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<span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conventional_animation_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conventional_animation_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Conventional animation market</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conventional_animation_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flash_animation_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flash_animation_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Flash animation market</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flash_animation_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government's_role_in_the_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government's_role_in_the_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Government's role in the industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government's_role_in_the_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Animation from China and Taiwan</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Chinese animation</b> refers to <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a> made in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <b>donghua</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">动画</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">動畫</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">dònghuà</span></i>) describes all animated works, regardless of style or origin. However, outside of China and in English, <i>donghua</i> is <a href="/wiki/Colloquial" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloquial">colloquial</a> for Chinese animation and refers specifically to animation produced in China. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_animation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_animation" title="History of Chinese animation">History of Chinese animation</a></div> <p>The history of animated moving pictures in China began in 1918 when an animation piece from the United States titled <i><a href="/wiki/Out_of_the_Inkwell" title="Out of the Inkwell">Out of the Inkwell</a></i> landed in Shanghai. Cartoon clips were first used in advertisements for domestic products. Though the animation industry did not begin until the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Wan_brothers" title="Wan brothers">Wan brothers</a> in 1926. The Wan brothers produced the first Chinese animated film with sound, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Camel%27s_Dance" title="The Camel's Dance">The Camel's Dance</a></i>, in 1935. The first animated film of notable length was <i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Iron_Fan_(1941_film)" title="Princess Iron Fan (1941 film)">Princess Iron Fan</a></i> in 1941. <i>Princess Iron Fan</i> was the first animated feature film in Asia and it had great impact on wartime Japanese <a href="/wiki/Momotar%C5%8D" title="Momotarō">Momotarō</a> animated feature films and later on <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Tezuka" title="Osamu Tezuka">Osamu Tezuka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China was relatively on pace with the rest of the world up to the mid-1960s,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the Wan's brothers <i><a href="/wiki/Havoc_in_Heaven" title="Havoc in Heaven">Havoc in Heaven</a></i> earning numerous international awards. </p><p>China's golden age of animation would come to an end following the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many animators were forced to quit. If not for harsh economic conditions, the mistreatment of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Guard_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Guard (China)">Red Guards</a> would threaten their work. The surviving animations would lean closer to propaganda. By the 1980s, Japan would emerge as the animation powerhouse of Eastern Asia, leaving China's industry far behind in reputation and productivity. Though two major changes would occur in the 1990s, igniting some of the biggest changes since the exploration periods. The first is a political change. The implementation of a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">socialist market economy</a> would push out traditional <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No longer would a single entity limit the industry's output and income. The second is a technological change with the arrival of the Internet. New opportunities would emerge from <a href="/wiki/Flash_animations" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash animations">Flash animations</a> and the contents became more open. Today China is drastically reinventing itself in the animation industry with greater influences from Hong Kong and Taiwan. </p><p>As China’s economic reform reached its height, the 1990s and early 2000s gave way to a relatively open television and film market, where Japanese and American animation powerhouses found a receptive audience among Chinese moviegoers. As government-backed funding dried up and investors flocked to more profitable businesses, animation outsourcing started to take off in China, where cartoon factories sprung up, churning out frames for TV series and movies owned by foreign clients from Japan and the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2004 cartoon series <a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Goat_and_Big_Big_Wolf" title="Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf"><i>Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf</i></a>, a slapstick-coyote-and roadrunner-like cartoon, became a huge success in China. Pleasant Goat and his goat pals became cultural icons for China, and a powerful soft power tool in foreign relations and brought light and helped the trend of globalization. The show was not only popular with children but surprisingly adults as well. Although there was some controversy for being too violent the show was banned during a censorship on violence and pornography in China.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_animation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MonkeyKingCN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/MonkeyKingCN.jpg/250px-MonkeyKingCN.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/54/MonkeyKingCN.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sun_Wukong" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Wukong">Monkey King</a>, from the 1964 animation <i><a href="/wiki/Havoc_in_Heaven" title="Havoc in Heaven">Havoc in Heaven</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Chinese animations today can best be described in two categories. The first type are "conventional animations", produced by corporations of well-financed entities. These content falls along the lines of traditional 2D cartoons or modern <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">CG animated</a> films distributed via cinemas, DVD, or broadcast on TV. This format can be summarized as a reviving industry coming together with advanced computer technology and low cost labor.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second type are "webtoons", produced by corporations or sometimes just individuals. These contents are generally <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">flash</a> animations ranging anywhere from amateurish to high quality, hosted publicly on various websites. While the global community has always gauged industry success by box office sales. This format cannot be denied when measured in <a href="/wiki/HITS_algorithm" title="HITS algorithm">hits</a> among a population of 1.3 billion in just mainland China alone. Most importantly it provides greater freedom of expression on top of potential advertising. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_animation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1920s, the pioneering <a href="/wiki/Wan_brothers" title="Wan brothers">Wan brothers</a> believed that animations should emphasize on a development style that was uniquely Chinese. This rigid philosophy stayed with the industry for decades. Animations were essentially an extension of other facets of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">Chinese arts and culture</a>, drawing more contents from <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folklore" title="Chinese folklore">ancient folklores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">manhua</a>. There is a close relationship between Chinese literature works and classic Chinese animation. A significant number of classical Chinese animation films were inspired and prototyped by ancient Chinese literature.