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id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Era_of_the_command_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Era_of_the_command_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Era of the command economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Era_of_the_command_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_to_an_equilibrium_exchange_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_an_equilibrium_exchange_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Transition to an equilibrium exchange rate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_an_equilibrium_exchange_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_exchange_certificates,_1980–1994" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_exchange_certificates,_1980–1994"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Foreign exchange certificates, 1980–1994</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_exchange_certificates,_1980–1994-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_exchange_policy_since_1994" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_exchange_policy_since_1994"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Evolution of exchange policy since 1994</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_exchange_policy_since_1994-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Convertibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convertibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Convertibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convertibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_renminbi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_renminbi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Digital renminbi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_renminbi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interest_rate_&_Green_bonds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interest_rate_&_Green_bonds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Interest rate & Green bonds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interest_rate_&_Green_bonds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issuance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issuance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Issuance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issuance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issuance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issuance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Coins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banknotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banknotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Banknotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banknotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemorative_issues_of_the_renminbi_banknotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemorative_issues_of_the_renminbi_banknotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Commemorative issues of the renminbi banknotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemorative_issues_of_the_renminbi_banknotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_ethnic_minority_regions_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_ethnic_minority_regions_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Use in ethnic minority regions of China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_ethnic_minority_regions_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_and_minting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_and_minting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Production and minting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_and_minting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suggested_future_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suggested_future_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Suggested future design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suggested_future_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Value</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depegged_from_the_US_dollar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depegged_from_the_US_dollar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Depegged from the US dollar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depegged_from_the_US_dollar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Managed_float" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Managed_float"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Managed float</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Managed_float-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Futures_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Futures_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Futures market</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Futures_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purchasing_power_parity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purchasing_power_parity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Purchasing power parity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purchasing_power_parity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internationalisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internationalisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Internationalisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internationalisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_reserve_currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_reserve_currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>International reserve currency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_reserve_currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_as_a_currency_outside_mainland_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_as_a_currency_outside_mainland_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Use as a currency outside mainland China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_as_a_currency_outside_mainland_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Other markets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Renminbi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 105 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-105" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">105 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="رنمينبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رنمينبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_yuan%C4%B1" title="Çin yuanı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çin yuanı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%86%DB%8C" title="چین یوآنی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چین یوآنی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF" title="রেন্মিন্বি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রেন্মিন্বি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%AEn-b%C3%AEn-p%C3%A8" title="Jîn-bîn-pè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jîn-bîn-pè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%8E%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Ҡытай юане – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡытай юане" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%8E%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Кітайскі юань – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кітайскі юань" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%8E%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Кітайскі юань – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кітайскі юань" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%8E%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Китайски юан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Китайски юан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3" title="མི་དམངས་ཤོག་དངུལ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མི་དམངས་ཤོག་དངུལ" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADnsk%C3%BD_j%C3%BCan" title="Čínský jüan – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čínský jüan" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Κινεζικό γουάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κινεζικό γουάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbio" title="Renminbio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Renminbio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="رنمینبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رنمینبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan" title="Yuan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yuan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%B9%A3" title="人民幣 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="人民幣" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%ACn-m%C3%ACn-pi" title="Ngìn-mìn-pi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngìn-mìn-pi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%B0%EB%AF%BC%EB%B9%84" title="런민비 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="런민비" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Չինական յուան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չինական յուան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80" title="रॅन्मिन्बी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रॅन्मिन्बी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF" title="চাইনিজ রেনমিনবি – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="চাইনিজ রেনমিনবি" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi_cinese" title="Renminbi cinese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Renminbi cinese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%99" title="רנמינבי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רנמינבי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Женминби – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Женминби" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B0_%D1%8E%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Китайса юань – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Китайса юань" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jua%C5%86a" title="Juaņa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Juaņa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juanis" title="Juanis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Juanis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan" title="Yuan – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Yuan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnai_j%C3%BCan" title="Kínai jüan – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kínai jüan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кинески јуан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кинески јуан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80" title="रेन्मिन्बी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रेन्मिन्बी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჩინური იუანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩინური იუანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%89" title="رنمينبى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رنمينبى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cng-m%C3%ACng-b%C3%AA" title="Ìng-mìng-bê – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ìng-mìng-bê" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan" title="Yuan – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Yuan" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_renminbi" title="Chinese renminbi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chinese renminbi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80" title="रेन्मिन्बी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रेन्मिन्बी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF" title="रेन्मिन्बि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रेन्मिन्बि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%83" title="人民元 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人民元" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesisk_renminbi" title="Kinesisk renminbi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kinesisk renminbi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xitoy_yuani" title="Xitoy yuani – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xitoy yuani" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80" title="ਰੇਨਮਿਨਬੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੇਨਮਿਨਬੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="រ៉ិនមីនប៊ី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រ៉ិនមីនប៊ី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9nm%C3%ADnb%C3%AC" title="Rénmínbì – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Rénmínbì" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_renminbi" title="Yuan renminbi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Yuan renminbi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8E%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Китайский юань – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Китайский юань" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADnsky_j%C3%BCan" title="Čínsky jüan – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čínsky jüan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Женминби – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Женминби" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF" title="ரென்மின்பி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரென்மின்பி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Юань – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Юань" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89" title="เหรินหมินปี้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เหรินหมินปี้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Юани Чин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Юани Чин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi_%C3%9Duan" title="Renminbi Ýuan – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Renminbi Ýuan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%96" title="Юань женьміньбі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Юань женьміньбі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="رینمنبی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رینمنبی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%84%D9%82_%D9%BE%DB%87%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%8A%DB%88%DB%95%D9%86%D9%89" title="خەلق پۇلى يۈەنى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="خەلق پۇلى يۈەنى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinzminzbi" title="Yinzminzbi – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yinzminzbi" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A2n_d%C3%A2n_t%E1%BB%87" title="Nhân dân tệ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhân dân tệ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan" title="Yuan – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Yuan" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuwan" title="Yuwan – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Yuwan" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%B9%A3" title="人民幣 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="人民幣" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%B8%81" title="人民币 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="人民币" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%B9%A3" title="人民幣 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="人民幣" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Renminbi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%B8%81" title="人民币 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Currency of China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/CNY_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="CNY (disambiguation)">CNY (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/RMB_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="RMB (disambiguation)">RMB (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Renminbi</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN" style="font-style: normal;">人民币</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:small; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>)</span> <div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">RMB</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Renminbi_banknotes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/22/Renminbi_banknotes.JPG/252px-Renminbi_banknotes.JPG" decoding="async" width="252" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/22/Renminbi_banknotes.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="328" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Renminbi banknotes</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lightskyblue"><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISO 4217</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Code</th><td class="infobox-data">CNY (numeric: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">156</span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217#Minor_unit_decimals" title="ISO 4217">Subunit</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998100000000000000♠"></span>0.01</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lightskyblue">Unit</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>yuán</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">元</span></span> / <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">圆</span></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Plural</th><td class="infobox-data">The language(s) of this currency do(es) not have a morphological plural distinction.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">Symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Yen_and_yuan_sign" title="Yen and yuan sign">¥</a></span>‎</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>kuài</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">块</span></span>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lightskyblue"><a href="/wiki/Denomination_(currency)" title="Denomination (currency)">Denominations</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subunit</th><td class="infobox-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10</span></span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>jiǎo</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">角</span></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>fēn</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">分</span></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> <i>jiǎo</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">角</span></span>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>máo</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">毛</span></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Banknotes</th><td class="infobox-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> Freq. used</span></th><td class="infobox-data">¥1, ¥5, ¥10, ¥20, ¥50, ¥100</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> Rarely used</span></th><td class="infobox-data">¥0.1, ¥0.5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_Renminbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Coins of the Renminbi">Coins</a></th><td class="infobox-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> Freq. used</span></th><td class="infobox-data">¥0.1, ¥0.5, ¥1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> Rarely used</span></th><td class="infobox-data">¥0.01, ¥0.05</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lightskyblue">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date of introduction</th><td class="infobox-data">1948<span class="noprint">; 76 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1948</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Replaced</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist-issued</a> <a href="/wiki/Yuan_(currency)" title="Yuan (currency)">yuan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">User(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lightskyblue">Issuance</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">People's Bank of China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> Website</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbc.gov.cn/">www<wbr />.pbc<wbr />.gov<wbr />.cn</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Printer_(publishing)" title="Printer (publishing)">Printer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/China_Banknote_Printing_and_Minting_Corporation" title="China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation">China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> Website</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbpm.cn/">www<wbr />.cbpm<wbr />.cn</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">Mint</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/China_Banknote_Printing_and_Minting_Corporation" title="China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation">China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> Website</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbpm.cn/">www<wbr />.cbpm<wbr />.cn</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lightskyblue">Valuation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Monetary_inflation" title="Monetary inflation">Inflation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.5% <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> Source</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> Method</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Consumer_price_index" title="Consumer price index">CPI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fixed_exchange_rate_system" title="Fixed exchange rate system">Pegged with</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Partially, to a basket of trade-weighted international currencies</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de"><i>Renminbi</i></th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Renminbi_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Renminbi_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/120px-Renminbi_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Renminbi_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/180px-Renminbi_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Renminbi_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/240px-Renminbi_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="401" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"<i>Renminbi</i>" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">人民币</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">人民幣</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"People's Currency"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Rénmínbì</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄖㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄅㄧˋ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Jên<sup>2</sup>-min<sup>2</sup>-pi<sup>4</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɻə̌n.mǐn.pî]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5b\/Zh-r%C3%A9nm%C3%ADnb%C3%AC.ogg\/Zh-r%C3%A9nm%C3%ADnb%C3%AC.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Zh-r\u00e9nm\u00ednb\u00ec.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Zh-r%C3%A9nm%C3%ADnb%C3%AC.ogg/Zh-r%C3%A9nm%C3%ADnb%C3%AC.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Zh-r%C3%A9nm%C3%ADnb%C3%AC.ogg" title="File:Zh-rénmínbì.