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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Versions_of_her_early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Final years and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_re-evaluation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_re-evaluation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Legacy and re-evaluation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_re-evaluation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Plays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Poetry collections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Prose </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Translations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biographies_and_writings_based_on_her_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies_and_writings_based_on_her_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Biographies and writings based on her life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies_and_writings_based_on_her_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Aphra Behn</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" > 45 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%86" title="أفرا بن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أفرا بن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aphra Behn" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Aphra Behn" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Афра Бен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Афра Бен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aphra Behn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aphra Behn" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behnov%C3%A1" title="Aphra Behnová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aphra Behnová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Aphra Behn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aphra Behn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aphra Behn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Άφρα Μπεν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άφρα Μπεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aphra Behn" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aphra Behn" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aphra Behn" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%86" title="افرا بن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="افرا بن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aphra Behn" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aphra Behn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Aphra Behn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aphra Behn" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A0%ED%94%84%EB%9F%AC_%EB%B2%A4" title="애프러 벤 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="애프러 벤" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%86%D6%80%D5%A1_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Աֆրա Բեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աֆրա Բեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aphra Behn" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aphra Behn" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9F" title="אפרה בן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפרה בן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಫ್ರಬೆನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಫ್ರಬೆನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aphra Behn" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB" title="അഫ്ര ബെൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഫ്ര ബെൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Aphra Behn" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%86" title="افرا بن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="افرا بن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aphra Behn" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="アフラ・ベーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アフラ・ベーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aphra Behn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aphra Behn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aphra Behn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aphra Behn" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бен, Афра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бен, Афра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aphra Behn" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aphra Behn" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aphra Behn" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aphra Behn" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aphra Behn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aphra Behn" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aphra Behn" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Афра Бен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Афра Бен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%8A%99%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E6%81%A9" title="阿芙拉·貝恩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿芙拉·貝恩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">British playwright, poet and spy (1640–1689)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Aphra Behn</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Lely_-_Aphra_Behn_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Peter_Lely_-_Aphra_Behn_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Peter_Lely_-_Aphra_Behn_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Peter_Lely_-_Aphra_Behn_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Peter_Lely_-_Aphra_Behn_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Peter_Lely_-_Aphra_Behn_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Peter_Lely_-_Aphra_Behn_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2779" data-file-height="3318" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Behn <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1670</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Aphra Johnson (?)</div> <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Baptised</th><td class="infobox-data">14 December 1640</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">16 April 1689(1689-04-16) (aged 48) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Playwright, poet, prose writer, translator, spy</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Writing career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_a_clef" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman a clef">roman a clef</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Restoration_literature" title="Restoration literature">Restoration literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Restoration_comedy" title="Restoration comedy">Restoration comedy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1664–1689</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Oroonoko" title="Oroonoko">Oroonoko</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Rover_(play)" title="The Rover (play)">The Rover</a> <a href="/wiki/Love-Letters_Between_a_Nobleman_and_His_Sister" title="Love-Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister">Love-Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Johan Behn</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1664)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aphrabehn.org">aphrabehn.org</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Aphra Behn (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈæfrə bɛn/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">bapt.</a> 14 December 1640<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[2]</a> – 16 April 1689) was an English playwright, poet, prose writer and translator from the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">Restoration era</a>. As one of the first English women to earn her living by her writing, she broke cultural barriers and served as a literary role model for later generations of women authors. Rising from obscurity, she came to the notice of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>, who employed her as a spy in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>. Upon her return to London and a probable brief stay in <a href="/wiki/Debtors%27_prison" title="Debtors' prison">debtors' prison</a>, she began writing for the stage. She belonged to a coterie of poets and famous <a href="/wiki/Libertines" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertines">libertines</a> such as <a href="/wiki/John_Wilmot,_Lord_Rochester" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wilmot, Lord Rochester">John Wilmot, Lord Rochester</a>. Behn wrote under the pastoral pseudonym <a href="/wiki/Astraea_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Astraea (mythology)">Astrea</a>. During the turbulent political times of the <a href="/wiki/Exclusion_Crisis" title="Exclusion Crisis">Exclusion Crisis</a>, she wrote an epilogue and prologue that brought her legal trouble; she thereafter devoted most of her writing to prose genres and translations. A staunch supporter of the Stuart line, Behn declined an invitation from <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Burnet" title="Gilbert Burnet">Bishop Burnet</a> to write a welcoming poem to the new king <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a>. She died shortly after.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-4">[3]</a> She is remembered in <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A_Room_of_One%27s_Own" title="A Room of One's Own">A Room of One's Own</a>: "All women together ought to let flowers fall upon the tomb of Aphra Behn which is, most scandalously but rather appropriately, in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, for it was she who earned them the right to speak their minds."<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> Her grave is not included in the <a href="/wiki/Poets%27_Corner" title="Poets' Corner">Poets' Corner</a> but lies in the East Cloister near the steps to the church.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[5]</a> Her best-known works are <a href="/wiki/Oroonoko" title="Oroonoko">Oroonoko: or, the Royal Slave</a>, sometimes described as an <a href="/wiki/List_of_claimed_first_novels_in_English" title="List of claimed first novels in English">early novel</a>, and the play <a href="/wiki/The_Rover_(play)" title="The Rover (play)">The Rover</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_work">Life and work</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aphra_Behn&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and work">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Versions_of_her_early_life">Versions of her early life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aphra_Behn&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Versions of her early life">edit</a>]</div> Information regarding Behn's life is scant, especially regarding her early years. This may be due to intentional obscuring on Behn's part.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> One version of Behn's life tells that she was born to a barber named John Amis and his wife Amy; she is occasionally referred to as Aphra Amis Behn.<a href="#cite_note-Foundation-9">[8]</a> Another story has Behn born to a couple named Cooper.<a href="#cite_note-Foundation-9">[8]</a> The Histories and Novels of the Late Ingenious Mrs. Behn (1696) states that Behn was born to Bartholomew Johnson, a barber, and Elizabeth Denham, a <a href="/wiki/Wet_nurse" title="Wet nurse">wet-nurse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Foundation-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brit-10">[9]</a> Colonel Thomas Colepeper, the only person who claimed to have known her as a child, wrote in Adversaria that she was born at "<a href="/wiki/Sturry" title="Sturry">Sturry</a> or <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>"<a href="#cite_note-11">[b]</a> to a Mr Johnson and that she had a sister named Frances.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-4">[3]</a> Another contemporary, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Finch,_Countess_of_Winchilsea" title="Anne Finch, Countess of Winchilsea">Anne Finch</a>, wrote that Behn was born in <a href="/wiki/Wye,_Kent" title="Wye, Kent">Wye in Kent</a>, the "Daughter to a Barber".<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-4">[3]</a> In some accounts the profile of her father fits Eaffrey Johnson.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-4">[3]</a> Although not much is known about her early childhood, one of her biographers, <a href="/wiki/Janet_Todd" title="Janet Todd">Janet Todd</a>, believes that the common religious upbringing at the time could have heavily influenced much of her work. She argued that, throughout Behn's writings, her experiences in church were not of religious fervour, but instead chances for her to explore her sexual desires, desires that will later be shown through her plays. In one of her last plays she writes, "I have been at the Chapel; and seen so many Beaus, such a Number of Plumeys, I cou'd not tell which I shou'd look on the most...".<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> Another version of her life says she was born as Aphra Johnson, daughter to Bartholomew and Elizabeth Johnson of <a href="/wiki/Harbledown" title="Harbledown">Harbledown</a> in Kent; her brother Edward died when he was six and a half years old.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[2]</a> She is said to have been betrothed to a man named John Halse in 1657.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> It is suggested that this association with the Halse family is what gave her family the colonial connections that allowed them to travel to <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[2]</a> Her correspondence with William Scot, son of parliamentarian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Scot" title="Thomas Scot">Thomas Scot</a>, in the 1660s seems to corroborate her stories of her time in the American colony.