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of a traditional Chinese animation character would be <a href="/wiki/Sun_Wukong" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Wukong">Monkey King</a>, a character transitioned from the classic literature <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a></i> to the 1964 animation <i><a href="/wiki/Havoc_in_Heaven" title="Havoc in Heaven">Havoc in Heaven</a></i>. Also drawing on tradition was the <a href="/wiki/Ink-wash_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ink-wash animation">ink-wash animation</a> developed by animators <a href="/wiki/Te_Wei" title="Te Wei">Te Wei</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qian_Jiajun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qian Jiajun (page does not exist)">Qian Jiajun</a> in the 1960s. Based on Chinese <a href="/wiki/Ink-wash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ink-wash painting">ink-wash painting</a>, several films were produced in this style, starting with <i><a href="/wiki/Where_is_Mama" title="Where is Mama">Where is Mama</a></i> (1960).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the technique was time-consuming and was gradually abandoned by animation studios.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of Chinese animations have begun loosening up in recent years without locking into any particular one style. One of the first revolutionary change was in the 1995 <a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">manhua</a> animation adaptation <i><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Weapon_Z" title="Cyber Weapon Z">Cyber Weapon Z</a></i>. The style consist of characters that are practically indistinguishable from any typical <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a>, yet it is categorized as Chinese animation. It can be said that productions are not necessarily limited to any one technique; that water ink, puppetry, computer CG are all demonstrated in the art. </p><p>Newer waves of animations since the 1990s, especially flash animations, are trying to break away from the tradition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061221201516/http://comic.qq.com/"><i>GoGo Top</i></a> magazine, the first weekly Chinese animation magazine, conducted a survey and proved that only 1 out of 20 favorite characters among children was actually created domestically in China.<sup id="cite_ref-chinatoday_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinatoday-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conventional_animation_market">Conventional animation market</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_animation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conventional animation market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TMoebiusStrip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/86/TMoebiusStrip.jpg/300px-TMoebiusStrip.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/86/TMoebiusStrip.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="195" /></a><figcaption>Animation from mainland China <i><a href="/wiki/Thru_the_Moebius_Strip" title="Thru the Moebius Strip">Thru the Moebius Strip</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CyberWeaponZ1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ec/CyberWeaponZ1.jpg/220px-CyberWeaponZ1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ec/CyberWeaponZ1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>Hong Kong Chinese animation, <i><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Weapon_Z" title="Cyber Weapon Z">Cyber Weapon Z</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The demographics of the Chinese consumer market show an audience where 11% are under the age of 13, 59% between 14 and 17, and 30% over 18 years of age. Potentially 500 million people could be identified as cartoon consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China has 370 million children, one of the world's largest animation audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-english.people_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-english.people-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2006 to present, the Chinese government has considered animation as a key sector for the birth of a new national identity and for the cultural development in China. The government has started to promote the development of cinema and TV series with the aim of reaching 1% of GDP in the next five years against an investment of around RMB250-350 million (€29-41 million). It supported the birth of about 6000 animation studios and 1300 universities which provide animation studies. In 2010, 220,000 minutes of animations were produced, making China the world's biggest producer of cartoons on TV.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Animation_Film_Studio" title="Shanghai Animation Film Studio">Shanghai Animation Film Studio</a> spent 21 million <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">RMB</a> (about US$2.6 million) producing the animation <i><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Lantern" title="Lotus Lantern">Lotus Lantern</a></i>. The film earned a box office income of more than RMB 20 million (about US$2.5 million), but failed to capitalize on any related products. The same company shot a cartoon series <i><a href="/wiki/Music_Up" title="Music Up">Music Up</a></i> in 2001, and although 66% of its profits came from selling related merchandise, it lagged far behind foreign animations.<sup id="cite_ref-chinatoday_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinatoday-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The year 2007 saw the debut of the popular Chinese Series, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Qin_(animated_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Legend of Qin (animated TV series)">The Legend of Qin</a></i>. It boasted impressive 3d graphics and an immersive storyline. Its third season was released on 23 June 2010. Its fourth season is under production. </p><p>One of the most popular <a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">manhua</a> in Hong Kong was <i><a href="/wiki/Old_Master_Q" title="Old Master Q">Old Master Q</a></i>. The characters were converted into cartoon forms as early as 1981, followed by numerous animation adaptations including a widescreen DVD release in 2003. While the publications remained legendary for decades, the animations have always been considered more of a fan tribute. And this is another sign that newer generations are further disconnected with older styled characters. Newer animations like <i><a href="/wiki/My_Life_as_McDull" title="My Life as McDull">My Life as McDull</a></i> has also been introduced to expand on the modern trend. </p><p>In 2005, the first <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">CG-animated</a> movie from <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a> China, <i><a href="/wiki/Thru_the_Moebius_Strip" title="Thru the Moebius Strip">Thru the Moebius Strip</a></i> was debuted. Running for 80 minutes, it is the first 3D movie fully rendered in mainland China to premiere in the <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a critical first step for the industry. The immensely popular kids's animated series <i><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Goat_and_Big_Big_Wolf" title="Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf">Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf</a></i> came out the same year. </p><p>In November 2006, an animation summit forum was held to announce China's top 10 most popular domestic cartoons as <i><a href="/wiki/Century_Sonny" title="Century Sonny">Century Sonny</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tortoise_Hanba%27s_Stories" title="Tortoise Hanba's Stories">Tortoise Hanba's Stories</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Cat_Detective" title="Black Cat Detective">Black Cat