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Hakka-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hak-Latn">Ngìn-mìn-pi</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Yànmànbaih</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Jan4man4bai6</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[jɐn˩.mɐn˩.pɐj˨]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Jîn-bîn-pè</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Yuan</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">圆 (or 元)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">圓 (or 元)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"circle" (ie. a <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coin</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yuán</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄩㄢˊ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yüan<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɥɛ̌n]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Hakka-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hak-Latn">Ngiàn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Yùhn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Jyun4</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[jyn˩]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Goân</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>renminbi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">人民币</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Rénmínbì</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'People's Currency'; <a href="/wiki/Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">symbol</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Yen_and_yuan_sign" title="Yen and yuan sign">¥</a></b>; <a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISO code</a>: <b>CNY</b>; <a href="/wiki/Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">abbreviation</a>: <b>RMB</b>), also known as the <b>Chinese yuan</b>, is the official <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a> of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The renminbi is issued by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">People's Bank of China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">monetary authority</a> of China.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the world's <a href="/wiki/Template:Most_traded_currencies" title="Template:Most traded currencies">fifth-most-traded currency</a> as of April 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-BIS_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Yuan_(currency)" title="Yuan (currency)">yuan</a> (<span lang="zh-Hans">元</span>) is the basic unit of the renminbi. One yuan is divided into 10 <a href="/wiki/Jiao_(currency)" title="Jiao (currency)">jiao</a> (<span lang="zh-Hans">角</span>), and the jiao is further subdivided into 10 <a href="/wiki/Fen_(currency)" title="Fen (currency)">fen</a> (<span lang="zh-Hans">分</span>). The word <i>yuan</i> is widely used to refer to the Chinese currency generally, especially in international contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Valuation">Valuation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Valuation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 2005, the value of the renminbi was <a href="/wiki/Fixed_exchange-rate_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed exchange-rate system">pegged</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US dollar</a>. As China pursued its <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">transition</a> from <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">central planning</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> and increased its participation in foreign trade, the renminbi was <a href="/wiki/Devaluation" title="Devaluation">devalued</a> to increase the <a href="/wiki/Competition_(companies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Competition (companies)">competitiveness</a> of Chinese industry. It has previously been claimed that the renminbi's official <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rate</a> was undervalued by as much as 37.5% against its <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lipman_2011_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipman_2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, more recently, <a href="/wiki/Currency_appreciation_and_depreciation" title="Currency appreciation and depreciation">appreciation</a> actions by the Chinese government, as well as <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_easing" title="Quantitative easing">quantitative easing</a> measures taken by the American <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a> and other major <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central banks</a>, have caused the renminbi to be within as little as 8% of its <a href="/wiki/Economic_equilibrium" title="Economic equilibrium">equilibrium value</a> by the second half of 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2006, the renminbi exchange rate has been allowed to <a href="/wiki/Floating_exchange_rate" title="Floating exchange rate">float</a> in a narrow margin around a fixed base rate determined with reference to a <a href="/wiki/Currency_basket" title="Currency basket">basket of world currencies</a>. The Chinese government has announced that it will gradually increase the flexibility of the exchange rate. As a result of the rapid <a href="/wiki/Internationalization_of_the_renminbi" title="Internationalization of the renminbi">internationalization of the renminbi</a>, it became the world's 8th most traded currency in 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-swift2013_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swift2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 5th by 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-swift2015_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swift2015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but 6th in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 October 2016, the renminbi became the first <a href="/wiki/Emerging_market" title="Emerging market">emerging market</a> currency to be included in the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Special_drawing_rights" title="Special drawing rights">special drawing rights</a> basket, the basket of currencies used by the IMF as a reserve currency.<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_Teague_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon_Teague-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its initial weighting in the basket was 10.9%.<sup id="cite_ref-:024_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:024-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 259">: 259 </span></sup> </p> <table class="toccolours" style="margin: 0.5em auto; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr><th style="background: #A7C3FF;" colspan="2"> Current CNY exchange rates</th> </tr><tr> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Google_Finance" title="Google Finance">Google Finance</a>: </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/AUD-CNY">AUD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/CAD-CNY">CAD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/CHF-CNY">CHF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/EUR-CNY">EUR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/GBP-CNY">GBP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/HKD-CNY">HKD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/JPY-CNY">JPY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/USD-CNY">USD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Finance">Yahoo! Finance</a>: </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/AUDCNY=X">AUD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/CADCNY=X">CAD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/CHFCNY=X">CHF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/EURCNY=X">EUR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/GBPCNY=X">GBP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/HKDCNY=X">HKD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/JPYCNY=X">JPY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/USDCNY=X">USD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>From <a href="/wiki/XE.com" title="XE.com">XE.com</a>: </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=AUD&To=CNY">AUD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=CAD&To=CNY">CAD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=CHF&To=CNY">CHF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=EUR&To=CNY">EUR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=GBP&To=CNY">GBP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=HKD&To=CNY">HKD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=JPY&To=CNY">JPY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=USD&To=CNY">USD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>From OANDA: </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=AUD&to=CNY">AUD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=CAD&to=CNY">CAD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=CHF&to=CNY">CHF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=EUR&to=CNY">EUR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=GBP&to=CNY">GBP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=HKD&to=CNY">HKD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=JPY&to=CNY">JPY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=USD&to=CNY">USD</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USD-CNY_exchange_rate.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/USD-CNY_exchange_rate.webp/579px-USD-CNY_exchange_rate.webp.png" decoding="async" width="579" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/USD-CNY_exchange_rate.webp/869px-USD-CNY_exchange_rate.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/USD-CNY_exchange_rate.webp/1158px-USD-CNY_exchange_rate.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="5056" data-file-height="1433" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">USD</a>/CNY exchange rate 1981–2022</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Renminbi" title="Special:EditPage/Renminbi">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Chinese </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a> </th> <th>English </th> <th>Literal translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>Formal currency name </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%B8%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:人民币">人民币</a></span></span> </td> <td><i><span lang="zh-Latn">rénmínbì</span></i> </td> <td>renminbi </td> <td>"people's currency" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Formal name for 1 unit </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%83" class="extiw" title="wikt:元">元</a></span></span> or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9C%86" class="extiw" title="wikt:圆">圆</a></span></span> </td> <td><i><span lang="zh-Latn">yuán</span></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuan_(currency)" title="Yuan (currency)">yuan</a> </td> <td>"unit", "circle" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Formal name for <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10</span></span> unit </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A7%92" class="extiw" title="wikt:角">角</a></span></span> </td> <td><i><span lang="zh-Latn">jiǎo</span></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiao_(currency)" title="Jiao (currency)">jiao</a> </td> <td>"corner" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Formal name for <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span> unit </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%88%86" class="extiw" title="wikt:分">分</a></span></span> </td> <td><i><span lang="zh-Latn">fēn</span></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fen_(currency)" title="Fen (currency)">fen</a> </td> <td>"fraction", "cent" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Colloquial name for 1 unit </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9D%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:块">块</a></span></span> </td> <td><i><span lang="zh-Latn">kuài</span></i> </td> <td>kuai or quay<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>"piece" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Colloquial name for <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10</span></span> unit </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B" class="extiw" title="wikt:毛">毛</a></span></span> </td> <td><i><span lang="zh-Latn">máo</span></i> </td> <td>mao </td> <td>"feather" </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISO code</a> for the renminbi is <i>CNY</i>, the PRC's country code (CN) plus "Y" from "yuan".<sup id="cite_ref-mulvey_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mulvey-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> markets that trade renminbi at free-floating rates use the unofficial code <b>CNH</b>. This is to distinguish the rates from those fixed by Chinese central banks on the mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abbreviation <i>RMB</i> is not an ISO code but is sometimes used like one by banks and financial institutions. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">currency symbol</a> for the yuan unit is <a href="/wiki/%C2%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="¥">¥</a>, but when distinction from the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Japanese yen</a> is required <i>RMB</i> (e.g. RMB 10,000) or <i>¥ RMB</i> (e.g. ¥10,000 RMB) is used. However, in written Chinese contexts, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">Chinese character</a> for yuan (Chinese: <span lang="zh">元</span>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'constituent', 'part') or, in formal contexts Chinese: <span lang="zh">圆</span>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'round', usually follows the number in lieu of a currency symbol. </p><p><i>Renminbi</i> is the name of the currency while <i><a href="/wiki/Yuan_(currency)" title="Yuan (currency)">yuan</a></i> is the name of the primary unit of the renminbi. This is analogous to the distinction between "<a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">sterling</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Pound_(currency)" title="Pound (currency)">pound</a>" when discussing the official currency of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mulvey_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mulvey-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Jiao</i> and <i>fen</i> are also units of renminbi. </p><p>In everyday <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>, kuai (Chinese: <span lang="zh">块</span>; pinyin: <i><span lang="zh-Latn"><i>kuài</i></span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'piece') is usually used when discussing money and "renminbi" or "yuan" are rarely heard.<sup id="cite_ref-mulvey_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mulvey-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Mandarin speakers typically use mao (Chinese: <span lang="zh">毛</span>; pinyin: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">máo</span></i>) instead of jiao.<sup id="cite_ref-mulvey_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mulvey-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, ¥8.74 might be read as <span lang="zh">八块七毛四</span> (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">bā kuài qī máo sì</span></i>) in everyday conversation, but read <span lang="zh">八元七角四分</span> (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">bā yuán qī jiǎo sì fēn</span></i>) formally. </p><p>Renminbi is sometimes referred to as the "redback", a play on "greenback", a <a href="/wiki/Slang_terms_for_money#United_States" title="Slang terms for money">slang term for the US dollar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Parts of this article (those related to images of new issuance of coins and banknotes (see <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E5%A5%97%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%B8%81#第三版" class="extiw" title="zh:第五套人民币">zh:第五套人民币#第三版</a>)) need to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Renminbi" title="Special:EditPage/Renminbi">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_M2_money_supply_vs_USA_money_supply.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/China_M2_money_supply_vs_USA_money_supply.png/260px-China_M2_money_supply_vs_USA_money_supply.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/China_M2_money_supply_vs_USA_money_supply.png/390px-China_M2_money_supply_vs_USA_money_supply.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/China_M2_money_supply_vs_USA_money_supply.png/520px-China_M2_money_supply_vs_USA_money_supply.png 2x" data-file-width="3273" data-file-height="2562" /></a><figcaption>China M2 <a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">money supply</a> (red) vis-à-vis USA M2 money supply (blue)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_currency" title="History of Chinese currency">History of Chinese currency</a></div> <p>The various currencies called <a href="/wiki/Chinese_yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese yuan">yuan</a> or dollar issued in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> were all derived from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Spanish dollar</a>, which China imported in large quantities from <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spanish America</a> from the 16th to 20th centuries. The first locally minted silver dollar or yuan accepted all over <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> China (1644–1912) was the <a href="/wiki/Silver_dragon_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver dragon (coin)">silver dragon dollar</a> introduced in 1889. Various banknotes denominated in dollars or yuan were also introduced, which were convertible to silver dollars until 1935 when the <a href="/wiki/Silver_standard" title="Silver standard">silver standard</a> was discontinued and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese yuan">Chinese yuan</a> was made <i>fabi</i> (<span lang="zh">法币</span>; legal tender <a href="/wiki/Fiat_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat currency">fiat currency</a>). </p><p>The renminbi was introduced by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">People's Bank of China</a> in December 1948, about a year before the establishment of the People's Republic of China. It was issued only in paper form at first, and replaced the various currencies circulating in the areas controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communists</a>. One of the first tasks of the new government was to end the <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a> that had plagued China in the final years of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT) era. That achieved, a revaluation occurred in 1955 at the rate of 1 new yuan = 10,000 old yuan. </p><p>As the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> took control of ever larger territories in the latter part of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>, its <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">People's Bank of China</a> began to issue a unified currency in 1948 for use in Communist-controlled territories. Also denominated in <i>yuan</i>, this currency was identified by different names, including "People's Bank of China banknotes" (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">中国人民银行钞票</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">中國人民銀行鈔票</span>; from November 1948), "New Currency" (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">新币</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">新幣</span>; from December 1948), "People's Bank of China notes" (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">中国人民银行券</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">中國人民銀行券</span>; from January 1949), "People's Notes" (人民券, as an abbreviation of the last name), and finally "People's Currency", or "<i>renminbi</i>", from June 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-中华人民共和国第一套人民币概述_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-中华人民共和国第一套人民币概述-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Era_of_the_command_economy">Era of the command economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Era of the command economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Command_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Command economy">Command economy</a></div> <p>From 1949 until the late 1970s, the state fixed China's exchange rate at a highly overvalued level as part of the country's <a href="/wiki/Import_substitution_industrialization" title="Import substitution industrialization">import-substitution</a> strategy. During this time frame, the focus of the state's central planning was to accelerate industrial development and reduce China's dependence on imported manufactured goods. The overvaluation allowed the government to provide imported machinery and equipment to priority industries at a relatively lower domestic currency cost than otherwise would have been possible.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_to_an_equilibrium_exchange_rate">Transition to an equilibrium exchange rate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Transition to an equilibrium exchange rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Renminbi" title="Special:EditPage/Renminbi">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>China's transition by the mid-1990s to a system in which the value of its currency was determined by supply and demand in a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_market" title="Foreign exchange market">foreign exchange market</a> was a gradual process spanning 15 years that involved changes in the official exchange rate, the use of a <a href="/wiki/Dual_exchange_rate" title="Dual exchange rate">dual exchange rate</a> system, and the introduction and gradual expansion of markets for foreign exchange.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The most important move to a market-oriented exchange rate was an easing of controls on trade and other current account transactions, as occurred in several very early steps. In 1979, the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> approved a system allowing exporters and their provincial and local government owners to retain a share of their foreign exchange earnings, referred to as foreign exchange quotas. At the same time, the government introduced measures to allow retention of part of the foreign exchange earnings from non-trade sources, such as overseas remittances, port fees paid by foreign vessels, and tourism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As early as October 1980, exporting firms that retained foreign exchange above their own import needs were allowed to sell the excess through the state agency responsible for the management of China's exchange controls and its foreign exchange reserves, the State Administration of Exchange Control. Beginning in the mid-1980s, the government sanctioned foreign exchange markets, known as swap centres, eventually in most large cities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The government also gradually allowed market forces to take the dominant role by introducing an "internal settlement rate" of ¥2.8 to 1 US dollar which was a devaluation of almost 100%.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_exchange_certificates,_1980–1994"><span id="Foreign_exchange_certificates.2C_1980.E2.80.931994"></span>Foreign exchange certificates, 1980–1994</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Foreign exchange certificates, 1980–1994"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the process of opening up China to external trade and tourism, transactions with foreign visitors between 1980 and 1994 were done primarily using <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_certificate" title="Foreign exchange certificate">Foreign exchange certificates</a> (<span lang="zh">外汇券</span>, <i>waihuiquan</i>) issued by the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_China" title="Bank of China">Bank of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreign currencies were exchangeable for FECs and vice versa at the renminbi's prevailing official rate which ranged from US$1 = ¥2.8 FEC to ¥5.5 FEC. The FEC was issued as banknotes from ¥0.1 to ¥100, and was officially at par with the renminbi. Tourists used FECs to pay for accommodation as well as tourist and luxury goods sold in <a href="/wiki/Friendship_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Friendship Store">Friendship Stores</a>. However, given the non-availability of foreign exchange and Friendship Store goods to the general public, as well as the inability of tourists to use FECs at local businesses, an illegal <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> developed for FECs where touts approached tourists outside hotels and offered over ¥1.50 RMB in exchange for ¥1 FEC. In 1994, as a result of foreign exchange management reforms approved by the <a href="/wiki/14th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party</a>, the renminbi was officially devalued from US$1 = ¥5.5 to over ¥8, and the FEC was retired at ¥1 FEC = ¥1 RMB in favour of tourists directly using the renminbi.