CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Sports nutrition - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f2a16ff0-928e-41cd-a244-f05b95385728","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Sports_nutrition","wgTitle":"Sports nutrition","wgCurRevisionId":1259757146,"wgRevisionId":1259757146,"wgArticleId":6112487,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from February 2024","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2024","All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from February 2024","All pages needing factual verification","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2024","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata", "All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2020","Commons category link from Wikidata","Sports nutrition"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Sports_nutrition","wgRelevantArticleId":6112487,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true, "wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q908560","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"} ;RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sport_balls.svg/1200px-Sport_balls.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sport_balls.svg/800px-Sport_balls.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sport_balls.svg/640px-Sport_balls.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Sports nutrition - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_nutrition"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Sports_nutrition&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_nutrition"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Sports_nutrition rootpage-Sports_nutrition skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sports+nutrition" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sports+nutrition" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sports+nutrition" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sports+nutrition" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Factors_influencing_nutritional_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factors_influencing_nutritional_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Factors influencing nutritional requirements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Factors_influencing_nutritional_requirements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Factors influencing nutritional requirements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Factors_influencing_nutritional_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anaerobic_exercise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anaerobic_exercise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Anaerobic exercise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anaerobic_exercise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aerobic_Exercise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aerobic_Exercise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Aerobic Exercise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aerobic_Exercise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supplements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supplements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Supplements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Supplements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Supplements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Supplements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energy_supplements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_supplements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Energy supplements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_supplements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recovery_supplements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recovery_supplements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Recovery supplements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recovery_supplements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance-enhancing_substances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance-enhancing_substances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Performance-enhancing substances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance-enhancing_substances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sports nutrition</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تغذية رياضية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تغذية رياضية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportern%C3%A4hrung" title="Sporternährung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sporternährung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrici%C3%B3n_deportiva" title="Nutrición deportiva – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nutrición deportiva" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%B0%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="تغذیه ورزشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تغذیه ورزشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimentation_du_sportif" title="Alimentation du sportif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alimentation du sportif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrisi_olahraga" title="Nutrisi olahraga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nutrisi olahraga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98" title="תזונת ספורט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תזונת ספורט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Спортска исхрана – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Спортска исхрана" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBywienie_sportowc%C3%B3w" title="Żywienie sportowców – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żywienie sportowców" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutri%C3%A7%C3%A3o_esportiva" title="Nutrição esportiva – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nutrição esportiva" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Спортивное питание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спортивное питание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0portna_prehrana" title="Športna prehrana – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Športna prehrana" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheilijan_ravitsemus" title="Urheilijan ravitsemus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Urheilijan ravitsemus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spor_beslenmesi" title="Spor beslenmesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Spor beslenmesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Спортивне харчування – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Спортивне харчування" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q908560#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sports_nutrition" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Sports_nutrition" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sports_nutrition"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sports_nutrition&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sports_nutrition&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sports_nutrition"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sports_nutrition&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sports_nutrition&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Sports_nutrition" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Sports_nutrition" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sports_nutrition&oldid=1259757146" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sports_nutrition&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Sports_nutrition&id=1259757146&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSports_nutrition"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSports_nutrition"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sports_nutrition&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sports_nutrition&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sports_nutrition" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q908560" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Study and practice of nutrition to improve performance</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sport_balls.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sport_balls.svg/220px-Sport_balls.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sport_balls.svg/330px-Sport_balls.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sport_balls.svg/440px-Sport_balls.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Nutrition is important in all sports</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sports nutrition</b> is the study and practice of <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutrition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">diet</a> with regards to improving anyone's athletic performance. Nutrition is an important part of many sports training regimens, being popular in strength sports (such as <a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">weightlifting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding" title="Bodybuilding">bodybuilding</a>) and endurance sports (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">cycling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Running" title="Running">running</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_swimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Human swimming">swimming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rowing" title="Rowing">rowing</a>). Sports nutrition focuses its studies on the type, as well as the quantity of fluids and food taken by an athlete. In addition, it deals with the consumption of nutrients such as <a href="/wiki/Vitamins" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamins">vitamins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Minerals">minerals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">supplements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic</a> substances that include <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">proteins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fats</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Factors_influencing_nutritional_requirements">Factors influencing nutritional requirements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sports_nutrition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Factors influencing nutritional requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Differing conditions and objectives suggest the need for athletes to ensure that their sports nutritional approach is appropriate for their situation. Factors that may affect an athlete's nutritional needs include type of activity (aerobic vs. anaerobic), gender, weight, height, body mass index, workout or activity stage (pre-workout, intro-workout, recovery), and time of day (e.g. some nutrients are utilized by the body more effectively during sleep than while awake). Most culprits that get in the way of performance are fatigue, injury and soreness. A proper diet will reduce these disturbances in performance. The key to a proper diet is to get a variety of food, and to consume all the macro-nutrients, vitamins, and minerals needed. According to Eblere's article (2008), it is ideal to choose raw foods, for example unprocessed foods such as oranges instead of orange juice. Eating foods that are natural means the athlete is getting the most nutritional value out of the food. When foods are processed, the nutritional value is normally reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender">Gender</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sports_nutrition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are obvious physical differences between male and female anatomy, while physiology is the same for the most part, how they metabolize nutrients will vary. Men have less total body fat but tend to carry most of their fat in the <a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">adipose tissue</a> of their abdominal region. Adipose tissue is indirectly mediated by androgen receptors in muscle.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, women have more total body fat that is carried in the <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue" title="Subcutaneous tissue">subcutaneous layer</a> of their hip region. Women metabolize glucose by direct and indirect control of expression of enzymes.