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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_England_(1637–1641)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>In England (1637–1641)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_England_(1637–1641)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War_Period_(1642–1651)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War_Period_(1642–1651)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Civil War Period (1642–1651)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War_Period_(1642–1651)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Political theory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_theory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political theory subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leviathan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leviathan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>Leviathan</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leviathan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Opposition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Opposition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-John_Bramhall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Bramhall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>John Bramhall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Bramhall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_Wallis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Wallis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>John Wallis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Wallis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religious views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Posthumous_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Posthumous works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complete_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complete_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Complete editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complete_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Molesworth_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molesworth_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Molesworth editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molesworth_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous_works_not_included_in_the_Molesworth_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_works_not_included_in_the_Molesworth_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Posthumous works not included in the Molesworth editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_works_not_included_in_the_Molesworth_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations_in_modern_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations_in_modern_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Translations in modern English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations_in_modern_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_critical_editions_of_Hobbes's_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_critical_editions_of_Hobbes's_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>New critical editions of Hobbes's works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_critical_editions_of_Hobbes's_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>General resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Critical studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Hobbes</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 107 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-107" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">107 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B6%E1%88%9B%E1%88%B5_%E1%88%86%E1%89%A5%E1%88%B5" title="ቶማስ ሆብስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቶማስ ሆብስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B2" title="توماس هوبز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توماس هوبز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Hobbs" title="Tomas Hobbs – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tomas Hobbs" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%B8" title="টমাস হব্‌স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টমাস হব্‌স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B1%D1%81" title="Томас Гоббс – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Томас Гоббс" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81" title="Томас Гобс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Томас Гобс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81" title="Томас Хобс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Томас Хобс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B1%D1%81" title="Томас Гоббс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Томас Гоббс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A7%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%82" title="Τόμας Χομπς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τόμας Χομπς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B2" title="توماس هابز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توماس هابز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C" title="टॉमस हॉब्ज – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="टॉमस हॉब्ज" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4_%ED%99%89%EC%8A%A4" title="토머스 홉스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토머스 홉스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%BD" title="Թոմաս Հոբս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թոմաս Հոբս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="टामस हाब्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टामस हाब्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A1" title="תומאס הובס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תומאס הובס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಥಾಮಸ್ ಹಾಬ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಥಾಮಸ್ ಹಾಬ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ტომას ჰობზი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტომას ჰობზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B1%D1%81" title="Томас Гоббс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Томас Гоббс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B1%D1%81" title="Томас Гоббс – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Томас Гоббс" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbius" title="Thomas Hobbius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thomas Hobbius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomass_Hobss" title="Tomass Hobss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tomass Hobss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81" title="Томас Хобс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Томас Хобс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="തോമസ് ഹോബ്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തോമസ് ഹോബ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="თომას ჰობსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თომას ჰობსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B2" title="توماس هوبز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توماس هوبز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B2" title="تامس هابز – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تامس هابز" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%83%E3%83%96%E3%82%BA" title="トマス・ホッブズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トマス・ホッブズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Gobbs" title="Tomas Gobbs – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tomas Gobbs" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B8" title="ਥਾਮਸ ਹੋਬਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਥਾਮਸ ਹੋਬਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B2" title="توماس هابز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="توماس هابز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B1%D1%81,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Гоббс, Томас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гоббс, Томас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_hobis" title="Tomas hobis – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Tomas hobis" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DA%BE%DB%86%D8%A8%D8%B2" title="تۆماس ھۆبز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تۆماس ھۆبز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81" title="Томас Хобс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Томас Хобс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="தாமசு ஆபிசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாமசு ஆபிசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D2%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B1%D1%81" title="Томас Һоббс – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Томас Һоббс" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="థామస్ హాబ్స్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="థామస్ హాబ్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="โทมัส ฮอบส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โทมัส ฮอบส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D2%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81" title="Томас Ҳобс – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Томас Ҳобс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Hobbes" title="Tomas Hobbes – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Tomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B1%D1%81" title="Томас Гоббс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Томас Гоббс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF" title="托马斯·霍布斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="托马斯·霍布斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Thomas Hobbes" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E7%91%AA%E6%96%AF%E8%B3%80%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF" title="湯瑪斯賀布斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="湯瑪斯賀布斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF" title="托马斯·霍布斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="托马斯·霍布斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37621#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English philosopher (1588–1679)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hobbes" redirects here. For other people called Hobbes, see <a href="/wiki/Hobbes_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hobbes (disambiguation)">Hobbes (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Dean of Exeter, see <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes_(priest)" title="Thomas Hobbes (priest)">Thomas Hobbes (priest)</a>. For those of a similar name, see <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbs_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Thomas Hobbs (disambiguation)">Thomas Hobbs</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Thomas Hobbes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Hobbes_by_John_Michael_Wright.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Thomas_Hobbes_by_John_Michael_Wright.jpg/220px-Thomas_Hobbes_by_John_Michael_Wright.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Thomas_Hobbes_by_John_Michael_Wright.jpg/330px-Thomas_Hobbes_by_John_Michael_Wright.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Thomas_Hobbes_by_John_Michael_Wright.jpg/440px-Thomas_Hobbes_by_John_Michael_Wright.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2928" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Wright" title="John Michael Wright">John Michael Wright</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1669–70</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1588-04-05</span>)</span>5 April 1588<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Westport,_Wiltshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Westport, Wiltshire">Westport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">4 December 1679<span style="display:none">(1679-12-04)</span> (aged 91)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Ault_Hucknall" title="Ault Hucknall">Ault Hucknall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magdalen_Hall,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalen Hall, Oxford">Magdalen Hall, Oxford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's College, Cambridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Cive" title="De Cive">De Cive</a></i> (1647)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> (1651)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Corpore" title="De Corpore">De Corpore</a></i> (1655)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Behemoth_(Hobbes_book)" title="Behemoth (Hobbes book)">Behemoth</a></i> (1681)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/17th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="17th-century philosophy">17th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_empiricism" class="mw-redirect" title="British empiricism">British empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_realism_(international_relations)" title="Classical realism (international relations)">Classical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpuscularianism" title="Corpuscularianism">Corpuscularianism</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egoism#Descriptive_theories" title="Egoism">Descriptive egoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a><sup id="cite_ref-SEP_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">Legal positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-SEP_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Hobbes_signature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Thomas_Hobbes_signature.jpg/150px-Thomas_Hobbes_signature.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Thomas_Hobbes_signature.jpg/225px-Thomas_Hobbes_signature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Thomas_Hobbes_signature.jpg/300px-Thomas_Hobbes_signature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="340" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Thomas Hobbes</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">HOBZ</span></i></a>; 5 April 1588 – 4 December 1679) was an English <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>, best known for his 1651 book <i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i>, in which he expounds an influential formulation of <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">social contract</a> theory.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is considered to be one of the founders of modern <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his early life, overshadowed by his father's departure following a fight, he was taken under the care of his wealthy uncle. Hobbes's academic journey began in <a href="/wiki/Malmesbury#Westport_St_Mary" title="Malmesbury">Westport</a>, leading him to Oxford University, where he was exposed to classical literature and mathematics. He then graduated from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> in 1608. He became a tutor to the <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_family" title="Cavendish family">Cavendish family</a>, which connected him to intellectual circles and initiated his extensive travels across Europe. These experiences, including meetings with figures like <a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a>, shaped his intellectual development. </p><p>After returning to England from France in 1637, Hobbes witnessed the destruction and brutality of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> from 1642 to 1651 between Parliamentarians and Royalists, which heavily influenced his advocacy for governance by an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute</a> <a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">sovereign</a> in <i>Leviathan</i>, as the solution to human conflict and societal breakdown. Aside from social contract theory, <i>Leviathan</i> also popularized ideas such as the <a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">state of nature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">"war of all against all"</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Natural_law#Hobbes" title="Natural law">laws of nature</a>. His other major works include the trilogy <i><a href="/wiki/De_Cive" title="De Cive">De Cive</a></i> (1642), <i><a href="/wiki/De_Corpore" title="De Corpore">De Corpore</a></i> (1655), and <i>De Homine</i> (1658) as well as the posthumous work <i><a href="/wiki/Behemoth_(Hobbes_book)" title="Behemoth (Hobbes book)">Behemoth</a></i> (1681). </p><p>Hobbes contributed to a diverse array of fields, including history, <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, classical translations, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, as well as philosophy in general, marking him as a <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a>. Despite controversies and challenges, including accusations of <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a> and contentious debates with contemporaries, Hobbes's work profoundly influenced the understanding of political structure and human nature. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thomas Hobbes was born on 5 April 1588 (Old Style), in <a href="/wiki/Malmesbury#Westport_St_Mary" title="Malmesbury">Westport</a>, now part of <a href="/wiki/Malmesbury" title="Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>, England. Having been born <a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">prematurely</a> when his mother heard of the coming <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">invasion of the Spanish Armada</a>, Hobbes later reported that "my mother gave birth to twins: myself and fear."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hobbes had a brother, Edmund, about two years older, as well as a sister, Anne. </p><p>Although Thomas Hobbes's childhood is unknown to a large extent, as is his mother's name,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is known that Hobbes's father, Thomas Sr., was the <a href="/wiki/Vicar_(Anglicanism)" title="Vicar (Anglicanism)">vicar</a> of both <a href="/wiki/Charlton,_Brinkworth" title="Charlton, Brinkworth">Charlton</a> and Westport. Hobbes's father was uneducated, according to <a href="/wiki/John_Aubrey" title="John Aubrey">John Aubrey</a>, Hobbes's biographer, and he "disesteemed learning."<sup id="cite_ref-Sommerville-1992-256_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sommerville-1992-256-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas Sr. was involved in a fight with the local <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> outside his church, forcing him to leave <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. As a result, the family was left in the care of Thomas Sr.'s older brother, Francis, a wealthy glove manufacturer with no family of his own. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education">Education</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hobbes was educated at Westport church from age four, went to the <a href="/wiki/Malmesbury_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Malmesbury school">Malmesbury school</a>, and then to a <a href="/wiki/Independent_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent school">private school</a> kept by a young man named Robert Latimer, a graduate of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911545_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911545-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hobbes was a good pupil, and between 1601 and 1602 he went to <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalen Hall">Magdalen Hall</a>, the predecessor to <a href="/wiki/Hertford_College,_Oxford" title="Hertford College, Oxford">Hertford College, Oxford</a>, where he was taught <a href="/wiki/Scholastic_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholastic logic">scholastic logic</a> and mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principal, John Wilkinson, was a <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> and had some influence on Hobbes. Before going up to Oxford, Hobbes translated <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Medea_(play)" title="Medea (play)">Medea</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a> into <a href="/wiki/Latin_verse" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin verse">Latin verse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sommerville-1992-256_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sommerville-1992-256-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At university, Thomas Hobbes appears to have followed his own curriculum as he was little attracted by the scholastic learning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911545_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911545-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leaving Oxford, Hobbes completed his <a href="/wiki/B.A._degree" class="mw-redirect" title="B.A. degree">B.A. degree</a> by incorporation at <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's College, Cambridge</a>, in 1608.