizza.jpg/220px-Federico_Faruffini_-_Sordello_e_Cunizza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Federico_Faruffini_-_Sordello_e_Cunizza.jpg/330px-Federico_Faruffini_-_Sordello_e_Cunizza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Federico_Faruffini_-_Sordello_e_Cunizza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Federico_Faruffini" title="Federico Faruffini">Federico Faruffini</a>, "Sordello and Cunizza" (1864)</figcaption></figure> <p>Along the timeline of Cunizza’s various marriages and love affairs, many of her unions were exploited by Ezzelino III in order to further his political agenda and sow discord among his rivaling factions. Much modern scholarship on medieval marriages during this time have accounted for Ezzelino III’s apparent lack of regard for marital traditions, only seeing the unions and separations as political tools for his expansion of power.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1222, Cunizza da Romano married her first husband, the Count Rizzardo di Sanbonifacio of <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>. At the same time, Ezzelino III married the count’s sister Zilia, a double alliance that would forge peace between the <a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a> in the region and ideally quell the previous hostility between Ezzelino III and Count Rizzardo. However, tension grew due to the alliance between the Sanbonifacio and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Este" title="House of Este">d’Este family</a>, one of Ezzelino II’s political rivals. Both Ezzelino and his father, Ezzelino II, believed Cunizza to be at risk to a hostage situation in Rizzardo’s home, so they sent <a href="/wiki/Sordello" title="Sordello">Sordello</a> to abduct Cunizza and return her to her father’s court. In 1226, it was Ezzelino III who became the <a href="/wiki/Podest%C3%A0" title="Podestà">podestà</a> and banished Rizzardo from Verona, officially severing Cunizza’s first marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cunizza had given birth to Rizzardo’s son, Leoisio, whom she left when she was abducted by Sordello. Leoisio would later inherit the title of count as well as control of the castle of Sanbonifacio, a task he failed when he was manipulated by his uncle Ezzelino III to leave the castle, only for it to be destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cunizza then began a love affair with Sordello. A troubadour from <a href="/wiki/Goito" title="Goito">Goito</a>, Sordello is said to have fallen in love with Cunizza, and she with him, when he first saw her at Rizzardo’s court.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their liaison was cut off when Ezzelino III banished him from the da Romano house to maintain their reputation. Sordello had been born into a lower social class, and thus his romance with Cunizza could have been suggested as an infiltration among the higher-ranking courtiers. </p><p>In order to avoid being married by her brother for political alliance, Cunizza took <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonio_di_Treviso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bonio di Treviso (page does not exist)">Bonio di Treviso</a>, a knight, as her new lover, with whom she left to live with her other brother Alberico da Romano. By 1239, Alberico had become <a href="/wiki/Podest%C3%A0" title="Podestà">podestà</a> of <a href="/wiki/Treviso" title="Treviso">Treviso</a>, and his efforts to organize campaigns against Ezzelino III were supported with Cunizza’s donations and Bonio’s agreement to fight. In 1242, Bonio was killed one month after Holy Saturday, while defending Treviso from one of Ezzelino’s sieges.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After devoting much of her time and money to the rally against her brother, Cunizza eventually returned to live with him after losing Bonio di Treviso and facing disgrace. Ezzelino III subsequently married her off to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naimerio_da_Breganze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naimerio da Breganze (page does not exist)">Naimerio da Breganze</a>, a Vicentine nobleman, as a declaration of political allegiance. However, accounts from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battista_Pagliarini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battista Pagliarini (page does not exist)">Battista Pagliarini</a> report that some of the da Breganze had fled Vicenza in 1256, unwilling to live under Ezzelino III’s new control of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple versions of Naimerio’s death have circulated, including murder by Ezzelino, and death in battle at Longare.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years">Final years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cunizza_da_Romano&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Final years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the death of both her brothers, Cunizza went to live with her maternal family, the Alberti di Mangona, in Tuscany. Two notarial documents appear with her name signed, the first being an emancipation of select da Romano slaves on April 1, 1265.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cunizza’s act to “secure the salvation of the souls"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of her family did not include any slaves who sided against Alberico, rather the document explicitly mentions their eventual damnation into hell.