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anaerobic_exercise">Anaerobic exercise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sports_nutrition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anaerobic exercise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weightlifting_pictogram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Weightlifting_pictogram.svg/220px-Weightlifting_pictogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Weightlifting_pictogram.svg/330px-Weightlifting_pictogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Weightlifting_pictogram.svg/440px-Weightlifting_pictogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Weightlifting is an anaerobic exercise</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_exercise" title="Anaerobic exercise">anaerobic exercise</a>, the process of <a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">glycolysis</a> breaks down the sugars from carbohydrates for energy without the use of oxygen. This type of exercise occurs in physical activity such as power sprints, strength resistances and quick explosive movement where the muscles are being used for power and speed, with short-time energy use. After this type of exercise, there is a need to refill <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a> storage sites in the body (the long simple sugar chains in the body that store energy), although they are not likely fully depleted. </p><p>To compensate for this glycogen reduction, athletes will often take in large amounts of carbohydrates, immediately following their exercise. Typically, high-glycemic-index carbohydrates are preferred for their ability to rapidly raise blood glucose levels. For the purpose of protein synthesis, protein or individual <a href="/wiki/Amino_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino acids">amino acids</a> are ingested as well. <a href="/wiki/Branched-chain_amino_acid" title="Branched-chain amino acid">Branched-chain amino acids</a> are important since they are most responsible for the synthesis of protein. According to Lemon et al. (1995) female endurance runners have the hardest time getting enough protein in their diet. Endurance athletes in general need more protein in their diet than the sedentary person. Research has shown that endurance athletes are recommended to have 1.2 to 1.4 g of protein per kg of body weight in order to repair damaged tissue. If the athlete consumes too few calories for the body's needs, lean tissue will be broken down for energy and repair. Protein deficiency can cause many problems such as early and extreme fatigue, particularly long recovery, and poor wound healing. Complete proteins such as <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egg_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg as food">eggs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy">soy</a> provide the athlete with all essential amino acids for synthesizing new tissues. However, vegetarian and vegan athletes frequently combine <a href="/wiki/Legumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Legumes">legumes</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Whole_grain" title="Whole grain">whole grain</a> to provide the body with a complete protein across the day's food intake.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A popular combination being rice and beans.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spada's research on endurance sports nutrition (2000) and where the types of carbohydrates come from will be explained. He advises for carbohydrates to be unprocessed and/or whole grains for optimal performance while training. These carbohydrates offer the most fuel, nutritional value, and satiety. Fruits and vegetables contribute important carbohydrate foundation for an athlete's diet. They provide vitamins and minerals that are lost through exercise and later needed to be replenished. Both fruits and vegetables improve healing, aid in recovery, and reduce risks of cancer, high blood pressure, and constipation. Vegetables offer a little more nutritional value than fruits for the amount of calories, therefore an athlete should strive to eat more vegetables than fruits. Dark-colored vegetables usually have more nutritional value than pale colored ones. A general rule is the darker the color the more nutrient dense it is. Like all foods, it is very important to have a variety. To get the most nutritional value out of fruits and vegetables it is important to eat them in their natural, unprocessed form without <a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">added nutrients</a> or sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Often in the continuation of this anaerobic exercise, the product from this metabolic mechanism builds up in what is called <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_fermentation" title="Lactic acid fermentation">lactic acid fermentation</a>. Lactate is produced more quickly than it is being removed and it serves to regenerate NAD<sup>+</sup> cells on where it's needed. During intense exercise when oxygen is not being used, a high amount of <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a> is produced and pH levels fall causing <a href="/wiki/Acidosis" title="Acidosis">acidosis</a> or more specifically <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acidosis" title="Lactic acidosis">lactic acidosis</a>. Lactic acid build up can be treated by staying well-hydrated throughout and especially after the workout, having an efficient <a href="/wiki/Cool_down" class="mw-redirect" title="Cool down">cool down</a> routine and good post-workout stretching.<sup id="cite_ref-Delamere,_Nicholas_2009_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delamere,_Nicholas_2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intense activity can cause significant and permanent damage to bodily tissues. In order to repair, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Antioxidants" class="mw-redirect" title="Antioxidants">antioxidants</a> are needed to protect muscle damage. Oxidation damage and muscle tissue breakdown happens during endurance running so athletes need to eat foods high in protein in order to repair these muscle tissues. It is important for female endurance runners to consume proper nutrients in their diet that will repair, fuel, and minimize fatigue and injury. To keep a female runner's body performing at its best, the ten nutrients need to be included in their diets.