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was recommended by Sir James Hussey, his master at Magdalen, as tutor to <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_2nd_Earl_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 2nd Earl of Devonshire">William</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_1st_Earl_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire">William Cavendish</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911545_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911545-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron</a> of Hardwick (and later <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Duke of Devonshire">Earl of Devonshire</a>), and began a lifelong connection with that family.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Cavendish was elevated to the peerage on his father's death in 1626, holding it for two years before his death in 1628. His son, also William, likewise became the 3rd Earl of Devonshire. Hobbes served as a tutor and secretary to both men. The 1st Earl's younger brother, Charles Cavendish, had two sons who were patrons of Hobbes. The elder son, <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle">William Cavendish</a>, later 1st <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Duke of Newcastle">Duke of Newcastle</a>, was a leading supporter of Charles I during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a> in which he personally financed an army for the king, having been governor to the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a>, Charles James, Duke of Cornwall. It was to this William Cavendish that Hobbes dedicated his <i>Elements of Law</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sommerville-1992-256_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sommerville-1992-256-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hobbes became a companion to the younger William Cavendish and they both took part in a <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">grand tour</a> of Europe between 1610 and 1615. Hobbes was exposed to European scientific and critical methods during the tour, in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Scholastic_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholastic philosophy">scholastic philosophy</a> that he had learned in Oxford. In Venice, Hobbes made the acquaintance of <a href="/wiki/Fulgenzio_Micanzio" title="Fulgenzio Micanzio">Fulgenzio Micanzio</a>, an associate of <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Sarpi" title="Paolo Sarpi">Paolo Sarpi</a>, a Venetian scholar and statesman.<sup id="cite_ref-Sommerville-1992-256_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sommerville-1992-256-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His scholarly efforts at the time were aimed at a careful study of classical Greek and Latin authors, the outcome of which was, in 1628, his edition of <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">History of the Peloponnesian War</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911545_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911545-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first translation of that work into English directly from a Greek manuscript. Hobbes professed a deep admiration for Thucydides, praising him as "the most politic historiographer that ever writ," and one scholar has suggested that "Hobbes' reading of Thucydides confirmed, or perhaps crystallized, the broad outlines and many of the details of [Hobbes'] own thought."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been argued that three of the discourses in the 1620 publication known as <i>Horae Subsecivae: Observations and Discourses</i> also represent the work of Hobbes from this period.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although he did associate with literary figures like <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a> and briefly worked as <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Bacon (philosopher)">Francis Bacon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Amanuensis" title="Amanuensis">amanuensis</a>, translating several of his <i><a href="/wiki/Essays_(Francis_Bacon)" title="Essays (Francis Bacon)">Essays</a></i> into Latin,<sup id="cite_ref-Sommerville-1992-256_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sommerville-1992-256-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he did not extend his efforts into philosophy until after 1629. In June 1628, his employer Cavendish, then the Earl of Devonshire, died of the <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">plague</a>, and his widow, the countess <a href="/wiki/Christian_Cavendish,_Countess_of_Devonshire" title="Christian Cavendish, Countess of Devonshire">Christian</a>, dismissed Hobbes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911546_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911546-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Paris_(1629–1637)"><span id="In_Paris_.281629.E2.80.931637.29"></span>In Paris (1629–1637)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In Paris (1629–1637)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hobbes soon (in 1629) found work as a tutor to <a href="/wiki/Sir_Gervase_Clifton,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Gervase Clifton, 2nd Baronet">Gervase Clifton</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Gervase_Clifton,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Gervase Clifton, 1st Baronet">Sir Gervase Clifton, 1st Baronet</a>, and continued in this role until November 1630.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent most of this time in Paris. Thereafter, he again found work with the Cavendish family, tutoring <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_3rd_Earl_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 3rd Earl of Devonshire">William Cavendish, 3rd Earl of Devonshire</a>, the eldest son of his previous pupil. Over the next seven years, as well as tutoring, he expanded his own knowledge of philosophy, awakening in him curiosity over key philosophic debates. He visited <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> while he was under house arrest upon <a href="/wiki/Galileo_affair" title="Galileo affair">condemnation</a>, in 1636, and was later a regular debater in philosophic groups in Paris, held together by <a href="/wiki/Marin_Mersenne" title="Marin Mersenne">Marin Mersenne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911546_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911546-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hobbes's first area of study was an interest in the physical doctrine of motion and physical momentum. Despite his interest in this phenomenon, he disdained experimental work as in physics. He went on to conceive the system of thought to the elaboration of which he would devote his life. His scheme was first to work out, in a separate <a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatise</a>, a systematic doctrine of body, showing how physical phenomena were universally explicable in terms of motion, at least as motion or mechanical action was then understood. He then singled out Man from the realm of Nature and plants. Then, in another treatise, he showed what specific bodily motions were involved in the production of the peculiar phenomena of sensation, knowledge, affections and passions whereby Man came into relation with Man. Finally, he considered, in his crowning treatise, how Men were moved to enter into society, and argued how this must be regulated if people were not to fall back into "brutishness and misery". Thus he proposed to unite the separate phenomena of Body, Man, and the State.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911546_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911546-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_England_(1637–1641)"><span id="In_England_.281637.E2.80.931641.29"></span>In England (1637–1641)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In England (1637–1641)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hobbes came back home from Paris, in 1637, to a country riven with discontent, which disrupted him from the orderly execution of his philosophic plan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911546_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911546-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by the end of the <a href="/wiki/Short_Parliament" title="Short Parliament">Short Parliament</a> in 1640, he had written a short treatise called <i>The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic</i>. It was not published and only circulated as a manuscript among his acquaintances. A pirated version, however, was published about ten years later. Although it seems that much of <i>The Elements of Law</i> was composed before the sitting of the Short Parliament, there are polemical pieces of the work that clearly mark the influences of the rising political crisis. Nevertheless, many (though not all) elements of Hobbes's political thought were unchanged between <i>The Elements of Law</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i>, which demonstrates that the events of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> had little effect on his <a href="/wiki/Contractarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Contractarian">contractarian</a> methodology. However, the arguments in <i>Leviathan</i> were modified from <i>The Elements of Law</i> when it came to the necessity of consent in creating political obligation: Hobbes wrote in <i>The Elements of Law</i> that <a href="/wiki/Patrimonialism" title="Patrimonialism">patrimonial</a> kingdoms were not necessarily formed by the <a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">consent of the governed</a>, while in <i>Leviathan</i> he argued that they were. This was perhaps a reflection either of Hobbes's thoughts about the <a href="/wiki/Engagement_controversy" title="Engagement controversy">engagement controversy</a> or of his reaction to treatises published by <a href="/wiki/Patriarchalism" title="Patriarchalism">Patriarchalists</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Sir Robert Filmer</a>, between 1640 and 1651.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When in November 1640 the <a href="/wiki/Long_Parliament" title="Long Parliament">Long Parliament</a> succeeded the Short, Hobbes felt that he was in disfavour due to the circulation of his treatise and fled to Paris. He did not return for 11 years. In Paris, he rejoined the coterie around Mersenne and wrote a critique of the <i><a href="/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy" title="Meditations on First Philosophy">Meditations on First Philosophy</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>, which was printed as third among the sets of "Objections" appended, with "Replies" from Descartes, in 1641. A different set of remarks on other works by Descartes succeeded only in ending all correspondence between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911547_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911547-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hobbes also extended his own works in a way, working on the third section, <i><a href="/wiki/De_Cive" title="De Cive">De Cive</a></i>, which was finished in November 1641. Although it was initially only circulated privately, it was well received, and included lines of argumentation that were repeated a decade later in <i>Leviathan</i>. He then returned to hard work on the first two sections of his work and published little except a short treatise on optics (<i>Tractatus opticus</i>), included in the collection of scientific tracts published by Mersenne as <i>Cogitata physico-mathematica</i> in 1644. He built a good reputation in philosophic circles and in 1645 was chosen with Descartes, <a href="/wiki/Gilles_de_Roberval" title="Gilles de Roberval">Gilles de Roberval</a> and others to referee the controversy between <a href="/wiki/John_Pell_(mathematician)" title="John Pell (mathematician)">John Pell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christen_S%C3%B8rensen_Longomontanus" title="Christen Sørensen Longomontanus">Longomontanus</a> over the problem of <a href="/wiki/Squaring_the_circle" title="Squaring the circle">squaring the circle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911547_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911547-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War_Period_(1642–1651)"><span id="Civil_War_Period_.281642.E2.80.931651.29"></span>Civil War Period (1642–1651)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Civil War Period (1642–1651)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> began in 1642, and when the <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">royalist</a> cause began to decline in mid-1644, many royalists came to Paris and were known to Hobbes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911547_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911547-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This revitalised Hobbes's political interests, and the <i>De Cive</i> was republished and more widely distributed. The printing began in 1646 by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Sorbiere" title="Samuel de Sorbiere">Samuel de Sorbiere</a> through the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Elzevir" title="House of Elzevir">Elsevier press</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> with a new preface and some new notes in reply to objections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911547_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911547-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1647, Hobbes took up a position as mathematical instructor to the young <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles, Prince of Wales</a>, who had come to Paris from <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> around July. This engagement lasted until 1648 when Charles went to Holland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911547_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911547-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hobbes_de_cive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hobbes_de_cive.jpg/220px-Hobbes_de_cive.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Hobbes_de_cive.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Frontispiece from <i>De Cive</i> (1642)</figcaption></figure> <p>The company of the exiled royalists led Hobbes to produce <i>Leviathan</i>, which set forth his theory of civil government in relation to the political crisis resulting from the war. Hobbes compared the State to a monster (<a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">leviathan</a>) composed of men, created under pressure of human needs and dissolved by civil strife due to human passions. The work closed with a general "Review and Conclusion", in response to the war, which answered the question: Does a subject have the right to change allegiance when a former sovereign's power to protect is irrevocably lost?<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911547_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911547-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the years of composing <i>Leviathan</i>, Hobbes remained in or near Paris. In 1647, he suffered a near-fatal illness that disabled him for six months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911547_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911547-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On recovering, he resumed his literary task and completed it by 1650. Meanwhile, a translation of <i>De Cive</i> was being produced; scholars disagree about whether it was Hobbes who translated it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1650, a pirated edition of <i>The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic</i> was published.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was divided into two small volumes: <i>Human Nature, or the Fundamental Elements of Policie</i>; and <i>De corpore politico, or the Elements of Law, Moral and Politick</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1651, the translation of <i>De Cive</i> was published under the title <i>Philosophical Rudiments concerning Government and Society</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the printing of the greater work proceeded, and finally appeared in mid-1651, titled <i>Leviathan, or the Matter, Forme, and Power of a Common Wealth, Ecclesiastical and Civil</i>. It had a famous title-page engraving depicting a crowned giant above the waist towering above hills overlooking a landscape, holding a sword and a <a href="/wiki/Crozier" title="Crozier">crozier</a> and made up of tiny human figures. The work had immediate impact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon, Hobbes was more lauded and decried than any other thinker of his time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first effect of its publication was to sever his link with the exiled royalists, who might well have killed him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The secularist spirit of his book greatly angered both <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglicans</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="French Catholic">French Catholics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hobbes appealed to the revolutionary English government for protection and fled back to London in winter 1651.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his submission to the <a href="/wiki/English_Council_of_State" title="English Council of State">Council of State</a>, he was allowed to subside into private life<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Fetter_Lane" title="Fetter Lane">Fetter Lane</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life">Later life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Hobbes._Line_engraving_by_W._Faithorne,_1668._Wellcome_V0002798.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Thomas_Hobbes._Line_engraving_by_W._Faithorne%2C_1668._Wellcome_V0002798.jpg/220px-Thomas_Hobbes._Line_engraving_by_W._Faithorne%2C_1668._Wellcome_V0002798.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Thomas_Hobbes._Line_engraving_by_W._Faithorne%2C_1668._Wellcome_V0002798.jpg/330px-Thomas_Hobbes._Line_engraving_by_W._Faithorne%2C_1668._Wellcome_V0002798.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Thomas_Hobbes._Line_engraving_by_W._Faithorne%2C_1668._Wellcome_V0002798.jpg/440px-Thomas_Hobbes._Line_engraving_by_W._Faithorne%2C_1668._Wellcome_V0002798.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2343" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Hobbes. Line engraving by <a href="/wiki/William_Faithorne" title="William Faithorne">William Faithorne</a>, 1668</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1658, Hobbes published the final section of his philosophical system, completing the scheme he had planned more than 19 years before. <i>De Homine</i> consisted for the most part of an elaborate theory of vision. The remainder of the treatise dealt partially with some of the topics more fully treated in the <i>Human Nature</i> and the <i>Leviathan</i>. In addition to publishing some controversial writings on mathematics, including disciplines like geometry, Hobbes also continued to produce philosophical works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the time of <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">the Restoration</a>, he acquired a new prominence; "Hobbism" became a byword for all that respectable society ought to denounce. The young king, Hobbes's former pupil, now Charles II, remembered Hobbes and called him to the court to grant him a pension of £100.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911550_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911550-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The king was important in protecting Hobbes when, in 1666, the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> introduced a bill against atheism and profaneness. That same year, on 17 October 1666, it was ordered that the committee to which the bill was referred "should be empowered to receive information touching such books as tend to atheism, blasphemy and profaneness... in particular... the book of Mr. Hobbes called the <i>Leviathan</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hobbes was terrified at the prospect of being labelled a <a href="/wiki/Heretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretic">heretic</a>, and proceeded to burn some of his compromising papers. At the same time, he examined the actual state of the law of heresy. The results of his investigation were first announced in three short Dialogues added as an <i>Appendix</i> to his <i>Latin translation of Leviathan</i>, published in Amsterdam in 1668. In this appendix, Hobbes aimed to show that, since the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_High_Commission" title="Court of High Commission">High Court of Commission</a> had been put down, there remained no court of heresy at all to which he was amenable, and that nothing could be heresy except opposing the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>, which, he maintained, <i>Leviathan</i> did not do.