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The signing of this declaration occurred in the house of <a href="/wiki/Cavalcante_de%27_Cavalcanti" title="Cavalcante de' Cavalcanti">Cavalcante de' Cavalcanti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second was the drafting and signing of Cunizza's will in 1279; by this time, she had accumulated a vast amount of wealth. She left an <i><a href="/wiki/Inter_vivos" title="Inter vivos">inter vivo gift</a></i> to her cousin, <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Alberti" class="extiw" title="it:Alessandro Alberti">Count Alessandro degli Alberti da Mangona</a>, a Tuscan who later appeared in the frozen circle for the betrayers of kin in Canto XXXII of Dante’s <i><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a></i>. Cunizza also had rights to the castle at Mussa, but the castle belonged to the Trevisan government following a vast reclamation of property following Ezzelino III’s death.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cunizza_da_Romano&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cunizza_in_the_Divine_Comedy">Cunizza in the <i>Divine Comedy</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cunizza_da_Romano&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cunizza in the Divine Comedy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1K002578_Divine_Comedy_Giovanni_di_paolo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/1K002578_Divine_Comedy_Giovanni_di_paolo.jpg/220px-1K002578_Divine_Comedy_Giovanni_di_paolo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/1K002578_Divine_Comedy_Giovanni_di_paolo.jpg/330px-1K002578_Divine_Comedy_Giovanni_di_paolo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/1K002578_Divine_Comedy_Giovanni_di_paolo.jpg/440px-1K002578_Divine_Comedy_Giovanni_di_paolo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1289" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Portinari" title="Beatrice Portinari">Beatrice</a> encounter Cunizza da Romano and Folco of Marseille in the heaven of Venus, <i>Paradiso</i> IX. By <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_di_Paolo" title="Giovanni di Paolo">Giovanni di Paolo</a> (1444–50), British Museum.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dante Alighieri had likely learned of the da Romano family through Guido Cavalcanti, since Guido’s father had hosted one of Cunizza’s legal proceedings. Dante also stayed at the court of the degli Scagligeri in Verona, the family who succeeded Ezzelino III after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cunizza da Romano appears in Canto IX of Dante’s <i><a href="/wiki/Paradiso_(Dante)" title="Paradiso (Dante)">Paradiso</a></i>. She dwells in the heaven of Venus, while her brother Ezzelino III resides in the blood river Phlegethon, in the seventh circle of Inferno among the violent. The differing nature between people is a concept that Dante explores when speaking with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel_of_Anjou" title="Charles Martel of Anjou">Charles Martel of Anjou</a>, and it has been suggested that Cunizza and Ezzelino embody an application of this concept.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Paradiso</i>, Venus is a lower realm of heaven which is closer situated to Earth and its sin. Dante’s placement of Cunizza is attributed to her various liaisons and marriages, a Venusian love in Dante’s eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her monologue to Dante, Cunizza expresses her lack of remorse for her carnal sins: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Both he and I were born of one same root:<br /> Cunizza was my name, and I shine here<br /> because this planet’s radiance conquered me.<br /> But in myself I pardon happily<br /> the reason for my fate; I do not grieve<br /> and vulgar minds may find this hard to see. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Dante Alighieri (trans. <a href="/wiki/Allen_Mandelbaum" title="Allen Mandelbaum">Allen Mandelbaum</a>), Paradiso IX.31-36</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Cunizza’s sin, now existing as divine love, is a transformation that Dante uses for multiple figures in <i>Paradiso</i> besides her. She acknowledges that her dwelling in <i>Paradiso</i> may come as a scandalous surprise to the mortals on Earth,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since medieval Christianity scholarship didn’t portray heaven as a space which accepts erotic love or those who experienced it.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been debate on whether Cunizza has overcome her desires because she explicitly accepts her former flaws, a rare instance in the <i>Divine Comedy</i>. Commentators have noted these discussions to have arisen from interpreting Cunizza’s introduction incorrectly; when she says Venus “conquered” her, the essence of Venus is divine love, rather than the carnal desires that are often paired with Venus.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cunizza is additionally tasked with discussing the corruption of the <a href="/wiki/March_of_Treviso" title="March of Treviso">March of Treviso</a> and northeastern Italy. She prophesizes that <a href="/wiki/Cangrande_I_della_Scala" title="Cangrande I della Scala">Cangrande I della Scala</a>, Dante's leading patron, will assume control of Treviso as absolute autocrat, after its current ruler, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rizzardo_da_Camino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rizzardo da Camino (page does not exist)">Rizzardo da Camino</a>, is killed. She also foresees <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Novello" title="Alessandro Novello">Alessandro Novello</a>, a bishop at <a href="/wiki/Feltre" title="Feltre">Feltre</a>, turning three Ghibelline brothers over to the Ferrarese Guelphs to be executed, after offering the brothers protection.