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_of_exchange_policy_since_1994">Evolution of exchange policy since 1994</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Evolution of exchange policy since 1994"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1993, the Third Plenum of the 14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party approved a comprehensive reform strategy in which foreign exchange management reforms were highlighted as a key element for a market-oriented economy. A floating exchange rate regime and convertibility for renminbi were seen as the ultimate goal of the reform. Conditional convertibility under current account was achieved by allowing firms to surrender their foreign exchange earning from current account transactions and purchase foreign exchange as needed. Restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_China" title="Foreign direct investment in China">Foreign Direct Investment</a> (FDI) was also loosened and capital inflows to China surged.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Convertibility">Convertibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Convertibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the era of the <a href="/wiki/Command_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Command economy">command economy</a>, the value of the renminbi was set to unrealistic values in exchange with Western currency and severe currency exchange rules were put in place, hence the dual-track currency system from 1980 to 1994 with the renminbi usable only domestically, and with <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Exchange_Certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Exchange Certificate">Foreign Exchange Certificates</a> (FECs) used by foreign visitors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the late 1980s and early 1990s, China worked to make the renminbi more convertible. Through the use of swap centres, the exchange rate was eventually brought to more realistic levels of above ¥8/US$1 in 1994 and the FEC was discontinued. It stayed above ¥8/$1 until 2005 when the renminbi's peg to the dollar was loosened and it was allowed to appreciate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As of 2013, the renminbi is convertible on <a href="/wiki/Current_account_(balance_of_payments)" title="Current account (balance of payments)">current accounts</a> but not <a href="/wiki/Capital_account" title="Capital account">capital accounts</a>. The ultimate goal has been to make the renminbi fully convertible. However, partly in response to the <a href="/wiki/Asian_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian financial crisis">Asian financial crisis</a> in 1998, China has been concerned that the Chinese financial system would not be able to handle the potential rapid cross-border movements of <a href="/wiki/Hot_money" title="Hot money">hot money</a>, and as a result, as of 2012, the currency trades within a narrow band specified by the Chinese central government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Internationalization_of_the_renminbi" title="Internationalization of the renminbi">internationalization of the renminbi</a>, on 30 November 2015, the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a> voted to designate the renminbi as one of several main world currencies, thus including it in the basket of <a href="/wiki/Special_drawing_rights" title="Special drawing rights">special drawing rights</a>. The renminbi became the first emerging market currency to be included in the IMF's SDR basket on 1 October 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_Teague_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon_Teague-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other main world currencies are the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">dollar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">sterling</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">yen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_renminbi">Digital renminbi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Digital renminbi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_renminbi" title="Digital renminbi">Digital renminbi</a></div> <p>In October 2019, China's central bank, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">PBOC</a>, announced that a <a href="/wiki/Digital_renminbi" title="Digital renminbi">digital renminbi</a> was going to be released after years of preparation.<sup id="cite_ref-nikkeiasia-20191231_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nikkeiasia-20191231-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This version of the currency, also called DCEP (Digital Currency Electronic Payment),<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can be “decoupled” from the banking system to give visiting tourists a taste of the nation's burgeoning <a href="/wiki/Cashless_society" title="Cashless society">cashless society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The announcement received a variety of responses: some believe it is more about domestic control and surveillance.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some argue that the real barriers to internationalisation of the renminbi are China's capital controls, which it has no plans to remove. Maximilian Kärnfelt, an expert at the <a href="/wiki/Mercator_Institute_for_China_Studies" title="Mercator Institute for China Studies">Mercator Institute for China Studies</a>, said that a digital renminbi "would not banish many of the problems holding the renminbi back from more use globally". He went on to say, "Much of China's financial market is still not open to foreigners and <a href="/wiki/Property_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Property right">property rights</a> remain fragile."<sup id="cite_ref-ft.c_Virtual_control_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft.c_Virtual_control-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PBOC has filed more than 80 patents surrounding the integration of a <a href="/wiki/Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">digital currency</a> system, choosing to embrace the <a href="/wiki/Blockchain" title="Blockchain">blockchain</a> technology. The patents reveal the extent of China's digital currency plans. The patents, seen and verified by the <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>, include proposals related to the issuance and supply of a central bank digital currency, a system for interbank settlements that uses the currency, and the integration of digital currency wallets into existing retail bank accounts. Several of the 84 patents reviewed by the <i>Financial Times</i> indicate that China may plan to <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithmically</a> adjust the supply of a central bank digital currency based on certain triggers, such as loan <a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">interest rates</a>. Other patents are focused on building digital currency <a href="/wiki/Smart_card" title="Smart card">chip cards</a> or digital currency wallets that banking consumers could potentially use, which would be linked directly to their bank accounts. The patent filings also point to the proposed ‘<a href="/wiki/Tokenomics" title="Tokenomics">tokenomics</a>’ being considered by the DCEP working group. Some patents show plans towards programmed inflation control mechanisms. While the majority of the patents are attributed to the PBOC's Digital Currency Research Institute, some are attributed to state-owned corporations or subsidiaries of the Chinese central government.<sup id="cite_ref-ft-20200212_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft-20200212-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Uncovered by the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Digital_Commerce" title="Chamber of Digital Commerce">Chamber of Digital Commerce</a> (an American non-profit advocacy group), their contents shed light on Beijing's mounting efforts to digitise the renminbi, which has sparked alarm in the West and spurred central bankers around the world to begin exploring similar projects.<sup id="cite_ref-ft-20200212_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft-20200212-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some commentators have said that the U.S., which has no current plans to issue a government-backed digital currency, risks falling behind China and risking its dominance in the global financial system.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Victor_Shih" title="Victor Shih">Victor Shih</a>, a China expert and professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_San_Diego" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California San Diego">University of California San Diego</a>, said that merely introducing a digital currency "doesn't solve the problem that some people holding renminbi offshore will want to sell that renminbi and exchange it for the dollar", as the dollar is considered to be a safer asset.<sup id="cite_ref-qz.c_Why_China's_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qz.c_Why_China's-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eswar_Prasad" title="Eswar Prasad">Eswar Prasad</a>, an economics professor at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>, said that the digital renminbi "will hardly put a dent in the dollar's status as the dominant global reserve currency" due to the United States' "economic dominance, deep and liquid capital markets, and still-robust institutional framework".<sup id="cite_ref-qz.c_Why_China's_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qz.c_Why_China's-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-proj_China's_Digital_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proj_China's_Digital-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. dollar's share as a <a href="/wiki/Reserve_currency" title="Reserve currency">reserve currency</a> is above 60%, while that of the renminbi is about 2%.<sup id="cite_ref-qz.c_Why_China's_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qz.c_Why_China's-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2020, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> reported that the digital currency <a href="/wiki/E-RMB" class="mw-redirect" title="E-RMB">e-RMB</a> had been adopted into multiple cities' monetary systems and "some government employees and <a href="/wiki/Public_servants" class="mw-redirect" title="Public servants">public servants</a> [will] receive their salaries in the digital currency from May. <i>The Guardian</i> quoted a <i><a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a></i> report which stated "A sovereign digital currency provides a functional alternative to the dollar settlement system and blunts the impact of any sanctions or threats of exclusion both at a country and company level. It may also facilitate integration into globally traded currency markets with a reduced risk of politically inspired disruption."<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-20200428_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-20200428-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were talks of testing out the digital renminbi in the <a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics" title="2022 Winter Olympics">Beijing Winter Olympics</a> in 2022, but China's overall timetable for rolling out the digital currency was unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interest_rate_&_Green_bonds"><span id="Interest_rate_.26_Green_bonds"></span>Interest rate & Green bonds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Interest rate & Green bonds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2023, RMB interest rate swaps was launched.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2023, under the Government Green Bond Programme, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region">Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China</a> (HKSAR) announced a green bonds offering, of approximately US$6 billion denominated in <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">EUR</a> and RMB.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issuance">Issuance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Issuance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Renminbi" title="Special:EditPage/Renminbi">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As of 2019, renminbi banknotes are available in denominations of ¥0.1, ¥0.5 (1 and 5 jiao), ¥1, ¥5, ¥10, ¥20, ¥50 and ¥100. These denominations have been available since 1955, except for the ¥20 notes (added in 1999 with the fifth series) ¥50 and ¥100 notes (added in 1987 with the fourth series). Coins are available in denominations from ¥0.01 to ¥1 (¥0.01–1). Thus some denominations exist in both coins and banknotes. On rare occasions, larger yuan coin denominations such as ¥5 have been issued to commemorate events but use of these outside of collecting has never been widespread.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The denomination of each banknote is printed in <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified</a> <a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">written Chinese</a>. The numbers themselves are printed in financial<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese numeral">Chinese numeral</a> characters, as well as <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a>. The denomination and the words "People's Bank of China" are also printed in <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Zhuang</a> on the back of each banknote, in addition to the boldface <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a> "Zhongguo Renmin Yinhang" (without tones). The right front of the note has a tactile representation of the denomination in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese Braille</a> starting from the fourth series. See <a href="#Minority">corresponding section</a> for detailed information.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <i>fen</i> and <i>jiao</i> denominations have become increasingly unnecessary as prices have increased. Coins under ¥0.1 are used infrequently. Chinese retailers tend to avoid fractional values (such as ¥9.99), opting instead to round to the nearest yuan (such as ¥9 or ¥10).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coins">Coins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Coins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1953, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> ¥0.01, ¥0.02, and ¥0.05 coins began being struck for circulation, and were first introduced in 1955. These depict the <a href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Emblem of the People's Republic of China">national emblem</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">obverse</a> (front) and the name and denomination framed by <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> stalks on the reverse (back). In 1980, <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> ¥0.1, ¥0.2, and ¥0.5 and <a href="/wiki/Cupro-nickel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupro-nickel">cupro-nickel</a> ¥1 coins were added, although the ¥0.1 and ¥0.2 were only produced until 1981, with the last ¥0.5 and ¥1 issued in 1985. All jiǎo coins depicted similar designs to the fēn coins while the yuán depicted the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a>. </p><p>In 1991, a new coinage was introduced, consisting of an aluminium ¥0.1, brass ¥0.5 and <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cladding_(metalworking)" title="Cladding (metalworking)">clad</a> <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> ¥1. These were smaller than the previous jiǎo and yuán coins and depicted flowers on the obverse and the national emblem on the reverse. Issuance of the aluminium ¥0.01 and ¥0.02 coins ceased in 1991, with that of the ¥0.05 halting in 1994. The small coins were still struck for annual <a href="/wiki/Uncirculated_coin" title="Uncirculated coin">uncirculated</a> <a href="/wiki/Coin_set" title="Coin set">mint sets</a> in limited quantities, and from the beginning of 2005, the ¥0.01 coin got a new lease on life by being issued again every year since then up to present. </p><p>New designs of the ¥0.1, ¥0.5 (now brass-<a href="/wiki/Plating" title="Plating">plated</a> steel), and ¥1 (nickel-plated steel) were again introduced in between 1999 and 2002. The ¥0.1 was significantly reduced in size, and in 2005 its composition was changed from aluminium to more durable nickel-plated steel. An updated version of these coins was announced in 2019. While the overall design is unchanged, all coins including the ¥0.5 are now of nickel-plated steel, and the ¥1 coin was reduced in size.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The frequency of usage of coins varies between different parts of China, with coins typically being more popular in urban areas (with 5-jiǎo and 1-yuán coins used in vending machines), and small notes being more popular in rural areas. Older fēn and large jiǎo coins are uncommonly still seen in circulation, but are still valid in exchange. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banknotes">Banknotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Banknotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2023, there have been five series of renminbi banknotes issued by the People's Republic of China:<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/First_series_of_the_renminbi" title="First series of the renminbi">first series of renminbi banknotes</a> was issued on 1 December 1948, by the newly founded <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">People's Bank of China</a>. It introduced notes in denominations of ¥1, ¥5, ¥10, ¥20, ¥50, ¥100 and ¥1,000 yuan. Notes for ¥200, ¥500, ¥5,000 and ¥10,000 followed in 1949, with ¥50,000 notes added in 1950. A total of 62 different designs were issued. The notes were officially withdrawn on various dates between 1 April and 10 May 1955. The name "first series" was given retroactively in 1950, after work began to design a new series.<sup id="cite_ref-中华人民共和国第一套人民币概述_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-中华人民共和国第一套人民币概述-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>These first renminbi notes were printed with the words "<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">People's Bank of China</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a>", and the denomination, written in Chinese characters by <a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Second_series_of_the_renminbi" title="Second series of the renminbi">second series of renminbi banknotes</a> was introduced on 1 March 1955 (but dated 1953). Each note has the words "People's Bank of China" as well as the denomination in the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Zhuang</a> languages on the back, which has since appeared in each series of renminbi notes. The denominations available in banknotes were ¥0.01, ¥0.02, ¥0.05, ¥0.1, ¥0.2, ¥0.5, ¥1, ¥2, ¥3, ¥5 and ¥10. Except for the three fen denominations and the ¥3 which were withdrawn, notes in these denominations continued to circulate. Good examples of this series have gained high status with banknote collectors.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Third_series_of_the_renminbi" title="Third series of the renminbi">third series of renminbi banknotes</a> was introduced on 15 April 1962, though many denominations were dated 1960. New dates would be issued as stocks of older dates were gradually depleted. The sizes and design layout of the notes had changed but not the order of colours for each denomination. For the next two decades, the second and third series banknotes were used concurrently. The denominations were of ¥0.1, ¥0.2, ¥0.5, ¥1, ¥2, ¥5 and ¥10. The third series was phased out during the 1990s and then was recalled completely on 1 July 2000.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_series_of_the_renminbi" title="Fourth series of the renminbi">fourth series of renminbi banknotes</a> was introduced between 1987 and 1997, although the banknotes were dated 1980, 1990, or 1996. They were withdrawn from circulation on 1 May 2019. Banknotes are available in denominations of ¥0.1, ¥0.2, ¥0.5, ¥1, ¥2, ¥5, ¥10, ¥50 and ¥100. Like previous issues, the colour designation for already existing denominations remained in effect. The second to fourth series of renminbi banknotes were designed by professors at the Central Academy of Art including <a href="/wiki/Luo_Gongliu" title="Luo Gongliu">Luo Gongliu</a> and Zhou Lingzhao.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Fifth_series_of_the_renminbi" title="Fifth series of the renminbi">fifth series of renminbi banknotes</a> and coins was progressively introduced from its introduction in 1999. This series also bears the issue years 2005 (all except ¥1), 2015 (¥100 only) and 2019 (¥1, ¥10, ¥20 and ¥50). As of 2019, it includes banknotes for ¥1, ¥5, ¥10, ¥20, ¥50 and ¥100. Significantly, the fifth series uses the portrait of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> chairman <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> on all banknotes, in place of the various leaders, workers and representations of China's ethnic groups which had been featured previously. During this series new security features were added, the ¥2 denomination was discontinued, the colour pattern for each note was changed and a new denomination of ¥20 was introduced for this series. A revised series of coins of ¥0.1, ¥0.5 and ¥1 and banknotes of ¥1, ¥10, ¥20 and ¥50 were issued for general circulation on 30 August 2019. The ¥5 banknote of the fifth series was issued in November 2020 with new printing technology in a bid to reduce counterfeiting of Chinese currency.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemorative_issues_of_the_renminbi_banknotes">Commemorative issues of the renminbi banknotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Commemorative issues of the renminbi banknotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_banknotes_of_the_renminbi" title="Commemorative banknotes of the renminbi">Commemorative banknotes of the renminbi</a></div> <p>In 1999, a commemorative red ¥50 note was issued in honour of the 50th anniversary of the establishment of the People's Republic of China. This note features <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">chairman</a> <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> on the front and various animals on the back. </p><p>An orange <a href="/wiki/Polymer_banknote" title="Polymer banknote">polymer note</a>, commemorating the new millennium was issued in 2000 with a face value of ¥100. This features a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">dragon</a> on the obverse and the reverse features the China Millennium monument (at the Center for Cultural and Scientific Fairs). </p><p>For the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Beijing Olympics</a>, a green ¥10 note was issued featuring the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_National_Stadium" title="Beijing National Stadium">Bird's Nest Stadium</a> on the front with the back showing a classical Olympic <a href="/wiki/Discus" class="mw-redirect" title="Discus">discus</a> thrower and various other athletes. </p><p>On 26 November 2015, the People's Bank of China issued a blue ¥100 commemorative note to commemorate aerospace science and technology.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In commemoration of the 70th Anniversary of the issuance of the Renminbi, the People's Bank of China issued 120 million ¥50 banknotes on 28 December 2018. </p><p>In commemoration of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics" title="2022 Winter Olympics">2022 Winter Olympics</a>, the People's Bank of China issued ¥20 commemorative banknotes in both paper and polymer in December 2021. </p><p>In commemoration of the 2024 Chinese New Year, the People's Bank of China issued ¥20 commemorative banknotes in polymer in January 2024. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_ethnic_minority_regions_of_China">Use in ethnic minority regions of China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Use in ethnic minority regions of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RMB2-5yan-1B.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/RMB2-5yan-1B.gif/220px-RMB2-5yan-1B.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/RMB2-5yan-1B.gif/330px-RMB2-5yan-1B.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/RMB2-5yan-1B.gif/440px-RMB2-5yan-1B.gif 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="254" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Second_series_of_the_renminbi" title="Second series of the renminbi">second series of the renminbi</a> had the most readable minority languages text, but no Zhuang text on it. Its issue of ¥0.1–0.5 even highlighted the Mongolian text.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RMB10_PBOC_languages.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/RMB10_PBOC_languages.JPG/220px-RMB10_PBOC_languages.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/RMB10_PBOC_languages.JPG/330px-RMB10_PBOC_languages.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/02/RMB10_PBOC_languages.JPG 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="118" /></a><figcaption>"People's Bank of China Ten Yuan" written in five different languages on the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_series_of_the_renminbi" title="Fifth series of the renminbi">fifth series of the renminbi</a>. From top to bottom and left to right: <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Mandarin pinyin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Zhuang</a> languages.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RMB1-5000-3B.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/RMB1-5000-3B.gif/220px-RMB1-5000-3B.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/RMB1-5000-3B.gif/330px-RMB1-5000-3B.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/RMB1-5000-3B.gif 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="206" /></a><figcaption>A special edition designed for <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_series_of_the_renminbi" title="First series of the renminbi">first series of the renminbi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The renminbi yuan has different names when used in ethnic minority regions of China. </p> <ul><li>When used in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Template:Mongol_autonomy_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Mongol autonomy in the People's Republic of China">Mongol autonomies</a>, a yuan is called a <b>tugreg</b> (<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>: <span lang="mn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠲᠦᠭᠦᠷᠢᠭ᠌</span>, төгрөг</span> <i>tügürig</i>). However, when used in the republic of <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, it is still named <b>yuani</b> (<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>: <span lang="mn">юань</span>) to differentiate it from <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_t%C3%B6gr%C3%B6g" title="Mongolian tögrög">Mongolian tögrög</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>: <span lang="mn">төгрөг</span>). One Chinese tügürig (tugreg) is divided into 100 <b>mönggü</b> (<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>: <span lang="mn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠮᠥᠩᠭᠦ</span>, мөнгө</span>), one Chinese jiao is labeled "10 mönggü". In <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>, renminbi is called <b>aradin jogos</b> or <b>arad-un jogos</b> (<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>: <span lang="mn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠣᠭᠣᠰ</span>, ардын зоос</span> <i>arad-un ǰoγos</i>).</li> <li>When used in <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Template:Tibetan_autonomy_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Tibetan autonomy in the People's Republic of China">Tibetan autonomies</a>, a yuan is called a <b>gor</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">སྒོར་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_pinyin" title="Tibetan pinyin">ZYPY</a>: <i>Gor</i>). One gor is divided into 10 <b>gorsur</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">སྒོར་ཟུར་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_pinyin" title="Tibetan pinyin">ZYPY</a>: <i>Gorsur</i>) or 100 <b>gar</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">སྐར་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_pinyin" title="Tibetan pinyin">ZYPY</a>: <i>gar</i>). In <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan languages">Tibetan</a>, renminbi is called <b>mimangxogngü</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">མི་དམངས་ཤོག་དངུལ།</span>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_pinyin" title="Tibetan pinyin">ZYPY</a>: <i>Mimang Xogngü</i>) or <b>mimang shog ngul</b>.</li> <li>When used in the Uyghur autonomous region of <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, the renminbi is called <b>Xelq puli</b> (<a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>: <span lang="ug" dir="rtl">خەلق پۇلى</span>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_and_minting">Production and minting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Production and minting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Renminbi currency production is carried out by a state owned corporation, <a href="/wiki/China_Banknote_Printing_and_Minting_Corporation" title="China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation">China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation</a> (<b>CBPMC</b>; <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">中国印钞造币总公司</span></span>) headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CBPMC uses several printing, engraving and <a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">minting</a> facilities around the country to produce banknotes and coins for subsequent distribution. Banknote printing facilities are based in Beijing, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shijiazhuang" title="Shijiazhuang">Shijiazhuang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nanchang" title="Nanchang">Nanchang</a>. Mints are located in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, Shanghai, and <a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a>. Also, high grade paper for the banknotes is produced at two facilities in <a href="/wiki/Baoding" title="Baoding">Baoding</a> and Kunshan. The Baoding facility is the largest facility in the world dedicated to developing banknote material according to its website.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">People's Bank of China</a> has its own printing technology research division that researches new techniques for creating banknotes and making counterfeiting more difficult. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suggested_future_design">Suggested future design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Suggested future design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 13 March 2006, some delegates to an advisory body at the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> proposed to include <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> on the renminbi banknotes. However, the proposal was not adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Value">Value</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a 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.static-row-numbers.sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before{padding-bottom:1.5em}html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before{padding-bottom:1.4em}}}</style> <table class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers sort-under-center col1left col2center col3center col4right col5right col6right"> <caption>Most traded currencies by value<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Currency distribution of global foreign exchange market turnover</span><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:right"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Most_traded_currencies" title="Template:Most traded currencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Most_traded_currencies" title="Template talk:Most traded currencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Most_traded_currencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Most traded currencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Currency </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISO 4217</a><br />code </th> <th rowspan="2" class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">Symbol</a> or<br />Abbrev.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">Proportion of daily volume </th> <th rowspan="2">Change<br />(2019–2022) </th></tr> <tr class="static-row-header"> <th>April 2019 </th> <th>April 2022 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollar</a></td> <td>USD</td> <td>$, US$</td> <td>88.3%</td> <td>88.5%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.2pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></td> <td>EUR</td> <td>€</td> <td>32.3%</td> <td>30.5%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.8pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Japanese yen</a></td> <td>JPY</td> <td>¥, <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">円</span></span></td> <td>16.8%</td> <td>16.7%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Sterling</a></td> <td>GBP</td> <td>£</td> <td>12.8%</td> <td>12.9%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Renminbi</a></td> <td>CNY</td> <td>¥, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">元</span></span></td> <td>4.3%</td> <td>7.0%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.7pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Australian dollar</a></td> <td>AUD</td> <td>$, $A</td> <td>6.8%</td> <td>6.4%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.4pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Canadian dollar</a></td> <td>CAD</td> <td>$, Can$</td> <td>5.0%</td> <td>6.2%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.2pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Swiss franc</a></td> <td>CHF</td> <td>Fr., fr.</td> <td>4.9%</td> <td>5.2%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.3pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">Hong Kong dollar</a></td> <td>HKD</td> <td>$, HK$, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-HK">元</span></span></td> <td>3.5%</td> <td>2.6%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.9pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">Singapore dollar</a></td> <td>SGD</td> <td>$, S$</td> <td>1.8%</td> <td>2.4%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.6pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish krona</a></td> <td>SEK</td> <td>kr, Skr</td> <td>2.0%</td> <td>2.2%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.2pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_won" title="South Korean won">South Korean won</a></td> <td>KRW</td> <td>₩, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">원</span></span></td> <td>2.0%</td> <td>1.9%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_krone" title="Norwegian krone">Norwegian krone</a></td> <td>NOK</td> <td>kr, Nkr</td> <td>1.8%</td> <td>1.7%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_dollar" title="New Zealand dollar">New Zealand dollar</a></td> <td>NZD</td> <td>$, $NZ</td> <td>2.1%</td> <td>1.7%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.4pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a></td> <td>INR</td> <td>₹</td> <td>1.7%</td> <td>1.6%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso" title="Mexican peso">Mexican peso</a></td> <td>MXN</td> <td>$, Mex$</td> <td>1.7%</td> <td>1.5%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.2pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Taiwan_dollar" title="New Taiwan dollar">New Taiwan dollar</a></td> <td>TWD</td> <td>$‎, NT$, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">圓</span></span></td> <td>0.9%</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.2pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_African_rand" title="South African rand">South African rand</a></td> <td>ZAR</td> <td>R</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>1.0%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Brazilian real</a></td> <td>BRL</td> <td>R$</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>0.9%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.2pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Danish_krone" title="Danish krone">Danish krone</a></td> <td>DKK</td> <td>kr., DKr</td> <td>0.6%</td> <td>0.7%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">Polish złoty</a></td> <td>PLN</td> <td>zł‎, Zl</td> <td>0.6%</td> <td>0.7%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">Thai baht</a></td> <td>THB</td> <td>฿, B</td> <td>0.5%</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_new_shekel" title="Israeli new shekel">Israeli new shekel</a></td> <td>ILS</td> <td>₪, NIS</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah">Indonesian rupiah</a></td> <td>IDR</td> <td>Rp</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Czech_koruna" title="Czech koruna">Czech koruna</a></td> <td>CZK</td> <td>Kč, CZK</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_dirham" title="United Arab Emirates dirham">UAE dirham</a></td> <td>AED</td> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar-AE" dir="rtl">د.إ</span></span>, Dh(s)</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.2pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Turkish lira</a></td> <td>TRY</td> <td>₺, TL</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.7pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">Hungarian forint</a></td> <td>HUF</td> <td>Ft</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chilean_peso" title="Chilean peso">Chilean peso</a></td> <td>CLP</td> <td>$, Ch$</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saudi_riyal" title="Saudi riyal">Saudi riyal</a></td> <td>SAR</td> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar-SA" dir="rtl">﷼</span></span>, SRl(s)</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Philippine peso</a></td> <td>PHP</td> <td>₱</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">Malaysian ringgit</a></td> <td>MYR</td> <td>RM</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colombian_peso" title="Colombian peso">Colombian peso</a></td> <td>COP</td> <td>$, Col$</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian ruble</a></td> <td>RUB</td> <td>₽, руб</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.9pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">Romanian leu</a></td> <td>RON</td> <td>—, leu</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_sol" title="Peruvian sol">Peruvian sol</a></td> <td>PEN</td> <td>S/.</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_dinar" title="Bahraini dinar">Bahraini dinar</a></td> <td>BHD</td> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar-BH" dir="rtl">.د.ب</span></span>, BD</td> <td>0.0%</td> <td>0.0%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lev" title="Bulgarian lev">Bulgarian lev</a></td> <td>BGN</td> <td>лв., lv., lev</td> <td>0.0%</td> <td>0.0%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentine_peso" title="Argentine peso">Argentine peso</a></td> <td>ARS</td> <td>$, Arg$</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0.0%</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1pp </td></tr> <tr class="static-row-header" style="background:#ECECEC"> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><i>Other currencies</i></span></th> <th style="text-align:right">1.8%</th> <th style="text-align:right">2.3%</th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.5pp </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Total:</th> <th style="text-align:right">200.0%</th> <th style="text-align:right">200.0%</th> <th> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> </div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USD_rate_to_CNY_from_1981_to_2019.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/USD_rate_to_CNY_from_1981_to_2019.svg/300px-USD_rate_to_CNY_from_1981_to_2019.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/USD_rate_to_CNY_from_1981_to_2019.svg/450px-USD_rate_to_CNY_from_1981_to_2019.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/USD_rate_to_CNY_from_1981_to_2019.svg/600px-USD_rate_to_CNY_from_1981_to_2019.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>1 US dollar to renminbi, since 1981</figcaption></figure> <p>For most of its early history, the renminbi was <a href="/wiki/Fixed_exchange-rate_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed exchange-rate system">pegged</a> to the U.S. dollar at ¥2.46 per dollar. During the 1970s, it was revalued until it reached ¥1.50 per dollar in 1980. When China's economy gradually opened in the 1980s, the renminbi was devalued in order to improve the competitiveness of Chinese exports. Thus, the official exchange rate increased from ¥1.50 in 1980 to ¥8.62 by 1994 (the lowest rate on record). Improving current account balance during the latter half of the 1990s enabled the Chinese government to maintain a peg of ¥8.27 per US$1 from 1997 to 2005. </p><p>The renminbi reached a record high exchange value of ¥6.0395 to the US dollar on 14 January 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese leadership have been raising the yuan to tame inflation, a step U.S. officials have pushed for years to lower the massive trade deficit with China.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strengthening the value of the renminbi also fits with the Chinese transition to a more consumer-led economic growth model.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015 the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">People's Bank of China</a> again devalued their country's currency. As of 1 September 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the exchange rate for US$1 is ¥6.38. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depegged_from_the_US_dollar">Depegged from the US dollar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Depegged from the US dollar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 21 July 2005, the peg was finally lifted, which saw an immediate one-time renminbi revaluation to ¥8.11 per dollar.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exchange rate against the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> stood at ¥10.07060 per euro. </p><p>However, the peg was reinstituted unofficially when the financial crisis hit: "Under intense pressure from Washington, China took small steps to allow its currency to strengthen for three years starting in July 2005. But China 're-pegged' its currency to the dollar as the financial crisis intensified in July 2008."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 June 2010, the People's Bank of China released a statement simultaneously in Chinese and English claiming that they would "proceed further with reform of the renminbi exchange rate regime and increase the renminbi exchange rate flexibility".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The news was greeted with praise by world leaders including <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">PBoC</a> maintained there would be no "large swings" in the currency. The renminbi rose to its highest level in five years and markets worldwide surged on Monday, 21 June following China's announcement.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2015, Joseph Adinolfi, a reporter for <a href="/wiki/MarketWatch" title="MarketWatch">MarketWatch</a>, reported that China had re-pegged the renminbi. In his article, he narrated that "Weak trade data out of China, released over the weekend, weighed on the currencies of Australia and New Zealand on Monday. But the yuan didn't budge. Indeed, the Chinese currency, also known as the renminbi, has been remarkably steady over the past month despite the huge selloff in China's stock market and a spate of disappointing economic data. Market strategists, including Simon Derrick, chief currency strategist at BNY Mellon, and Marc Chandler, head currency strategist at Brown Brothers Harriman, said that is because China's policy makers have effectively re-pegged the yuan. “When I look at the dollar-renminbi right now, that looks like a fixed exchange rate again. They’ve re-pegged it,” Chandler said."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Managed_float">Managed float</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Managed float"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The renminbi has now moved to a <a href="/wiki/Managed_float_regime" title="Managed float regime">managed floating exchange rate</a> based on market supply and demand with reference to a <a href="/wiki/Currency_basket" title="Currency basket">basket</a> of foreign currencies. In July 2005, the daily trading price of the US dollar against the renminbi in the inter-bank foreign exchange market was allowed to float within a narrow band of 0.3% around the central parity<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">People's Bank of China</a>; in a later announcement published on 18 May 2007, the band was extended to 0.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 April 2012, the band was extended to 1.0%.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 March 2014, the band was extended to 2%.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China has stated that the basket is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Japanese yen</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_won" title="South Korean won">South Korean won</a>, with a smaller proportion made up of <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">sterling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">Thai baht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">roubles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Australian dollars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Canadian dollars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">Singaporean dollars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 April 2008, it traded at ¥6.9920 per US dollar, which was the first time in more than a decade that a dollar had bought less than ¥7,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at ¥11.03630 per euro. </p><p>Beginning in January 2010, Chinese and non-Chinese citizens have an annual exchange limit of a maximum of US$50,000. Exchanges within this limit require only a passport or Chinese ID and no additional documentation showing the purpose of the exchange. Currency exchange transactions are centrally registered. The maximum dollar withdrawal is $10,000 per day, the maximum purchase limit of US dollars is $500 per day. This stringent management of the currency leads to a bottled-up demand for exchange in both directions. It is viewed as a major tool to keep the currency peg, preventing inflows of "<a href="/wiki/Hot_money" title="Hot money">hot money</a>". </p><p>A shift of Chinese reserves into the currencies of their other trading partners has caused these nations to shift more of their reserves into dollars, leading to no great change in the value of the renminbi against the dollar.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Futures_market">Futures market</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Futures market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Renminbi <a href="/wiki/Futures_contract" title="Futures contract">futures</a> are traded at the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Mercantile_Exchange" title="Chicago Mercantile Exchange">Chicago Mercantile Exchange</a>. The futures are cash-settled at the exchange rate published by the People's Bank of China.