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911551_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911551-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only consequence that came of the bill was that Hobbes could never thereafter publish anything in England on subjects relating to human conduct. The 1668 edition of his works was printed in Amsterdam because he could not obtain the censor's licence for its publication in England. Other writings were not made public until after his death, including <i>Behemoth: the History of the Causes of the Civil Wars of England and of the Counsels and Artifices by which they were carried on from the year 1640 to the year 1662</i>. For some time, Hobbes was not even allowed to respond to any attacks by his enemies. Despite this, his reputation abroad was formidable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911551_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911551-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hobbes spent the last four or five years of his life with his patron, <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_1st_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire">William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire</a>, at the family's <a href="/wiki/Chatsworth_House" title="Chatsworth House">Chatsworth House</a> estate. He had been a friend of the family since 1608 when he first tutored an earlier William Cavendish.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Hobbes's death, many of his manuscripts would be found at Chatsworth House.<sup id="cite_ref-Malcolm_2003_80_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malcolm_2003_80-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His final works were an autobiography in Latin verse in 1672, and a translation of four books of the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> into "rugged" English rhymes that in 1673 led to a complete translation of both <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> and <i>Odyssey</i> in 1675.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911551_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911551-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Thomas_Hobbes_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1592556.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tomb_of_Thomas_Hobbes_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1592556.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Thomas_Hobbes_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1592556.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tomb_of_Thomas_Hobbes_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1592556.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_Thomas_Hobbes_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1592556.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tomb_of_Thomas_Hobbes_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1592556.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_Thomas_Hobbes_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1592556.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of Thomas Hobbes in <a href="/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist%27s_Church,_Ault_Hucknall" title="St John the Baptist's Church, Ault Hucknall">St John the Baptist's Church, Ault Hucknall</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In October 1679 Hobbes suffered a <a href="/wiki/Bladder_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Bladder disorder">bladder disorder</a>, and then a <a href="/wiki/Paralytic_stroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralytic stroke">paralytic stroke</a>, from which he died on 4 December 1679, aged 91,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911551_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911551-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Hardwick_Hall" title="Hardwick Hall">Hardwick Hall</a>, owned by the Cavendish family.<sup id="cite_ref-Malcolm_2003_80_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malcolm_2003_80-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His last words were said to have been "A great leap in the dark", uttered in his final conscious moments.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His body was interred in <a href="/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist%27s_Church,_Ault_Hucknall" title="St John the Baptist's Church, Ault Hucknall">St John the Baptist's Church, Ault Hucknall</a>, in Derbyshire.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_theory">Political theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Political theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hobbes, influenced by contemporary scientific ideas, had intended for his political theory to be a quasi-geometrical system, in which the conclusions followed inevitably from the premises.<sup id="cite_ref-Sommerville-1992-256_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sommerville-1992-256-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main practical conclusion of Hobbes's political theory is that state or society cannot be secure unless at the disposal of an absolute sovereign. From this follows the view that no individual can hold rights of property against the sovereign, and that the sovereign may therefore take the goods of its subjects without their consent. This particular view owes its significance to it being first developed in the 1630s when <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> had sought to raise revenues without the consent of Parliament, and therefore of his subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-Sommerville-1992-256_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sommerville-1992-256-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hobbes rejected one of the most famous <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">theses</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s politics, namely that human beings are naturally suited to life in a <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a> and do not fully realize their natures until they exercise the role of <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is perhaps also important to note that Hobbes extrapolated his mechanistic understanding of nature into the social and political realm, making him a progenitor of the term '<a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">social structure</a>.' </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leviathan"><i>Leviathan</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Leviathan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan (Hobbes book)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leviathan_frontispiece_cropped_British_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Leviathan_frontispiece_cropped_British_Library.jpg/220px-Leviathan_frontispiece_cropped_British_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Leviathan_frontispiece_cropped_British_Library.jpg/330px-Leviathan_frontispiece_cropped_British_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Leviathan_frontispiece_cropped_British_Library.jpg/440px-Leviathan_frontispiece_cropped_British_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1930" data-file-height="3078" /></a><figcaption>Frontispiece of <i>Leviathan</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In <i>Leviathan</i>, Hobbes set out his doctrine of the foundation of <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">states</a> and legitimate governments and creating an objective science of morality.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the book is occupied with demonstrating the necessity of a strong central authority to avoid the evil of discord and civil war. </p><p>Beginning from a <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(philosophy)" title="Mechanism (philosophy)">mechanistic</a> understanding of human beings and their passions, Hobbes postulates what life would be like without government, a condition which he calls the <a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">state of nature</a>. In that state, each person would have a right, or license, to everything in the world. This, Hobbes argues, would lead to a "war of all against all" (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span>). The description contains what has been called one of the best-known passages in English philosophy, which describes the natural state humankind would be in, were it not for political community:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In such condition, there is no place for industry; because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no culture of the earth; no navigation, nor use of the commodities that may be imported by sea; no commodious building; no instruments of moving, and removing, such things as require much force; no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In such states, people fear death and lack both the things necessary to comfortable living, and the hope of being able to obtain them. So, in order to avoid it, people accede to a <a href="/wiki/Social_contract_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Social contract theory">social contract</a> and establish a <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a>. According to Hobbes, society is a population and a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sovereign" class="extiw" title="wikt:sovereign">sovereign</a> <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a>, to whom all individuals in that society cede some right<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the sake of protection. Power exercised by this authority cannot be resisted, because the protector's sovereign power derives from individuals' surrendering their own sovereign power for protection. The individuals are thereby the authors of all decisions made by the sovereign:<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "he that complaineth of injury from his sovereign complaineth that whereof he himself is the author, and therefore ought not to accuse any man but himself, no nor himself of injury because to do injury to one's self is impossible". There is no doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a> in Hobbes's discussion. He argues that any division of authority would lead to internal strife, jeopardizing the stability provided by an absolute sovereign.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Hobbes, the sovereign must control civil, military, judicial and <a href="/wiki/Cuius_regio,_eius_religio" title="Cuius regio, eius religio">ecclesiastical</a> powers, even the words.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition">Opposition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_Bramhall">John Bramhall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: John Bramhall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1654 a small treatise, <i>Of Liberty and Necessity</i>, directed at Hobbes, was published by Bishop <a href="/wiki/John_Bramhall" title="John Bramhall">John Bramhall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548_22-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bramhall, a strong <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminian</a>, had met and debated with Hobbes and afterwards wrote down his views and sent them privately to be answered in this form by Hobbes. Hobbes duly replied, but not for publication. However, a French acquaintance took a copy of the reply and published it with "an extravagantly laudatory epistle".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548_22-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bramhall countered in 1655, when he printed everything that had passed between them (under the title of <i>A Defence of the True Liberty of Human Actions from Antecedent or Extrinsic Necessity</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548_22-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1656, Hobbes was ready with <i>The Questions Concerning Liberty, Necessity and Chance</i>, in which he replied "with astonishing force"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548_22-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the bishop. As perhaps the first clear exposition of the psychological doctrine of determinism, Hobbes's own two pieces were important in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> controversy. The bishop returned to the charge in 1658 with <i>Castigations of Mr Hobbes's Animadversions</i>, and also included a bulky appendix entitled <i>The Catching of Leviathan the Great Whale</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911549_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911549-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_Wallis">John Wallis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: John Wallis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hobbes%E2%80%93Wallis_controversy" title="Hobbes–Wallis controversy">Hobbes–Wallis controversy</a></div> <p>Hobbes opposed the existing academic arrangements, and assailed the system of the original universities in <i>Leviathan</i>. He went on to publish <i><a href="/wiki/De_Corpore" title="De Corpore">De Corpore</a></i>, which contained not only tendentious views on mathematics but also an erroneous proof of the <a href="/wiki/Squaring_of_the_circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Squaring of the circle">squaring of the circle</a>. This all led mathematicians to target him for <a href="/wiki/Polemics" class="mw-redirect" title="Polemics">polemics</a> and sparked <a href="/wiki/John_Wallis" title="John Wallis">John Wallis</a> to become one of his most persistent opponents. From 1655, the publishing date of <i>De Corpore</i>, Hobbes and Wallis continued name-calling and bickering for nearly a quarter of a century, with Hobbes failing to admit his error to the end of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After years of debate, the spat over proving the squaring of the circle gained such notoriety that it has become one of the most infamous feuds in mathematical history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religious views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The religious opinions of Hobbes remain controversial as many positions have been attributed to him and range from atheism to orthodox Christianity. In <i>The Elements of Law</i>, Hobbes provided a cosmological argument for the existence of God, saying that God is "the first cause of all causes".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hobbes was accused of atheism by several contemporaries; Bramhall accused him of teachings that could lead to atheism. This was an important accusation, and Hobbes himself wrote, in his answer to Bramhall's <i>The Catching of Leviathan</i>, that "atheism, impiety, and the like are words of the greatest defamation possible".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hobbes always defended himself from such accusations.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In more recent times also, much has been made of his religious views by scholars such as Richard Tuck and <a href="/wiki/J._G._A._Pocock" title="J. G. A. Pocock">J. G. A. Pocock</a>, but there is still widespread disagreement about the exact significance of Hobbes's unusual views on religion. </p><p>As Martinich has pointed out, in Hobbes's time the term "atheist" was often applied to people who believed in God but not in <a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">divine providence</a>, or to people who believed in God but also maintained other beliefs that were considered to be inconsistent with such belief or judged incompatible with orthodox Christianity. He says that this "sort of discrepancy has led to many errors in determining who was an atheist in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this extended early modern sense of atheism, Hobbes did take positions that strongly disagreed with church teachings of his time. For example, he argued repeatedly that there are no incorporeal substances, and that all things, including human thoughts, and even God, heaven, and hell are corporeal, matter in motion. He argued that "though Scripture acknowledge spirits, yet doth it nowhere say, that they are incorporeal, meaning thereby without dimensions and quantity".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (In this view, Hobbes claimed to be following <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>.) Like <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, he also stated that true <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a> can never disagree with human reason and experience,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he also argued that people should accept revelation and its interpretations for the same reason that they should accept the commands of their sovereign: in order to avoid war. </p><p>While in Venice on tour, Hobbes made the acquaintance of Fulgenzio Micanzio, a close associate of Paolo Sarpi, who had written against the pretensions of the papacy to temporal power in response to the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Interdict" title="Venetian Interdict">Interdict</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Pope Paul V</a> against <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>, which refused to recognise papal prerogatives. James I had invited both men to England in 1612. Micanzio and Sarpi had argued that God willed human nature, and that human nature indicated the autonomy of the state in temporal affairs. When he returned to England in 1615, William Cavendish maintained correspondence with Micanzio and Sarpi, and Hobbes translated the latter's letters from Italian, which were circulated among the Duke's circle.<sup id="cite_ref-Sommerville-1992-256_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sommerville-1992-256-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1602. Latin translation of Euripides' <i><a href="/wiki/Medea_(play)" title="Medea (play)">Medea</a></i> (lost).</li> <li>1620. "A Discourse of Tacitus", "A Discourse of Rome", and "A Discourse of Laws." In <i>The Horae Subsecivae: Observation and Discourses</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1626. "De Mirabilis Pecci, Being the Wonders of the Peak in Darby-shire" (publ. 1636) – a poem on the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Peak" title="Seven Wonders of the Peak">Seven Wonders of the Peak</a></li> <li>1629. <i>Eight Books of the Peloponnese Warre</i>, translation with an Introduction of <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">History of the Peloponnesian War</a></i></li> <li>1630. <i>A Short Tract on First Principles</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Authorship doubtful, as this work is attributed by important critics to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Payne_(natural_philosopher)" title="Robert Payne (natural philosopher)">Robert Payne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>1637. <i>A Briefe of the Art of Rhetorique</i><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Molesworth edition title: <i>The Whole Art of Rhetoric</i>.</li> <li>Authorship probable: While Schuhmann (1998) firmly rejects the attribution of this work to Hobbes,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a preponderance of scholarship disagrees with Schuhmann's idiosyncratic assessment. Schuhmann disagrees with historian <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Skinner" title="Quentin Skinner">Quentin Skinner</a>, who would come to agree with Schuhmann.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>1639. <i>Tractatus opticus II</i> (also known as <i>Latin Optical Manuscript</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1640. <i>Elements of Law, Natural and Politic</i> <ul><li>Initially circulated only in handwritten copies; without Hobbes's permission, the first printed edition would be in 1650.</li></ul></li> <li>1641. <i>Objectiones ad Cartesii Meditationes de Prima Philosophia</i> 3rd series of Objections</li> <li>1642. <i><a href="/wiki/De_Cive" title="De Cive">Elementorum Philosophiae Sectio Tertia de Cive</a></i> (Latin, 1st limited ed.).</li> <li>1643. <i>De Motu, Loco et Tempore<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> <ul><li>First edition (1973) with the title: <i>Thomas White's De Mundo Examined</i></li></ul></li> <li>1644. Part of the "Praefatio to Mersenni Ballistica." In <i>F. Marini Mersenni minimi Cogitata physico-mathematica. In quibus tam naturae quàm artis effectus admirandi certissimis demonstrationibus explicantur</i>.