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aphra_Behn&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> Although Behn's writings show some form of education, it is not clear how she obtained the education that she did. It was somewhat taboo for women at the time to receive a formal education, Janet Todd notes. Although some aristocratic girls in the past had been able to receive some form of education, that was most likely not the case for Aphra Behn, based on the time she lived. Self-tuition was practised by European women during the 17th century, but it relied on the parents to allow that to happen. She most likely spent time copying poems and other writings, which not only inspired her but educated her. Aphra was not alone in her quest of self-tuition during this time period, and there are other notable women, such as the first female medical doctor <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Erxleben" title="Dorothea Erxleben">Dorothea Leporin</a> who made efforts to self-educate.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> In some of her plays, Aphra Behn shows disdain towards this English ideal of not educating women formally. She also, though, seemed to believe that learning Greek and Latin, two of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_language" title="Classical language">classical languages</a> at the time, was not as important as many authors thought it to be. She may have been influenced by another writer named <a href="/wiki/Francis_Kirkman" title="Francis Kirkman">Francis Kirkman</a> who also lacked knowledge of Greek or Latin, who said "you shall not find my English, Greek, here; nor hard cramping Words, such as will stop you in the middle of your Story to consider what is meant by them...". Later in life, Aphra would make similar gestures to ideas revolving around formal education.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> Behn was born during the buildup of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, a child of the political tensions of the time. One version of Behn's story has her travelling with a Bartholomew Johnson to the small English colony of <a href="/wiki/Surinam_(English_colony)" title="Surinam (English colony)">Surinam</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">captured</a> by the Dutch). He was said to die on the journey, with his wife and children spending some months in the country, though there is no evidence of this.<a href="#cite_note-Foundation-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-16">[14]</a> During this trip Behn said she met an African slave leader, whose story formed the basis for one of her most famous works, <a href="/wiki/Oroonoko" title="Oroonoko">Oroonoko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Foundation-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brit-10">[9]</a> It is possible that she acted as a spy in the colony.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-4">[3]</a> There is little verifiable evidence to confirm any one story.<a href="#cite_note-Foundation-9">[8]</a> In Oroonoko, Behn gives herself the position of narrator and her first biographer accepted the assumption that Behn was the daughter of the lieutenant general of Surinam, as in the story. There is little evidence that this was the case, and none of her contemporaries acknowledge any aristocratic status.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Foundation-9">[8]</a> Her correspondence with Thomas Scot during the time of her stay in Surinam seems to provide evidence for her stay there.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[2]</a> Also, later in her career when she found herself facing financial troubles in the Netherlands, her mother is said to have had audience with the King in an attempt to secure Aphra's way home, implying there may have been some form of connection with aristocracy, however small.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[2]</a> There is also no evidence that Oroonoko existed as an actual person or that any such <a href="/wiki/Slave_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave revolt">slave revolt</a>, as is featured in the story, really happened. Writer <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Greer" title="Germaine Greer">Germaine Greer</a> has called Behn "a <a href="/wiki/Palimpsest" title="Palimpsest">palimpsest</a>; she has scratched herself out," and biographer <a href="/wiki/Janet_Todd" title="Janet Todd">Janet Todd</a> noted that Behn "has a lethal combination of obscurity, secrecy and staginess which makes her an uneasy fit for any narrative, speculative or factual. She is not so much a woman to be unmasked as an unending combination of masks".<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-16">[14]</a> Her name is not mentioned in tax or church records.<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-16">[14]</a> During her lifetime she was also known as Ann Behn, Mrs Behn, agent 160 and Astrea.<a href="#cite_note-Intro-17">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career">Career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aphra_Behn&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aphra_Behn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Aphra_Behn.jpg/220px-Aphra_Behn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Aphra_Behn.jpg/330px-Aphra_Behn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Aphra_Behn.jpg/440px-Aphra_Behn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1424" /></a><figcaption>A sketch of Aphra Behn by <a href="/wiki/George_Scharf" title="George Scharf">George Scharf</a> from a portrait believed to be lost (1873)</figcaption></figure> Shortly after her supposed return to England from Surinam in 1664, Behn may have married Johan Behn (also written as Johann and John Behn). He may have been a merchant of German or Dutch extraction, possibly from <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Foundation-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-16">[14]</a> He died or the couple separated soon after 1664; however, from this point the writer used "Mrs Behn" as her professional name.<a href="#cite_note-Brit-10">[9]</a> In correspondence, she occasionally signed her name as Behne or Beane.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[2]</a> Behn may have had a <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> upbringing. She once commented that she was "designed for a nun," and the fact that she had so many Catholic connections, such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Neville_(writer)" title="Henry Neville (writer)">Henry Neville</a> who was later arrested for his Catholicism, would have aroused suspicions during the anti-Catholic fervour of the 1680s.<a href="#cite_note-goreau-18">[16]</a> She was a monarchist, and her sympathy for the Stuarts, and particularly for the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York" title="Duke of York">Duke of York</a> may be demonstrated by her dedication of her play The Second Part of the Rover to him after he had been exiled for the second time.<a href="#cite_note-goreau-18">[16]</a> Behn was dedicated to the restored King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>. As political parties emerged during this time, Behn became a <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tory</a> supporter.<a href="#cite_note-goreau-18">[16]</a> By 1666, Behn had become attached to the court, possibly through the influence of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Colepeper_(colonel)" title="Thomas Colepeper (colonel)">Thomas Culpeper</a> and other associates. She has also been placed in <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, in lodgings close to <a href="/wiki/Philip_Howard_(1629%E2%80%931717)" title="Philip Howard (1629–1717)">Sir Philip Howard of Naworth</a>, and that it was his connections to John Halsall and Duke Ablemarle that led to her eventual mission in the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a> had broken out between England and the Netherlands in 1665, and she was recruited as a political spy in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> on behalf of King Charles II, possibly under the auspices of courtier <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Killigrew" title="Thomas Killigrew">Thomas Killigrew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Foundation-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brit-10">[9]</a> This is the first well-documented account we have of her activities.<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-16">[14]</a> Her code name is said to have been Astrea, a name under which she later published many of her writings.<a href="#cite_note-Foundation-9">[8]</a> Her chief role was to establish an intimacy with William Scot, son of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Scot" title="Thomas Scot">Thomas Scot</a>, a regicide who had been executed in 1660. Scot was believed to be ready to become a spy in the English service and to report on the doings of the English exiles who were plotting against the King. Behn arrived in <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> in July 1666, probably with two others, as London was wracked with plague and fire. Behn's job was to turn Scot into a <a href="/wiki/Double_agent" title="Double agent">double agent</a>, but there is evidence that Scot betrayed her to the Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-16">[14]</a> Behn's exploits were not profitable, however; the cost of living shocked her, and she was left unprepared. One month after arrival, she pawned her jewellery.<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-16">[14]</a> King Charles was slow in paying (if he paid at all), either for her services or for her expenses whilst abroad. Money had to be borrowed so that Behn could return to London, where a year's petitioning of Charles for payment was unsuccessful. It may be that she was never paid by the crown. A warrant was issued for her arrest, but there is no evidence it was served or that she went to prison for her debt, though apocryphally it is often given as part of her history.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-16">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aphra_Behn_by_Mary_Beale_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Aphra_Behn_by_Mary_Beale_2.jpg/220px-Aphra_Behn_by_Mary_Beale_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Aphra_Behn_by_Mary_Beale_2.jpg/330px-Aphra_Behn_by_Mary_Beale_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Aphra_Behn_by_Mary_Beale_2.jpg/440px-Aphra_Behn_by_Mary_Beale_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Beale" title="Mary Beale">Mary Beale</a></figcaption></figure> Forced by debt and her husband's death, Behn began to work for the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Company" title="King's Company">King's Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duke%27s_Company" title="Duke's Company">Duke's Company</a> players as a scribe. She had, however, written poetry up until this point.<a href="#cite_note-Foundation-9">[8]</a> While she is recorded to have written before she adopted her debt, John Palmer said in a review of her works that, "Mrs. Behn wrote for a livelihood. Playwriting was her refuge from starvation and a debtor's prison."<a href="#cite_note-Palmer-19">[17]</a> The theatres that had been closed under <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a> were now re-opening under Charles II, plays enjoying a revival. Under Charles, prevailing <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> ethics were reversed in the fashionable society of London. The King associated with playwrights that poured scorn on <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> and the idea of consistency in <a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">love</a>. Among the King's favourites was the <a href="/wiki/John_Wilmot,_2nd_Earl_of_Rochester" title="John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester">Earl of Rochester John Wilmot</a>, who became famous for his cynical libertinism.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> In 1613 <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cary,_Viscountess_Falkland" title="Elizabeth Cary, Viscountess Falkland">Lady Elizabeth Cary</a> had published The Tragedy of Miriam, in the 1650s <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Cavendish" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Cavendish">Margaret Cavendish</a> published two volumes of plays, and in 1663 a translation of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Corneille</a>'s Pompey by <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Philips" title="Katherine Philips">Katherine Philips</a> was performed in Dublin and London.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> Women had been excluded from performing on the public stage before the English Civil War, but in Restoration England professional actresses played the women's parts.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> In 1668, plays by women began to be staged in London.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> Behn's first play <a href="/wiki/The_Forc%27d_Marriage" title="The Forc'd Marriage">The Forc'd Marriage</a> was a romantic tragicomedy on <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arranged marriages">arranged marriages</a> and was staged by the Duke's Company in September 1670. The performance ran for six nights, which was regarded as a good run for an unknown author. Six months later Behn's play The Amorous Prince was successfully staged. Again, Behn used the play to comment on the harmful effects of arranged marriages. Behn did not hide the fact that she was a woman, instead she made a point of it. When in 1673 the <a href="/wiki/Dorset_Garden_Theatre" title="Dorset Garden Theatre">Dorset Garden Theatre</a> staged <a href="/wiki/The_Dutch_Lover" title="The Dutch Lover">The Dutch Lover</a>, critics sabotaged the play on the grounds that the author was a woman. Behn tackled the critics head on in Epistle to the Reader.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> She argued that women had been held back by their unjust exclusion from education, not their lack of ability. Critics of Behn were provided with ammunition because of her public liaison with <a href="/wiki/John_Hoyle_(died_1692)" title="John Hoyle (died 1692)">John Hoyle</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bisexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisexual">bisexual</a> lawyer who scandalised his contemporaries.<a href="#cite_note-Routledge-25">[23]</a> After her third play, The Dutch Lover, failed, Behn falls off the public record for three years. It is speculated that she went travelling again, possibly in her capacity as a spy.