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purchasing_power_parity">Purchasing power parity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Purchasing power parity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholarly studies suggest that the yuan is undervalued on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> analysis. One 2011 study suggests a 37.5% undervaluation.<sup id="cite_ref-Lipman_2011_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipman_2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> estimated that, by purchasing power parity, one <a href="/wiki/Geary%E2%80%93Khamis_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Geary–Khamis dollar">International dollar</a> was equivalent to approximately ¥1.9 in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> estimated that, by purchasing power parity, one International dollar was equivalent to approximately ¥3.462 in 2006, ¥3.621 in 2007, ¥3.798 in 2008, ¥3.872 in 2009, ¥3.922 in 2010, ¥3.946 in 2011, ¥3.952 in 2012, ¥3.944 in 2013 and ¥3.937 in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The People's Bank of China lowered the renminbi's daily fix to the US dollar by 1.9 per cent to ¥6.2298 on 11 August 2015. The People's Bank of China again lowered the renminbi's daily fix to the US dollar from ¥6.620 to ¥6.6375 after <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> on 27 June 2016. It had not been this low since December 2010. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internationalisation">Internationalisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Internationalisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internationalization_of_the_renminbi" title="Internationalization of the renminbi">Internationalization of the renminbi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Putin_wenjiabao1.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Putin_wenjiabao1.jpeg/220px-Putin_wenjiabao1.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Putin_wenjiabao1.jpeg/330px-Putin_wenjiabao1.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Putin_wenjiabao1.jpeg/440px-Putin_wenjiabao1.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4081" data-file-height="2499" /></a><figcaption>On 24 November 2010, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> announced that Russia's bilateral trade with China would be settled in <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">roubles</a> and yuan, instead of <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US dollars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Before 2009, the renminbi had little to no exposure in the international markets because of strict government controls by the central Chinese government that prohibited almost all export of the currency, or use of it in international transactions. Transactions between Chinese companies and a foreign entity were generally denominated in <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US dollars</a>. With Chinese companies unable to hold US dollars and foreign companies unable to hold Chinese yuan, all transactions would go through the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">People's Bank of China</a>. Once the sum was paid by the foreign party in dollars, the central bank would pass the settlement in renminbi to the Chinese company at the state-controlled exchange rate. </p><p>In June 2009 the Chinese officials announced a pilot scheme where business and trade transactions were allowed between limited businesses in <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> province and <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, and only counterparties in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, and select <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> nations. Proving a success,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the program was further extended to 20 Chinese provinces and counterparties internationally in July 2010, and in September 2011 it was announced that the remaining 11 Chinese provinces would be included. </p><p>In steps intended to establish the renminbi as an international <a href="/wiki/Reserve_currency" title="Reserve currency">reserve currency</a>, China has agreements with <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, allowing trade with those countries to be settled directly in renminbi instead of requiring conversion to US dollars, with <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> to follow soon.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2023, the Renminbi passed the euro as the second most utilized currency in international trade, having tripled in the last three years.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_reserve_currency">International reserve currency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: International reserve currency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Currency restrictions regarding renminbi-denominated bank deposits and financial products were greatly liberalised in July 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010 renminbi-denominated bonds were reported to have been purchased by Malaysia's central bank<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> had issued renminbi denominated <a href="/wiki/Corporate_bond" title="Corporate bond">corporate bonds</a> through <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chartered_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Chartered Bank">Standard Chartered Bank</a> of Hong Kong.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such liberalisation allows the yuan to look more attractive as it can be held with higher return on investment yields, whereas previously that yield was virtually none. Nevertheless, some national banks such as <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Thailand" title="Bank of Thailand">Bank of Thailand</a> (BOT) have expressed a serious concern about renminbi since BOT cannot substitute the deprecated US dollars in its US$200 billion foreign exchange reserves for renminbi as much as it wishes because: </p> <ol><li>The Chinese government has not taken full responsibilities and commitments on economic affairs at global levels.</li> <li>The renminbi still has not become well-liquidated (fully convertible) yet.</li> <li>The Chinese government still lacks deep and wide vision about how to perform fund-raising to handle international loans at global levels.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>To meet IMF requirements, China gave up some of its tight control over the currency.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Countries that are left-leaning in the political spectrum had already begun to use the renminbi as an alternative reserve currency to the United States dollar; the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Chile" title="Central Bank of Chile">Central Bank of Chile</a> reported in 2011 to have US$91 million worth of renminbi in reserves, and the president of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Venezuela" title="Central Bank of Venezuela">Central Bank of Venezuela</a>, Nelson Merentes, made statements in favour of the renminbi following the announcement of reserve withdrawals from Europe and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Africa, the central banks of Ghana, Nigeria, and South Africa either hold renminbi as a reserve currency or have taken steps to purchase bonds denominated in renminbi.<sup id="cite_ref-august_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-august-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Report on the Internationalization of RMB in 2020", which was released by the People's Bank of China in August 2020, said that renminbi's function as international reserve currency has gradually emerged. In the first quarter 2020, the share of renminbi in global foreign exchange reserves rose to 2.02%, a record high. As of the end of 2019, the People's Bank of China has set up renminbi clearing banks in 25 countries and regions outside of mainland China, which has made the use of renminbi more secure and transaction costs have decreased.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_as_a_currency_outside_mainland_China">Use as a currency outside mainland China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Use as a currency outside mainland China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Yuan_to_Hong_Kong_Dollar_exchange_rate.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Chinese_Yuan_to_Hong_Kong_Dollar_exchange_rate.webp/310px-Chinese_Yuan_to_Hong_Kong_Dollar_exchange_rate.webp.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Chinese_Yuan_to_Hong_Kong_Dollar_exchange_rate.webp/465px-Chinese_Yuan_to_Hong_Kong_Dollar_exchange_rate.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Chinese_Yuan_to_Hong_Kong_Dollar_exchange_rate.webp/620px-Chinese_Yuan_to_Hong_Kong_Dollar_exchange_rate.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1587" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #FFDE00;background-color:#DE2910; color:white;"> </span> Chinese Yuan / <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">Hong Kong Dollar</a> <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rate</a></div> </figcaption></figure> <p>The two <a href="/wiki/Special_Administrative_Region_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China">special administrative regions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, have their own respective currencies, according to the "<a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">one country, two systems</a>" principle and the <a href="/wiki/Basic_law" title="Basic law">basic laws</a> of the two territories.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">Hong Kong dollar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Macanese_pataca" title="Macanese pataca">Macanese pataca</a> remain the legal tenders in the two territories, and the renminbi, although sometimes accepted, is not legal tender. Banks in Hong Kong allow people to maintain accounts in RMB.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of changes in legislation in July 2010, banks around the world<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offer <a href="/wiki/Foreign_currency_account" title="Foreign currency account">foreign currency accounts</a> for deposits in Chinese renminbi. </p><p>The renminbi had a presence in Macau even before the 1999 return to the People's Republic of China from <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>. Banks in Macau can issue credit cards based on the renminbi, but not loans. Renminbi-based credit cards cannot be used in Macau's <a href="/wiki/Casino" title="Casino">casinos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Republic of China, which governs <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, believes wide usage of the renminbi would create an <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">underground economy</a> and undermine its <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tourists are allowed to bring in up to ¥20,000 when visiting Taiwan. These renminbi must be converted to <a href="/wiki/New_Taiwan_dollar" title="New Taiwan dollar">Taiwanese currency</a> at trial exchange sites in <a href="/wiki/Matsu_Islands" title="Matsu Islands">Matsu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kinmen" title="Kinmen">Kinmen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chen_Shui-bian" title="Chen Shui-bian">Chen Shui-bian</a> administration insisted that it would not allow full <a href="/wiki/Convertibility" title="Convertibility">convertibility</a> until the mainland signs a bilateral foreign exchange settlement agreement,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though president <a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma Ying-jeou</a>, who served from 2008 to 2016, sought to allow full convertibility as soon as possible. </p><p>The renminbi circulates<sup id="cite_ref-peoplesdaily_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peoplesdaily-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in some of China's neighbors, such as <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a><sup id="cite_ref-takungpao_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-takungpao-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and northern <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> welcomes the renminbi as an official currency and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> allow it in border provinces such as <a href="/wiki/Wa_State" title="Wa State">Wa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kokang" title="Kokang">Kokang</a> and economic zones like <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-peoplesdaily_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peoplesdaily-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though unofficial, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> recognizes the exchange of the renminbi to the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng" title="Vietnamese đồng">đồng</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-peoplesdaily_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peoplesdaily-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017 ¥215 billion was circulating in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. In 2018 a Bilateral Currency Swap Agreement was made by the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of Indonesia">Bank of Indonesia</a> and the Bank of China which simplified business transactions, and in 2020 about 10% of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>'s global trade was in renminbi.<sup id="cite_ref-diplomat-20200731_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diplomat-20200731-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2007, renminbi-nominated bonds have been issued outside mainland China; these are colloquially called "<a href="/wiki/Dim_sum_bond" title="Dim sum bond">dim sum bonds</a>". In April 2011, the first <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">initial public offering</a> denominated in renminbi occurred in Hong Kong, when the Chinese property investment trust <a href="/wiki/Hui_Xian_REIT" title="Hui Xian REIT">Hui Xian REIT</a> raised ¥10.48 billion ($1.6 billion) in its IPO. <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> has allowed renminbi-denominated financial markets to develop in Hong Kong as part of the effort to internationalise the renminbi.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is limited (under 1%) issuing of renminbi bonds in Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-diplomat-20200731_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diplomat-20200731-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_markets">Other markets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Other markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China-CEEC_Matchmaking_Event_2017_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/China-CEEC_Matchmaking_Event_2017_%283%29.jpg/220px-China-CEEC_Matchmaking_Event_2017_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/China-CEEC_Matchmaking_Event_2017_%283%29.jpg/330px-China-CEEC_Matchmaking_Event_2017_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/China-CEEC_Matchmaking_Event_2017_%283%29.jpg/440px-China-CEEC_Matchmaking_Event_2017_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Renminbi promotion at the China-CEEC 2017 summit</figcaption></figure> <p>Since currency flows in and out of mainland China are still restricted, renminbi traded in off-shore markets, such as the Hong Kong market, can have a different value to renminbi traded on the mainland. The offshore RMB market is usually denoted as CNH, but there is another renminbi interbank and spot market in Taiwan for domestic trading known as CNT. </p><p>Other renminbi markets include the dollar-settled non-deliverable forward (NDF), and the trade-settlement exchange rate (CNT).<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Note that the two CNTs mentioned above are different from each other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_lunar_coins" title="Chinese lunar coins">Chinese lunar coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_cash_coins_by_inscription" title="List of Chinese cash coins by inscription">List of Chinese cash coins by inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_renminbi_exchange_rates" title="List of renminbi exchange rates">List of renminbi exchange rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_money_of_Tibet" title="Historical money of Tibet">Tibetan coins and currency</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Excluding <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">special administrative regions</a> Hong Kong and Macau.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A similar case arises with <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Sterling</a>, the currency of the United Kingdom. Its basic unit is the <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound</a> and the word <i>pound</i> is widely used to refer to the British currency generally, especially in international contexts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A set of numeral characters used traditionally in financial and accounting settings, not used in daily writing; see <a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals#Standard_numbers" title="Chinese numerals">Chinese numerals#Standard numbers</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xe.com/currency/cny-chinese-yuan-renminbi">"CNY – Chinese Yuan Renminbi rates, news, and tools | Xe"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160716020240/http://www.xe.com/currency/cny-chinese-yuan-renminbi">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CNY+%E2%80%93+Chinese+Yuan+Renminbi+rates%2C+news%2C+and+tools+%26%23124%3B+Xe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xe.com%2Fcurrency%2Fcny-chinese-yuan-renminbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenminbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37996473.amp">"Myanmar's free-wheeling Wa state"</a>. 17 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221101192032/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37996473.amp">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Myanmar%27s+free-wheeling+Wa+state&rft.date=2016-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-37996473.amp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenminbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 2, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070320211302/http://www.cin.gov.cn/law/main/2004010802.htm">"The People's Bank of China Law of the People's Republic of China"</a>. 27 December 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cin.gov.cn/law/main/2004010802.htm">the original</a> on 20 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+Bank+of+China+Law+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.date=2003-12-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cin.gov.cn%2Flaw%2Fmain%2F2004010802.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenminbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BIS-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BIS_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bis.org/statistics/rpfx22_fx.pdf">"Triennial Central Bank Survey Foreign exchange turnover in April 2022"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bank for International Settlements. 27 October 2022. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221027140118/https://www.bis.org/statistics/rpfx22_fx.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Triennial+Central+Bank+Survey+Foreign+exchange+turnover+in+April+2022&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Bank+for+International+Settlements&rft.date=2022-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bis.org%2Fstatistics%2Frpfx22_fx.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenminbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lipman_2011-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lipman_2011_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lipman_2011_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipman2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lipman, Joshua Klein (April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727082626/http://michiganjb.org/issues/42/text42b.pdf">"Law of Yuan Price: Estimating Equilibrium of the Renminbi"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Michigan Journal of Business</i>. <b>4</b> (2). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://michiganjb.org/issues/42/text42b.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Journal+of+Business&rft.atitle=Law+of+Yuan+Price%3A+Estimating+Equilibrium+of+the+Renminbi&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2011-04&rft.aulast=Lipman&rft.aufirst=Joshua+Klein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmichiganjb.org%2Fissues%2F42%2Ftext42b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenminbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2012" class="citation news cs1">Schneider, Howard (29 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/chinas-currency-rises-against-the-dollar/2012/09/28/790415be-099e-11e2-a10c-fa5a255a9258_story.html">"Some experts say China's currency policy is not a danger to the U.S. economy"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517173528/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/chinas-currency-rises-against-the-dollar/2012/09/28/790415be-099e-11e2-a10c-fa5a255a9258_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Some+experts+say+China%27s+currency+policy+is+not+a+danger+to+the+U.S.+economy&rft.date=2012-09-29&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fchinas-currency-rises-against-the-dollar%2F2012%2F09%2F28%2F790415be-099e-11e2-a10c-fa5a255a9258_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenminbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-swift2013-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-swift2013_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151105223715/http://www.swift.com/about_swift/shownews?param_dcr=news.data%2Fen%2Fswift_com%2F2013%2FPR_RMB_september.xml">"RMB now 8th most traded currency in the world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Worldwide_Interbank_Financial_Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication">Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication</a>. 8 October 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swift.com/about_swift/shownews?param_dcr=news.data%2Fen%2Fswift_com%2F2013%2FPR_RMB_september.xml">the original</a> on 5 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RMB+now+8th+most+traded+currency+in+the+world&rft.pub=Society+for+Worldwide+Interbank+Financial+Telecommunication&rft.date=2013-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swift.com%2Fabout_swift%2Fshownews%3Fparam_dcr%3Dnews.data%252Fen%252Fswift_com%252F2013%252FPR_RMB_september.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenminbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-swift2015-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-swift2015_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208122028/http://www.swift.com/about_swift/shownews?param_dcr=news.data%2Fen%2Fswift_com%2F2015%2FPR_RMB_into_the_top_five.xml">"RMB breaks into the top five as a world payments currency"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Worldwide_Interbank_Financial_Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication">Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication</a>. 28 January 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swift.com/about_swift/shownews?param_dcr=news.data%2Fen%2Fswift_com%2F2015%2FPR_RMB_into_the_top_five.xml">the original</a> on 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=FX%3A+RMB+joins+the+SDR+basket&rft.date=2016-10-06&rft.au=Solomon+Teague&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euromoney.com%2FArticle%2F3591357%2FCategory%2F0%2FChannelPage%2F207402%2FFX-RMB-joins-the-SDR-basket.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenminbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:024-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:024_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJin2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keyu_Jin" title="Keyu Jin">Jin, Keyu</a> (2023). <i>The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism</i>. 