</li> <li>1644. "Opticae, liber septimus" (also known as <i>Tractatus opticus I</i> written in 1640). In <i>Universae geometriae mixtaeque mathematicae synopsis</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Marin_Mersenne" title="Marin Mersenne">Marin Mersenne</a>. <ul><li>Molesworth edition (OL V, pp. 215–248) title: "Tractatus Opticus"</li></ul></li> <li>1646. <i>A Minute or First Draught of the Optiques</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://celm.folger.edu/repositories/british-library-harley-3000.html">Harley MS 3360</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Molesworth published only the dedication to Cavendish and the conclusion in EW VII, pp. 467–471.</li></ul></li> <li>1646. <i>Of Liberty and Necessity</i> (publ. 1654) <ul><li>Published without the permission of Hobbes</li></ul></li> <li>1647. <i>Elementa Philosophica de Cive</i> <ul><li>Second expanded edition with a new <i>Preface to the Reader</i></li></ul></li> <li>1650. <i>Answer to Sir William Davenant's Preface before <a href="/wiki/Gondibert" title="Gondibert">Gondibert</a></i></li> <li>1650. <i>Human Nature: or The fundamental Elements of Policie</i> <ul><li>Includes first thirteen chapters of <i>The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic</i></li> <li>Published without Hobbes's authorisation</li></ul></li> <li>1650. <i>The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic</i> (pirated ed.) <ul><li>Repackaged to include two parts: <ul><li>"Human Nature, or the Fundamental Elements of Policie," ch. 14–19 of <i>Elements</i>, Part One (1640)</li> <li>"De Corpore Politico", <i>Elements</i>, Part Two (1640)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>1651. <i>Philosophicall Rudiments concerning Government and Society</i> – English translation of <i>De Cive</i><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1651. <i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan, or the Matter, Forme, and Power of a Commonwealth, Ecclesiasticall and Civil</a></i></li> <li>1654. <i>Of Libertie and Necessitie, a Treatise</i></li> <li>1655. <i><a href="/wiki/De_Corpore" title="De Corpore">De Corpore</a></i> (in Latin)</li> <li>1656. <i>Elements of Philosophy, The First Section, Concerning Body</i> – anonymous English translation of <i>De Corpore</i></li> <li>1656. <i>Six Lessons to the Professor of Mathematics</i></li> <li>1656. <i>The Questions concerning Liberty, Necessity and Chance</i> – reprint of <i>Of Libertie and Necessitie, a Treatise</i>, with the addition of Bramhall's reply and Hobbes's reply to Bramahall's reply.</li> <li>1657. <i>Stigmai, or Marks of the Absurd Geometry, Rural Language, Scottish Church Politics, and Barbarisms of John Wallis</i></li> <li>1658. <i>Elementorum Philosophiae Sectio Secunda De Homine</i></li> <li>1660. <i>Examinatio et emendatio mathematicae hodiernae qualis explicatur in libris Johannis Wallisii</i></li> <li>1661. <i>Dialogus physicus, sive De natura aeris</i></li> <li>1662. <i>Problematica Physica</i> <ul><li>English translation titled: <i>Seven Philosophical Problems</i> (1682)</li></ul></li> <li>1662. <i>Seven Philosophical Problems, and Two Propositions of Geometry</i> – published posthumously</li> <li>1662. <i>Mr. Hobbes Considered in his Loyalty, Religion, Reputation, and Manners. By way of Letter to Dr. Wallis</i> – English autobiography</li> <li>1666. <i>De Principis & Ratiocinatione Geometrarum</i></li> <li>1666. <i>A Dialogue between a Philosopher and a Student of the Common Laws of England</i> (publ. 1681)</li> <li>1668. <i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> – Latin translation</li> <li>1668. <i>An answer to a book published by Dr. Bramhall, late bishop of Derry; called the Catching of the leviathan. Together with an historical narration concerning heresie, and the punishment thereof</i> (publ. 1682)</li> <li>1671. <i>Three Papers Presented to the Royal Society Against Dr. Wallis. Together with Considerations on Dr. Wallis his Answer to them</i></li> <li>1671. <i>Rosetum Geometricum, sive Propositiones Aliquot Frustra antehac tentatae. Cum Censura brevi Doctrinae Wallisianae de Motu</i></li> <li>1672. <i>Lux Mathematica. Excussa Collisionibus Johannis Wallisii</i></li> <li>1673. English translation of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></li> <li>1674. <i>Principia et Problemata Aliquot Geometrica Antè Desperata, Nunc breviter Explicata & Demonstrata</i></li> <li>1678. <i>Decameron Physiologicum: Or, Ten Dialogues of Natural Philosophy</i></li> <li>1679. <i>Thomae Hobbessii Malmesburiensis Vita. Authore seipso</i> – Latin autobiography <ul><li>Translated into English in 1680</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posthumous_works">Posthumous works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Posthumous works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1680. <i>An Historical Narration concerning Heresie, And the Punishment thereof</i></li> <li>1681. <i><a href="/wiki/Behemoth_(Hobbes_book)" title="Behemoth (Hobbes book)">Behemoth, or The Long Parliament</a></i> <ul><li>Written in 1668, it was unpublished at the request of the King</li> <li>First pirated edition: 1679</li></ul></li> <li>1682. <i>Seven Philosophical Problems</i> (English translation of <i>Problematica Physica</i>, 1662)</li> <li>1682. <i>A Garden of Geometrical Roses</i> (English translation of <i>Rosetum Geometricum</i>, 1671)</li> <li>1682. <i>Some Principles and Problems in Geometry</i> (English translation of <i>Principia et Problemata</i>, 1674)</li> <li>1688. <i>Historia Ecclesiastica Carmine Elegiaco Concinnata</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complete_editions">Complete editions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Complete editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Molesworth_editions">Molesworth editions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Molesworth editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Editions compiled by William Molesworth. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><i>Thomae Hobbes Malmesburiensis Opera Philosophica quae Latina Scripsit</i>, 5 vols. 1839–1845. London: Bohn. <small>Reprint: Aalen, 1966 (= OL)</small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Volume </th> <th>Featured works </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="//archive.org/details/operaphilosophi04molegoog" class="extiw" title="iarchive:operaphilosophi04molegoog">Volume I</a> </td> <td>Elementorum Philosophiae I: <i>De Corpore</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="//archive.org/details/operaphilosophi00molegoog" class="extiw" title="iarchive:operaphilosophi00molegoog">Volume II</a> </td> <td>Elementorum Philosophiae II and III: <i>De Homine</i> and <i>De Cive</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="//archive.org/details/operaphilosophi03molegoog" class="extiw" title="iarchive:operaphilosophi03molegoog">Volume III</a> </td> <td>Latin version of <i>Leviathan</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="//archive.org/details/operaphilosophi01molegoog" class="extiw" title="iarchive:operaphilosophi01molegoog">Volume IV</a> </td> <td>Various concerning mathematics, geometry and physics </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="//archive.org/details/operaphilosophi02molegoog" class="extiw" title="iarchive:operaphilosophi02molegoog">Volume V</a> </td> <td>Various short works. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><i>The English Works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury</i>, 11 vols. 1839–1845. London: Bohn. <small>Reprint: London, 1939–; Aalen, 1966 (= EW)</small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 10%">Volume </th> <th>Featured Works </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="//archive.org/details/englishworksofth0001hobbes" class="extiw" title="iarchive:englishworksofth0001hobbes">Volume 1</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/De_Corpore" title="De Corpore">De Corpore</a></i> translated from Latin to English. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="//archive.org/details/englishworksofth0002hobb" class="extiw" title="iarchive:englishworksofth0002hobb">Volume 2</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/De_Cive" title="De Cive">De Cive</a></i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="//archive.org/details/englishworksofth0003hobb_d1v1" class="extiw" title="iarchive:englishworksofth0003hobb d1v1">Volume 3</a> </td> <td><i>Leviathan</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="//archive.org/details/englishworksofth0004hobb_u4s4" class="extiw" title="iarchive:englishworksofth0004hobb u4s4">Volume 4</a> </td> <td><div><ul><li>TRIPOS; in Three Discourses: <div><ol style="list-style-type:upper-roman"><li>Human Nature, or the Fundamental Elements of Policy</li><li>De Corpore Politico, or the Elements of Law</li><li>Of Liberty and Necessity</li></ol></div></li><li>An Answer to Bishop Bramhall's Book, called "The Catching of the Leviathan"</li><li>An Historical Narration concerning Heresy, and the Punishment thereof</li><li>Considerations upon the Reputation, Loyalty, Manners, and Religion of Thomas Hobbes</li><li>Answer to Sir William Davenant's Preface before "Gondibert"</li><li>Letter to the Right Honourable Edward Howard</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="//archive.org/details/englishworksofth0005hobb_l8s8" class="extiw" title="iarchive:englishworksofth0005hobb l8s8">Volume 5</a> </td> <td><i>The Questions concerning Liberty, Necessity and Chance, clearly stated and debated between Dr Bramhall Bishop of Derry and Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="//archive.org/details/englishworkstho16hobbgoog" class="extiw" title="iarchive:englishworkstho16hobbgoog">Volume 6</a> </td> <td> <ul><li><i>A Dialogue Between a Philosopher & a Student of the Common Laws of England</i></li> <li><i>A Dialogue of the Common Law</i></li> <li><i>Behemoth: the History of the Causes of the Civil Wars of England, and of the Counsels and Artifices By Which They Were Carried on From the Year 1640 to the Year 1660</i></li> <li><i>The Whole Art of Rhetoric</i> (Hobbes's translation of his own Latin summary of Aristotle's Rhetoric published in 1637 with the title <i>A Briefe of the Art of Rhetorique</i>)</li> <li><i>The Art of Rhetoric Plainly Set Forth. With Pertinent Examples For the More Easy Understanding and Practice of the Same</i> (this work is not of Hobbes but by Dudley Fenner, <i>The Artes of Logike and Rethorike</i>, 1584)</li> <li><i>The Art of Sophistry</i></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="//archive.org/details/englishworksofth0007hobb" class="extiw" title="iarchive:englishworksofth0007hobb">Volume 7</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Seven Philosophical Problems</li> <li>Decameron Physiologicum</li> <li>Proportion of a straight line to half the arc of a quadrant</li> <li>Six lessons to the Savilian Professors of the Mathematics</li> <li>ΣΤΙΓΜΑΙ, or Marks of the absurd Geometry etc. of Dr Wallis</li> <li>Extract of a letter from Henry Stubbe</li> <li>Three letters presented to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> against Dr Wallis</li> <li>Considerations on the answer of Dr Wallis</li> <li>Letters and other pieces</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="//archive.org/details/englishworksofth0001hobb" class="extiw" title="iarchive:englishworksofth0001hobb">Volume 8</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">History of the Peloponnesian War</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>, translated into English by Hobbes. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="//archive.org/details/englishworksofth0009hobb_o2p9" class="extiw" title="iarchive:englishworksofth0009hobb o2p9">Volume 9</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="//archive.org/details/englishworksofth0010hobb_d2j3" class="extiw" title="iarchive:englishworksofth0010hobb d2j3">Volume 10</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Iliad" class="mw-redirect" title="The Iliad">The Iliad</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="The Odyssey">The Odyssey</a></i>, translated by Hobbes into English </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="//archive.org/details/englishworksofth0011hobb_u3o5" class="extiw" title="iarchive:englishworksofth0011hobb u3o5">Volume 11</a> </td> <td>Index </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Posthumous_works_not_included_in_the_Molesworth_editions">Posthumous works not included in the Molesworth editions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Posthumous works not included in the Molesworth editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Work </th> <th>Published year </th> <th>Editor </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic</i> (1st complete ed.) </td> <td rowspan="3">London: 1889 </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Ferdinand Tönnies</a>, with a preface and critical notes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Short Tract on First Principles."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><small>Pp. 193–210 in <i>Elements</i>, Appendix I.</small> </p> </td> <td>Attributed by important critics to Robert Payne </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Tractatus opticus II</i> (1st partial ed.) <p><small>pp. 211–226 in <i>Elements</i>, Appendix II.</small> </p> </td> <td>1639, British Library, Harley MS 6796, ff. 193–266 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Tractatus opticus II</i> (1st complete ed.) <p><small>Pp. 147–228 in <i>Rivista critica di storia della filosofia</i> 18</small> </p> </td> <td>1963 </td> <td>Franco Alessio </td> <td>Omits the diagrams </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Critique du 'De mundo' de Thomas White</i> </td> <td>Paris: 1973 </td> <td>Jean Jacquot and Harold Whitmore Jones </td> <td>Includes three appendixes: <ul><li><i>De Motibus Solis, Aetheris & Telluris</i> (pp. 439–447: a Latin poem on the movement of the Earth).</li> <li>Notes in English on an ancient redaction of some chapters of <i>De Corpore</i> (July 1643; pp. 448–460: MS 5297, National Library of Wales).</li> <li>Notes for the <i>Logica</i> and <i>Philosophia prima</i> of the <i>De Corpore</i> (pp. 461–513: Chatsworth MS A10 and the notes of Charles Cavendish on a draft of the <i>De Corpore</i>: British Library, Harley MS 6083).</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Of the Life and History of Thucydides</i> <p><small>pp. 10–27 in <i>Hobbes's Thucydides</i></small> </p> </td> <td>New Brunswick: 1975 </td> <td>Richard Schlatter </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Three Discourses: A Critical Modern Edition of Newly Identified Work of the Young Hobbes</i> (TD) <p><small>pp. 10–27 in <i>Hobbes's Thucydides</i></small> </p> </td> <td>Chicago: 1975 </td> <td>Noel B. Reynolds and Arlene Saxonhouse </td> <td>Includes: <ul><li><i>A Discourse upon the Beginning of Tacitus</i> pp. 31–67.</li> <li><i>A Discourse of Rome</i>, pp. 71–102.</li> <li><i>A Discourse of Law</i>, pp. 105–119.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Thomas Hobbes' A Minute or First Draught of the Optiques: A Critical Edition</i> </td> <td>University of Wisconsin-Madison: 1983 - PhD dissertation </td> <td>Elaine C. Stroud </td> <td>British Library, Harley MS 3360 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Of Passions</i> <p><small>pp. 729–738 in <i>Rivista di storia della filosofia</i> 43</small> </p> </td> <td>1988 </td> <td>Anna Minerbi Belgrado </td> <td>Edition of the unpublished manuscript Harley 6093 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>The Correspondence of Thomas Hobbes</i> (I: 1622–1659; II: 1660–1679) <p><small><i>Clarendon Edition</i>, vol. 6–7</small> </p> </td> <td>Oxford: 1994 </td> <td>Noel Malcolm </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations_in_modern_English">Translations in modern English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Translations in modern English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>De Corpore, Part I. Computatio Sive Logica</i>. Edited with an Introductory Essay by L C. Hungerland and G. R. Vick. Translation and Commentary by A. Martinich. New York: Abaris Books, 1981.</li> <li><i>Thomas White's De mundo Examined</i>, translation by H. W. Jones, Bradford: Bradford University Press, 1976 (the appendixes of the Latin edition (1973) are not enclosed).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_critical_editions_of_Hobbes's_works"><span id="New_critical_editions_of_Hobbes.27s_works"></span>New critical editions of Hobbes's works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: New critical editions of Hobbes's works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Clarendon Edition of the Works of Thomas Hobbes</i>, Oxford: Clarendon Press (10 volumes published of 27 planned).</li> <li><i>Traduction des œuvres latines de Hobbes</i>, under the direction of Yves Charles Zarka, Paris: Vrin (5 volumes published of 17 planned).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Butler" title="Joseph Butler">Joseph Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conatus#In_Hobbes" title="Conatus">Conatus § In Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_and_legal_rights#Thomas_Hobbes" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural and legal rights">Natural and legal rights § Thomas Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law#Hobbes" title="Natural law">Natural law § Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbesian_trap" title="Hobbesian trap">Hobbesian trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">Hobbes's moral and political philosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_and_the_Air-Pump" title="Leviathan and the Air-Pump">Leviathan and the Air-Pump</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_physics" title="Social physics">Social physics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Clatterbaugh, <i>The Causation Debate in Modern Philosophy, 1637–1739</i>, Routledge, 2014, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Hobbes%2C+Thomas%3A+Moral+and+Political+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Garrath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fhobmoral%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheldon2003" class="citation book cs1">Sheldon, Garrett Ward (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X2_3A1RyscYC"><i>The History of Political Theory: Ancient Greece to Modern America</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publisher)" title="Peter Lang (publisher)">Peter Lang</a>. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-2300-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-2300-5"><bdi>978-0-8204-2300-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Political+Theory%3A+Ancient+Greece+to+Modern+America&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-2300-5&rft.aulast=Sheldon&rft.aufirst=Garrett+Ward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX2_3A1RyscYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbes1679" class="citation book cs1">Hobbes, Thomas (1679). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thomaehobbesmal00unkngoog/page/n98/mode/2up">"Opera Latina"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/William_Nassau_Molesworth" title="William Nassau Molesworth">Molesworth, William</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_JiAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA117"><i>Vita carmine expressa</i></a>. Vol. I. London. p. 86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Opera+Latina&rft.btitle=Vita+carmine+expressa&rft.place=London&rft.pages=86&rft.date=1679&rft.aulast=Hobbes&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthomaehobbesmal00unkngoog%2Fpage%2Fn98%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsonRogow1986" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobson, Norman; Rogow, Arnold A. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sNtoQgAACAAJ">"Thomas Hobbes: Radical in the Service of Reaction"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Political_Psychology_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Psychology (journal)">Political Psychology</a></i>. <b>8</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/W.W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W.W. Norton">W.W. Norton</a>: 469. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3791051">10.2307/3791051</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02288-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02288-9"><bdi>978-0-393-02288-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0162-895X">0162-895X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3791051">3791051</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/79644318">79644318</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44544062">44544062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Psychology&rft.atitle=Thomas+Hobbes%3A+Radical+in+the+Service+of+Reaction&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=469&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3791051%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3791051&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44544062&rft.issn=0162-895X&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F79644318&rft.isbn=978-0-393-02288-9&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Rogow%2C+Arnold+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsNtoQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sommerville-1992-256-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sommerville-1992-256_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sommerville-1992-256_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sommerville-1992-256_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sommerville-1992-256_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sommerville-1992-256_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sommerville-1992-256_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sommerville-1992-256_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sommerville-1992-256_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommerville1992" class="citation book cs1">Sommerville, J.P. 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MacMillan. pp. 256–324. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-49599-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-49599-5"><bdi>978-0-333-49599-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Hobbes%3A+Political+Ideas+in+Historical+Context&rft.pages=256-324&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-333-49599-5&rft.aulast=Sommerville&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911545-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911545_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911545_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911545_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911545_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobertson1911">Robertson 1911</a>, p. 545.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philosophy.hertford.ox.ac.uk/">"Philosophy at Hertford College"</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Hertford_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Hertford College">Hertford College</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304064346/http://philosophy.hertford.ox.ac.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LGSytrSTMQwC&pg=PT89"><i>Thomas Hobbes: Politics and law</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08083-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08083-5"><bdi>978-0-415-08083-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Hobbes%3A+Politics+and+law&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-08083-5&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Preston+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLGSytrSTMQwC%26pg%3DPT89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm,_Noel2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Malcolm, Noel (2004). "Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679), philosopher". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F13400">10.1093/ref:odnb/13400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hobbes%2C+Thomas+%281588%E2%80%931679%29%2C+philosopher&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F13400&rft.au=Malcolm%2C+Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson2002" class="citation web cs1">O'Connor, J.J.; <a href="/wiki/E._F._Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="E. F. Robertson">Robertson, E.F.</a> (November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Hobbes.html">"Thomas Hobbes"</a>. <i>School of Mathematics and Statistics</i>. Scotland: <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022194936/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Hobbes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=School+of+Mathematics+and+Statistics&rft.atitle=Thomas+Hobbes&rft.date=2002-11&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+E.F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FBiographies%2FHobbes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlatter1975" class="citation book cs1">Schlatter, Richard, ed. (1975). <i>Hobbes's Thucydides</i>. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. pp. xxvii, 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-0783-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-0783-5"><bdi>978-0-8135-0783-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hobbes%27s+Thucydides&rft.place=New+Brunswick&rft.pages=xxvii%2C+7&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-0783-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbes1995" class="citation book cs1">Hobbes, Thomas (1995). <a href="/wiki/Noel_B._Reynolds" title="Noel B. Reynolds">Reynolds, Noel B.</a>; Saxonhouse, Arlene W. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vPD5QjS6OCIC"><i>Three Discourses: A Critical Modern Edition of Newly Identified Work of the Young Hobbes</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-34545-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-34545-1"><bdi>978-0-226-34545-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Discourses%3A+A+Critical+Modern+Edition+of+Newly+Identified+Work+of+the+Young+Hobbes&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-226-34545-1&rft.aulast=Hobbes&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvPD5QjS6OCIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911546-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911546_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911546_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911546_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911546_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobertson1911">Robertson 1911</a>, p. 546.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickley1914" class="citation book cs1">Bickley, F. (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gI0JAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44"><i>The Cavendish family</i></a>. Houghton, Mifflin Company. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-87487-145-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-87487-145-1"><bdi>978-5-87487-145-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240422150412/https://books.google.com/books?id=gI0JAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cavendish+family&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1914&rft.isbn=978-5-87487-145-1&rft.aulast=Bickley&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgI0JAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommerville1992" class="citation book cs1">Sommerville, J.P. (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thomashobbespoli0000somm/page/11/mode/2up"><i>Thomas Hobbes: Political Ideas in Historical Context</i></a></span>. MacMillan. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-49599-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-49599-5"><bdi>978-0-333-49599-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Hobbes%3A+Political+Ideas+in+Historical+Context&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-333-49599-5&rft.aulast=Sommerville&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthomashobbespoli0000somm%2Fpage%2F11%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911547-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911547_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911547_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911547_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911547_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911547_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911547_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911547_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobertson1911">Robertson 1911</a>, p. 547.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548_22-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548_22-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548_22-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548_22-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548_22-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911548_22-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobertson1911">Robertson 1911</a>, p. 548.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVardanyan2011" class="citation book cs1">Vardanyan, Vilen (2011). <i><a href="//archive.org/details/panoramaofpsycho0000vard" class="extiw" title="iarchive:panoramaofpsycho0000vard">Panorama of Psychology</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/AuthorHouse" title="AuthorHouse">AuthorHouse</a>. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4567-0032-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4567-0032-4"><bdi>978-1-4567-0032-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panorama+of+Psychology&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4567-0032-4&rft.aulast=Vardanyan&rft.aufirst=Vilen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAubrey1898" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Aubrey" title="John Aubrey">Aubrey, John</a> (1898) [1669–1696]. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Clark_(priest)" title="Andrew Clark (priest)">Clark, A.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Brief_Lives" title="Brief Lives">Brief Lives: Chiefly of Contemporaries</a></i>. Vol. II. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. p. 277.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brief+Lives%3A+Chiefly+of+Contemporaries&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Aubrey&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911550-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911550_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobertson1911">Robertson 1911</a>, p. 550.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=26780">"House of Commons Journal Volume 8"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/British_History_Online" title="British History Online">British History Online</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060318092603/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=26780">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+History+Online&rft.atitle=House+of+Commons+Journal+Volume+8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Freport.asp%3Fcompid%3D26780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911551-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911551_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911551_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911551_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911551_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobertson1911">Robertson 1911</a>, p. 551.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/hobbes_thomas.shtml#:~:text=In%201672%2C%20Hobbes%20published%20an,of%20the%20Cavendish%20family's%20homes.">"Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225031058/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/hobbes_thomas.shtml#:~:text=In%201672%2C%20Hobbes%20published%20an,of%20the%20Cavendish%20family's%20homes.">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Thomas+Hobbes+%281588-1679%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fhobbes_thomas.shtml%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIn%25201672%252C%2520Hobbes%2520published%2520an%2Cof%2520the%2520Cavendish%2520family%27s%2520homes.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malcolm_2003_80-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malcolm_2003_80_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malcolm_2003_80_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm2003" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm, Noel (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_x_KthbDyHQC"><i>Aspects of Hobbes</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199247145" title="Special:BookSources/0199247145"><bdi>0199247145</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408052636/https://books.google.com/books?id=_x_KthbDyHQC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Hobbes&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0199247145&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_x_KthbDyHQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroundsTidyStilgoe2014" class="citation book cs1">Grounds, Eric; <a href="/wiki/Bill_Tidy" title="Bill Tidy">Tidy, Bill</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stilgoe" title="Richard Stilgoe">Stilgoe, Richard</a> (25 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zgHCBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT20"><i>The Bedside Book of Final Words</i></a>. Amberley Publishing Limited. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-4464-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-4464-6"><bdi>978-1-4456-4464-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bedside+Book+of+Final+Words&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2014-11-25&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-4464-6&rft.aulast=Grounds&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Tidy%2C+Bill&rft.au=Stilgoe%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzgHCBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Davies, <i>Europe: A history</i> p. 687</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulterMyersVaracalli2012" class="citation book cs1">Coulter, Michael L.; Myers, Richard S.; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Varacalli" title="Joseph A. Varacalli">Varacalli, Joseph A.</a> (5 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tSyO8MGI8kUC&pg=PA140"><i>Encyclopedia of Catholic Social Thought, Social Science, and Social Policy: Supplement</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8275-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8275-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-8275-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Catholic+Social+Thought%2C+Social+Science%2C+and+Social+Policy%3A+Supplement&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012-04-05&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-8275-1&rft.aulast=Coulter&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft.au=Myers%2C+Richard+S.&rft.au=Varacalli%2C+Joseph+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtSyO8MGI8kUC%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbes2021" class="citation web cs1">Hobbes, Thomas (10 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Hobbes/Political-philosophy">"Thomas Hobbes - Political Philosophy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150708231842/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Hobbes/Political-philosophy">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Thomas+Hobbes+-+Political+Philosophy&rft.date=2021-11-10&rft.aulast=Hobbes&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FThomas-Hobbes%2FPolitical-philosophy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm2003" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm, Noel (2003). "Hobbes's Science of Politics and His Theory of Science". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0199247145.001.0001/acprof-9780199247141-chapter-5"><i>Aspects of Hobbes</i></a> (Online ed.). Oxford Scholarship Online. pp. 147–155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2F0199247145.001.0001">10.1093/0199247145.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199247141" title="Special:BookSources/9780199247141"><bdi>9780199247141</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417210931/https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0199247145.001.0001/acprof-9780199247141-chapter-5">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hobbes%27s+Science+of+Politics+and+His+Theory+of+Science&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Hobbes&rft.pages=147-155&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+Scholarship+Online&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2F0199247145.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780199247141&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxford.universitypressscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2F0199247145.001.0001%2Facprof-9780199247141-chapter-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaskin" class="citation book cs1">Gaskin. "Introduction". <i>Human Nature and De Corpore Politico</i>. Oxford University Press. p. xxx.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Human+Nature+and+De+Corpore+Politico&rft.pages=xxx&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.au=Gaskin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/34/5/13.html">"Chapter XIII.: Of the Natural Condition of Mankind As Concerning Their Felicity, and Misery."</a>. <i>Leviathan</i>. 4 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204090304/https://www.bartleby.com/34/5/13.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+XIII.%3A+Of+the+Natural+Condition+of+Mankind+As+Concerning+Their+Felicity%2C+and+Misery.&rft.btitle=Leviathan&rft.date=2022-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F34%2F5%2F13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Part I, <i>Chapter XIV. Of the First and Second Naturall Lawes, and of Contracts. (Not All Rights are Alienable)</i>, <i>Leviathan</i>: "And therefore there be some Rights, which no man can be understood by any words, or other signes, to have abandoned, or transferred. As first a man cannot lay down the right of resisting them, that assault him by force, to take away his life; because he cannot be understood to ayme thereby, at any Good to himselfe. The same may be sayd of Wounds, and Chayns, and Imprisonment".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaskin" class="citation book cs1">Gaskin. "Of the Rights of Sovereigns by Institution". <i>Leviathan</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Of+the+Rights+of+Sovereigns+by+Institution&rft.btitle=Leviathan&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.au=Gaskin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"1000 Makers of the Millennium", p. 42. Dorling Kindersley, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter2020" class="citation book cs1">Peter, Kanzler (31 May 2020). <i>The Leviathan (1651), The Two Treatises of Government (1689), The Social Contract (1762), The Constitution of Pennsylvania (1776)</i>. Peter Kanzler. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-716-89340-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-716-89340-7"><bdi>978-1-716-89340-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Leviathan+%281651%29%2C+The+Two+Treatises+of+Government+%281689%29%2C+The+Social+Contract+%281762%29%2C+The+Constitution+of+Pennsylvania+%281776%29&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Peter+Kanzler&rft.date=2020-05-31&rft.isbn=978-1-716-89340-7&rft.aulast=Peter&rft.aufirst=Kanzler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vélez, F., <i>La palabra y la espada</i> (2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmeriksClarke2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ameriks" title="Karl Ameriks">Ameriks, Karl</a>; <a href="/wiki/Desmond_M._Clarke" class="mw-redirect" title="Desmond M. Clarke">Clarke, Desmond M.</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/Vere_Chappell" title="Vere Chappell">Chappell, Vere</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.cambridge.org/97805215/96688/frontmatter/9780521596688_frontmatter.pdf"><i>Hobbes and Bramhall on Liberty and Necessity</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511495830">10.1017/CBO9780511495830</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-49583-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-49583-0"><bdi>978-0-511-49583-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170813125358/http://assets.cambridge.org/97805215/96688/frontmatter/9780521596688_frontmatter.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hobbes+and+Bramhall+on+Liberty+and+Necessity&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511495830&rft.isbn=978-0-511-49583-0&rft.aulast=Ameriks&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Desmond+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassets.cambridge.org%2F97805215%2F96688%2Ffrontmatter%2F9780521596688_frontmatter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911549-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911549_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobertson1911">Robertson 1911</a>, p. 549.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd2008" class="citation web cs1">Boyd, Andrew (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uh.edu/engines/epi2372.htm">"No. 2372: Hobbes and Wallis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Engines_of_Our_Ingenuity" title="The Engines of Our Ingenuity">The Engines of Our Ingenuity</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919164703/https://www.uh.edu/engines/epi2372.