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2020)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aerobic_Exercise">Aerobic Exercise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sports_nutrition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aerobic Exercise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aerobic exercise is also known as cardio because it is a form of cardiovascular conditioning. This includes exercises such as running, cycling, swimming and rowing. Athletes involved in aerobic exercise are typically looking to increase their <a href="/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance">endurance</a>. These athletes are training their slow twitch muscle fibers to be better at taking in oxygen and getting it to their muscles. This is done by two mechanisms, <a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">glycolysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration#Aerobic_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">aerobic respiration</a>. Anaerobic glycolysis is also referred to as the "short term energy system", and is mostly used for high-intensity training, such as sprinting, and any sports which require quick bursts of speed. Slow twitch muscles are smaller in diameter and are slow to contract. These fibers don’t store much glycogen, instead they use <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> to generate energy. With a high concentration of myoglobin that stores oxygen, the slow twitch muscle fibers have plenty of oxygen to function properly.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These factors help make slow twitch muscle fibers fatigue resistant so athletes can have endurance in their sport. There are many options for supplements that athletes can take to assist with endurance like <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guarana" title="Guarana">guarana</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supplements">Supplements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sports_nutrition&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Supplements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dietary supplements contain one or more dietary ingredients (including vitamins; minerals; amino acids; herbs or other botanicals; and other substances) or their constituents is intended to be taken by mouth as a pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Athletes may choose to consider taking <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplements</a> to assist in improving their athletic performance.<sup id="cite_ref-Maughan,_Ronald_J._20012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maughan,_Ronald_J._20012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many other supplements out there that include performance enhancing supplements (steroids, blood doping, creatine, human growth hormone), energy supplements (caffeine), and supplements that aid in recovery (protein, BCAAs). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_supplements">Energy supplements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sports_nutrition&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Energy supplements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Athletes sometimes turn to energy supplements to increase their ability to exercise more often. Common supplements to increase an athlete's energy include: Caffeine, Guarana, Vitamin B12, and Asian ginseng.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guarana is another supplement that athletes take to enhance their athletic ability, it is frequently used for weight loss and as an energy supplement.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a>, a common energy supplement, can be found in many different forms such as pills, tablets or capsules, and can also be found in common foods, such as coffee and tea. A 2009 study from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas">University of Texas</a> reports that caffeinated energy drinks increase sporting performance. They found that after drinking an energy drink, 83% of participants improved their physical activity parameters by an average of 4.7%. This was attributed to the effects of caffeine, sucrose and Vitamin B in the drink - however scientific consensus does not support the efficacy of using Vitamin B as a performance enhancer. To explain the performance improvement the writers report an increase in blood levels of <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta-Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Endorphin">beta-Endorphin</a>. The adenosine receptor antagonism of caffeine accounts for the first two, while the latter is accounted for by the <a href="/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise" title="Neurobiological effects of physical exercise">Neurobiological effects of physical exercise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caffeine has been around since the 1900s and became popularly used in the 1970s when its power of masking fatigue became highly recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-ApplegateElizabeth2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApplegateElizabeth2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the caffeine found in energy drinks and coffee shows an increased reaction performance and feelings of energy, focus and alertness in quickness and reaction anaerobic power tests. In other words, consuming an energy drink or any drink with caffeine increases short time/rapid exercise performance (like short full-speed sprints and heavy power weight lifting).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caffeine is chemically similar to adenosine, a type of sugar that helps in the regulation of important body processes, including the firing of neurotransmitters. Caffeine takes the place of adenosine in your brain, attaching itself to the same neural receptors affected by adenosine, and causing your neurons to fire more rapidly, hence caffeine's stimulating effects.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carbohydrates are also a very common form of energy supplements, as all sugars are carbohydrates. Products like <a href="/wiki/Gatorade" title="Gatorade">Gatorade</a> and Powerade are formulated with simple sugars such as sucrose and dextrose. Carbohydrates are necessary as they maintain blood glucose levels and restore muscle glycogen levels.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recovery_supplements">Recovery supplements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sports_nutrition&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Recovery supplements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Common supplements to help athletes recover from exercising include <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Essential_amino_acid" title="Essential amino acid">amino acid</a> supplements. The main use for athletes to take dietary proteins are enhance muscle repair and growth.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intake of protein is a part of the nutrient requirements for the normal athlete and is an important component of exercise training. In addition, it aids in performance and recovery. A 2018 meta-review recommended that individuals may take up to 1.6 g/kg/day of protein with a <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval">confidence interval</a> spanning from 1.03 to 2.20 so “it may be prudent to recommend ~2.2 g protein/kg/d for those seeking to maximise resistance training-induced gains in FFM.”