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Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319076775" title="Special:BookSources/9783319076775"><bdi>9783319076775</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210075717/https://books.google.com/books?id=JgFNBQAAQBAJ&q=quay&pg=PA59">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Global+Leaders+Welcome+China%27s+Yuan+Plan&rft.date=2010-06-21&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Michael+M.&rft.au=Talley%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052748704365204575316512609162050%3Fmod%3DWSJ_Markets_LeadStory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenminbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120524170306/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gTL-hG_nDdnmwzgwNuP51AVtVbqQ">"World stocks soar after Chinese move on yuan"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2007</span>. <q>Article 18: National laws shall not be applied in the Macao Special Administrative Region except for those listed in Annex m to this Law.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Basic+Law+of+the+Macao+Special+Administrative+Region+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.date=1993-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umac.mo%2Fbasiclaw%2Fenglish%2Fch2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenminbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.info.gov.hk/hkma/eng/press/2003/20031118e4.htm">"Hong Kong banks to conduct personal renminbi business on trial basis"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=RMB+increases+its+influence+in+neighbouring+areas&rft.date=2004-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.peopledaily.com.cn%2F200402%2F17%2Feng20040217_134974.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenminbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-takungpao-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-takungpao_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230709172708/http://www.takungpao.com/news/09/05/06/_IN-1077521.htm">"人民幣在蒙古國被普遍使用"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ta_Kung_Pao" title="Ta Kung Pao">Ta Kung Pao</a> (大公報). 6 May 2009. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+offshore+renminbi&rft.pub=HSBC&rft.date=2010-12-01&rft.aulast=Hui&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Bunning%2C+Dominic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.hsbc.com%2Fmidas%2FRes%2FRDV%3Fp%3Dpdf%26key%3DUHa14N6Tu3%26n%3D282753.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenminbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180822215902/http://treasurytoday.com/2011/05/the-birth-of-a-new-currency">"The birth of a new currency"</a>. <i>Treasury Today</i>. May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://treasurytoday.com/2011/05/the-birth-of-a-new-currency">the original</a> on 22 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Treasury+Today&rft.atitle=The+birth+of+a+new+currency&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftreasurytoday.com%2F2011%2F05%2Fthe-birth-of-a-new-currency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenminbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Ansgar Belke, Christian Dreger und Georg Erber: <i>Reduction of Global Trade Imbalances: Does China Have to Revalue Its Currency?</i> In: <i>Weekly Report.</i> 6/2010, Nr. 30, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1860-3343">1860-3343</a>, S. 222–229 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.363191.de/diw_wr_2010-30.pdf">PDF-File; DIW Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717083524/http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.363191.de/diw_wr_2010-30.pdf">Archived</a> 17 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</li> <li>Hai Xin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105235214/http://www.rmbhandbook.com/"><i>The RMB Handbook: Trading, Investing and Hedging</i></a>, Risk Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1906348816" title="Special:BookSources/978-1906348816">978-1906348816</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrause,_Chester_L.Clifford_Mishler1991" class="citation book cs1">Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991). <i><a href="/wiki/Standard_Catalog_of_World_Coins" title="Standard Catalog of World Coins">Standard Catalog of World Coins</a>: 1801–1991</i> (18th ed.). Krause Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0873411501" title="Special:BookSources/0873411501"><bdi>0873411501</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+Catalog+of+World+Coins%3A+1801%E2%80%931991&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Krause+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0873411501&rft.au=Krause%2C+Chester+L.&rft.au=Clifford+Mishler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenminbi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPick,_Albert1994" class="citation book cs1">Pick, Albert (1994). <i><a href="/wiki/Standard_Catalog_of_World_Paper_Money" title="Standard Catalog of World Paper Money">Standard Catalog of World Paper Money</a>: General Issues</i>. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-207-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87341-207-9"><bdi>0-87341-207-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+Catalog+of+World+Paper+Money%3A+General+Issues&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Krause+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-87341-207-9&rft.au=Pick%2C+Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenminbi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cheung, Yin-Wong (2022). "The RMB in the Global Economy". <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renminbi&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Money_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Money of the People's Republic of China">Money of the People's Republic of China</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120311112811/http://www.thebeijingguide.com/money/money3.html">Photographs of all Chinese currency and sound of pronunciation in Chinese</a> (archived 11 March 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/10413076">Stephen Mulvey, Why China's currency has two names – BBC News, 2010-06-26</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bis-ans-ende-der-welt.net/China-B-En.htm">Historical and current banknotes of the People's Republic of China</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English and German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ose-erfurt.de/Reisen/China-X-B-En.htm">Foreign exchange certificates (FEC) of the People's Republic of China</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English and German)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Currencies_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_currency_and_coinage" title="Template:Chinese currency and coinage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_currency_and_coinage" title="Template talk:Chinese currency and coinage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_currency_and_coinage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese currency and coinage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Currencies_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Currencies of China</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_currency" title="History of Chinese currency">History of Chinese currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_cash_coins_by_inscription" title="List of Chinese cash coins by inscription">List of Chinese cash coins by inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">Ancient Chinese coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties in Chinese history">By period (before 1912)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty_coinage" title="Zhou dynasty coinage">Zhou dynasty coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty_coinage" title="Han dynasty coinage">Han dynasty coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty_coinage" title="Xin dynasty coinage">Xin dynasty coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tang_coinage" title="Southern Tang coinage">Southern Tang coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty_coinage" title="Liao dynasty coinage">Liao dynasty coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_Shu_coinage" title="Da Shu coinage">Da Shu coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty_coinage" title="Southern Song dynasty coinage">Southern Song dynasty coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Xia_coinage" title="Western Xia coinage">Western Xia coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_coinage_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Da_Qi_coinage" class="mw-redirect" title="Da Qi coinage">Da Qi coinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_coinage" title="Yuan dynasty coinage">Yuan dynasty coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_coinage" title="Ming dynasty coinage">Ming dynasty coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_coinage" title="Qing dynasty coinage">Qing dynasty coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_money_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Paper money of the Qing dynasty">Paper money of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shengbao_(currency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shengbao (currency)">Shengbao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_money_of_Tibet" title="Historical money of Tibet">Historical money of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucha_coinage" title="Kucha coinage">Kucha coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo_yuan" title="Manchukuo yuan">Manchukuo yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang_yuan" title="Mengjiang yuan">Mengjiang yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_coins" title="Xinjiang coins">Xinjiang coins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hongqian" title="Hongqian">Hongqian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_of_the_Red_Army_Command" title="Yuan of the Red Army Command">Yuan of the Red Army Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shell_money#East,_South_and_Southeast_Asia" title="Shell money">Cowrie shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tong_Bei" title="Tong Bei">Tong Bei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant-nose_coin" title="Ant-nose coin">Ant-nose coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife_money" title="Knife money">Knife money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying_Yuan" title="Ying Yuan">Ying Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spade_money" title="Spade money">Spade money</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_China" title="History of China">Imperial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cash_(Chinese_coin)" title="Cash (Chinese coin)">Cash coins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/String_of_cash_coins_(currency_unit)" title="String of cash coins (currency unit)">Strings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Liang" title="Ban Liang">Ban Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhu" title="Wu Zhu">Wu Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan_Tongbao" title="Kaiyuan Tongbao">Kaiyuan Tongbao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sycee" title="Sycee">Sycee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_cash" title="Flying cash">Flying cash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozi_(currency)" title="Jiaozi (currency)">Jiaozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanzi_(currency)" title="Guanzi (currency)">Guanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizi_(currency)" title="Huizi (currency)">Huizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaochao" title="Jiaochao">Jiaochao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ming_Treasure_Note" title="Great Ming Treasure Note">Great Ming Treasure Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Treasure_Note" title="Great Qing Treasure Note">Great Qing Treasure Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubu_Guanpiao" title="Hubu Guanpiao">Hubu Guanpiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Dragon_(coin)" title="Silver Dragon (coin)">Silver Dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturing and casting process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_coin" title="Mother coin">Mother coin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestor_coin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor coin">Ancestor coin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Near modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cash_(currency_unit)" title="Chinese cash (currency unit)">Cash <i>(wén)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candareen" title="Candareen">Candareen <i>(fēn)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mace_(unit)" title="Mace (unit)">Mace <i>(qián)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tael" title="Tael">Tael <i>(liǎng)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_(currency)" title="Yuan (currency)">Yuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical exonumia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numismatic_charm" title="Chinese numismatic charm">Charms and amulets (Yansheng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_coin" title="Horse coin">Horse coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vault_protector_coin" title="Vault protector coin">Vault protector coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaona_Xinbao" title="Zhaona Xinbao">Zhaona Xinbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_tally" title="Bamboo tally">Bamboo tally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_token_(alternative_currency)" title="Chinese token (alternative currency)">Token</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_customs_gold_unit" title="Chinese customs gold unit">Customs gold unit</a></li> <li>Fabi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Taiwan_dollar" title="Old Taiwan dollar">Old Taiwan dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_gold_yuan" title="Chinese gold yuan">Chinese gold yuan</a></li> <li>Silver dollar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Taiwan_dollar" title="New Taiwan dollar">New Taiwan dollar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fifth_series_of_the_new_Taiwan_dollar_banknote" title="Fifth series of the new Taiwan dollar banknote">5th</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Renminbi</a> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_series_of_the_renminbi" title="First series of the renminbi">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_series_of_the_renminbi" title="Second series of the renminbi">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_series_of_the_renminbi" title="Third series of the renminbi">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_series_of_the_renminbi" title="Fourth series of the renminbi">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_series_of_the_renminbi" title="Fifth series of the renminbi">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_renminbi" title="Digital renminbi">Digital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">Hong Kong dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_pataca" title="Macanese pataca">Macanese pataca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy of China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Currencies_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Currencies_of_Asia" title="Template:Currencies of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Currencies_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Currencies of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Currencies_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Currencies of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Currencies_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Currencies of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstani_tenge" title="Kazakhstani tenge">Kazakhstani tenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_som" title="Kyrgyz som">Kyrgyz som</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_somoni" title="Tajikistani somoni">Tajikistani somoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistani_manat" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmenistani manat">Turkmenistani manat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistani_sum" title="Uzbekistani sum">Uzbekistani sum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Renminbi</a> (yuan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">Hong Kong dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Japanese yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_won" title="North Korean won">North Korean won</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_won" title="South Korean won">South Korean won</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_pataca" title="Macanese pataca">Macanese pataca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_t%C3%B6gr%C3%B6g" title="Mongolian tögrög">Mongolian tögrög</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Taiwan_dollar" title="New Taiwan dollar">New Taiwan dollar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian ruble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_afghani" title="Afghan afghani">Afghan afghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_taka" title="Bangladeshi taka">Bangladeshi taka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_ngultrum" title="Bhutanese ngultrum">Bhutanese ngultrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_rufiyaa" title="Maldivian rufiyaa">Maldivian rufiyaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_rupee" title="Nepalese rupee">Nepalese rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rupee" title="Pakistani rupee">Pakistani rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_rupee" title="Sri Lankan rupee">Sri Lankan rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Australian dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_dollar" title="Brunei dollar">Brunei dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_riel" title="Cambodian riel">Cambodian riel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah">Indonesian rupiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_kip" title="Lao kip">Lao kip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">Malaysian ringgit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_kyat" title="Myanmar kyat">Myanmar kyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Philippine peso (<i>piso</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">Singapore dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">Thai baht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng" title="Vietnamese đồng">Vietnamese đồng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dram" title="Armenian dram">Armenian dram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_manat" title="Azerbaijani manat">Azerbaijani manat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_dinar" title="Bahraini dinar">Bahraini dinar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pound" title="Egyptian pound">Egyptian pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_dirham" title="United Arab Emirates dirham">Emirati dirham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_lari" title="Georgian lari">Georgian lari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rial" title="Iranian rial">Iranian rial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_dinar" title="Iraqi dinar">Iraqi dinar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_new_shekel" title="Israeli new shekel">Israeli new shekel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_dinar" title="Jordanian dinar">Jordanian dinar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_dinar" title="Kuwaiti dinar">Kuwaiti dinar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_pound" title="Lebanese pound">Lebanese pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_rial" title="Omani rial">Omani rial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_riyal" title="Qatari riyal">Qatari riyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_riyal" title="Saudi riyal">Saudi riyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_pound" title="Syrian pound">Syrian pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Turkish lira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_rial" title="Yemeni rial">Yemeni rial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Currency_symbols" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_currency_symbols" title="Template:Navbox currency symbols"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_currency_symbols" title="Template talk:Navbox currency symbols"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_currency_symbols" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox currency symbols"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Currency_symbols" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">Currency symbols</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_circulating_currencies" title="List of circulating currencies">Circulating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd nounderlines" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:150%"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_afghani" title="Afghan afghani">؋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_baht#Currency_symbol" title="Thai baht">฿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cedi" title="Ghanaian cedi">₵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B3n_(currency)" title="Colón (currency)">₡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cent_(currency)" title="Cent (currency)">¢</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cifr%C3%A3o" title="Cifrão"><img alt="Cifrão" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cifr%C3%A3o_symbol_%28narrow%29.svg/17px-Cifr%C3%A3o_symbol_%28narrow%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cifr%C3%A3o_symbol_%28narrow%29.svg/26px-Cifr%C3%A3o_symbol_%28narrow%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cifr%C3%A3o_symbol_%28narrow%29.svg/34px-Cifr%C3%A3o_symbol_%28narrow%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="8" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_sign" title="Dollar sign">$</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng" title="Vietnamese đồng">₫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dram_sign" title="Armenian dram sign">֏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_manat_sign" title="Azerbaijani manat sign">₼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">€</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florin_sign" title="Florin sign">ƒ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFP_franc" title="CFP franc">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_guaran%C3%AD" title="Paraguayan guaraní">₲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hryvnia_sign" title="Hryvnia sign">₴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_kip" title="Lao kip">₭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_lari" title="Georgian lari">₾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sign" title="Pound sign">£</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_naira" title="Nigerian naira">₦</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indian_paisa" title="Indian paisa"><img alt="Indian paisa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Indian_Paisa_symbol.svg/15px-Indian_Paisa_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Indian_Paisa_symbol.svg/23px-Indian_Paisa_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Indian_Paisa_symbol.svg/30px-Indian_Paisa_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="503" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso_sign" title="Philippine peso sign">₱</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">元</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rial" title="Iranian rial">﷼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_riel" title="Cambodian riel">៛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruble_sign" title="Ruble sign">₽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign">₹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_rupee" title="Nepalese rupee">रू</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_rupee" title="Sri Lankan rupee">රු</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupee_sign" title="Rupee sign">૱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupee_sign" title="Rupee sign">௹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupee_sign" title="Rupee sign">꠸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupee_sign" title="Rupee sign">Rs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekel_sign" title="Shekel sign">₪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_som" title="Kyrgyz som"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">C</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_taka" title="Bangladeshi taka">৳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira_sign" title="Turkish lira sign">₺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstani_tenge" title="Kazakhstani tenge">₸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_t%C3%B6gr%C3%B6g" title="Mongolian tögrög">₮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Won_sign" title="Won sign">₩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yen_and_yuan_sign" title="Yen and yuan sign">¥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">円</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_currencies" title="List of historical currencies">Obsolete and historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even nounderlines" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:150%"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_austral" title="Argentine austral">₳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artsakh_dram" title="Artsakh dram">Դր.