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Engines+of+Our+Ingenuity&rft.atitle=No.+2372%3A+Hobbes+and+Wallis&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uh.edu%2Fengines%2Fepi2372.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hobbes/">"Thomas Hobbes"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117210624/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hobbes-moral/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thomas+Hobbes&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fhobbes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 282 of Molesworth's edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinich1995" class="citation book cs1">Martinich, A. P. (1995). <i>A Hobbes Dictionary</i>. Cambridge: Blackwell. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Hobbes+Dictionary&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Martinich&rft.aufirst=A.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinich1995" class="citation book cs1">Martinich, A. P. (1995). <i>A Hobbes Dictionary</i>. Cambridge: Blackwell. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Hobbes+Dictionary&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Martinich&rft.aufirst=A.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Human Nature</i> I.XI.5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Leviathan</i> III.xxxii.2. "...we are not to renounce our Senses, and Experience; nor (that which is undoubted Word of God) our naturall Reason".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbes1995" class="citation book cs1">Hobbes, Thomas (1995). <a href="/wiki/Noel_B._Reynolds" title="Noel B. Reynolds">Reynolds, Noel B.</a>; Saxonhouse, Arlene W. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vPD5QjS6OCIC"><i>Three Discourses: A Critical Modern Edition of Newly Identified Work of the Young Hobbes</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-34545-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-34545-1"><bdi>978-0-226-34545-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Discourses%3A+A+Critical+Modern+Edition+of+Newly+Identified+Work+of+the+Young+Hobbes&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-226-34545-1&rft.aulast=Hobbes&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvPD5QjS6OCIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hobbes, Thomas. 1630. <i>A Short Tract on First Principles</i>, <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harleian_MS" class="mw-redirect" title="Harleian MS">Harleian MS</a> 6796, ff. 297–308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernhardt, Jean. 1988. <i>Court traité des premiers principes</i>. Paris: <a href="/wiki/Presses_Universitaires_de_France" title="Presses Universitaires de France">PUF</a>. (Critical edition with commentary and French translation).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy Raylor, Franco Giudice, Stephen Clucas, and <a href="/wiki/Noel_Malcolm" title="Noel Malcolm">Noel Malcolm</a> vote for Robert Payne. <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Schuhmann" class="extiw" title="it:Karl Schuhmann">Karl Schuhmann</a>, Cees Leijenhorst, Guilherme Rodrigues Neto, and Frank Horstmann vote for Thomas Hobbes. On arguments pro Payne see Timothy Raylor, <i>Hobbes, Payne, and 'A Short Tract on First Principles' </i> (<i>The Historical Journal</i>, 44, 2001, pp. 29–58) and Noel Malcolm, <i>Robert Payne, the Hobbes Manuscripts, and the 'Short Tract' </i> (in: <i>Aspects of Hobbes</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002, pp. 80–145). On arguments pro Hobbes see Karl Schuhmann, <i>Le 'Short Tract', première oeuvre philosophique de Hobbes</i> (<i>Hobbes Studies</i>, 8, 1995, pp. 3-36.) and Frank Horstmann, <i>Der Grauvließer. Robert Payne und Thomas Hobbes als Urheber des 'Short Tract' </i> (Berlin: epubli, 2020, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-752952-92-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-752952-92-6">978-3-752952-92-6</a>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harwood, John T., ed. 1986. <i>The Rhetorics of Thomas Hobbes and Bernard Lamy</i>. Carbondale: <a href="/wiki/Southern_Illinois_University_Press" title="Southern Illinois University Press">Southern Illinois University Press</a>. (Provides a new edition of the work).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuhmann1998" class="citation journal cs1">Schuhmann, Karl (1998). "Skinner's Hobbes". <i>British Journal for the History of Philosophy</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09608789808570984">10.1080/09608789808570984</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+for+the+History+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Skinner%27s+Hobbes&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=115&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09608789808570984&rft.aulast=Schuhmann&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span> p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Quentin_Skinner" title="Quentin Skinner">Skinner, Quentin</a>. [2002] 2012. <i>Hobbes and Civil Science</i>, (<i>Visions of Politics</i> 3). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511613784">10.1017/CBO9780511613784</a>. (Skinner affirms Schuhmann's view: p. 4, fn. 27.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvrigenis2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_D._Evrigenis" title="Ioannis D. Evrigenis">Evrigenis, Ioannis D.</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/politics-international-relations/political-theory/images-anarchy-rhetoric-and-science-hobbess-state-nature">"Images of Anarchy: The Rhetoric and Science in Hobbes's State of Nature"</a>. <i>Cambridge University Press</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227053356/http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/politics-international-relations/political-theory/images-anarchy-rhetoric-and-science-hobbess-state-nature">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.atitle=Images+of+Anarchy%3A+The+Rhetoric+and+Science+in+Hobbes%27s+State+of+Nature&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Evrigenis&rft.aufirst=Ioannis+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fgb%2Facademic%2Fsubjects%2Fpolitics-international-relations%2Fpolitical-theory%2Fimages-anarchy-rhetoric-and-science-hobbess-state-nature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span> (Provides a summary of this confusing episode, as well as most relevant literature. p. 48 n. 13)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hobbes, Thomas. 1639. <i>Tractatus opticus II</i>. vis <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harley_MS" class="mw-redirect" title="Harley MS">Harley MS</a> 6796, ff. 193–266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">First complete edition: 1963. For this dating, see the convincing arguments given by: Horstmann, Frank. 2006. <i>Nachträge zu Betrachtungen über Hobbes' Optik</i>. Berlin: Mackensen. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-926535-51-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-926535-51-1">978-3-926535-51-1</a>. pp. 19–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A critical analysis of Thomas White (1593–1676) <i>De mundo dialogi tres</i>, Parisii, 1642.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elaine Condouris Stroud, <i>Thomas Hobbes' A Minute Or First Draught of the Optiques: A Critical Edition</i>, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Ph.D., 1983.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Modern scholars are divided as to whether or not this translation was done by Hobbes. For a pro-Hobbes account see H. Warrender's introduction to <i>De Cive: The English Edition</i> in <i>The Clarendon Edition of the Works of Thomas Hobbes</i> (Oxford, 1984). For the contra-Hobbes account see Noel Malcolm, "Charles Cotton, Translator of Hobbes's De Cive" in <i>Aspects of Hobbes</i> (Oxford, 2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">critical edition: <i>Court traité des premiers principes</i>, text, French translation and commentary by Jean Bernhardt, Paris: PUF, 1988</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/39232">"Hinduism" to "Home, Earls of"</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></li></ul> <p><b>Attribution:</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Robertson, George Croom; Anonymous texts (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hobbes,_Thomas" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hobbes, Thomas">Hobbes, Thomas</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 545–552.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hobbes%2C+Thomas&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=545-552&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=George+Croom&rft.au=Anonymous+texts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_resources">General resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: General resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>MacDonald, Hugh & Hargreaves, Mary. <i>Thomas Hobbes, a Bibliography</i>, London: The Bibliographical Society, 1952.</li> <li>Hinnant, Charles H. (1980). <i>Thomas Hobbes: A Reference Guide</i>, Boston: G. K. Hall & Co.</li> <li>Garcia, Alfred (1986). <i>Thomas Hobbes: bibliographie internationale de 1620 à 1986</i> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span>, Caen: Centre de Philosophie politique et juridique Université de Caen.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_studies">Critical studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Critical studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brandt, Frithiof (1928). <i>Thomas Hobbes' Mechanical Conception of Nature</i>, Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard.</li> <li>Jesseph, Douglas M. (1999). <i>Squaring the Circle. The War Between Hobbes and Wallis</i>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</li> <li>Leijenhorst, Cees (2002). <i>The Mechanisation of Aristotelianism. The Late Aristotelian Setting of Thomas Hobbes' Natural Philosophy</i>, Leiden: Brill.</li> <li>Lemetti, Juhana (2011). <i>Historical Dictionary of Hobbes's Philosophy</i>, Lanham: Scarecrow Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._B._Macpherson" title="C. B. Macpherson">Macpherson, C. B.</a> (1962). <i>The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke</i>, Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Malcolm" title="Noel Malcolm">Malcolm, Noel</a> (2002). <i>Aspects of Hobbes</i>, New York: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>MacKay-Pritchard, Noah (2019). "Origins of the State of Nature", London</li> <li>Malcolm, Noel (2007). <i>Reason of State, Propaganda, and the Thirty Years' War: An Unknown Translation by Thomas Hobbes</i>, New York: Oxford University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Manent" title="Pierre Manent">Manent, Pierre</a> (1996). <i>An Intellectual History of Liberalism</i>, Princeton: Princeton University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A.P._Martinich" class="mw-redirect" title="A.P. Martinich">Martinich, A. P.</a> (2003) "Thomas Hobbes" in <i>The Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 281: British Rhetoricians and Logicians, 1500–1660, Second Series</i>, Detroit: <a href="/wiki/Gale_(publisher)" title="Gale (publisher)">Gale</a>, pp. 130–144.</li> <li>Martinich, A. P. (1995). <i>A Hobbes Dictionary</i>, Cambridge: Blackwell.</li> <li>Martinich, A. P. (1997). <i>Thomas Hobbes</i>, New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>.</li> <li>Martinich, A. P. (1992). <i>The Two Gods of Leviathan: Thomas Hobbes on Religion and Politics</i>, Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</li> <li>Martinich, A. P. (1999). <i>Hobbes: A Biography</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarvesonTrenchard2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Narveson" title="Jan Narveson">Narveson, Jan</a>; Trenchard, David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">"Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1676)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <i>Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679)</i>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i>. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">Sage</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 226–227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n137">10.4135/9781412965811.n137</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-6580-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hobbes%2C+Thomas+%281588%E2%80%931679%29&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=226-227&rft.pub=Sage%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n137&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4&rft.aulast=Narveson&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Trenchard%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott, Michael</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/668"><i>Hobbes on Civil Association</i></a>, Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Basil_Blackwell" title="Basil Blackwell">Basil Blackwell</a>.</li> <li>Parkin, Jon, (2007), <i>Taming the Leviathan: The Reception of the Political and Religious Ideas of Thomas Hobbes in England 1640–1700</i>, [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press]</li> <li>Pettit, Philip (2008). <i>Made with Words. Hobbes on Language, Mind, and Politics</i>, Princeton: Princeton University Press.</li> <li>Robinson, Dave and Groves, Judy (2003). <i>Introducing Political Philosophy</i>, Icon Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84046-450-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84046-450-4">978-1-84046-450-4</a>.</li> <li>Ross, George MacDonald (2009). <i>Starting with Hobbes</i>, London: Continuum.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Shapin" title="Steven Shapin">Shapin, Steven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simon_Schaffer" title="Simon Schaffer">Schaffer, Simon</a> (1995). <i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_and_the_Air-Pump" title="Leviathan and the Air-Pump">Leviathan and the Air-Pump</a>.</i> Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quentin_Skinner" title="Quentin Skinner">Skinner, Quentin</a> (1996). <i>Reason and Rhetoric in the Philosophy of Hobbes</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Skinner, Quentin (2002). <i>Visions of Politics. Vol. III: Hobbes and Civil Science</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press</li> <li>Skinner, Quentin (2008). <i>Hobbes and Republican Liberty</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Skinner, Quentin (2018). <i>From Humanism to Hobbes: Studies in Rhetoric and Politics</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devin_Stauffer" title="Devin Stauffer">Stauffer, Devin</a> (2018). <i>Hobbes's Kingdom of Light: A Study of the Foundations of Modern Political Philosophy</i>, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.</li> <li>Stomp, Gabriella (ed.) (2008). <i>Thomas Hobbes</i>, Aldershot: Ashgate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss, Leo</a> (1936). <i>The Political Philosophy of Hobbes; Its Basis and Its Genesis</i>, Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>.</li> <li>Strauss, Leo (1959). "On the Basis of Hobbes's Political Philosophy" in <i>What Is Political Philosophy?</i>, Glencoe, IL: <a href="/wiki/Free_Press_(publisher)" title="Free Press (publisher)">Free Press</a>, chap. 7.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies, Ferdinand</a> (1925). <i>Hobbes. Leben und Lehre</i>, Stuttgart: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frommann-Holzboog_Verlag" class="extiw" title="de:Frommann-Holzboog Verlag">Frommann</a>, 3rd ed.</li> <li>Tuck, Richard (1993). <i>Philosophy and Government, 1572–1651</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Vélez, Fabio (2014). <i>La palabra y la espada: a vueltas con Hobbes</i>, Madrid: Maia.</li> <li>Vieira, Monica Brito (2009). <i>The Elements of Representation in Hobbes</i>, Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perez_Zagorin" title="Perez Zagorin">Zagorin, Perez</a> (2009). <i>Hobbes and the Law of Nature</i>, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External 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at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120125090843/http://www.philosophy.leeds.ac.uk/GMR/hmp/texts/modern/modindex.html">Hobbes Texts</a> English translations by George Mac Donald Ross</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlymoderntexts.com">Contains Leviathan, lightly edited for easier reading</a>, earlymoderntexts.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.oup.com/academic/content/series/c/clarendon-edition-of-the-works-of-thomas-hobbes-cewth/?cc=it&lang=en&">Clarendon Edition of the Works of Thomas Hobbes</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oll.libertyfund.org/people/thomas-hobbes">"Thomas Hobbes"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2019</span> – via Online Library of Liberty.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Hobbes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Fpeople%2Fthomas-hobbes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Physical collections</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp02204">Portraits of Thomas Hobbes</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37621#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Philosophy encyclopedia entries</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hobbes/">Thomas Hobbes</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hobbes-moral/">Hobbes's Moral and Political Philosophy</a> at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/hobmeth/">Hobbes: Methodology</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hobmoral.htm">Hobbes: Moral and Political Philosophy</a> at the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</li></ul> <dl><dt>Biographical information</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwnorton.com/college/english/nael/noa/pdf/27636_17th_U41_Aubrey-1-7.pdf">A Brief Life of Thomas Hobbes, 1588–1679</a> by John Aubrey</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atheisme.free.fr/Biographies/Hobbes_e.htm">A short biography of Thomas Hobbes</a>, atheisme.free.fr</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philosophypages.com/hy/3x.htm">Hobbes biography</a>, Philosophypages.com</li></ul> <dl><dt>Other links</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003k9l1">Thomas Hobbes</a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)"><i>In Our Time</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b018csyq">Thomas Hobbes</a> nominated by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a> for the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> programme <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Lives" title="Great Lives">Great Lives</a></i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontmorency1913" class="citation book cs1">Montmorency, James E. G. de (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.13326/page/n217">"Thomas Hobbes"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Macdonell_(judge)" title="John Macdonell (judge)">Macdonell, John</a>; Manson, Edward William Donoghue (eds.). <i>Great Jurists of the World</i>. London: John Murray. pp. 195–219<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2019</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thomas+Hobbes&rft.btitle=Great+Jurists+of+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=195-219&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Montmorency&rft.aufirst=James+E.+G.