.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_Murphy_McKellar_et_al_2018_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton_Murphy_McKellar_et_al_2018-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FFM is an abbreviation for <a href="/wiki/Fat_free_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat free mass">fat free mass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_Murphy_McKellar_et_al_2018_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton_Murphy_McKellar_et_al_2018-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dietary protein intake for well-trained athletes should occur before, during and after physical activity as it is advantageous in gaining muscle mass and strength.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In healthy individuals with good kidney function there is no evidence that consuming a high protein diet has any deleterious effects.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bountiful protein diet must be paired with a healthy, well-rounded meal plan and regular resistance exercise. Characteristics of this particular diet include the type of exercise, intensity, duration and carbohydrate values of diet.<sup id="cite_ref-LawrenceMarvin2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LawrenceMarvin2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Post-exercise nutrition is an important factor in a nutrition plan for athletes as it pertains to the recovery of the body. Traditionally, sports drinks such as Gatorade and Powerade, are consumed during and after exercise because they effectively rehydrate the body by refueling the body with carbohydrates,<sup id="cite_ref-Coombes_Hamilton_2000_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coombes_Hamilton_2000-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> minerals and electrolytes. Electrolytes regulate the body's nerve and muscle function, blood pH, blood pressure, and the rebuilding of damaged tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These types of drink are commonly made of the carbohydrates glucose and sucrose in water<sup id="cite_ref-Coombes_Hamilton_2000_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coombes_Hamilton_2000-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been seen to improve the football players' performance.<sup id="cite_ref-ApplegateElizabeth2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApplegateElizabeth2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A substitute for sports drinks is <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, which contains many electrolytes, carbohydrates, and other elements that help to make it a more effective post-exercise beverage than traditional sports drinks.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is true that milk helps replace fluids and electrolytes lost after the athlete has worked out. A recovery drink is supposed to replenish the sugar lost, and help recover the muscles to be able to workout at full intensity by the next time they workout. When compared to plain water or sports drinks, research supported by the Dairy and Nutrition Council suggests that <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_milk" title="Chocolate milk">chocolate milk</a> is more effective at replacing fluids lost through sweat and maintaining normal body fluid levels. Athletes drinking chocolate milk following exercise-induced dehydration had fluid levels about 2 percent higher (on initial body mass) than those using other post-exercise recovery beverages. These results allowed for prolonged performance, especially in repeated bouts of exercise or training.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance-enhancing_substances">Performance-enhancing substances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sports_nutrition&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Performance-enhancing substances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Performance-enhancing_substance" title="Performance-enhancing substance">Performance-enhancing substance</a></div> <p>In the extreme case of <a href="/wiki/Performance-enhancing_substance" title="Performance-enhancing substance">performance-enhancing substances</a>, athletes, particularly bodybuilders may choose to use illegal substances such as <a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic steroids">anabolic steroids</a>. These compounds which are related to the hormone testosterone, can quickly build mass and strength, but have many adverse effects such as high blood pressure and negative gender specific effects. <a href="/wiki/Blood_doping" title="Blood doping">Blood doping</a>, another illegal <a href="/wiki/Ergogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergogenic">ergogenic</a>, was discovered in the 1940s when it was used by World War II pilots.<sup id="cite_ref-ApplegateElizabeth2_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApplegateElizabeth2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blood doping also known as blood transfusions, increases oxygen delivery to exercising tissues and has been demonstrated to improve performance in endurance sports, such as long-distance cycling.<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkinson,_David_M._20082_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkinson,_David_M._20082-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blood doping is banned by International Olympic Committee and other International Sport Authorities and Federations.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sports_Nutrition_Supplements.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sports_Nutrition_Supplements.jpg/220px-Sports_Nutrition_Supplements.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sports_Nutrition_Supplements.jpg/330px-Sports_Nutrition_Supplements.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sports_Nutrition_Supplements.jpg/440px-Sports_Nutrition_Supplements.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>An assortment of supplements.</figcaption></figure> <p>The supplement <a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">creatine</a> may be helpful for well-trained athletes to increase exercise performance and strength in relation with their dietary regimen.