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruzeiro_sign" title="Cruzeiro sign">₢$</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfennig" title="Pfennig">₰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_drachma" title="Modern drachma">₯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Currency_Unit" title="European Currency Unit">₠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lira" title="Lira">₤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_lats" title="Latvian lats">ℒ𝓈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livre_tournois" title="Livre tournois">₶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_(currency)" title="Mill (currency)">₥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_mark_(1871)" title="German mark (1871)">ℳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_peseta" title="Spanish peseta">Pts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">ℛℳ</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ruble_sign#History" title="Imperial rouble"><img alt="Imperial rouble" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Old_sign_of_Russian_ruble.svg/38px-Old_sign_of_Russian_ruble.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Old_sign_of_Russian_ruble.svg/57px-Old_sign_of_Russian_ruble.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Old_sign_of_Russian_ruble.svg/76px-Old_sign_of_Russian_ruble.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="249" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spesmilo" title="Spesmilo">₷</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shekel_sign#Old_Israeli_shekel_.281980.E2.80.931985.29" title="Old Israeli shekel"><img alt="Old Israeli shekel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Old_Sheqel_sign.svg/30px-Old_Sheqel_sign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Old_Sheqel_sign.svg/45px-Old_Sheqel_sign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Old_Sheqel_sign.svg/60px-Old_Sheqel_sign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="86" data-file-height="22" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As_(Roman_coin)" title="As (Roman coin)">𐆚</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius"><img alt="Denarius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Denarius_sign_Cardo.svg/15px-Denarius_sign_Cardo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Denarius_sign_Cardo.svg/23px-Denarius_sign_Cardo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Denarius_sign_Cardo.svg/30px-Denarius_sign_Cardo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="172" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dupondius" title="Dupondius">𐆙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinarius" title="Quinarius">𐆗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sestertius" title="Sestertius">𐆘</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">Cryptocurrency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd nounderlines" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:150%"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">₿</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Generic placeholder</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even nounderlines" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:150%"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Currency_sign_(generic)" title="Currency sign (generic)"><span class="nounderlines" style="font-size:125%">¤</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_China" title="Template:Economy of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_China" title="Template talk:Economy of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_of_China" title="Category:Companies of China">Companies of China</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Category:Economic history of the People's Republic of China">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_China" title="Five-year plans of China">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialization_of_China" title="Industrialization of China">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_rice_bowl" title="Iron rice bowl">Iron rice bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-anti_and_Five-anti_Campaigns" title="Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns">Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Modernizations" title="Four Modernizations">Four Modernizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping%27s_southern_tour" title="Deng Xiaoping's southern tour">Deng Xiaoping's southern tour</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Grasping_the_large,_letting_go_of_the_small" title="Grasping the large, letting go of the small">Grasping the large, letting go of the small</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_GDP_of_China" title="Historical GDP of China">Historical GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_China" title="Population history of China">Population history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_reform_in_China,_1949%E2%80%931976" title="Wage reform in China, 1949–1976">1949–1976 wage reform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Industry_in_China" title="Category:Industry in China">Industries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_China" title="Industry of China">Industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_China" title="Technological and industrial history of China">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_materials_industry_in_China" title="Advanced materials industry in China">Advanced materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" title="Aquaculture in China">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_China" title="Civil aviation in China">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_Industry_Corporation_of_China" title="Aviation Industry Corporation of China">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation">Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_China" title="Beer in China">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_industry_in_China" title="Biotechnology industry in China">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_China" title="Business process outsourcing in China">Business process outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cement_industry_in_China" title="Cement industry in China">Cement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_China" title="Coffee production in China">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_industry_in_China" title="Container industry in China">Container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Cotton_Association" title="China Cotton Association">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor_manufacturing_industry_in_China" title="Electric motor manufacturing industry in China">Electric motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_China" title="Electricity sector in China">Electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_China" title="Electronics industry in China">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_China" title="Fishing industry in China">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_China" title="Gambling in China">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund_industry_in_China" title="Hedge fund industry in China">Hedge fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_China" title="Mass media in China">Media</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mining_in_China" title="Category:Mining in China">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_China" title="Gold mining in China">gold mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_industry_in_China" title="Mobile phone industry in China">Mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_gaming_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Online gaming in China">Online gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_farming_industry_in_China" title="Pearl farming industry in China">Pearl farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_China" title="Pharmaceutical industry in China">Pharmaceuticals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_in_China" title="Pharmacy in China">pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publishing_industry_in_China" title="Publishing industry in China">Publishing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing_in_China" title="Academic publishing in China">academic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_China" title="Radio in China">Radio</a></li> <li>Railway <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_equipment_industry_in_China" title="Railway equipment industry in China">equipment industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_earth_industry_in_China" title="Rare earth industry in China">Rare earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_China" title="Real estate in China">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_industry_in_China" title="Securities industry in China">Securities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_toy_industry_in_China" title="Sex toy industry in China">Sex toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_industry_of_China" title="Shipping industry of China">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_industry_in_China" title="Silk industry in China">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_industry_in_China" title="Software industry in China">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China" title="Steel industry in China">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_industry_in_China" title="Telecommunications industry in China">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_China" title="Television in China">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_China" title="Television in China">digital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_China" title="Textile industry in China">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in China">Video gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/National_Economic_and_Technological_Development_Zones" title="National Economic and Technological Development Zones">Development Zones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_Software_Park" title="Dalian Software Park">Dalian Software Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolises_in_China" title="Megalopolises in China">Megalopolises in China </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Special Economic Zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_Industrial_Park" title="Suzhou Industrial Park">Suzhou Industrial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiang_Hi-Tech_Park" title="Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park">Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_in_China" title="Category:Energy in China">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_China" title="Coal in China">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_China" title="Petroleum industry in China">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_in_China" title="Oil shale in China">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refineries_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refineries in China">Oil refineries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_China" title="Nuclear power in China">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_China" title="Wind power in China">Wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_China" title="Solar power in China">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_China" title="Geothermal power in China">Geothermal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Trade_in_China" title="Category:Trade in China">Trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Infrastructure_in_China" title="Category:Infrastructure in China">infrastructure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trade_for_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of trade for the People's Republic of China">Trade history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_China_World_Trade_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="The China World Trade Center">World Trade Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_China" title="Transport in China">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_China" title="Postage stamps and postal history of China">Postal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_China" title="Illegal drug trade in China">Illegal drug trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Trade_Development_Council" title="Hong Kong Trade Development Council">Hong Kong Trade Development Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ports_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ports of China">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_China" title="Water supply and sanitation in China">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_China" title="List of exports of China">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_China" title="List of the largest trading partners of China">Trading partners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;">Law and regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_China" title="Taxation in China">Tax system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Contract_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Labour Contract Law of the People's Republic of China">Labor contract law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_relations_in_China" title="Labor relations in China">Labor relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_China" title="Food safety in China">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_China" title="Intellectual property in China">Intellectual property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Finance_in_China" title="Category:Finance in China">Finance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Banking_in_China" title="Category:Banking in China">banking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Accounting_in_China" title="Category:Accounting in China">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_China" title="Banking in China">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_China" title="History of banking in China">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_China" title="List of banks in China">Other banks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Financial_Street" title="Beijing Financial Street">Beijing Financial Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_financial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese financial system">Financial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Banknote_Printing_and_Minting_Corporation" title="China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation">China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Chengtong_Holdings_Group" title="China Chengtong Holdings Group">China Chengtong Holdings Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Government_Guidance_Fund" title="China Government Guidance Fund">China Government Guidance Fund</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China-Africa_Development_Fund" title="China-Africa Development Fund">China-Africa Development Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Integrated_Circuit_Industry_Investment_Fund" title="China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund">China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Internet_Investment_Fund" title="China Internet Investment Fund">China Internet Investment Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Reform_Holdings_Corporation" title="China Reform Holdings Corporation">China Reform Holdings Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fund_for_Technology_Transfer_and_Commercialisation" title="National Fund for Technology Transfer and Commercialisation">National Fund for Technology Transfer and Commercialisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Investment_Corporation" title="China Investment Corporation">China Investment Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CITIC_Group" title="CITIC Group">CITIC Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_services_in_China" title="Financial services in China">Financial services</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Renminbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign exchange reserves of China">Foreign exchange reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund_industry_in_China" title="Hedge fund industry in China">Hedge fund industry</a></li> <li>Stock Exchanges <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_Commodity_Exchange" title="Dalian Commodity Exchange">Dalian Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Equities_Exchange_and_Quotations" title="National Equities Exchange and Quotations">National Equities Exchange and Quotations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Stock_Exchange" title="Beijing Stock Exchange">Beijing Stock Exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Stock_Exchange" title="Shanghai Stock Exchange">Shanghai Stock Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SSE_Composite_Index" title="SSE Composite Index">SSE Composite Index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Metal_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Metal Exchange">Shanghai Metal Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_Exchange_Executive_Council" title="Stock Exchange Executive Council">Stock Exchange Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen_Stock_Exchange" title="Shenzhen Stock Exchange">Shenzhen Stock Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SZSE_Component_Index" title="SZSE Component Index">SZSE Component Index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_Commodity_Exchange" title="Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange">Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_China" title="Category:Economy of China">Government institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Industry_and_Commerce" title="All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce">All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="All-China Federation of Trade Unions">All-China Federation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Council_for_the_Promotion_of_International_Trade" title="China Council for the Promotion of International Trade">China Council for the Promotion of International Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Securities_Regulatory_Commission" title="China Securities Regulatory Commission">China Securities Regulatory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Administration_of_Customs" title="General Administration of Customs">General Administration of Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry_and_Information_Technology" title="Ministry of Industry and Information Technology">Ministry of Industry and Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Financial_Regulatory_Administration_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Financial Regulatory Administration (China)">National Financial Regulatory Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">National Development and Reform Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Commission" title="National Energy Commission">National Energy Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_Assets_Supervision_and_Administration_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission">State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_for_Market_Regulation" title="State Administration for Market Regulation">State Administration for Market Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Foreign_Exchange" title="State Administration of Foreign Exchange">State Administration of Foreign Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="State Administration of Taxation">State Administration of Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_development_in_China" title="Category:Economic development in China">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_China" title="International rankings of China">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_welfare_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare in China">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_China" title="Income inequality in China">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_China" title="Standard of living in China">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_China" title="Foreign aid to China">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_China" title="Urbanization in China">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_in_China" title="Migration in China">Internal migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_credit_cooperative" title="Rural credit cooperative">Rural credit cooperative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;">National economic initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Consensus" title="Beijing Consensus">Beijing Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_prosperity" title="Common prosperity">Common prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_circulation" title="Dual circulation">Dual circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_Out_policy" title="Go Out policy">Go Out policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Made_in_China_2025" title="Made in China 2025">Made in China 2025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Business_China" title="Youth Business China">Youth Business China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_China" title="List of regions of China">Regional economic initiatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beibu_Gulf_Economic_Rim" title="Beibu Gulf Economic Rim">Beibu Gulf Economic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohai_Economic_Rim" title="Bohai Economic Rim">Bohai Economic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Western_Development" title="China Western Development">China