+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.13326%2Fpage%2Fn217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hobbes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pdcnet.org/pdc/BVDB.nsf/item?openform&product=publications&item=hobbes">Richard A. Talaska (ed.), <i>The Hardwick Library and Hobbes's Early Intellectual Development</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/18750257">Hobbes studies</a> Online edition</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Hobbes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Concepts and<br />philosophy</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">Moral and political philosophy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%E2%80%93Wallis_controversy" title="Hobbes–Wallis controversy">Hobbes–Wallis controversy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Multitude_(philosophy)" title="Multitude (philosophy)">Multitude</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Scientia_potentia_est" title="Scientia potentia est">Scientia potentia est</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/De_Cive" title="De Cive">De Cive</a></i> (1642)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> (1651)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/De_Corpore" title="De Corpore">De Corpore</a></i> (1655)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Behemoth_(Hobbes_book)" title="Behemoth (Hobbes book)">Behemoth</a></i> (1681)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Hobbes_Studies" title="Hobbes Studies">Hobbes Studies</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_and_the_Air-Pump" title="Leviathan and the Air-Pump">Leviathan and the Air-Pump</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li 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title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_language" title="Template:Philosophy of language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_language" title="Template talk:Philosophy of language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Index_of_language_articles" title="Index of language articles">Index of language articles</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_language" title="List of philosophers of language">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cratylus" title="Cratylus">Cratylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eubulides" title="Eubulides">Eubulides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Cronus" title="Diodorus Cronus">Diodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuangzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkins" title="John Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Arnauld" title="Antoine Arnauld">Arnauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lancelot" title="Claude Lancelot">Lancelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Mauthner" title="Fritz Mauthner">Mauthner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">de Saussure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Frege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Boas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Sapir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bloomfield" title="Leonard Bloomfield">Bloomfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky" title="Lev Vygotsky">Vygotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lee_Whorf" title="Benjamin Lee Whorf">Whorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Austin" title="J. L. Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">Ayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaakko_Hintikka" title="Jaakko Hintikka">Hintikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Dummett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">Grice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Watzlawick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_language" title="Category:Theories of language">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causal_theory_of_reference" title="Causal theory of reference">Causal theory of reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrastivism" title="Contrastivism">Contrast theory of meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrastivism" title="Contrastivism">Contrastivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventionalism" title="Conventionalism">Conventionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cratylism" title="Cratylism">Cratylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptivist_theory_of_names" title="Descriptivist theory of names">Descriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_reference_theory" title="Direct reference theory">Direct reference theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatism" title="Dramatism">Dramatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_semantics" title="Dynamic semantics">Dynamic semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressivism" title="Expressivism">Expressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisitive_semantics" title="Inquisitive semantics">Inquisitive semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" title="Linguistic determinism">Linguistic determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediated_reference_theory" title="Mediated reference theory">Mediated reference theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cognitivism" title="Non-cognitivism">Non-cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phallogocentrism" title="Phallogocentrism">Phallogocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relevance_theory" title="Relevance theory">Relevance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_externalism" title="Semantic externalism">Semantic externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_holism" title="Semantic holism">Semantic holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_semantics" title="Situation semantics">Situation semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supposition_theory" title="Supposition theory">Supposition theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosism" title="Symbiosism">Symbiosism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Theological noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions" title="Theory of descriptions">Theory of descriptions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Definite_description" title="Definite description">Definite description</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_language" title="Theory of language">Theory of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilalianism" title="Unilalianism">Unilalianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verification theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cant_(language)" title="Cant (language)">Cant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity" title="Linguistic relativity">Linguistic relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth-bearer" title="Truth-bearer">Truth-bearer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use%E2%80%93mention_distinction" title="Use–mention distinction">Use–mention distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categorization" class="mw-redirect" title="Categorization">Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(mathematics)" title="Set (mathematics)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(philosophy)" title="Class (philosophy)">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_resemblance" title="Family resemblance">Family resemblance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intension" title="Intension">Intension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_form" title="Logical form">Logical form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalanguage" title="Metalanguage">Metalanguage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modality_(natural_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modality (natural language)">Modality (natural language)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presupposition" title="Presupposition">Presupposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Principle of compositionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)" title="Sign (semiotics)">Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_and_reference" title="Sense and reference">Sense and reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_act" title="Speech act">Speech act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">Sentence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_(logic)" title="Statement (logic)">Statement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_language_articles" title="Index of philosophy of language articles">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(n.d.)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_Grammar" title="Port-Royal Grammar">Port-Royal Grammar</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1660)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Arte_Combinatoria" title="De Arte Combinatoria">De Arte Combinatoria</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1666)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_Towards_a_Real_Character,_and_a_Philosophical_Language" title="An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language">An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1668)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alciphron_(book)" title="Alciphron (book)">Alciphron</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1732)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_Denoting" title="On Denoting">On Denoting</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1905)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tractatus_Logico-Philosophicus" title="Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus">Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1921)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Language,_Truth,_and_Logic" title="Language, Truth, and Logic">Language, Truth, and Logic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Dogmas_of_Empiricism" title="Two Dogmas of Empiricism">Two Dogmas of Empiricism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Investigations" title="Philosophical Investigations">Philosophical Investigations</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Of_Grammatology" title="Of Grammatology">Of Grammatology</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naming_and_Necessity" title="Naming and Necessity">Naming and Necessity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wittgenstein_on_Rules_and_Private_Language" title="Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language">Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1982)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Limited_Inc" title="Limited Inc">Limited Inc</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1988)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">Philosophy of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_logic" title="Philosophical logic">Philosophical logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">School of Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(natural_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantics (natural language)">Semantics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_semantics_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal semantics (linguistics)">Formal semantics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_language" title="Category:Philosophy of language">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Language" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Language">Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy">Discussion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jurisprudence" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jurisprudence" title="Template:Jurisprudence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jurisprudence" title="Template talk:Jurisprudence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jurisprudence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jurisprudence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jurisprudence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_law_articles" title="Index of philosophy of law articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legal_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal theory">Legal theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_legal_studies" title="Critical legal studies">Critical legal studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_law" title="Comparative law">Comparative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Economic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_norms" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal norms">Legal norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_legal_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="International legal theory">International legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">Legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">Philosophy of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Sociology of law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_law" title="Category:Philosophers of law">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Alexy" title="Robert Alexy">Alexy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Austin_(legal_philosopher)" title="John Austin (legal philosopher)">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">Blackstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norberto_Bobbio" title="Norberto Bobbio">Bobbio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartosz_Bro%C5%BCek" title="Bartosz Brożek">Brożek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Cardozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Ehrlich" title="Eugen Ehrlich">Ehrlich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis">Finnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lon_L._Fuller" title="Lon L. Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Gurvitch" title="Georges Gurvitch">Gurvitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._A._Hart" title="H. L. A. Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_H%C3%A4gerstr%C3%B6m" title="Axel Hägerström">Hägerström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Jellinek" title="Georg Jellinek">Jellinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Jhering" title="Rudolf von Jhering">Jhering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Kelsen" title="Hans Kelsen">Kelsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Leoni" title="Bruno Leoni">Leoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Llewellyn" title="Karl Llewellyn">Llewellyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Olivecrona" title="Karl Olivecrona">Olivecrona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Pashukanis" title="Evgeny Pashukanis">Pashukanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Perelman" title="Chaïm Perelman">Perelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Petra%C5%BCycki" title="Leon Petrażycki">Petrażycki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Posner" title="Richard Posner">Posner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Pound" title="Roscoe Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Radbruch" title="Gustav Radbruch">Radbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Raz" title="Joseph Raz">Raz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Reinach" title="Adolf Reinach">Reinach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Renner" title="Karl Renner">Renner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Ross" title="Alf Ross">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Mucius_Scaevola_Pontifex" title="Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex">Scaevola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Mangabeira_Unger" title="Roberto Mangabeira Unger">Unger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_jurisprudence" title="Category:Books about jurisprudence">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laws_(dialogue)" title="Laws (dialogue)">Laws</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 355 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1270)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pure_Theory_of_Law" title="Pure Theory of Law">Pure Theory of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_Law" title="The Concept of Law">The Concept of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1961)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_and_Natural_Rights" title="Natural Law and Natural Rights">Natural Law and Natural Rights</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law%27s_Empire" title="Law's Empire">Law's Empire</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1986)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_law" title="Category:Theories of law">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_jurisprudence" title="Analytical jurisprudence">Analytical jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontological_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Deontological ethics">Deontological ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Fundamental theory of Catholic canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretivism_(legal)" title="Interpretivism (legal)">Interpretivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_moralism" title="Legal moralism">Legal moralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">Legal positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_realism" title="Legal realism">Legal realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Libertarian theories of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">Paternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_jurisprudence" title="Virtue jurisprudence">Virtue jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa_(concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fa (concept)">Fa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_interpretation" title="Judicial interpretation">Judicial interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_without_the_state" title="Law without the state">Law without the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_legal_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of country legal systems">Legal system</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Li_(Neo-Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (Neo-Confucianism)">Li</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_of_law" title="Question of law">Question of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational-legal_authority" title="Rational-legal authority">Rational-legal authority</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Usul_al-Fiqh" class="mw-redirect" title="Usul al-Fiqh">Usul al-Fiqh</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_science" title="Template:Philosophy of science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_science" title="Template talk:Philosophy of science"><abbr 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href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mill%27s_Methods" title="Mill's Methods">Mill's Methods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commensurability_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Commensurability (philosophy of science)">Commensurability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consilience" title="Consilience">Consilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construct_(philosophy)" title="Construct (philosophy)">Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correlation" title="Correlation">Correlation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correlation_function" title="Correlation function">function</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_synthesis" title="Creative synthesis">Creative synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">Empirical evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">Experiment</a> <ul><li><a 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href="/wiki/Intertheoretic_reduction" title="Intertheoretic reduction">Intertheoretic reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquiry" title="Inquiry">Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">Paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">Scientific evidence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_practice" title="Evidence-based practice">Evidence-based practice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_law" title="Scientific law">Scientific law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_pluralism" title="Scientific pluralism">Scientific pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testability" title="Testability">Testability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">Theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theory_choice" title="Theory choice">choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory-ladenness" title="Theory-ladenness">ladenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory">scientific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underdetermination" title="Underdetermination">Underdetermination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_of_science" title="Unity of science">Unity of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_and_attribute_(research)" title="Variable and attribute (research)">Variable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable" title="Control variable">control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_variables" title="Dependent and independent variables">dependent and independent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_science_articles" title="Index of philosophy of science articles">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_holism" title="Confirmation holism">Confirmation holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_empiricism" title="Constructive empiricism">Constructive empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_realism" title="Constructive realism">Constructive realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructivist epistemology">Constructivist epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextualism" title="Contextualism">Contextualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventionalism" title="Conventionalism">Conventionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deductive-nomological_model" title="Deductive-nomological model">Deductive-nomological model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistemological anarchism">Epistemological anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionism" title="Evolutionism">Evolutionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallibilism" title="Fallibilism">Fallibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetico-deductive_model" title="Hypothetico-deductive model">Hypothetico-deductive model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductionism" title="Inductionism">Inductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentalism" title="Instrumentalism">Instrumentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-dependent_realism" title="Model-dependent realism">Model-dependent realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_view_of_theories" title="Received view of theories">Received view</a> / <a href="/wiki/Semantic_view_of_theories" title="Semantic view of theories">Semantic view of theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_essentialism" title="Scientific essentialism">Scientific essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_formalism" title="Scientific formalism">Scientific formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Structuralism (philosophy of science)">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">Uniformitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy of...