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_other_works">In other works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cunizza_da_Romano&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In other works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A fictionalized account of the courtship between Riccardo and Cunizza, one with quite a different outcome, forms the basis for <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>'s first opera, <i><a href="/wiki/Oberto_conte_di_San_Bonifacio" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberto conte di San Bonifacio">Oberto conte di San Bonifacio</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cunizza is mentioned in both <a href="/wiki/Robert_Browning" title="Robert Browning">Robert Browning</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Sordello_(poem)" title="Sordello (poem)">Sordello</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Cantos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantos">Cantos</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cunizza_da_Romano&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSilverman2011" class="citation journal cs1">Silverman, Diana C. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41408938">"Marriage and Political Violence in the Chronicles of the Medieval Veneto"</a>. <i>Speculum</i>. <b>86</b> (3): 652–687. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS003871341100114X">10.1017/S003871341100114X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-7134">0038-7134</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41408938">41408938</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162963536">162963536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=Marriage+and+Political+Violence+in+the+Chronicles+of+the+Medieval+Veneto&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=652-687&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0038-7134&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162963536%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41408938%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS003871341100114X&rft.aulast=Silverman&rft.aufirst=Diana+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41408938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACunizza+da+Romano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ladivinecomedie.com/la-divine-comedie/index/cunizza-da-romano">"Cunizza da Romano"</a>. <i>La Divine Comédie</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Divine+Com%C3%A9die&rft.atitle=Cunizza+da+Romano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fladivinecomedie.com%2Fla-divine-comedie%2Findex%2Fcunizza-da-romano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACunizza+da+Romano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoito)Lollis1896" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Goito), Sordello (da; Lollis (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ePoNAAAAYAAJ"><i>Vita e poesie di Sordello di Goito</i></a> (in Italian). M. Niemeyer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vita+e+poesie+di+Sordello+di+Goito&rft.pub=M.+Niemeyer&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Goito%29&rft.aufirst=Sordello+%28da&rft.au=Lollis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DePoNAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACunizza+da+Romano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadovaPadova)2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Padova, Rolandino da; Padova), Rolandino (da (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f2hoAAAAMAAJ"><i>Vita e morte di Ezzelino da Romano: cronaca</i></a> (in Italian). Fondazione Lorenzo Valla. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-04-52727-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-04-52727-5"><bdi>978-88-04-52727-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vita+e+morte+di+Ezzelino+da+Romano%3A+cronaca&rft.pub=Fondazione+Lorenzo+Valla&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-88-04-52727-5&rft.aulast=Padova&rft.aufirst=Rolandino+da&rft.au=Padova%29%2C+Rolandino+%28da&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df2hoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACunizza+da+Romano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagliarini1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pagliarini, Battista (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y45oAAAAMAAJ"><i>Cronicae</i></a> (in Latin). Editrice Antenore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cronicae&rft.pub=Editrice+Antenore&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Pagliarini&rft.aufirst=Battista&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY45oAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACunizza+da+Romano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmereglo1921" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Smereglo, Niccolò (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e0i0tQEACAAJ"><i>Annales civitatis Vincentiae</i></a> (in Italian). N. Zanichelli.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annales+civitatis+Vincentiae&rft.pub=N.+Zanichelli&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Smereglo&rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De0i0tQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACunizza+da+Romano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AoHFE3Zb4scC"><i>Storia degli Ecelini di Giambatista Verci. Tomo primo [-terzo]</i></a> (in Latin). 1779.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+degli+Ecelini+di+Giambatista+Verci.