<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-16">[14]</a> She gradually moved towards comic works, which proved more commercially successful,<a href="#cite_note-Brit-10">[9]</a> publishing four plays in close succession. In 1676–77, she published <a href="/wiki/Abdelazer" title="Abdelazer">Abdelazer</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Town-Fopp_or,_Sir_Timothy_Tawdrey" class="mw-redirect" title="The Town-Fopp or, Sir Timothy Tawdrey">The Town-Fopp</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Rover_(play)" title="The Rover (play)">The Rover</a>. In early 1678 <a href="/wiki/Sir_Patient_Fancy" title="Sir Patient Fancy">Sir Patient Fancy</a> was published. This succession of box-office successes led to frequent attacks on Behn. She was attacked for her private life, the morality of her plays was questioned and she was accused of plagiarising The Rover. Behn countered these public attacks in the prefaces of her published plays. In the preface to Sir Patient Fancy she argued that she was being singled out because she was a woman, while male playwrights were free to live the most scandalous lives and write <a href="/wiki/Bawdy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bawdy">bawdy</a> plays.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> By the late 1670s Behn was among the leading playwrights of England. During the 1670s and 1680s she was one of the most productive playwrights in Britain, second only to <a href="/wiki/Poet_Laureate_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom">Poet Laureate</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Intro-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> Her plays were staged frequently and attended by the King. Behn became friends with notable writers of the day, including John Dryden, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Barry" title="Elizabeth Barry">Elizabeth Barry</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hoyle_(died_1692)" title="John Hoyle (died 1692)">John Hoyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Otway" title="Thomas Otway">Thomas Otway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ravenscroft" title="Edward Ravenscroft">Edward Ravenscroft</a>, and was acknowledged as a part of the circle of the Earl of Rochester.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-16">[14]</a> The Rover became a favourite at the King's court. Because Charles II had no heir, a prolonged political crisis ensued. Behn became heavily involved in the political debate about the succession. Mass hysteria commenced as in 1678 the rumoured <a href="/wiki/Popish_Plot" title="Popish Plot">Popish Plot</a> suggested the King should be replaced with his <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> brother <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James</a>. Political parties developed, the <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a> wanted to exclude James, while the <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a> did not believe succession should be altered in any way. Behn supported the Tory position and in the two years between 1681 and 1682 produced five plays to discredit the Whigs.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Behn often used her writings to attack the parliamentary Whigs claiming, "In public spirits call’d, good o' th' Commonwealth... So tho' by different ways the fever seize...in all 'tis one and the same mad disease." This was Behn's reproach to parliament which had denied the king funds.<a href="#cite_note-goreau-18">[16]</a> The London audience, mainly Tory sympathisers, attended the plays in large numbers. But a warrant was issued for Behn's arrest on the order of King Charles II when she criticized <a href="/wiki/James_Scott,_1st_Duke_of_Monmouth" title="James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth">James Scott, Duke of Monmouth</a>, the illegitimate son of the King, in the epilogue to the anonymously published Romulus and Hersilia (1682).<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-28">[26]</a> Charles II eventually dissolved the <a href="/wiki/Cavalier_Parliament" title="Cavalier Parliament">Cavalier Parliament</a> and James II succeeded him in 1685. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years_and_death">Final years and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aphra_Behn&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Final years and death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Behn_Oroonoko_title_page.1688.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Behn_Oroonoko_title_page.1688.jpg/220px-Behn_Oroonoko_title_page.1688.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Behn_Oroonoko_title_page.1688.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption>Title page of the first edition of <a href="/wiki/Oroonoko" title="Oroonoko">Oroonoko</a> (1688)</figcaption></figure> In her last four years, Behn's health began to fail, beset by poverty and debt, but she continued to write ferociously, though it became increasingly hard for her to hold a pen.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As audience numbers declined, theatres staged mainly old works to save costs.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Nevertheless, Behn staged <a href="/wiki/The_Luckey_Chance" title="The Luckey Chance">The Luckey Chance</a> in 1686. In response to the criticism levelled at the play, she articulated a long and passionate defence of women writers in the preface of the play when it was published in the following year.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> Her play <a href="/wiki/The_Emperor_of_the_Moon" title="The Emperor of the Moon">The Emperor of the Moon</a> was staged and published in 1687; it became one of her longest-running plays.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-28">[26]</a> In the 1680s, she began to publish prose. Her first prose work might have been the three-part <a href="/wiki/Love-Letters_Between_a_Nobleman_and_His_Sister" title="Love-Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister">Love-Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister</a>, anonymously published between 1684 and 1687. The novels were inspired by a contemporary scandal, which saw <a href="/wiki/Ford_Grey,_1st_Earl_of_Tankerville" title="Ford Grey, 1st Earl of Tankerville">Lord Grey</a> elope with his sister-in-law <a href="/wiki/Lady_Henrietta_Berkeley" title="Lady Henrietta Berkeley">Lady Henrietta Berkeley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Henrietta-30">[28]</a> At the time of publication, Love-Letters was very popular and eventually went through more than 16 editions before 1800.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-31">[29]</a> She published five prose works under her own name: La Montre: or, the Lover's Watch (1686), <a href="/wiki/The_Fair_Jilt" title="The Fair Jilt">The Fair Jilt</a> (1688), <a href="/wiki/Oroonoko" title="Oroonoko">Oroonoko: or, The Royal Slave</a> (1688), <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Nun" title="The History of the Nun">The History of the Nun</a> (1689) and The Lucky Mistake (1689). Oroonoko, her best-known prose work, was published less than a year before her death. It is the story of the enslaved Oroonoko and his love Imoinda, possibly based on Behn's travel to <a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Surinam</a> twenty years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-31">[29]</a> She also translated from the French and Latin, publishing translations of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tallement_the_Younger" title="Paul Tallement the Younger">Tallement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Rochefoucauld_(writer)" title="François de La Rochefoucauld (writer)">La Rochefoucauld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle">Fontenelle</a> and Brilhac. The two translations of Fontenelle's work were: A Discovery of New Worlds (<a href="/wiki/Conversations_on_the_Plurality_of_Worlds" title="Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds">Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes</a>), a popularisation of <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> written as a novel in a form similar to her own work, but with her new, religiously oriented preface;<a href="#cite_note-Brit-10">[9]</a> and The History of Oracles (Histoire des Oracles). She translated Brilhac's <a href="/wiki/Agnes_de_Castro;_or,_The_Force_of_Generous_Love" title="Agnes de Castro; or, The Force of Generous Love">Agnes de Castro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> In her final days, she translated "Of Trees" ("Sylva"), the sixth and final book of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Cowley" title="Abraham Cowley">Abraham Cowley</a>'s Six Books of Plants (Plantarum libri sex). She died on 16 April 1689, and was buried in the East Cloister of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>. The inscription on her tombstone reads: "Here lies a Proof that Wit can never be Defence enough against Mortality."<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> She was quoted as stating that she had led a "life dedicated to pleasure and poetry."<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-calgary-34">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_re-evaluation">Legacy and re-evaluation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aphra_Behn&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy and re-evaluation">edit</a>]</div> Following Behn's death, new female dramatists such as <a href="/wiki/Delarivier_Manley" title="Delarivier Manley">Delarivier Manley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Pix" title="Mary Pix">Mary Pix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susanna_Centlivre" title="Susanna Centlivre">Susanna Centlivre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Trotter" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Trotter">Catherine Trotter</a> acknowledged Behn as their most vital predecessor, who opened up public space for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_writing_(literary_category)" title="Women's writing (literary category)">women writers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Intro-17">[15]</a> Three posthumous collections of her prose, including a number of previously unpublished pieces attributed to her, were published by the bookseller Samuel Briscoe: The Histories and Novels of the Late Ingenious Mrs. Behn (1696), All the Histories and Novels Written by the Late Ingenious Mrs. Behn (1698) and Histories, Novels, and Translations Written by the Most Ingenious Mrs. Behn (1700).<a href="#cite_note-CoxOUP-35">[33]</a> Greer considers Briscoe to have been an unreliable source and it's possible that not all of these works were written by Behn.<a href="#cite_note-:1-36">[34]</a> Until the mid-20th century Behn was repeatedly dismissed as a morally depraved minor writer and her literary work was marginalised and often dismissed outright. In the 18th century her literary work was scandalised as lewd by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brown_(satirist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Brown (satirist)">Thomas Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Wycherley" title="William Wycherley">William Wycherley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Steele" title="Richard Steele">Richard Steele</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Duncombe_(writer)" title="John Duncombe (writer)">John Duncombe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a> penned the famous lines "The stage how loosely does Astrea tread, Who fairly puts all characters to bed!". In the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Mary_Hays" title="Mary Hays">Mary Hays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matilda_Betham" class="mw-redirect" title="Matilda Betham">Matilda Betham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dyce" title="Alexander Dyce">Alexander Dyce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Williams" title="Jane Williams">Jane Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julia_Kavanagh" title="Julia Kavanagh">Julia Kavanagh</a> decided that Behn's writings were unfit to read, because they were corrupt and deplorable. Among the few critics who believed that Behn was an important writer were <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Hunt" title="Leigh Hunt">Leigh Hunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Forsyth_(writer)" title="William Forsyth (writer)">William Forsyth</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Hudson" title="William Henry Hudson">William Henry Hudson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> The life and times of Behn were recounted by a long line of biographers, among them Dyce, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gosse" title="Edmund Gosse">Edmund Gosse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bernbaum" title="Ernest Bernbaum">Ernest Bernbaum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montague_Summers" title="Montague Summers">Montague Summers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vita_Sackville-West" title="Vita Sackville-West">Vita Sackville-West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Woodcock" title="George Woodcock">George Woodcock</a>, William J. Cameron and Frederick Link.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> Of Behn's considerable literary output only Oroonoko was seriously considered by literary scholars. This book, published in 1688, is regarded as one of the first abolitionist and humanitarian novels published in the English language.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> In 1696 it was adapted for the stage by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Southerne" title="Thomas Southerne">Thomas Southerne</a> and continuously performed throughout the 18th century. In 1745 the novel was translated into French, going through seven French editions. It is credited as precursor to <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jaques_Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Jaques Rousseau">Jean-Jaques Rousseau</a>'s Discourses on Inequality. In 1915, <a href="/wiki/Montague_Summers" title="Montague Summers">Montague Summers</a>, an author of scholarly works on the English drama of the 17th century, published a six-volume collection of her work, in hopes of rehabilitating her reputation. Summers was fiercely passionate about the work of Behn and found himself incredibly devoted to the appreciation of 17th century literature.