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology" title="Philosophy of biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_chemistry" title="Philosophy of chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics" title="Philosophy of physics">Physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Space and time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">Social science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_archaeology" title="Philosophy of archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of economics">Economics‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_geography" title="Philosophy of geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_linguistics" title="Philosophy of linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Psychology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_science" title="Criticism of science">Criticism of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_research" title="Descriptive research">Descriptive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exact_sciences" title="Exact sciences">Exact sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_science" title="Hard and soft science">Hard and soft science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_and_philosophy_of_science" title="History and philosophy of science">History and philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-science" title="Non-science">Non-science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_science" title="Normative science">Normative science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoscience" title="Protoscience">Protoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questionable_cause" title="Questionable cause">Questionable cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_science" title="Rhetoric of science">Rhetoric of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_studies" title="Science studies">Science studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_ignorance" title="Sociology of scientific ignorance">Sociology of scientific ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">Sociology of scientific knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_science" title="List of philosophers of science">Philosophers of science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Precursors" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Duhem" title="Pierre Duhem">Pierre Duhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson" title="Karl Pearson">Karl Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Windelband" title="Wilhelm Windelband">Wilhelm Windelband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Broad" title="C. D. Broad">C. D. Broad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi">Michael Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Reichenbach" title="Hans Reichenbach">Hans Reichenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Hempel" title="Carl Gustav Hempel">Carl Gustav Hempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Lakatos" title="Imre Lakatos">Imre Lakatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Paul Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Hacking" title="Ian Hacking">Ian Hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas_van_Fraassen" title="Bas van Fraassen">Bas van Fraassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Laudan" title="Larry Laudan">Larry Laudan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_science" title="Category:Philosophy of science">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science portal</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evolutionary_psychologists" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evolutionary_psychologists" title="Template:Evolutionary psychologists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolutionary_psychologists" title="Template talk:Evolutionary psychologists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary_psychologists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary psychologists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evolutionary_psychologists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_evolutionary_psychologists" title="List of evolutionary psychologists">Evolutionary psychologists</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Biologists /<br />neuroscientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crespi" title="Bernard Crespi">Bernard Crespi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crook_(ethologist)" title="John Crook (ethologist)">John Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._D._Hamilton" title="W. D. Hamilton">W. D. Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kinsey" title="Alfred Kinsey">Alfred Kinsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Orians" title="Gordon Orians">Gordon Orians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaak_Panksepp" title="Jaak Panksepp">Jaak Panksepp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margie_Profet" title="Margie Profet">Margie Profet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Richerson" title="Peter Richerson">Peter Richerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Rizzolatti" title="Giacomo Rizzolatti">Giacomo Rizzolatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Thornhill" title="Randy Thornhill">Randy Thornhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trivers" title="Robert Trivers">Robert Trivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carel_van_Schaik" title="Carel van Schaik">Carel van Schaik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Wedekind" title="Claus Wedekind">Claus Wedekind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_West-Eberhard" title="Mary Jane West-Eberhard">Mary Jane West-Eberhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wickler" title="Wolfgang Wickler">Wolfgang Wickler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Christopher_Williams" title="George Christopher Williams">George C. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sloan_Wilson" title="David Sloan Wilson">David Sloan Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wrangham" title="Richard Wrangham">Richard Wrangham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Anthropologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_H._Barkow" title="Jerome H. Barkow">Jerome H. Barkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Boehm" title="Christopher Boehm">Christopher Boehm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyd_(anthropologist)" title="Robert Boyd (anthropologist)">Robert Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Brown_(anthropologist)" title="Donald Brown (anthropologist)">Donald E. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Chagnon" title="Napoleon Chagnon">Napoleon Chagnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Dunbar" title="Robin Dunbar">Robin Dunbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Fessler" title="Daniel Fessler">Daniel Fessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Flinn" title="Mark Flinn">Mark Flinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Hawks" title="John D. Hawks">John D. Hawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henrich" title="Joseph Henrich">Joseph Henrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Mace" title="Ruth Mace">Ruth Mace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nettle" title="Daniel Nettle">Daniel Nettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Shennan" title="Stephen Shennan">Stephen Shennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Symons" title="Donald Symons">Donald Symons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tooby" title="John Tooby">John Tooby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_L._van_den_Berghe" title="Pierre L. van den Berghe">Pierre van den Berghe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Psychologists /<br />cognitive scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ainsworth" title="Mary Ainsworth">Mary Ainsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Baron-Cohen" title="Simon Baron-Cohen">Simon Baron-Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_L._Barrett" title="Justin L. Barrett">Justin L. Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Belsky" title="Jay Belsky">Jay Belsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Bering" title="Jesse Bering">Jesse Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_F._Bjorklund" title="David F. Bjorklund">David F. Bjorklund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bloom_(psychologist)" title="Paul Bloom (psychologist)">Paul Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bowlby" title="John Bowlby">John Bowlby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Boyer" title="Pascal Boyer">Pascal Boyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bulbulia" title="Joseph Bulbulia">Joseph Bulbulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Buss" title="David Buss">David Buss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josep_Call" title="Josep Call">Josep Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Campbell_(academic)" title="Anne Campbell (academic)">Anne Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell">Donald T. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carruthers_(philosopher)" title="Peter Carruthers (philosopher)">Peter Carruthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leda_Cosmides" title="Leda Cosmides">Leda Cosmides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Daly_(professor)" title="Martin Daly (professor)">Martin Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_J._Ellis" title="Bruce J. Ellis">Bruce J. Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Fernald" title="Anne Fernald">Anne Fernald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Jos%C3%A9_Figueredo" title="Aurelio José Figueredo">Aurelio José Figueredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Fleischman" title="Diana Fleischman">Diana Fleischman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uta_Frith" title="Uta Frith">Uta Frith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_G._Gallup" title="Gordon G. Gallup">Gordon G. Gallup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_C._Geary" title="David C. Geary">David C. Geary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Gigerenzer" title="Gerd Gigerenzer">Gerd Gigerenzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gray_(psychologist)" title="Peter Gray (psychologist)">Peter Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Haidt" title="Jonathan Haidt">Jonathan Haidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Rich_Harris" title="Judith Rich Harris">Judith Rich Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martie_Haselton" title="Martie Haselton">Martie Haselton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_and_Stephen_Kaplan" title="Rachel and Stephen Kaplan">Stephen Kaplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_T._Kenrick" title="Douglas T. Kenrick">Douglas T. Kenrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_M._Kirby" title="Simon M. Kirby">Simon M. Kirby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kurzban" title="Robert Kurzban">Robert Kurzban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_MacWhinney" title="Brian MacWhinney">Brian MacWhinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_T._McGuire" title="Michael T. McGuire">Michael T. McGuire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Geoffrey Miller (psychologist)">Geoffrey Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darcia_Narvaez" title="Darcia Narvaez">Darcia Narvaez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Nelson" title="Katherine Nelson">Katherine Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_M._Nesse" title="Randolph M. Nesse">Randolph M. Nesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Neuberg" title="Steven Neuberg">Steven Neuberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Perrett" title="David Perrett">David Perrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Plotkin" title="Henry Plotkin">Henry Plotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rozin" title="Paul Rozin">Paul Rozin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Schaller" title="Mark Schaller">Mark Schaller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_P._Schmitt" title="David P. Schmitt">David P. Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Segal" title="Nancy Segal">Nancy Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd_K._Shackelford" title="Todd K. Shackelford">Todd K. Shackelford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Shepard" title="Roger Shepard">Roger Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Silverman" title="Irwin Silverman">Irwin Silverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_K._Smith" title="Peter K. Smith">Peter K. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Sperber" title="Dan Sperber">Dan Sperber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Stevens_(Jungian_analyst)" title="Anthony Stevens (Jungian analyst)">Anthony Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sulloway" title="Frank Sulloway">Frank Sulloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tomasello" title="Michael Tomasello">Michael Tomasello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Tybur" title="Joshua Tybur">Joshua Tybur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_van_Vugt" title="Mark van Vugt">Mark van Vugt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Whiten" title="Andrew Whiten">Andrew Whiten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Wilson_(psychologist)" title="Glenn Wilson (psychologist)">Glenn Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margo_Wilson" title="Margo Wilson">Margo Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Other<br />social scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Badcock" title="Christopher Badcock">Christopher Badcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bowles_(economist)" title="Samuel Bowles (economist)">Samuel Bowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Fehr" title="Ernst Fehr">Ernst Fehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gintis" title="Herbert Gintis">Herbert Gintis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_D._P._Johnson" title="Dominic D. P. Johnson">Dominic D. P. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gad_Saad" title="Gad Saad">Gad Saad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Literary theorists /<br />philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Carroll_(scholar)" title="Joseph Carroll (scholar)">Joseph Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Dutton" title="Denis Dutton">Denis Dutton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_research_groups_and_centers" title="Evolutionary psychology research groups and centers">Research centers/<br />organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Evolutionary_Psychology" title="Center for Evolutionary Psychology">Center for Evolutionary Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Behavior_and_Evolution_Society" title="Human Behavior and Evolution Society">Human Behavior and Evolution Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Human_Cognitive_and_Brain_Sciences" title="Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences">Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Complex_Systems_Institute" title="New England Complex Systems Institute">New England Complex Systems Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adapted_Mind" title="The Adapted Mind">The Adapted Mind</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_Human_Behavior" title="Evolution and Human Behavior">Evolution and Human Behavior</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Evolution_of_Human_Sexuality" title="The Evolution of Human Sexuality">The Evolution of Human Sexuality</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolution,_Mind_and_Behaviour" title="Evolution, Mind and Behaviour">Evolution, Mind and Behaviour</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_Behavioral_Sciences" title="Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences">Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_Psychology_(journal)" title="Evolutionary Psychology (journal)">Evolutionary Psychology</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Evolutionary_psychology" title="Category:Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121347861">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/59083895">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/36297/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpDHXrRphGtCF97vbJxDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118551698">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79059190">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11907586g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11907586g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00443458">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hobbes, Thomas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV043510">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35198644">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700723&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000083096&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX856588">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/22928">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068469063">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90112326">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000002575&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000012656&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000235881">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=61923">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000026116">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199612493">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/75kmnh8r2fh49ct">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810582426605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/83961">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262636605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521715306706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14219390">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00019916?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:hobbes.thomas">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/254713">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/861416">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118551698.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118551698">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026922932">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6q23zcp">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&oldid=1259133905">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&oldid=1259133905</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thomas_Hobbes" title="Category:Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a></li><li><a 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