Detective</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/SkyEye" title="SkyEye">SkyEye</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lao_Mountain_Taoist" title="Lao Mountain Taoist">Lao Mountain Taoist</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nezha" title="Nezha">Nezha Conquers the Dragon King</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wanderings_of_Sanmao" title="Wanderings of Sanmao">Wanderings of Sanmao</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Ga_the_Soldier_Boy" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhang Ga the Soldier Boy">Zhang Ga the Soldier Boy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Mouse_and_the_Big-Faced_Cat" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blue Mouse and the Big-Faced Cat">The Blue Mouse and the Big-Faced Cat</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/3000_Whys_of_Blue_Cat" title="3000 Whys of Blue Cat">3000 Whys of Blue Cat</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Century Sonny</i> is a 3D CG-animated TV series with 104 episodes fully rendered. </p><p>In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Vasoon_Animation" title="Vasoon Animation">Vasoon Animation</a> released <i><a href="/wiki/Kuiba" title="Kuiba">Kuiba</a></i>. The film tells the story of how a boy attempts to save a fantasy world from an evil monster who, unknowingly, is inside of him. The film borrows from a Japanese "hot-blooded" style, refreshing the audience's views on Chinese animation. <i>Kuiba</i> was critically acclaimed, however it commercially fell below expectations.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was reported that the CEO Wu Hanqing received minority help from a venture capital fund at Tsinghua University to complete "Kuiba."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This film also holds the distinction of being the first big Chinese animation series to enter the Japanese market.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From July 2012 to July 2013, <i>YouYaoQi</i> released <a href="/wiki/One_hundred_thousand_bad_jokes" class="mw-redirect" title="One hundred thousand bad jokes">One hundred thousand bad jokes</a>. </p><p>In 2015, <i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_King:_Hero_Is_Back" title="Monkey King: Hero Is Back">Monkey King: Hero Is Back</a></i> gained $2.85 million in the box office, making it the highest-grossing animated film in China.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most important award for Chinese animation is the Golden Monkey Award.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flash_animation_market">Flash animation market</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_animation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Flash animation market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 15 September 1999, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050706012018/http://www.flashempire.com/">FlashEmpire</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Flash_animation" title="Flash animation">flash</a> community in China to come online. While it began with amateurish contents, it was one of the first time any form of <a href="/wiki/User-Generated_Content" class="mw-redirect" title="User-Generated Content">user-generated contents</a> was offered in the mainland. By the beginning of 2000, it averaged 10,000 hits daily with more than 5,000 individual work published. Today it has more than 1 million members.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, <i><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Xiao" title="Xiao Xiao">Xiao Xiao</a></i>, a series of flash animations about <a href="/wiki/Kung_fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kung fu">kung fu</a> stick figures became an <a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena" title="List of Internet phenomena">Internet phenomenon</a> totaling more than 50 million hits, most of which in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>. It also became popular overseas with numerous international artists borrowing the <i>Xiao Xiao</i> character for their own flash work in sites like <a href="/wiki/Newgrounds" title="Newgrounds">Newgrounds</a>. </p><p>On 24 April 2006, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060515163854/http://www.flashlands.com/">Flashlands.com</a> was launched, hosting a variety of high quality flash animations from mainland China. The site is designed to be one of the first <a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural" title="Cross-cultural">cross-cultural</a> site allowing English speakers easy access to domestic productions. Though the success of the site has yet to be determined. </p><p>In October 2006, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3g.net.cn/">3G.NET.CN</a> paid 3 million <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">RMB</a> (about US$380,000) to produce <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061218234735/http://flash.3g.net.cn/last/index.html">A Chinese odyssey</a></i>, the flash version of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Chow" title="Stephen Chow">Stephen Chow's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/A_Chinese_Odyssey" title="A Chinese Odyssey">A Chinese Odyssey</a></i> in flash format.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government's_role_in_the_industry"><span id="Government.27s_role_in_the_industry"></span>Government's role in the industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_animation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Government's role in the industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For every <a href="/wiki/Calendar_year#Quarters" title="Calendar year">quarter</a>, the <a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Press,_Publication,_Radio,_Film_and_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television">State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television</a> announces the <i><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Press,_Publication,_Radio,_Film_and_Television#Outstanding_Domestic_Animated_Television_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television">Outstanding Domestic Animated Television Productions</a></i>, which is given to the works that "persist with correct value guidance" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">坚持正确价值导向</span></span>) and "possess relatively high artistic quality and production standards" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">具有较高艺术水准和制作水平</span></span>), and recommends the television broadcasters in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a> to give priority when broadcasting such series.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_animation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Statistics from China's <a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Radio,_Film_and_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="State Administration of Radio, Film and Television">State Administration of Radio, Film and Television</a> (SARFT) indicate domestic cartoons aired 90 minutes each day from 1993 to 2002; by the end of 2004, it increased the airing time of domestic cartoons to two hours per day.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The division requested a total of 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Province_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Province (China)">provinces</a> to devote a show time of 60,000 minutes to domestically-produced animations and comic works. However, statistics show that domestic animators can only provide enough work for 20,000 minutes, leaving a gap of 40,000 minutes that can only be filled by foreign programs. Though insiders are allegedly criticizing domestic cartoons for its emphasis on education over entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-english.people_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-english.people-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SARFT also have a history of taking <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a> actions such as banning foreign programming, such as the film <i><a href="/wiki/Babe:_Pig_in_the_City" title="Babe: Pig in the City">Babe: Pig in the City</a></i>. Doing so would jeopardize the broadcast order of homemade animation and mislead their development according to foreign sources.