<a href="#cite_note-Palmer-19">[17]</a> Since the 1970s Behn's literary works have been re-evaluated by <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> critics and writers. Behn was rediscovered as a significant female writer by <a href="/wiki/Maureen_Duffy" title="Maureen Duffy">Maureen Duffy</a>, Angeline Goreau, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Perry" title="Ruth Perry">Ruth Perry</a>, Hilda Lee Smith, Moira Ferguson, Jane Spencer, <a href="/wiki/Dale_Spender" title="Dale Spender">Dale Spender</a>, Elaine Hobby and <a href="/wiki/Janet_Todd" title="Janet Todd">Janet Todd</a>. This led to the reprinting of her works. The Rover was republished in 1967, Oroonoko was republished in 1973, Love Letters between a Nobleman and His Sisters was published again in 1987 and The Lucky Chance was reprinted in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Felix_Emanuel_Schelling" title="Felix Emanuel Schelling">Felix Schelling</a> wrote in The Cambridge History of English Literature, that she was "a very gifted woman, compelled to write for bread in an age in which literature... catered habitually to the lowest and most depraved of human inclinations," and that, "Her success depended upon her ability to write like a man." <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gosse" title="Edmund Gosse">Edmund Gosse</a> remarked that she was, "...the <a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a> of the Restoration".<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> The criticism of Behn's poetry focuses on the themes of gender, sexuality, femininity, pleasure, and love. A feminist critique tends to focus on Behn's inclusion of female pleasure and sexuality in her poetry, which was a radical concept at the time she was writing. Like her contemporary male libertines, she wrote freely about sex. In the infamous poem "<a href="/wiki/The_Disappointment_(Aphra_Behn)" title="The Disappointment (Aphra Behn)">The Disappointment</a>" she wrote a comic account of male <a href="/wiki/Impotence" class="mw-redirect" title="Impotence">impotence</a> from a woman's perspective.<a href="#cite_note-Routledge-25">[23]</a> Critics Lisa Zeitz and Peter Thoms contend that the poem "playfully and wittily questions conventional gender roles and the structures of oppression which they support".<a href="#cite_note-Zeitz-42">[40]</a> One critic, Alison Conway, views Behn as instrumental to the formation of modern thought around the female gender and sexuality: "Behn wrote about these subjects before the technologies of sexuality we now associate were in place, which is, in part, why she proves so hard to situate in the trajectories most familiar to us".<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a> wrote, in <a href="/wiki/A_Room_of_One%27s_Own" title="A Room of One's Own">A Room of One's Own</a>: <blockquote> All women together, ought to let flowers fall upon the grave of Aphra Behn... for it was she who earned them the right to speak their minds... Behn proved that money could be made by writing at the sacrifice, perhaps, of certain agreeable qualities; and so by degrees writing became not merely a sign of folly and a distracted mind but was of practical importance.<a href="#cite_note-woolf-44">[42]</a> </blockquote>The current project of the Canterbury Commemoration Society is to raise a statue to Canterbury born Aphra Behn to stand in the city.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> In partnership with local organisations, Canterbury Christ Church University announced, in September 2023, plans for a year long celebration of Behn's connection to Canterbury which would involve talks, a one-woman show, walks, and exhibitions, some hosted within the Canterbury Festival.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aphra_Behn&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plays">Plays</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aphra_Behn&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Plays">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Forc%27d_Marriage" title="The Forc'd Marriage">The Forc'd Marriage</a> (performed 1670; published 1671)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Amorous_Prince,_or,_The_Curious_Husband&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Amorous Prince, or, The Curious Husband (page does not exist)">The Amorous Prince</a> (1671)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dutch_Lover" title="The Dutch Lover">The Dutch Lover</a> (1673)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelazer" title="Abdelazer">Abdelazer</a> (performed 1676; published 1677)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Town-Fopp_or,_Sir_Timothy_Tawdrey" class="mw-redirect" title="The Town-Fopp or, Sir Timothy Tawdrey">The Town-Fopp</a> (1676)</li> <li>The Debauchee (1677), an adaptation, attribution disputed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rover_(play)" title="The Rover (play)">The Rover</a> (1677)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Counterfeit_Bridegroom" title="The Counterfeit Bridegroom">The Counterfeit Bridegroom</a> (1677), attribution disputed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Patient_Fancy" title="Sir Patient Fancy">Sir Patient Fancy</a> (1678)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Feign%27d_Curtizans" title="The Feign'd Curtizans">The Feign'd Curtizans</a> (1679)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Young_King_(play)" title="The Young King (play)">The Young King</a> (performed 1679; published 1683)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revenge_(1680_play)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Revenge (1680 play)">The Revenge</a> (1680), an adaptation, attribution disputed</li> <li>The Second Part of the Rover (performed 1680; published 1681)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_False_Count" title="The False Count">The False Count</a> (performed 1681; published 1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Roundheads_or,_The_Good_Old_Cause" title="The Roundheads or, The Good Old Cause">The Roundheads</a> (performed 1681; published 1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_City_Heiress" class="mw-redirect" title="The City Heiress">The City-Heiress</a> (1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Like_Father,_Like_Son_(play)" title="Like Father, Like Son (play)">Like Father, Like Son</a> (1682), lost play</li> <li>Prologue and epilogue to anonymously published Romulus and Hersilia (1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Luckey_Chance" title="The Luckey Chance">The Luckey Chance</a> (performed 1686; published 1687)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor_of_the_Moon" title="The Emperor of the Moon">The Emperor of the Moon</a> (1687)</li></ul> Plays posthumously published <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Widow_Ranter,_or,_the_History_of_Bacon_in_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Widow Ranter, or, the History of Bacon in Virginia">The Widdow Ranter</a> (performed 1689; published 1690)<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Younger_Brother,_or,_The_Amorous_Jilt" title="The Younger Brother, or, The Amorous Jilt">The Younger Brother, or, the Amorous Jilt</a> (1696)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry_collections">Poetry collections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aphra_Behn&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Poetry collections">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Poems upon Several Occasions (1684)<a href="#cite_note-:2-48">[46]</a></li> <li>Miscellany, Being a Collection of Poems by Several Hands (1685)</li> <li>A Miscellany of New Poems by Several Hands (1688)<a href="#cite_note-:3-49">[47]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prose">Prose</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aphra_Behn&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prose">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love-Letters_Between_a_Nobleman_and_His_Sister" title="Love-Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister">Love-Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister</a> (1684–1687), published anonymously in three parts, attribution disputed<a href="#cite_note-:1-36">[34]</a></li> <li>La Montre: or, the Lover's Watch (1686), loose translation/adaptation of a novel by Bonnecorse<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fair_Jilt" title="The Fair Jilt">The Fair Jilt</a> (1688)<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroonoko" title="Oroonoko">Oroonoko</a> (1688)<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Nun" title="The History of the Nun">The History of the Nun: or, the Fair Vow-Breaker</a> (1689)<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a></li> <li>The Lucky Mistake (1689)<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a></li></ul> Prose posthumously published, attribution disputed<a href="#cite_note-:1-36">[34]</a> <ul><li>The Adventure of the Black Lady</li> <li>The Court of the King of Bantam</li> <li>The Unfortunate Bride</li> <li>The Unfortunate Happy Lady</li> <li>The Unhappy Mistake</li> <li>The Wandring Beauty</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations">Translations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aphra_Behn&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Translations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>: "A Paraphrase on Oenone to Paris", in <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Tonson" title="Jacob Tonson">Jacob Tonson</a>'s Ovid's Epistles (1680).<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tallement_the_Younger" title="Paul Tallement the Younger">Paul Tallement</a>: A Voyage to the Island of Love (1684), published with Poems upon Several Occasions. Translation of Voyage de l'isle d'amour.<a href="#cite_note-:2-48">[46]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Rochefoucauld_(writer)" title="François de La Rochefoucauld (writer)">La Rochefoucauld</a>: Reflections on Morality, or, Seneca Unmasqued (1685), published with Miscellany, Being a Collection of Poems by Several Hands. Translation of Réflexions ou sentences et maximes morale (1675 edition)<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a></li> <li>Paul Tallement: Lycidus; or, the Lover in Fashion (1688), published with A Miscellany of New Poems by Several Hands. Translation of Le Second voyage de l'isle d'amour.<a href="#cite_note-:3-49">[47]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle">Fontenelle</a>: The History of Oracles (1688). Translation of Histoire des Oracles.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a></li> <li>Fontenelle: A Discovery of New Worlds (1688). Translation of <a href="/wiki/Conversations_on_the_Plurality_of_Worlds" title="Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds">Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes</a> (1688)<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a></li> <li>Jean-Baptiste de Brilhac: <a href="/wiki/Agnes_de_Castro,_or,_the_Force_of_Generous_Love" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnes de Castro, or, the Force of Generous Love">Agnes de Castro, or, the Force of Generous Love</a> (1688). Translation of Agnes de Castro, Nouvelle Portugaise (1688)<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Cowley" title="Abraham Cowley">Abraham Cowley</a>: "Of Trees" ("Sylva"), in Six Books of Plants (1689). Translation of the sixth book of Plantarum libri sex (1668).<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aphra_Behn&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> Behn's life has been adapted for the stage in the 2014 play Empress of the Moon: The Lives of Aphra Behn by Chris Braak, and the 2015 play [exit Mrs Behn] or, The Leo Play by Christopher VanderArk.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> She is one of the characters in the 2010 play Or, by <a href="/wiki/Liz_Duffy_Adams" title="Liz Duffy Adams">Liz Duffy Adams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> Behn appears as a character in <a href="/wiki/Daniel_O%27Mahony" title="Daniel O'Mahony">Daniel O'Mahony</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Newtons_Sleep" title="Newtons Sleep">Newtons Sleep</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Philip_Jos%C3%A9_Farmer" title="Philip José Farmer">Philip José Farmer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Labyrinth" title="The Magic Labyrinth">The Magic Labyrinth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gods_of_Riverworld" title="Gods of Riverworld">Gods of Riverworld</a>, in Molly Brown's Invitation to a Funeral (1999), in <a href="/wiki/Susanna_Gregory" title="Susanna Gregory">Susanna Gregory</a>’s "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_On_The_Strand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blood On The Strand (page does not exist)">Blood On The Strand</a>", and in <a href="/wiki/Diana_Norman" title="Diana Norman">Diana Norman</a>'s The Vizard Mask. She is referred to in <a href="/wiki/Patrick_O%27Brian" title="Patrick O'Brian">Patrick O'Brian</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Desolation_Island_(novel)" title="Desolation Island (novel)">Desolation Island</a>. Liz Duffy Adams produced <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dramatists.com/cgi-bin/db/single.asp?key=4203&keysearch=or%2C&options=all&limitResult=all&limitResult1=allgenres&total=all&male=all&female=all&limitFull=&limitShort=&limitMusical=&limit1Drama=&limit1Comedy=&melodrama=&romantic=&tragedy=&dark=&farce=&satire=&mystery=&thriller=&historical=">Or,</a>, a 2009 play about her life.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> The 2019 <a href="/wiki/Big_Finish_Short_Trips" title="Big Finish Short Trips">Big Finish Short Trip</a> audio play The Astrea Conspiracy features Behn alongside <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">The Doctor</a>, voiced by actress <a href="/wiki/Neve_McIntosh" title="Neve McIntosh">Neve McIntosh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> In recognition of her pioneering role in women's literature, Behn was featured during the "Her Story" video tribute to notable women on <a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a>'s North American tour in 2017 for the 30th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/The_Joshua_Tree" title="The Joshua Tree">The Joshua Tree</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biographies_and_writings_based_on_her_life">Biographies and writings based on her life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aphra_Behn&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Biographies and writings based on her life">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDuffy1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maureen_Duffy" title="Maureen Duffy">Duffy, Maureen</a> (1977). The Passionate Shepherdess.