Western Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong%E2%80%93Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Macau_Greater_Bay_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area">Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Hong_Kong_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Macau_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_Revitalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast China Revitalization">Northeast China Revitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta_Economic_Zone" title="Pearl River Delta Economic Zone">Pearl River Delta Economic Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Central_China_Plan" title="Rise of Central China Plan">Rise of Central China Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Taiwan_Straits_Economic_Zone" title="Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone">Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River_Delta_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone">Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan_Economic_Zone" title="Zhongyuan Economic Zone">Zhongyuan Economic Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Category:Economic history of the People's Republic of China">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_property_bubble_(2005%E2%80%932011)" title="Chinese property bubble (2005–2011)">2005–2011 property bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Chinese_export_recalls" title="2007 Chinese export recalls">2007 export</a> / <a href="/wiki/2007_pet_food_recalls" title="2007 pet food recalls">pet food recalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_stock_bubble_of_2007" title="Chinese stock bubble of 2007">2007 stock bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Chinese_slave_scandal" title="2007 Chinese slave scandal">2007 slave scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_stimulus_program" title="Chinese economic stimulus program">2008–2009 economic stimulus plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_2010" title="Expo 2010">2010 Expo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Chinese_stock_market_turbulence" class="mw-redirect" title="2015–16 Chinese stock market turbulence">2015–16 stock market turbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_protein_export_contamination" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese protein export contamination">Protein export contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–United States trade war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Xi_Jinping_Administration_reform_spree" title="2020–2021 Xi Jinping Administration reform spree">2020–2021 reform spree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:China" title="Category:China">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" title="Agriculture in China">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy_in_China" title="Bankruptcy in China">Bankruptcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_China" title="List of companies of China">Companies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_Chinese_companies" title="List of largest Chinese companies">Largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_500_Enterprises_of_China" title="Top 500 Enterprises of China">Top 500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_State-owned_enterprises_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of State-owned enterprises in China">Largest SOEs</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hongs" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hongs">The Hongs</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_in_China" title="Globalization in China">Globalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_women_in_China" title="Globalization and women in China">Globalization and women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Standards_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="National Standards of the People's Republic of China">National Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Compulsory_Certificate" title="China Compulsory Certificate">China Compulsory Certificate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Made_in_China" title="Made in China">Made in China</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingong" title="Mingong">Mingong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_by_net_worth" title="List of Chinese by net worth">List of Chinese by net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_economists" title="Category:Chinese economists">Chinese economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China" title="Science and technology in China">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><b>See also:</b></i> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_China" title="Category:Economy of China">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Outline of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_East_Asia" title="Economy of East Asia">Economy of East Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="China_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:China_topics" title="Template:China topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:China_topics" title="Template talk:China topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:China_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:China topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="China_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history" title="Timeline of Chinese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China" title="Military history of China">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">Language</a></li> <li>Economic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Economic history of China before 1912">before 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Economic history of China (1912–1949)">1912–1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">1949–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_foreign_relations_of_China" title="History of foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_monarchs" title="List of Chinese monarchs">Monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_China" title="Prehistory of China">Prehistoric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_civilization" title="Yangtze civilization">Yangtze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Shang" title="Late Shang">Late</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_China" title="History of China">Imperial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Wu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin (266–420)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin (1115–1234)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Qing_era" title="High Qing era">High Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century_of_humiliation" title="Century of humiliation">Century of humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Modern_China" title="History of China">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Tiananmen Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">persecution of Uyghurs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_China" title="Borders of China">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_China" title="List of extreme points of China">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_China" title="Geology of China">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_disasters_in_China" title="Natural disasters in China">Natural disasters</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_China" title="List of regions of China">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_China" title="East China">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Central_China" title="South Central China">South Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_China" title="Northwestern China">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">Southwestern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Terrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bays_of_China" title="Category:Bays of China">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canyons_and_gorges_of_China" title="Category:Canyons and gorges of China">Canyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caves_of_China" title="Category:Caves of China">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deserts_of_China" title="Category:Deserts of China">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grasslands_of_China" title="Category:Grasslands of China">Grasslands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hills_of_China" title="Category:Hills of China">Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_China" title="List of islands of China">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_China" title="Category:Mountains of China">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_China" title="Category:Mountain ranges of China">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_passes_of_China" title="Category:Mountain passes of China">passes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peninsulas_of_China" title="Category:Peninsulas of China">Peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_Plain" title="Northeast China Plain">Northeast</a> / <a href="/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North</a> / <a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan" title="Zhongyuan">Central Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_China" title="Category:Valleys of China">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_China" title="List of volcanoes in China">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canals_in_China" title="Category:Canals in China">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_China" title="List of lakes of China">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_China" title="List of rivers of China">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_China" title="Category:Waterfalls of China">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wetlands_of_China" title="Category:Wetlands of China">Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_of_China" title="Water resources of China">Water resources</a></li> <li>Seas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_China" title="Environment of China">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_China" title="Climate change in China">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_policy_of_China" title="Climate policy of China">Climate policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China" title="Environmental issues in China">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China" title="Environmental policy in China">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_China" title="List of protected areas of China">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_China" title="List of national parks of China">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nature_reserves_in_China" title="Category:Nature reserves in China">Nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserves_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in China">UNESCO Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_China" title="Wildlife of China">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna of China">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China" title="Flora of China">Flora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baselines_of_the_Chinese_territorial_sea" title="Baselines of the Chinese territorial sea">Baseline islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Border_crossings_of_China" title="Category:Border crossings of China">Border crossings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China" title="List of cities in China">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Province-level subdivisions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Law" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_China" title="Judicial system of China">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in China">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">in Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">Penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_laws_in_China" title="Naming laws in China">Naming laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationality law of China">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_China" title="Terrorism in China">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Civil service of the People's Republic of China">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_democracy_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese democracy movement">Pro-democratisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China" title="Environmental policy in China">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_China" title="National security of China">National security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">Political parties and movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">United front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Political Consultative Conference</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism" title="Primary stage of socialism">Primary stage of socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice Premier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of China">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_military_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Outline of the military history of the People's Republic of China">Outline of military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Ground Force">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Rocket_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Rocket Force">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Strategic_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force">Strategic Support</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Coast_Guard" title="China Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Militia" title="Maritime Militia">Maritime Militia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" title="Agriculture in China">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" title="Aquaculture in China">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_China" title="Banking in China">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">Economic history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Special economic zones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-commerce_in_China" title="E-commerce in China">E-commerce</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_advertising_in_China" title="Online advertising in China">Online advertising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_China" title="Coal in China">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_China" title="Petroleum industry in China">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_China" title="Foreign aid to China">Foreign aid received</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_foreign_aid" title="Chinese foreign aid">Foreign aid program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_GDP_of_China" title="Historical GDP of China">Historical GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_China" title="Industry of China">Industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_China" title="Chemical industry in China">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_China" title="Gold mining in China">Gold mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry_in_China" title="Semiconductor industry in China">Semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China" title="Steel industry in China">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_China" title="Textile industry in China">Textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_China" title="Standard of living in China">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_China" title="Taxation in China">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trade_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of trade of the People's Republic of China">Trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture in China">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_China" title="Housing in China">Housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_China" title="Water supply and sanitation in China">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_China" title="Transport in China">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_China" title="Civil aviation in China">Civil aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_China" title="Rail transport in China">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_industry_of_China" title="Shipping industry of China">Shipping industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Space program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_China" title="Category:Society of China">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_China" title="Abortion in China">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_China" title="Crime in China">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_China" title="Prostitution in China">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_China" title="Sex trafficking in China">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_China" title="Literacy in China">Literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonious_Society" title="Harmonious Society">Harmonious Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_China" title="Health in China">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_China" title="Food safety in China">Food safety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_China" title="Food safety incidents in China">incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_China" title="HIV/AIDS in China">HIV/AIDS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_intellectualism" title="Chinese intellectualism">Intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Written Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_China" title="Public holidays in China">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_society_in_China" title="Rural society in China">Rural society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China" title="Science and technology in China">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_China" title="Technological and industrial history of China">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_China" title="Social issues in China">Social issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy_in_China" title="Patriarchy in China">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_discrimination_in_China" title="Regional discrimination in China">Regional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_China" title="Suicide in China">Suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_social_relations" title="Chinese social relations">Social relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">Structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_China" title="Time in China">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_society_in_China" title="Urban society in China">Urban society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_China" title="Welfare in China">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_China" title="Archaeology of China">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archives_in_China" title="Archives in China">Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_China" title="Dance in China">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libraries_in_China" title="Libraries in China">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_poetry" title="Chinese poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_China" title="Mass media in China">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_China" title="Names of China">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_China" title="Smoking in China">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_China" title="Sport in China">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_tea_culture" title="Chinese tea culture">Tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_variety_art" title="Chinese variety art">Variety art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_Historical_and_Cultural_Site_Protected_at_the_National_Level" class="mw-redirect" title="Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level">Major Historical and Cultural Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="List of World Heritage Sites in China">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fours_of_China" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Fours of China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Treasures_of_the_Study" title="Four Treasures of the Study">Four Treasures of the Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Great_Inventions" title="Four Great Inventions">Four Great Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Gentlemen" title="Four Gentlemen">Four Gentlemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowers_of_the_Four_Seasons" title="Flowers of the Four Seasons">Flowers of the Four Seasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Beauties" title="Four Beauties">Four Beauties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Chinese_Novels" title="Classic Chinese Novels">Four Classic Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_arts" title="Four arts">Four arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Symbols" title="Four Symbols">Four Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Beasts" title="Four Holy Beasts">Four Holy Beasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Pillars_of_Destiny" title="Four Pillars of Destiny">Four Pillars of Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Paragons_of_the_Early_Tang" title="Four Paragons of the Early Tang">Four Paragons of the Early Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Ming dynasty">Four Masters of the Ming dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty">Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Wangs" title="Four Wangs">Four Wangs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Pests_campaign" title="Four Pests campaign">Four Pests campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunuchs_in_China" title="Eunuchs in China">Eunuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_in_China" title="Migration in China">Internal migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_China" title="Population history of China">Population history</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Post-80s" title="Post-80s">Post-80s</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Post-90s" title="Post-90s">Post-90s</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_China" title="Urbanization in China">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_China" title="Women in China">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_China" title="Catholic Church in China">Catholic Church in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_China" title="Protestantism in China">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_China" title="History of religion in China">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_China" title="Irreligion in China">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_China" title="National symbols of China">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_China" title="National Emblem of China">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_China" title="Flag of China">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:China" title="Category:China">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/19px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/29px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/38px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Economy">Economy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/21px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="10" 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data-file-width="903" data-file-height="901" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Numismatics" title="Portal:Numismatics">Numismatics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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