<sup id="cite_ref-LawrenceMarvin2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LawrenceMarvin2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other popular studies done on supplements include androstenedione, chromium, and ephedra. The findings show that there are no substantial benefits from the extra intake of these supplements, yet higher health risks and costs.<sup id="cite_ref-LawrenceMarvin2_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LawrenceMarvin2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sports_nutrition&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dietary_supplements" title="Category:Dietary supplements">Category:Dietary supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_bar" title="Energy bar">Energy bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein (nutrient)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_drink" title="Sports drink">Sports drink</a>/<a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">Energy drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multivitamin" title="Multivitamin">Multivitamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninja_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninja diet">Ninja diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding" title="Bodybuilding">Bodybuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding_supplements" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodybuilding supplements">Bodybuilding supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-protein_diet" title="High-protein diet">High-protein diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritionist" title="Nutritionist">Nutritionist</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sports_nutrition&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEberle,_S._G" class="citation journal cs1">Eberle, S. G. "Endurance sports nutrition". <i>Fitness Magazine</i>. <b>24</b> (6): 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fitness+Magazine&rft.atitle=Endurance+sports+nutrition&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=25&rft.au=Eberle%2C+S.+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASports+nutrition" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)"><span title="Material near this tag may rely on an unreliable or less reliable medical source. (February 2024)">unreliable medical source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavarroAllardXuMauvais-Jarvis2015" class="citation journal cs1">Navarro, Guadalupe; Allard, Camille; Xu, Weiwei; Mauvais-Jarvis, Franck (April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4380643">"The role of androgens in metabolism, obesity, and diabetes in males and females"</a>. <i>Obesity</i>. <b>23</b> (4): 713–719. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Foby.21033">10.1002/oby.21033</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4380643">4380643</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25755205">25755205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obesity&rft.atitle=The+role+of+androgens+in+metabolism%2C+obesity%2C+and+diabetes+in+males+and+females&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=713-719&rft.date=2015-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4380643%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25755205&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Foby.21033&rft.aulast=Navarro&rft.aufirst=Guadalupe&rft.au=Allard%2C+Camille&rft.au=Xu%2C+Weiwei&rft.au=Mauvais-Jarvis%2C+Franck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4380643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASports+nutrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLizcanoGuzmán2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lizcano, Fernando; Guzmán, Guillermo (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3964739">"Estrogen Deficiency and the Origin of Obesity during Menopause"</a>. <i>BioMed Research International</i>. <b>2014</b>: 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2014%2F757461">10.1155/2014/757461</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3964739">3964739</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24734243">24734243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioMed+Research+International&rft.atitle=Estrogen+Deficiency+and+the+Origin+of+Obesity+during+Menopause&rft.volume=2014&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3964739%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24734243&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2014%2F757461&rft.aulast=Lizcano&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft.au=Guzm%C3%A1n%2C+Guillermo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3964739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASports+nutrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJurek2012" class="citation book cs1">Jurek, Scott (2012). <i>Eat and Run</i>. London: Bloomsbury.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eat+and+Run&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Jurek&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASports+nutrition" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemon_P.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Lemon P. (1995). "Do athletes need more dietary protein and amino acids?". <i>International Journal of Sport Nutrition</i>. <b>5</b>: 39–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1123%2Fijsn.5.s1.s39">10.1123/ijsn.5.s1.s39</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7550257">7550257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Sport+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Do+athletes+need+more+dietary+protein+and+amino+acids%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=39-61&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1123%2Fijsn.5.s1.s39&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7550257&rft.au=Lemon+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASports+nutrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpada2000" class="citation journal cs1">Spada, R (December 2000). "Endurance Sports Nutrition". <i>Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness</i>. <b>40</b> (4): 381–382. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/202681008">202681008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sports+Medicine+and+Physical+Fitness&rft.atitle=Endurance+Sports+Nutrition&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=381-382&rft.date=2000-12&rft.aulast=Spada&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASports+nutrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Delamere,_Nicholas_2009-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Delamere,_Nicholas_2009_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Delamere, Nicholas, and Claudia Stanescu. "Muscle Energetics." Physiology 201. University of Arizona, Tucson. 