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Passionate+Shepherdess&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> The first wholly scholarly new biography of Behn; the first to identify Behn's birth name.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoreau1980" class="citation book cs1">Goreau, Angeline (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reconstructingap0000gore">Reconstructing Aphra: a social biography of Aphra Behn</a>. New York: Dial Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8037-7478-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8037-7478-8"><bdi>0-8037-7478-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstructing+Aphra%3A+a+social+biography+of+Aphra+Behn&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dial+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-8037-7478-8&rft.aulast=Goreau&rft.aufirst=Angeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freconstructingap0000gore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoreau1983" class="citation book cs1">Goreau, Angeline (1983). "Aphra Behn: A scandal to modesty (c. 1640–1689)". In Spender, Dale (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feministtheorist00spen">Feminist theorists: Three centuries of key women thinkers</a>. Pantheon. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feministtheorist00spen/page/8">8–27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-53438-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-53438-7"><bdi>0-394-53438-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aphra+Behn%3A+A+scandal+to+modesty+%28c.+1640%E2%80%931689%29&rft.btitle=Feminist+theorists%3A+Three+centuries+of+key+women+thinkers&rft.pages=8-27&rft.pub=Pantheon&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-394-53438-7&rft.aulast=Goreau&rft.aufirst=Angeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffeministtheorist00spen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2001" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Derek (2001). The Theatre of Aphra Behn. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-76030-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-76030-1"><bdi>0-333-76030-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theatre+of+Aphra+Behn&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-333-76030-1&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Todd" title="Janet Todd">Todd, Janet</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretlifeofaphr0000todd">The Secret Life of Aphra Behn</a>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-2455-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-2455-5"><bdi>0-8135-2455-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Life+of+Aphra+Behn&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8135-2455-5&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretlifeofaphr0000todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> A comprehensively researched biography of Behn, with new material on her life as a spy.</li> <li>Janet Todd, Aphra Behn: A Secret Life. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909572-06-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909572-06-5">978-1-909572-06-5</a>, 2017 Fentum Press, revised edition</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSackville-West1927" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vita_Sackville-West" title="Vita Sackville-West">Sackville-West, Vita</a> (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aphrabehnincompa0000sack">Aphra Behn – The Incomparable Astrea</a>. Gerald Howe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aphra+Behn+%E2%80%93+The+Incomparable+Astrea&rft.pub=Gerald+Howe&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Sackville-West&rft.aufirst=Vita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faphrabehnincompa0000sack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> A view of Behn more sympathetic and laudatory than Woolf's.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolf1929" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Woolf, Virginia</a> (1929). <a href="/wiki/A_Room_of_One%27s_Own" title="A Room of One's Own">A Room of One's Own</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Room+of+One%27s+Own&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> Only one section deals with Behn, but it served as a starting point for the feminist rediscovery of Behn's role.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntting" class="citation web cs1">Huntting, Nancy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aestheticrealism.net/aesnyc141/Aphra_Behn_NH.htm">"What Is Triumph in Love? with a consideration of Aphra Behn"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+Triumph+in+Love%3F+with+a+consideration+of+Aphra+Behn&rft.aulast=Huntting&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aestheticrealism.net%2Faesnyc141%2FAphra_Behn_NH.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreer1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Germaine_Greer" title="Germaine Greer">Greer, Germaine</a> (1995). <a href="/wiki/Slip-Shod_Sibyls" class="mw-redirect" title="Slip-Shod Sibyls">Slip-Shod Sibyls</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slip-Shod+Sibyls&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Greer&rft.aufirst=Germaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> Two chapters deal with Aphra Behn with emphasis on her character as a poet</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutner1993" class="citation book cs1">Hutner, Heidi (1993). Rereading Aphra Behn: History, Theory, and Criticism. University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813914435" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813914435"><bdi>978-0813914435</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rereading+Aphra+Behn%3A+History%2C+Theory%2C+and+Criticism&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0813914435&rft.aulast=Hutner&rft.aufirst=Heidi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson1892" class="citation book cs1">Hutchinson, John (1892). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Men_of_Kent_and_Kentishmen/Afra_Behn">"Afra Behn" </a>. Men of Kent and Kentishmen (Subscription ed.). Canterbury: Cross & Jackman. pp. 15–163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Afra+Behn&rft.btitle=Men+of+Kent+and+Kentishmen&rft.place=Canterbury&rft.pages=15-163&rft.edition=Subscription&rft.pub=Cross+%26+Jackman&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Britland, Karen (2021). "Aphra Behn's First Marriage?". The Seventeenth Century, 36:1. 33–53.</li> <li>Hilton, Lisa (2024). The Scandal of the Century. Michael Joseph, 352 pp.</li> <li>Marsh, Patricia (2024). Three Faces. The Conrad Press. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_978-1916966604&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN 978-1916966604 (page does not exist)">ISBN 978-1-916966-60-4</a> A novel based on the known facts of Behn's life.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aphra_Behn&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> She inherited this name from her German husband; the German pronunciation is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[beːn]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sturry" title="Sturry">Sturry</a> is a small village a few miles north-east of the city of <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aphra_Behn&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/behn_aphra.shtml">"Aphra Behn (1640–1689)"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 19 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Aphra+Behn+%281640%E2%80%931689%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fbehn_aphra.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritland2021" class="citation journal cs1">Britland, Karen (2 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0268117X.2019.1693420">"Aphra Behn's first marriage?"</a>. The Seventeenth Century. 36 (1): 33–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0268117X.2019.1693420">10.1080/0268117X.2019.1693420</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0268-117X">0268-117X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214340536">214340536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seventeenth+Century&rft.atitle=Aphra+Behn%27s+first+marriage%3F&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-53&rft.date=2021-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214340536%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0268-117X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0268117X.2019.1693420&rft.aulast=Britland&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F0268117X.2019.1693420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNB-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_4-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_4-11">l</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/1961">Janet Todd</a>, "Behn, Aphra (1640?–1689)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolf1929" class="citation book cs1">Woolf, Virginia (1929). A Room of One's Own. New York: Harcourt Brace. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/326933">326933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Room+of+One%27s+Own&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F326933&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/famous-people?collection=wma-people&query=behn">"Westminster Abbey"</a>. Westminster Abbey. 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Westminster+Abbey&rft.atitle=Westminster+Abbey&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westminster-abbey.org%2Four-history%2Ffamous-people%3Fcollection%3Dwma-people%26query%3Dbehn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehn1998" class="citation book cs1">Behn, Aphra (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W3t6AmCVomAC">The Rover: The Feigned Courtesans; The Lucky Chance; The Emperor of the Moon</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283451-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283451-5"><bdi>978-0-19-283451-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rover%3A+The+Feigned+Courtesans%3B+The+Lucky+Chance%3B+The+Emperor+of+the+Moon&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283451-5&rft.aulast=Behn&rft.aufirst=Aphra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW3t6AmCVomAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> "Rakes, lovers and a lady scribbler" by Susie Goldsbrough, The Times Saturday Review April 27 2024, page 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-Foundation-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foundation_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foundation_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foundation_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foundation_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foundation_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foundation_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foundation_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foundation_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foundation_9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foundation_9-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foundation_9-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiebel" class="citation web cs1">Stiebel, Arlene. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/aphra-behn">"Aphra Behn"</a>. Poetry Foundation. Retrieved 30 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aphra+Behn&rft.pub=Poetry+Foundation&rft.aulast=Stiebel&rft.aufirst=Arlene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetryfoundation.org%2Fbio%2Faphra-behn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brit-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brit_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brit_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brit_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brit_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brit_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brit_10-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/58760/Aphra-Behn">"Aphra Behn"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 30 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aphra+Behn&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F58760%2FAphra-Behn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd1996" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Janet (1996). The Secret Life of Aphra Behn. 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Jean Spence, Sarah Jane Aiston, Maureen M. Meikle. New York: Routledge. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-99005-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-99005-9"><bdi>978-0-415-99005-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/298467847">298467847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%2C+education%2C+and+agency%2C+1600%E2%80%932000&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F298467847&rft.isbn=978-0-415-99005-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F298467847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd1996" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Janet (1996). 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Dial Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8037-7478-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8037-7478-8"><bdi>0-8037-7478-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstructing+Aphra%3A+A+Social+Biography+of+Aphra+Behn&rft.pub=Dial+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-8037-7478-8&rft.aulast=Goreau&rft.aufirst=Angeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freconstructingap0000gore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1915" class="citation news cs1">Palmer, John (14 August 1915). "Writ By a Woman". 