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese government has consistently implemented censorship measures on media deemed morally objectionable, particularly those featuring graphic and violent content. Numerous media productions have undergone alterations to align with these censorship requirements. In 2021, China made a formal announcement regarding the prohibition of violent, vulgar, and bloody content in children's TV shows. The <a href="/wiki/National_Radio_and_Television_Administration" title="National Radio and Television Administration">National Radio and Television Administration</a> issued a statement emphasizing the importance of broadcasting content that is wholesome, and progressive, and promotes values of truth, goodness, and beauty within the realm of cartoons. This over censorship of media is a concern for criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature_and_scholarship">Literature and scholarship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_animation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Literature and scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is little discussion of Chinese animation in English. Daisy Yan Du's PhD dissertation, <i>On the Move: The Trans/national Animated Film in 1940s–1970s China</i> (University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2012), is by far the most systematic analysis of early Chinese animation before 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weihua Wu's PhD dissertation, <i>Animation in Postsocialist China: Visual Narrative, Modernity, and Digital Culture</i> (City University of Hong Kong, 2006), discusses contemporary Chinese animation in the digital age after 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides the two major works, there are other articles and book chapters written by John Lent, <a href="/wiki/Paola_Voci" title="Paola Voci">Paola Voci</a>, Mary Farquhar, and others about Chinese animation. The first English-language monograph devoted to Chinese animation was Rolf Giesen's <i>Chinese Animation: A History and Filmography, 1922–2012</i> (McFarland & Company, Jefferson NC, 2015). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_animation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_disc.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Animation_disc.svg/30px-Animation_disc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Animation_disc.svg/45px-Animation_disc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Animation_disc.svg/60px-Animation_disc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="28" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animation" title="Portal:Animation">Animation portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/28px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/42px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/56px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">Cinema of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongman" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongman">Dongman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_animation" title="History of animation">History of animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_animation" title="North Korean animation">North Korean animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_animation" title="South Korean animation">South Korean animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_feature_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of animated feature films">List of animated feature films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_animated_films" title="List of Chinese animated films">List of Chinese animated films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_animated_series" title="List of Chinese animated series">List of Chinese animated series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">Manhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_animation" title="Taiwanese animation">Taiwanese animation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_animation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDu2012" class="citation book cs1">Du, Daisy Yan (May 2012). "A Wartime Romance: Princess iron Fan and the Chinese Connection in Early Japanese Animation". <i>On the Move: The Trans/national Animated Film in 1940s–1970s China</i> (Ph.D.). The University of Wisconsin-Madison. pp. 15–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Wartime+Romance%3A+Princess+iron+Fan+and+the+Chinese+Connection+in+Early+Japanese+Animation&rft.btitle=On+the+Move%3A+The+Trans%2Fnational+Animated+Film+in+1940s%E2%80%931970s+China&rft.pages=15-60&rft.pub=The+University+of+Wisconsin-Madison&rft.date=2012-05&rft.aulast=Du&rft.aufirst=Daisy+Yan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+animation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDu2019" class="citation book cs1">Du, Daisy Yan (2019). <i>Animated encounters: transnational movements of Chinese animation, 1940s-1970s</i>. Asia pop !. 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100214161230/http://www.animationinsider.net/article.php?articleID=2341">Remembering Te Wei</a> at AnimationInsider.net</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Animation_industry_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animation_industry_in_China" title="Template:Animation industry in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animation_industry_in_China" title="Template talk:Animation industry in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animation_industry_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animation industry in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animation_industry_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Animation industry in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_animation" title="History of Chinese animation">History of Chinese animation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active companies/studios (Mainland)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Group_Co." title="Alpha Group Co.">Alpha Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ask_Animation_Studio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ask Animation Studio (page does not exist)">Ask Animation Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_FX" title="Base FX">Base FX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=B.C_May_Pictures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B.C May Pictures (page does not exist)">B.C May Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Firebird_Cultural_Media&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Big Firebird Cultural Media (page does not exist)">Big Firebird Cultural Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Film_Animation" title="China Film Animation">China Film Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colored-Pencil_Animation_Design&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colored-Pencil Animation Design (page does not exist)">Colored-Pencil Animation Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Power_Entertaining" title="Creative Power Entertaining">Creative Power Entertaining</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fenz (page does not exist)">Fenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haoliners_Animation_League" title="Haoliners Animation League">Haoliners Animation League</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horgos_Coloroom_Pictures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horgos Coloroom Pictures (page does not exist)">Horgos Coloroom Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Film_Productions" title="Wang Film Productions">Hong Guang Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Ying_Animation" title="Hong Ying Animation">Hong Ying Animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hosem_Animation_Studio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hosem Animation Studio (page does not exist)">Hosem Animation Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_Chaser_Animation_Studios" title="Light Chaser Animation Studios">Light Chaser Animation Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mili_Pictures_Worldwide" title="Mili Pictures Worldwide">Mili Pictures Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nice_Boat_Animation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nice