+Tomo+primo+%5B-terzo%5D&rft.date=1779&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAoHFE3Zb4scC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACunizza+da+Romano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ladivinecomedie.com/la-divine-comedie/index/cunizza-da-romano">"Cunizza da Romano"</a>. <i>La Divine Comédie</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Divine+Com%C3%A9die&rft.atitle=Cunizza+da+Romano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fladivinecomedie.com%2Fla-divine-comedie%2Findex%2Fcunizza-da-romano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACunizza+da+Romano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webs.ucm.es/info/italiano/acd/tenzone/">"Tenzone"</a>. <i>webs.ucm.es</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webs.ucm.es&rft.atitle=Tenzone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebs.ucm.es%2Finfo%2Fitaliano%2Facd%2Ftenzone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACunizza+da+Romano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner1913" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Edmund G. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TFITAAAAQAAJ&q=cunizza"><i>Dante and the Mystics: A Study of the Mystical Aspect of the Divina Commedia and Its Relations with Some of Its Mediaeval Sources</i></a>. J. M. Dent & sons Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dante+and+the+Mystics%3A+A+Study+of+the+Mystical+Aspect+of+the+Divina+Commedia+and+Its+Relations+with+Some+of+Its+Mediaeval+Sources&rft.pub=J.+M.+Dent+%26+sons+Limited&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Edmund+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTFITAAAAQAAJ%26q%3Dcunizza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACunizza+da+Romano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uclpress.co.uk/products/106880">"Ethics, Politics and Justice in Dante"</a>. <i>UCL Press</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCL+Press&rft.atitle=Ethics%2C+Politics+and+Justice+in+Dante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uclpress.co.uk%2Fproducts%2F106880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACunizza+da+Romano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2007" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Pamela (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hZn-B6wIcgMC"><i>Through Human Love to God: Essays on Dante and Petrarch</i></a>. Troubador Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905886-40-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905886-40-1"><bdi>978-1-905886-40-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+Human+Love+to+God%3A+Essays+on+Dante+and+Petrarch&rft.pub=Troubador+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-905886-40-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhZn-B6wIcgMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACunizza+da+Romano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHede2007" class="citation book cs1">Hede, Jesper (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=15H_22-icq8C&q=cunizza"><i>Reading Dante: The Pursuit of Meaning</i></a>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-2196-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-2196-2"><bdi>978-0-7391-2196-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Dante%3A+The+Pursuit+of+Meaning&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-2196-2&rft.aulast=Hede&rft.aufirst=Jesper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D15H_22-icq8C%26q%3Dcunizza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACunizza+da+Romano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dantelab.dartmouth.edu/reader?reader%5Bcantica%5D=3&reader%5Bcanto%5D=9">"Dante Lab at Dartmouth College: Reader"</a>. <i>dantelab.dartmouth.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dantelab.dartmouth.edu&rft.atitle=Dante+Lab+at+Dartmouth+College%3A+Reader&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdantelab.dartmouth.edu%2Freader%3Freader%255Bcantica%255D%3D3%26reader%255Bcanto%255D%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACunizza+da+Romano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070302021341/http://www.giuseppeverdi.it/Inglese/page.asp?IDCategoria=162&IDSezione=580&ID=19748">"Oberto, Conte di San Bonifacio"</a>. giuseppeverdi.it. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.giuseppeverdi.it/Inglese/page.asp?ID=19748&IDCategoria=162&IDSezione=580">the original</a> on 2007-03-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oberto%2C+Conte+di+San+Bonifacio&rft.pub=giuseppeverdi.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.giuseppeverdi.it%2FInglese%2Fpage.asp%3FID%3D19748%26IDCategoria%3D162%26IDSezione%3D580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACunizza+da+Romano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cunizza_da_Romano&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Reynolds" title="Barbara Reynolds">Barbara Reynolds</a>, <i>Dante: The Poet, the Political Thinker, the Man</i>, I.B.Tauris, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84511-554-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84511-554-6">1-84511-554-6</a>, p. 12</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2254800#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2254800#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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href="https://isni.org/isni/000000005491540X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/69834140">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1814560/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJv4j7HVkY8KK4dJgJ3WjC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/123394481">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2002033160">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16544609d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16544609d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007292997805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ROMANO, Cunizza da"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/cunizza-da-romano_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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