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Routledge. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135636289" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135636289"><bdi>978-1135636289</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespeare%2C+Aphra+Behn+and+the+Canon&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1135636289&rft.au=Lizbeth+Goodman&rft.au=W.R.+Owens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLizbeth_GoodmanW.R._Owens2013" class="citation book cs1">Lizbeth Goodman; W.R. Owens (2013). Shakespeare, Aphra Behn and the Canon. Routledge. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135636289" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135636289"><bdi>978-1135636289</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespeare%2C+Aphra+Behn+and+the+Canon&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1135636289&rft.au=Lizbeth+Goodman&rft.au=W.R.+Owens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLizbeth_GoodmanW.R._Owens2013" class="citation book cs1">Lizbeth Goodman; W.R. Owens (2013). Shakespeare, Aphra Behn and the Canon. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F68002">10.1093/ref:odnb/68002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Berkeley%2C+Lady+Henrietta+%5BHarriett%5D&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F68002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLizbeth_GoodmanW.R._Owens2013" class="citation book cs1">Lizbeth Goodman; W.R. Owens (2013). Shakespeare, Aphra Behn and the Canon. Routledge. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135636289" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135636289"><bdi>978-1135636289</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespeare%2C+Aphra+Behn+and+the+Canon&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1135636289&rft.au=Lizbeth+Goodman&rft.au=W.R.+Owens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHargrave2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hargrave, Jocelyn (January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.711846791983735">"Aphra Behn: Cultural translator and editorial intermediary"</a>. Cerae: An Australasian Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies. 4: 1–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cerae%3A+An+Australasian+Journal+of+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Studies&rft.atitle=Aphra+Behn%3A+Cultural+translator+and+editorial+intermediary&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=1-31&rft.date=2017-01&rft.aulast=Hargrave&rft.aufirst=Jocelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.informit.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.3316%2Finformit.711846791983735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetsgraves.co.uk/behn.htm">"Aphra Behn"</a>. Cameron Self, Poets' Graves. Retrieved 30 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aphra+Behn&rft.pub=Cameron+Self%2C+Poets%27+Graves&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetsgraves.co.uk%2Fbehn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-calgary-34"><a href="#cite_ref-calgary_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090127034348/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~mamaes/17a.html">"17th Century Women"</a>. University of Calgary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/%7emamaes/17a.html">the original</a> on 27 January 2009. 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Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860634-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860634-6">0-19-860634-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrr2013" class="citation journal cs1">Orr, Leah (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5699/modelangrevi.108.1.0030">"Attribution Problems in the Fiction of Aphra Behn"</a>. The Modern Language Review. 108 (1): 30–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5699%2Fmodelangrevi.108.1.0030">10.5699/modelangrevi.108.1.0030</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-7937">0026-7937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5699/modelangrevi.108.1.0030">10.5699/modelangrevi.108.1.0030</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164127170">164127170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Modern+Language+Review&rft.atitle=Attribution+Problems+in+the+Fiction+of+Aphra+Behn&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30-51&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0026-7937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164127170%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5699%2Fmodelangrevi.108.1.0030%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5699%2Fmodelangrevi.108.1.0030&rft.aulast=Orr&rft.aufirst=Leah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5699%2Fmodelangrevi.108.1.0030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutner1993" class="citation book cs1">Hutner, Heidi, ed. (1993). Rereading Aphra Behn: History, Theory, and Criticism. University of Virginia Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813914435" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813914435"><bdi>978-0813914435</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rereading+Aphra+Behn%3A+History%2C+Theory%2C+and+Criticism&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0813914435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutner1993" class="citation book cs1">Hutner, Heidi, ed. (1993). Rereading Aphra Behn: History, Theory, and Criticism. University of Virginia Press. pp. 2–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813914435" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813914435"><bdi>978-0813914435</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rereading+Aphra+Behn%3A+History%2C+Theory%2C+and+Criticism&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0813914435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritannica" class="citation web cs1">Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Oroonoko-by-Behn">"Oroonoko work by Behn"</a>. 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Electronic Texts in American Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Texts+in+American+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Widow+Ranter&rft.date=1690&rft.aulast=Behn&rft.aufirst=Aphra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fetas%2F45%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A27315.0001.001?view=toc">"Poems upon several occasions with, A voyage to the island of love / by Mrs. A. Behn"</a>. quod.lib.umich.edu. Retrieved 24 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=quod.lib.umich.edu&rft.atitle=Poems+upon+several+occasions+with%2C+A+voyage+to+the+island+of+love+%2F+by+Mrs.+A.+Behn.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fe%2Feebo%2FA27315.0001.001%3Fview%3Dtoc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A62661.0001.001?view=toc">"Lycidus, or, The lover in fashion being an account from Lycidus to Lysander, of his voyage from the Island of Love : from the French / by the same author of The voyage to the Isle of Love; together with a miscellany of new poems, by several hands"</a>. quod.lib.umich.edu. Retrieved 24 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=quod.lib.umich.edu&rft.atitle=Lycidus%2C+or%2C+The+lover+in+fashion+being+an+account+from+Lycidus+to+Lysander%2C+of+his+voyage+from+the+Island+of+Love+%3A+from+the+French+%2F+by+the+same+author+of+The+voyage+to+the+Isle+of+Love%3B+together+with+a+miscellany+of+new+poems%2C+by+several+hands.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fe%2Feebo%2FA62661.0001.001%3Fview%3Dtoc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=eebo;idno=A28675.0001.001">"La montre, or, The lover's watch by Mrs. A. Behn"</a>. quod.lib.umich.edu. Retrieved 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=quod.lib.umich.edu&rft.atitle=La+montre%2C+or%2C+The+lover%27s+watch+by+Mrs.+A.+Behn.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Ftext-idx%3Fc%3Deebo%3Bidno%3DA28675.0001.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A27290.0001.001?view=toc">"The fair jilt, or, The history of Prince Tarquin and Miranda written by Mrs. A. Behn"</a>. quod.lib.umich.edu. Retrieved 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=quod.lib.umich.edu&rft.atitle=The+fair+jilt%2C+or%2C+The+history+of+Prince+Tarquin+and+Miranda+written+by+Mrs.+A.+Behn.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fe%2Feebo%2FA27290.0001.001%3Fview%3Dtoc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A27305.0001.001?view=toc">"Oroonoko, or, The royal slave : a true history / by Mrs. A. Behn"</a>. quod.lib.umich.edu. Retrieved 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=quod.lib.umich.edu&rft.atitle=Oroonoko%2C+or%2C+The+royal+slave+%3A+a+true+history+%2F+by+Mrs.+A.+Behn.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fe%2Feebo%2FA27305.0001.001%3Fview%3Dtoc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A27297.0001.001?view=toc">"The history of the nun, or, The fair vow-breaker written by Mrs. A. Behn"</a>. quod.lib.umich.edu. Retrieved 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=quod.lib.umich.edu&rft.atitle=The+history+of+the+nun%2C+or%2C+The+fair+vow-breaker+written+by+Mrs.+A.+Behn.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fe%2Feebo%2FA27297.0001.001%3Fview%3Dtoc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A27304.0001.001?view=toc">"The lucky mistake a new novel / written by Mrs. A. Behn"</a>. quod.lib.umich.edu. Retrieved 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=quod.lib.umich.edu&rft.atitle=The+lucky+mistake+a+new+novel+%2F+written+by+Mrs.+A.+Behn.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fe%2Feebo%2FA27304.0001.001%3Fview%3Dtoc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeavey2014" class="citation journal cs1">Heavey, Katherine (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24585366">"Aphra Behn's "Oenone to Paris": Ovidian Paraphrase by Women Writers"</a>. Translation and Literature. 23 (3): 303–320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Ftal.2014.0161">10.3366/tal.2014.0161</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0968-1361">0968-1361</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24585366">24585366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Translation+and+Literature&rft.atitle=Aphra+Behn%27s+%22Oenone+to+Paris%22%3A+Ovidian+Paraphrase+by+Women+Writers&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=303-320&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0968-1361&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24585366%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Ftal.2014.0161&rft.aulast=Heavey&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24585366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvid2003" class="citation book cs1">Ovid (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://name.umdl.umich.edu/A53606.0001.001">Ovid's epistles translated by several hands</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ovid%27s+epistles+translated+by+several+hands.&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Ovid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fname.umdl.umich.edu%2FA53606.0001.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd2018" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Janet (24 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jnx0DwAAQBAJ">The Works of Aphra Behn: v. 4: Seneca Unmask'd and Other Prose Translated</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-25918-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-25918-7"><bdi>978-1-351-25918-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Aphra+Behn%3A+v.+4%3A+Seneca+Unmask%27d+and+Other+Prose+Translated&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-10-24&rft.isbn=978-1-351-25918-7&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djnx0DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=eebo;idno=A39866.0001.001">"The history of oracles, and the cheats of the pagan priests in two parts / made English"</a>. quod.lib.umich.edu. Retrieved 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=quod.lib.umich.edu&rft.atitle=The+history+of+oracles%2C+and+the+cheats+of+the+pagan+priests+in+two+parts+%2F+made+English.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Ftext-idx%3Fc%3Deebo%3Bidno%3DA39866.0001.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A39865.0001.001?view=toc">"A discovery of new worlds from the French, made English by A. Behn"</a>. quod.lib.umich.edu. Retrieved 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=quod.lib.umich.edu&rft.atitle=A+discovery+of+new+worlds+from+the+French%2C+made+English+by+A.+Behn.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fe%2Feebo%2FA39865.0001.001%3Fview%3Dtoc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToddTodd1996" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Janet; Todd, Professor of English Literature Janet (28 March 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0MaTQSuxjkcC">Aphra Behn Studies</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47169-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47169-5"><bdi>978-0-521-47169-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aphra+Behn+Studies&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996-03-28&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47169-5&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Todd%2C+Professor+of+English+Literature+Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0MaTQSuxjkcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cowley.lib.virginia.edu/CowPlan.html">"The Third Part of the Works of Mr. Abraham Cowley Being his Six Books of Plants"</a>. cowley.lib.virginia.edu. Retrieved 21 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cowley.lib.virginia.edu&rft.atitle=The+Third+Part+of+the+Works+of+Mr.+Abraham+Cowley+Being+his+Six+Books+of+Plants&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcowley.lib.virginia.edu%2FCowPlan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150121055436/https://www.eventbrite.com/e/exit-mrs-behn-or-the-leo-play-fringe-fest-event-tickets-15128902956?ref=wpevent">"[exit Mrs Behn] or, The Leo Play – Fringe Fest Event"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dogstorytheater.com/home/15128902956/">the original</a> on 21 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5Bexit+Mrs+Behn%5D+or%2C+The+Leo+Play+%E2%80%93+Fringe+Fest+Event&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdogstorytheater.com%2Fhome%2F15128902956%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2010" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Liz Duffy (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cMdDEgyRtXYC">Or</a>. Dramatists Play Service. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822224587" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822224587"><bdi>978-0822224587</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Or&rft.pub=Dramatists+Play+Service&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0822224587&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Liz+Duffy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcMdDEgyRtXYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsherwood2009" class="citation news cs1">Isherwood, Charles (9 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theater.nytimes.com/2009/11/09/theater/reviews/09or.html">"All They Need Is Love (and Freedom and Theater)"</a> (review). NY Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NY+Times&rft.atitle=All+They+Need+Is+Love+%28and+Freedom+and+Theater%29&rft.date=2009-11-09&rft.aulast=Isherwood&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheater.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F11%2F09%2Ftheater%2Freviews%2F09or.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsherwood2009" class="citation news cs1">Isherwood, Charles (9 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/09/theater/reviews/09or.html">"All They Need Is Love (and Freedom and Theater)"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 23 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=All+They+Need+Is+Love+%28and+Freedom+and+Theater%29&rft.date=2009-11-09&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Isherwood&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F11%2F09%2Ftheater%2Freviews%2F09or.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAggas2019" class="citation news cs1">Aggas, James (2 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doctorwhowatch.com/2019/03/02/doctor-who-review-astrea-conspiracy/">"Doctor Who review: The Astrea Conspiracy is a fun little Twelfth Doctor story"</a> (review). Doctor Who Watch. Retrieved 20 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Doctor+Who+Watch&rft.atitle=Doctor+Who+review%3A+The+Astrea+Conspiracy+is+a+fun+little+Twelfth+Doctor+story&rft.date=2019-03-02&rft.aulast=Aggas&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoctorwhowatch.com%2F2019%2F03%2F02%2Fdoctor-who-review-astrea-conspiracy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSams" class="citation web cs1">Sams, Initial design & architecture by Carl Uebelhart. Further development by Aaron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u2songs.com/news/updated_the_women_of_ultra_violet_light_my_way">"The Women of Ultra Violet: Light My (Mysterious) Ways: Leg 1"</a>. www.u2songs.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.u2songs.com&rft.atitle=The+Women+of+Ultra+Violet%3A+Light+My+%28Mysterious%29+Ways%3A+Leg+1&rft.aulast=Sams&rft.aufirst=Initial+design+%26+architecture+by+Carl+Uebelhart.+Further+development+by+Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.u2songs.com%2Fnews%2Fupdated_the_women_of_ultra_violet_light_my_way&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aphra_Behn&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Todd, Janet. The Works of Aphra Behn. 7 vols. Ohio State University Press, 1992–1996. (Currently most up-to-date edition of her collected works)</li> <li>O'Donnell, Mary Ann. Aphra Behn: An Annotated Bibliography of Primary and Secondary Sources. 2nd Edition. Ashgate, 2004.</li> <li>Spencer, Jane. Aphra Behn's Afterlife. Oxford University Press. 2000.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/abo/">Aphra Behn Online: Interactive Journal for Women in the Arts, 1640–1830</a>. e-journal sponsored by the Aphra Behn Society and the University of South Florida. 2011–</li> <li>Hobby, Elaine. Virtue of necessity: English women's writing 1649–88. University of Michigan 1989.</li> <li>Lewcock, Dawn. Aphra Behn studies: More for seeing than hearing: Behn and the use of theatre. Ed. Todd, Janet. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.</li> <li>Brockhaus, Cathrin, Aphra Behn und ihre Londoner Komödien: Die Dramatikerin und ihr Werk im England des ausgehenden 17. Jahrhunderts, 1998.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd1998" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Janet (1998). The critical fortunes of Aphra Behn. Columbia, SC: Camden House. pp. 69–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1571131652" title="Special:BookSources/978-1571131652"><bdi>978-1571131652</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+critical+fortunes+of+Aphra+Behn&rft.place=Columbia%2C+SC&rft.pages=69-72&rft.pub=Camden+House&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1571131652&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwens1996" class="citation book cs1">Owens, W. R. (1996). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare,_Aphra_Behn,_and_the_Canon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shakespeare, Aphra Behn, and the Canon (page does not exist)">Shakespeare, Aphra Behn, and the canon</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> in association with the <a href="/wiki/Open_University_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Open University (UK)">Open University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415135757" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415135757"><bdi>978-0415135757</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespeare%2C+Aphra+Behn%2C+and+the+canon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge+in+association+with+the+Open+University&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0415135757&rft.aulast=Owens&rft.aufirst=W.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Behn,_Aphra">"Behn, Aphra" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Behn%2C+Aphra&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosse1885" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gosse, Edmund (1885). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Behn,_Afra">"Behn, Afra" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Stephen, Leslie</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a>. Vol. 4. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Behn%2C+Afra&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Gosse&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAphra+Behn" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gainor, J. Ellen, Stanton B. Garner, Jr., and Martin Puchner. The Norton Anthology of Drama. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393921519" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393921519">978-0393921519</a></li> <li>Altaba-Artal, Dolors. Aphra Behn's English Feminism: Wit and Satire, Susquehanna University Press, Selinsgrove, PA, 1999.</li> <li>Hughes, Derek. The Cambridge Companion to Aphra Behn. Cambridge University Press. 2004.</li> <li>Copeland, N. E. (2004). Staging gender in behn and centlivre: Women's comedy and the theatre. Ashgate</li> <li>Wallace, David S. "The White Female as Effigy and the Black Female as Surrogate in Janet. Schaw's Journal of a Lady of Quality and Jane Austen's Mansfield Park." Studies in the Literary Imagination, vol. 47, no. 2, 2014, pp. 117.</li> <li>Trofimova, Violetta. "First Encounters of Europeans and Africans with Native Americans in Aphra Behn's Oroonoko: White Woman, Black Prince and Noble Savages." SEDERI. Sociedad Española De Estudios Renacentistas Ingleses, vol. 28, no. 28, 2018, pp. 119–128</li> <li>Holmesland, Oddvar. Utopian Negotiation: Aphra Behn & Margaret Cavendish, 2013. Print.</li> <li>Marshall, Alan. "Memorialls for Mrs Affora": Aphra Behn and the Restoration Intelligence World." Women's Writing : The Elizabethan to Victorian Period, vol. 22, no. 1, 2015, pp. 13–33.</li> <li>Dominique, Lyndon J. Imoinda's Shade: Marriage and the African Woman in Eighteenth-Century British Literature, 1759–1808. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2012. Print.</li> <li>Benítez-Rojo, Antonio. "The Caribbean: From a Sea Basin to an Atlantic Network." The Southern Quarterly, vol. 55, no. 4, 2018, pp. 196–206.</li> <li>Alexander, William. The history of women, from the earliest antiquity, to the present time; giving some account of almost every interesting particular concerning that sex, among all nations, ancient and modern. By William Alexander, M.D. In two volumes. ... Vol. 2, printed by J.A. Husband, for Messrs. S. Price, R. Cross, J. Potts, L. Flin, T. Walker, W. Wilson, C. Jenkin, J. Exshaw, J. Beatty, L. White, M, DCC, LXXIX. [1779]. Eighteenth Century Collections Online, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CW0101002305/ECCO?u=maine_orono&sid=bookmark-ECCO&xid=b35feb3c&pg=1. Accessed 20 September 2021.</li> <li>Krueger, Misty, Diana Epelbaum, Shelby Johnson, Grace Gomashie, Pam Perkins, Ula L. Klein, Jennifer Golightly, Alexis McQuigge, Octavia Cox, and Victoria Barnett-Woods. Transatlantic Women Travelers, 1688–1843, 2021. Internet resource.</li> <li>Waller, Gary F. The Female Baroque in Early Modern English Literary Culture: From Mary Sidney to Aphra Behn, 2020. Internet resource.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aphra_Behn&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Aphra Behn <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=19715508">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=19715508&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Aphra Behn <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=19715508&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=19715508">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=19715508&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/abo/">Aphra Behn Online: Interactive Journal for Women in the Arts, 1640–1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Aphra_Behn" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Aphra Behn">Aphra Behn</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn" class="extiw" title="commons:Aphra Behn">Aphra Behn</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource logo"><img alt="Wikisource logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> Works by or about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Aphra_Behn" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Aphra Behn">Aphra Behn</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/2728">Works by Aphra Behn</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Behn%2C%20Aphra%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Aphra%20Behn%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Behn%2C%20Aphra%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Aphra%20Behn%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Behn%2C%20A%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Aphra%20Behn%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Behn%2C%20Aphra%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Aphra%20Behn%22%29%20OR%20%28%221640-1689%22%20AND%20Behn%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Aphra Behn</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1770">Works by Aphra Behn</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/behn_aphra.shtml">Aphra Behn profile at the BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/58760/Aphra-Behn">Profile at Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/aphra-behn">Profile at the Poetry Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetsgraves.co.uk/behn.htm">Aphra Behn's Grave, Westminster Abbey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017211133/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/b/behn/aphra/">University of Adelaide biography and etexts</a> (a source for the list of works)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aphrabehn.org/">The Aphra Behn Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lit-arts.net/Behn/">The Aphra Behn Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/abo/">ABO: Interactive Journal for Women in the Arts, 1640–1830</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2157-7129">2157-7129</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projectcontinua.org/aphra-behn/">Project Continua: Biography of Aphra Behn</a> Project Continua is a web-based multimedia resource dedicated to the creation and preservation of women's intellectual history from the earliest surviving evidence into the 21st Century.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aphra_Behn" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aphra_Behn" title="Template:Aphra Behn"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aphra_Behn" title="Template talk:Aphra Behn"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aphra_Behn" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aphra Behn"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aphra_Behn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aphra Behn</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Forc%27d_Marriage" title="The Forc'd Marriage">The Forc'd Marriage</a> (1670)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dutch_Lover" title="The Dutch Lover">The Dutch Lover</a> (1673)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelazer" title="Abdelazer">Abdelazer</a> (1676)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Town-Fopp_or,_Sir_Timothy_Tawdrey" class="mw-redirect" title="The Town-Fopp or, Sir Timothy Tawdrey">The Town-Fopp or, Sir Timothy Tawdrey</a> (1676)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rover_(play)" title="The Rover (play)">The Rover</a> (1677–1681)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Patient_Fancy" title="Sir Patient Fancy">Sir Patient Fancy</a> (1678)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Feign%27d_Curtizans" title="The Feign'd Curtizans">The Feign'd Curtizans</a> (1679)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Young_King_(play)" title="The Young King (play)">The Young King</a> (1679)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_False_Count" title="The False Count">The False Count</a> (1681)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_City-Heiress" title="The City-Heiress">The City-Heiress</a> (1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Like_Father,_Like_Son_(play)" title="Like Father, Like Son (play)">Like Father, Like Son</a> (1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Luckey_Chance" title="The Luckey Chance">The Luckey Chance</a> (1686)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor_of_the_Moon" title="The Emperor of the Moon">The Emperor of the Moon</a> (1687)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Widdow_Ranter,_or,_the_History_of_Bacon_in_Virginia" title="The Widdow Ranter, or, the History of Bacon in Virginia">The Widdow Ranter, or, the History of Bacon in Virginia</a> (1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Younger_Brother,_or,_The_Amorous_Jilt" title="The Younger Brother, or, The Amorous Jilt">The Younger Brother, or, The Amorous Jilt</a> (1696)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Aphra_Behn_by_Peter_Lely_ca._1670.