Boat Animation (page does not exist)">Nice Boat Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Studio" title="Pearl Studio">Pearl Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puzzle_Animation_Studio" title="Puzzle Animation Studio">Puzzle Animation Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara_Animation_Studio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samsara Animation Studio (page does not exist)">Samsara Animation Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Stone_Entertainment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seven Stone Entertainment (page does not exist)">Seven Stone Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Animation_Film_Studio" title="Shanghai Animation Film Studio">Shanghai Animation Film Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_Foch_Film_Culture_Investment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shanghai Foch Film Culture Investment (page does not exist)">Shanghai Foch Film Culture Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_Motion_Magic_Digital_Entertainment_INC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shanghai Motion Magic Digital Entertainment INC (page does not exist)">Shanghai Motion Magic Digital Entertainment INC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkly_Key_Animation_Studio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sparkly Key Animation Studio (page does not exist)">Sparkly Key Animation Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thundray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thundray (page does not exist)">Thundray</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TrioPen_Studio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TrioPen Studio (page does not exist)">TrioPen Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasoon_Animation" title="Vasoon Animation">Vasoon Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wawayu_Animation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wawayu Animation (page does not exist)">Wawayu Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welkin-Animation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welkin-Animation (page does not exist)">Welkin-Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yhkt_Entertainment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yhkt Entertainment (page does not exist)">Yhkt Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang_People_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhejiang People Culture">Zhejiang People Culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct companies/studios (Hong Kong)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imagi_Animation_Studios" title="Imagi Animation Studios">Imagi Studios</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Icons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danao_Tiangong" class="mw-redirect" title="Danao Tiangong">Danao Tiangong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Cat_Detective" title="Black Cat Detective">Black Cat Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3000_Whys_of_Blue_Cat" title="3000 Whys of Blue Cat">3000 Whys of Blue Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boonie_Bears" title="Boonie Bears">Boonie Bears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuwa" title="Fuwa">Fuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Goat_and_Big_Big_Wolf" title="Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf">Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanmao_(comics)" title="Sanmao (comics)">Sanmao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Huan" title="Ding Huan">Ding Huan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Laiming" title="Wan Laiming">Wan Laiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">Manhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_animated_films" title="List of Chinese animated films">List of Chinese animated films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_animated_series" title="List of Chinese animated series">List of Chinese animated series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cinema_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cinema_of_China" title="Template:Cinema of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cinema_of_China" title="Template talk:Cinema of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cinema_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cinema of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cinema_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">Cinema of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_film_awards" title="Category:Chinese film awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Film_festivals_in_China" title="Category:Film festivals in China">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Film_production_companies_of_China" title="Category:Film production companies of China">Production companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_film_studios" title="Category:Chinese film studios">Studios</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Filmmakers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_film_actors" title="Category:Chinese film actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_animators" title="Category:Chinese animators">Animators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_cinematographers" title="Category:Chinese cinematographers">Cinematographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_film_directors" title="Category:Chinese film directors">Directors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_film_directors" title="List of Chinese film directors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_film_editors" title="Category:Chinese film editors">Editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_film_producers" title="Category:Chinese film producers">Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_screenwriters" title="Category:Chinese screenwriters">Screenwriters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_films" title="Category:Chinese films">Films</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/China_film_clapperboard.svg/30px-China_film_clapperboard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/China_film_clapperboard.svg/45px-China_film_clapperboard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/China_film_clapperboard.svg/60px-China_film_clapperboard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="55" /></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_3D_films" title="Category:Chinese 3D films">3D films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_silent_films" title="Category:Chinese silent films">Silent films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_short_films" title="Category:Chinese short films">Short films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_television_films" title="Category:Chinese television films">Television films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_by_Chinese_directors" title="Category:Films by Chinese directors">Films by director</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_films_by_genre" title="Category:Chinese films by genre">Films by genre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_action_films" title="Category:Chinese action films">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_adventure_films" title="Category:Chinese adventure films">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_animated_films" title="Category:Chinese animated films">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_comedy_films" title="Category:Chinese comedy films">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_documentary_films" title="Category:Chinese documentary films">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_drama_films" title="Category:Chinese drama films">Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_fantasy_films" title="Category:Chinese fantasy films">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_horror_films" title="Category:Chinese horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_romance_films" title="Category:Chinese romance films">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_science_fiction_films" title="Category:Chinese science fiction