25, 27, 29 Mar. 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRokitzki_L.1994" class="citation journal cs1">Rokitzki L. (1994). "Alpha-tocopherol supplementation in racing cyclist during extreme endurance training". <i>International Journal of Sport Nutrition</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 253–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1123%2Fijsn.4.3.253">10.1123/ijsn.4.3.253</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7987360">7987360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Sport+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Alpha-tocopherol+supplementation+in+racing+cyclist+during+extreme+endurance+training&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=253-64&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1123%2Fijsn.4.3.253&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7987360&rft.au=Rokitzki+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASports+nutrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaladin2018" class="citation book cs1">Saladin, Kenneth (2018). <i>Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function</i>. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 307–395. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-259-27772-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-259-27772-6"><bdi>978-1-259-27772-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+and+Physiology%3A+The+Unity+of+Form+and+Function&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=307-395&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-259-27772-6&rft.aulast=Saladin&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASports+nutrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Background Information: Dietary Supplements — Health Professional Fact Sheet." U.S National Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 24 June 2011. Web. 04 Nov. 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maughan,_Ronald_J._20012-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maughan,_Ronald_J._20012_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaughan2001" class="citation journal cs1">Maughan, Ronald J. (March 2001). "Sports nutrition: what is it?". <i>Nutrition</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0899-9007%2800%2900544-x">10.1016/s0899-9007(00)00544-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11312077">11312077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrition&rft.atitle=Sports+nutrition%3A+what+is+it%3F&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=270&rft.date=2001-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0899-9007%2800%2900544-x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11312077&rft.aulast=Maughan&rft.aufirst=Ronald+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASports+nutrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooth2017" class="citation news cs1">Booth, Stephanie (27 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webmd.com/balance/features/energy-boosting-supplements">"Energy Boosters: Can Supplements and Vitamins Help?"</a>. <i>WebMD</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WebMD&rft.atitle=Energy+Boosters%3A+Can+Supplements+and+Vitamins+Help%3F&rft.date=2017-10-27&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Fbalance%2Ffeatures%2Fenergy-boosting-supplements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASports+nutrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-935/guarana">"GUARANA: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews"</a>. <i>WebMD</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WebMD&rft.atitle=GUARANA%3A+Overview%2C+Uses%2C+Side+Effects%2C+Precautions%2C+Interactions%2C+Dosing+and+Reviews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Fvitamins%2Fai%2Fingredientmono-935%2Fguarana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASports+nutrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvyKammerDingWang2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ivy, John L.; Kammer, Lynne; Ding, Zhenping; Wang, Bei; Bernard, Jeffrey R.; Liao, Yi-Hung; Hwang, Jungyun (February 2009). "Improved Cycling Time-Trial Performance after Ingestion of a Caffeine Energy Drink". <i>International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 61–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1123%2Fijsnem.19.1.61">10.1123/ijsnem.19.1.61</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19403954">19403954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Sport+Nutrition+and+Exercise+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Improved+Cycling+Time-Trial+Performance+after+Ingestion+of+a+Caffeine+Energy+Drink&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-78&rft.date=2009-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1123%2Fijsnem.19.1.61&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19403954&rft.aulast=Ivy&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft.au=Kammer%2C+Lynne&rft.au=Ding%2C+Zhenping&rft.au=Wang%2C+Bei&rft.au=Bernard%2C+Jeffrey+R.&rft.au=Liao%2C+Yi-Hung&rft.au=Hwang%2C+Jungyun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASports+nutrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ApplegateElizabeth2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ApplegateElizabeth2_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ApplegateElizabeth2_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ApplegateElizabeth2_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApplegateGrivetti1997" class="citation journal cs1">Applegate, Elizabeth A.; Grivetti, Louis E. (May 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F127.5.869S">"Search for the Competitive Edge: A History of Dietary Fads and Supplements"</a>. <i>The Journal of Nutrition</i>. <b>127</b> (5): 869S–873S. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F127.5.869S">10.1093/jn/127.5.869S</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9164254">9164254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Search+for+the+Competitive+Edge%3A+A+History+of+Dietary+Fads+and+Supplements&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=869S-873S&rft.date=1997-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjn%2F127.5.869S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9164254&rft.aulast=Applegate&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A.