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Aphra_Behn_by_Peter_Lely_ca._1670.jpg/70px-Aphra_Behn_by_Peter_Lely_ca._1670.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Aphra_Behn_by_Peter_Lely_ca._1670.jpg/105px-Aphra_Behn_by_Peter_Lely_ca._1670.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Aphra_Behn_by_Peter_Lely_ca._1670.jpg/140px-Aphra_Behn_by_Peter_Lely_ca._1670.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1608" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Disappointment_(Aphra_Behn)" title="The Disappointment (Aphra Behn)">The Disappointment</a>" (1680)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love-Letters_Between_a_Nobleman_and_His_Sister" title="Love-Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister">Love-Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister</a> (1684–1687)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fair_Jilt" title="The Fair Jilt">The Fair Jilt</a> (1688)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroonoko" title="Oroonoko">Oroonoko</a> (1688)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Nun" title="The History of the Nun">The History of the Nun</a> (1689)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Translations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_de_Castro;_or,_The_Force_of_Generous_Love" title="Agnes de Castro; or, The Force of Generous Love">Agnes de Castro; or, The Force of Generous Love</a> (1688)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Restoration_comedy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Restoration_comedy" title="Template:Restoration comedy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Restoration_comedy" title="Template talk:Restoration comedy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Restoration_comedy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Restoration comedy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Restoration_comedy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Restoration_comedy" title="Restoration comedy">Restoration comedy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Playwrights" class="mw-redirect" title="Playwrights">Playwrights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aphra Behn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Centlivre" title="Susanna Centlivre">Susanna Centlivre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colley_Cibber" title="Colley Cibber">Colley Cibber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Congreve" title="William Congreve">William Congreve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_D%27Urfey" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas D'Urfey">Thomas D'Urfey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Etherege" title="George Etherege">George Etherege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Farquhar" title="George Farquhar">George Farquhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Howard_(playwright)" title="Edward Howard (playwright)">Edward Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Howard_(dramatist)" title="James Howard (dramatist)">James Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Howard_(playwright)" title="Robert Howard (playwright)">Robert Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Otway" title="Thomas Otway">Thomas Otway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Sedley,_5th_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Sedley, 5th Baronet">Charles Sedley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Shadwell" title="Thomas Shadwell">Thomas Shadwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Southerne" title="Thomas Southerne">Thomas Southerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Steele" title="Richard Steele">Richard Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vanbrugh" title="John Vanbrugh">John Vanbrugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham">George Villiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wycherley" title="William Wycherley">William Wycherley</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Colley_Cibber_as_Lord_Foppington_clipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Colley_Cibber_as_Lord_Foppington_clipped.jpg/105px-Colley_Cibber_as_Lord_Foppington_clipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Colley_Cibber_as_Lord_Foppington_clipped.jpg/158px-Colley_Cibber_as_Lord_Foppington_clipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Colley_Cibber_as_Lord_Foppington_clipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="286" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable <a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">plays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Cutter_of_Coleman_Street" title="The Cutter of Coleman Street">The Cutter of Coleman Street</a> (1661)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Five_Hours" title="The Adventures of Five Hours">The Adventures of Five Hours</a> (1663)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Comical_Revenge" title="The Comical Revenge">The Comical Revenge</a> (1664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mulberry-Garden" title="The Mulberry-Garden">The Mulberry-Garden</a> (1668)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_Would_If_She_Could" title="She Would If She Could">She Would If She Could</a> (1668)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Evening%27s_Love" title="An Evening's Love">An Evening's Love</a> (1668)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Solomon_Single" title="Sir Solomon Single">Sir Solomon Single</a> (1670)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_in_a_Wood_(play)" title="Love in a Wood (play)">Love in a Wood</a> (1671)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rehearsal_(play)" title="The Rehearsal (play)">The Rehearsal</a> (1671)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsom_Wells" title="Epsom Wells">Epsom Wells</a> (1672)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_%C3%A0_la_mode_(play)" title="Marriage à la mode (play)">Marriage à la mode</a> (1672)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Country_Wife" title="The Country Wife">The Country Wife</a> (1675)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_in_the_Dark_(play)" title="Love in the Dark (play)">Love in the Dark</a> (1675)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Country_Wit" title="The Country Wit">The Country Wit</a> (1676)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plain_Dealer_(play)" title="The Plain Dealer (play)">The Plain-Dealer</a> (1676)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_of_Mode" title="The Man of Mode">The Man of Mode</a> (1676)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Essence" title="Tom Essence">Tom Essence</a> (1676)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Fond_Husband" title="A Fond Husband">A Fond Husband</a> (1677)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_in_Fashion" title="Friendship in Fashion">Friendship in Fashion</a> (1678)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squire_Oldsapp" title="Squire Oldsapp">Squire Oldsapp</a> (1678)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunbridge_Wells_(play)" title="Tunbridge Wells (play)">Tunbridge Wells</a> (1678)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_True_Widow" title="A True Widow">A True Widow</a> (1678)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Woman_Captain" title="The Woman Captain">The Woman Captain</a> (1679)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_London_Cuckolds" title="The London Cuckolds">The London Cuckolds</a> (1681)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Barnaby_Whigg" title="Sir Barnaby Whigg">Sir Barnaby Whigg</a> (1681)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Royalist" title="The Royalist">The Royalist</a> (1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Politiques" title="City Politiques">City Politiques</a> (1683)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dame_Dobson" title="Dame Dobson">Dame Dobson</a> (1683)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Commonwealth_of_Women" title="A Commonwealth of Women">A Commonwealth of Women</a> (1685)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Courtly_Nice" title="Sir Courtly Nice">Sir Courtly Nice</a> (1685)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellamira_(Sedley_play)" title="Bellamira (Sedley play)">Bellamira</a> (1687)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Fool%27s_Preferment" title="A Fool's Preferment">A Fool's Preferment</a> (1688)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Squire_of_Alsatia" title="The Squire of Alsatia">The Squire of Alsatia</a> (1688)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bury_Fair" title="Bury Fair">Bury Fair</a> (1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fortune_Hunters" title="The Fortune Hunters">The Fortune Hunters</a> (1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_English_Frier" title="The English Frier">The English Friar</a> (1690)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Anthony_Love" title="Sir Anthony Love">Sir Anthony Love</a> (1690)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_for_Money" title="Love for Money">Love for Money</a> (1691)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wives_Excuse" title="The Wives Excuse">The Wives Excuse</a> (1691)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Park_(play)" title="Greenwich Park (play)">Greenwich Park</a> (1691)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Marriage-Hater_Matched" title="The Marriage-Hater Matched">The Marriage-Hater Matched</a> (1692)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Volunteers_(play)" title="The Volunteers (play)">The Volunteers</a> (1692)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canterbury_Guests" title="The Canterbury Guests">The Canterbury Guests</a> (1694)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Married_Beau" title="The Married Beau">The Married Beau</a> (1694)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_for_Love" title="Love for Love">Love for Love</a> (1695)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love%27s_Last_Shift" title="Love's Last Shift">Love's Last Shift</a> (1696)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Relapse" title="The Relapse">The Relapse</a> (1696)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Campaigners" title="The Campaigners">The Campaigners</a> (1698)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_and_a_Bottle" title="Love and a Bottle">Love and a Bottle</a> (1698)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Constant_Couple" title="The Constant Couple">The Constant Couple</a> (1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Way_of_the_World" title="The Way of the World">The Way of the World</a> (1700)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Harry_Wildair" title="Sir Harry Wildair">Sir Harry Wildair</a> (1701)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lying_Lover" title="The Lying Lover">The Lying Lover</a> (1703)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Careless_Husband" title="The Careless Husband">The Careless Husband</a> (1704)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Recruiting_Officer" title="The Recruiting Officer">The Recruiting Officer</a> (1706)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beaux%27_Stratagem" title="The Beaux' Stratagem">The Beaux' Stratagem</a> (1707)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fop" title="Fop">Fop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentorship" title="Mentorship">Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rake_(stock_character)" title="Rake (stock character)">Rake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Collier" title="Jeremy Collier">Jeremy Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II and VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Monck,_1st_Duke_of_Albemarle" title="George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle">Georg Monck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilmot,_2nd_Earl_of_Rochester" title="John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester">John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethlem_Royal_Hospital" title="Bethlem Royal Hospital">Bedlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse#Coffee_in_Europe" title="Coffeehouse">Chocolate houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_manners" title="Comedy of manners">Comedy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_(royal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court (royal)">Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_Garden_Theatre" title="Dorset Garden Theatre">Dorset Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Drury Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Prison" title="Fleet Prison">Fleet Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">Hedonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jeffreys" title="Stephen 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href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/13618853">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/791509">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118657925.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118657925">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029999014">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gb27jf">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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