films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_thriller_films" title="Category:Chinese thriller films">Thriller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chinese films">Films by decade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_before_1930" title="List of Chinese films before 1930">pre-1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_the_1930s" title="List of Chinese films of the 1930s">1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_the_1940s" title="List of Chinese films of the 1940s">1940s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_the_1950s" title="List of Chinese films of the 1950s">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_the_1960s" title="List of Chinese films of the 1960s">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_the_1970s" title="List of Chinese films of the 1970s">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_the_1980s" title="List of Chinese films of the 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_the_1990s" title="List of Chinese films of the 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_the_2000s" title="List of Chinese films of the 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_the_2010s" title="List of Chinese films of the 2010s">2010s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chinese films">Films by year</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1990" title="List of Chinese films of 1990">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1991" title="List of Chinese films of 1991">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1992" title="List of Chinese films of 1992">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1993" title="List of Chinese films of 1993">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1994" title="List of Chinese films of 1994">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1995" title="List of Chinese films of 1995">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1996" title="List of Chinese films of 1996">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1997" title="List of Chinese films of 1997">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1998" title="List of Chinese films of 1998">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1999" title="List of Chinese films of 1999">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2000" title="List of Chinese films of 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2001" title="List of Chinese films of 2001">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2002" title="List of Chinese films of 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2003" title="List of Chinese films of 2003">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2004" title="List of Chinese films of 2004">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2005" title="List of Chinese films of 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2006" title="List of Chinese films of 2006">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2007" title="List of Chinese films of 2007">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2008" title="List of Chinese films of 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2009" title="List of Chinese films of 2009">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2010" title="List of Chinese films of 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2011" title="List of Chinese films of 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2012" title="List of Chinese films of 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2013" title="List of Chinese films of 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2014" title="List of Chinese films of 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2015" title="List of Chinese films of 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2016" title="List of Chinese films of 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2017" title="List of Chinese films of 2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2018" title="List of Chinese films of 2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2019" title="List of Chinese films of 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2020" title="List of Chinese films of 2020">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2021" title="List of Chinese films of 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2022" title="List of Chinese films of 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2023" title="List of Chinese films of 2023">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2024" title="List of Chinese films of 2024">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Animation_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animation" title="Template:Animation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animation" title="Template talk:Animation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animation_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_animation" title="Bangladeshi animation">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_animation" title="Bhutanese animation">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_animation" title="Czech animation">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_animation" title="Estonian animation">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_animation_industry" title="Indian animation industry">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_animation" title="Malaysian animation">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_animation" title="Mexican animation">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_animation" title="North Korean animation">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino animation">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_animation" title="Portuguese animation">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_animation" title="Romanian animation">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_industry_in_South_Africa" title="Animation industry in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_animation" title="South Korean animation">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_animation" title="Spanish animation">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_animation" title="Taiwanese animation">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_animation" title="Thai animation">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_animation" title="American animation">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_animation" title="Vietnamese animation">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_animation" title="History of animation">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijani_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Azerbaijani animation">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_animation#History" title="Bangladeshi animation">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazilian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazilian animation">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_animation" title="History of Canadian animation">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_animation" title="History of Chinese animation">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_animation" title="History of French animation">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungarian_animation" title="History of Hungarian animation">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_animation_in_India" title="History of animation in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian animation">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anime" title="History of anime">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_animation" title="History of Korean animation">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russian_animation" title="History of Russian animation">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukrainian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ukrainian animation">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_British_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of British animation">United Kingdom</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animation_in_the_United_States_during_the_silent_era" title="Animation in the United States during the silent era">Silent Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_American_animation" title="Golden age of American animation">The Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_and_American_animation" title="World War II and American animation">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_in_the_United_States_in_the_television_era" title="Animation in the United States in the television era">Early TV broadcast era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_animation_in_the_United_States" title="Modern animation in the United States">Modern TV cable and streaming era</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animator" title="Animator">Animator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animators" title="List of animators">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_department" title="Animation department">Animation department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_director" title="Animation director">Animation director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_artist" title="Story artist">Story artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_studio" title="Animation studio">Animation studios</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animation_studios" title="List of animation studios">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_database" title="Animation database">Animation database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_pipeline" title="Art pipeline">Art pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anatomical_simulation" title="Category:Anatomical simulation">Biologist simulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animation_film_festivals" title="Category:Animation film festivals">Animation film festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_animation_festivals" title="List of international animation festivals">international</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_animation_festivals" title="List of regional animation festivals">regional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing animated films">Highest-grossing films</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_openings_for_animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing openings for animated films">Opening weekends</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsourcing_of_animation" title="Outsourcing of animation">Outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Animation_Day" title="International Animation Day">International Animation Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Films <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer-animated_films" title="List of computer-animated films">Computer-animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_animated_films" title="Lists of animated films">Feature-length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lost_or_unfinished_animated_films" title="List of lost or unfinished animated films">Lost or unfinished</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_package_films" title="List of animated package films">Package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_short_films" title="List of animated short films">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_short_series" class="mw-redirect" title="List of animated short series">Short series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stop_motion_films" title="List of stop motion films">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adult_animated_feature_films" title="List of adult animated feature films">Adult animated films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_animated_films" title="List of children's animated films">Children's animated films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_series" title="Animated series">Series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adult_animated_television_series" title="List of adult animated television series">Adult animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_animated_television_series" title="List of children's animated television series">Children's animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer-animated_television_series" title="List of computer-animated television series">Computer-animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_direct-to-video_series" title="List of animated direct-to-video series">Direct-to-video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Flash_animated_television_series" title="List of Flash animated television series">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_Internet_series" title="List of animated Internet series">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_animated_television_series" title="Lists of animated television series">Television</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrier-grid_animation_and_stereography" title="Barrier-grid animation and stereography">Barrier-grid and stereography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip_book" title="Flip book">Flip book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_animation" title="Limited animation">Limited animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masking_(art)" title="Masking (art)">Masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotoscoping" title="Rotoscoping">Rotoscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_sheet" title="Exposure sheet">Exposure sheet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop motion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claymation" title="Claymation">Claymation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clay_painting" title="Clay painting">clay painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strata-cut_animation" title="Strata-cut animation">strata-cut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutout_animation" title="Cutout animation">Cutout</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silhouette_animation" title="Silhouette animation">silhouette</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic animation">Graphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_animation" title="Model animation">Model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Go_motion" title="Go motion">go motion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_animation" title="Object animation">Object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brickfilm" title="Brickfilm">Brickfilm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixilation" title="Pixilation">Pixilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppetoons" title="Puppetoons">Puppetoons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_animation" title="History of computer animation">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computer_animation_in_film_and_television" title="Timeline of computer animation in film and television">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2.5D" title="2.5D">2.5D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_animation" title="Flash animation">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPoint_animation" title="PowerPoint animation">PowerPoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVG_animation" title="SVG animation">SVG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_animations" title="CSS animations">CSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-sketch" title="Multi-sketch">Multi-sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_skinning" title="Onion skinning">Onion skinning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T-pose" title="T-pose">T-pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cel_shading" title="Cel shading">Cel shading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">CGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_simulation" title="Crowd simulation">Crowd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_facial_animation" title="Computer facial animation">Facial animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morph_target_animation" title="Morph target animation">Morph target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">Motion capture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_motion_capture" title="Facial motion capture">facial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_tracking" title="Finger tracking">hand tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_tracking" title="Eye tracking">eye tracking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-photorealistic_rendering" title="Non-photorealistic rendering">Non-photorealistic rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physically_based_animation" title="Physically based animation">Physically based animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_animation" title="Procedural animation">Procedural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_animation" title="Skeletal animation">Skeletal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_cinematography" title="Virtual cinematography">Virtual cinematography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">Puppetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puppet" title="Puppet">Traditional puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_puppetry" title="Digital puppetry">Digital puppetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machinima" title="Machinima">Machinima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniforms" title="Aniforms">Aniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_human" title="Virtual human">Virtual human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live2D" title="Live2D">Live2D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermarionation" title="Supermarionation">Supermarionation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio-Animatronics" title="Audio-Animatronics">Audio-Animatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_alternator" title="Linear alternator">Linear Animation Generator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_manipulation_animation" title="Direct manipulation animation">Direct manipulation animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanoid_animation" title="Humanoid animation">Humanoid animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idle_animation" title="Idle animation">Idle animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink-wash_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ink-wash animation">Ink-wash animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_lantern" title="Magic lantern">Magic Lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanimate" title="Scanimate">Scanimate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadowmation" title="Shadowmation">Shadowmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squigglevision" title="Squigglevision">Squigglevision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteboard_animation" title="Whiteboard animation">Whiteboard animation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_(animation)" title="Blocking (animation)">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_animation" title="Character animation">Character animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_sheet" title="Model sheet">model sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_cycle" title="Walk cycle">walk cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_sync" title="Lip sync">lip sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-model" title="Off-model">off-model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuckimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuckimation">Chuckimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawn-on-film_animation" title="Drawn-on-film animation">Drawn-on-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Erasure animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydrotechnics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbetweening" title="Inbetweening">Inbetweening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphing" title="Morphing">Morphing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint-on-glass_animation" title="Paint-on-glass animation">Paint-on-glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinscreen_animation" title="Pinscreen animation">Pinscreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixel artist">Pixel art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pose_to_pose_animation" title="Pose to pose animation">Pose to pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_ahead_animation" title="Straight ahead animation">Straight ahead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_hose_animation" title="Rubber hose animation">Rubber hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Special effects">Special effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_animation" title="Sand animation">Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncro-Vox" title="Syncro-Vox">Syncro-Vox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoetrope" title="Zoetrope">Zoetrope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract animation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Visual_music" title="Visual music">visual music</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_animation" title="Adult animation">Adult animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Animated cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_sitcom" title="Animated sitcom">Animated sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_animation" title="Educational animation">Educational animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Erotic animation">Erotic animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_animation" title="Independent animation">Independent animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructional_animation" title="Instructional animation">Instructional animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_newscaster" title="Virtual newscaster">Virtual newscaster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animation_music" title="Animation music">Animation music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouncing_ball_(music)" title="Bouncing ball (music)">Bouncing ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mousing" title="Mickey Mousing">Mickey Mousing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_frame" title="Key frame">Key frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cel" title="Cel">Cel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_animation" title="Character animation">Character animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_sheet" title="Model sheet">model sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_cycle" title="Walk cycle">walk cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_sync" title="Lip sync">lip sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-model" title="Off-model">off-model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creature_animation" title="Creature animation">Creature animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_basic_principles_of_animation" title="Twelve basic principles of animation">Twelve basic principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_comic" title="Motion comic">Motion comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">Films with live action and animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_live-action/animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing live-action/animated films">highest grossing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_physics" title="Cartoon physics">Cartoon physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_violence" title="Cartoon violence">Cartoon violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_animated_films" title="List of most expensive animated films">Most expensive animated films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_films_by_box_office_admissions" title="List of animated films by box office admissions">List of animated films by box office admissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_television_series_by_episode_count" title="List of animated television series by episode count">List of animated television series by episode count</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_series_by_episode_count" title="List of anime series by episode count">anime series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_franchises_by_episode_count" title="List of anime franchises by episode count">anime franchises</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Animation" title="Category:Animation">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" 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