&rft.au=Grivetti%2C+Louis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjn%252F127.5.869S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASports+nutrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmanKangRatamessHoffman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hoffman, Jay R; Kang, Jie; Ratamess, Nicholas A; Hoffman, Mattan W; Tranchina, Christopher P; Faigenbaum, Avery D (6 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2621122">"Examination of a pre-exercise, high energy supplement on exercise performance"</a>. <i>Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1550-2783-6-2">10.1186/1550-2783-6-2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2621122">2621122</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19126213">19126213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Society+of+Sports+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Examination+of+a+pre-exercise%2C+high+energy+supplement+on+exercise+performance&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2009-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2621122%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19126213&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1550-2783-6-2&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Jay+R&rft.au=Kang%2C+Jie&rft.au=Ratamess%2C+Nicholas+A&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+Mattan+W&rft.au=Tranchina%2C+Christopher+P&rft.au=Faigenbaum%2C+Avery+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2621122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASports+nutrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Side Effects of Caffeine / Nutrition / Healthy Eating.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (February 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (February 2024)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNancy_R._RodriguezNancy_M._DiMarcoSusie_Langley2010" class="citation web cs1">Nancy R. Rodriguez; Nancy M. DiMarco; Susie Langley (1 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/717046_2">"Nutrition and Athletic Performance"</a>. <i>Medscape</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medscape&rft.atitle=Nutrition+and+Athletic+Performance&rft.date=2010-03-01&rft.au=Nancy+R.+Rodriguez&rft.au=Nancy+M.+DiMarco&rft.au=Susie+Langley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medscape.com%2Fviewarticle%2F717046_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASports+nutrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguezDimarcoLangleyAmerican_Dietetic_Association2009" class="citation journal cs1">Rodriguez, N. R.; Dimarco, N. M.; Langley, S.; American Dietetic Association; Dietitians Of, Canada; American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance (March 2009). "Position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance". <i>Journal of the American Dietetic Association</i>. <b>109</b> (3): 509–527. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jada.2009.01.005">10.1016/j.jada.2009.01.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19278045">19278045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Dietetic+Association&rft.atitle=Position+of+the+American+Dietetic+Association%2C+Dietitians+of+Canada%2C+and+the+American+College+of+Sports+Medicine%3A+Nutrition+and+Athletic+Performance&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=509-527&rft.date=2009-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jada.2009.01.005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19278045&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=N.+R.&rft.au=Dimarco%2C+N.+M.&rft.au=Langley%2C+S.&rft.au=American+Dietetic+Association&rft.au=Dietitians+Of%2C+Canada&rft.au=American+College+of+Sports+Medicine%3A+Nutrition+and+Athletic+Performance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASports+nutrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhrendt2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ahrendt, Dale M (1 March 2001). "Ergogenic aids: counseling the athlete". <i>American Family Physician</i>. <b>63</b> (5): 913–922. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11261867">11261867</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/234269755">234269755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Family+Physician&rft.atitle=Ergogenic+aids%3A+counseling+the+athlete.&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=913-922&rft.date=2001-03-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11261867&rft.aulast=Ahrendt&rft.aufirst=Dale+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASports+nutrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morton_Murphy_McKellar_et_al_2018-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morton_Murphy_McKellar_et_al_2018_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morton_Murphy_McKellar_et_al_2018_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortonMurphyMcKellarSchoenfeld2018" class="citation journal cs1">Morton, Robert W; Murphy, Kevin T; McKellar, Sean R; Schoenfeld, Brad J; Henselmans, Menno; Helms, Eric; Aragon, Alan A; Devries, Michaela C; Banfield, Laura; Krieger, James W; Phillips, Stuart M (March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5867436">"A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults"</a>. <i>British Journal of Sports Medicine</i>. <b>52</b> (6): 376–384. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjsports-2017-097608">10.1136/bjsports-2017-097608</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5867436">5867436</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28698222">28698222</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/2009540906">2009540906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Sports+Medicine&rft.atitle=A+systematic+review%2C+meta-analysis+and+meta-regression+of+the+effect+of+protein+supplementation+on+resistance+training-induced+gains+in+muscle+mass+and+strength+in+healthy+adults&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=376-384&rft.date=2018-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5867436%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28698222&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbjsports-2017-097608&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Robert+W&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Kevin+T&rft.au=McKellar%2C+Sean+R&rft.au=Schoenfeld%2C+Brad+J&rft.au=Henselmans%2C+Menno&rft.au=Helms%2C+Eric&rft.au=Aragon%2C+Alan+A&rft.au=Devries%2C+Michaela+C&rft.au=Banfield%2C+Laura&rft.au=Krieger%2C+James+W&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Stuart+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5867436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASports+nutrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellKreiderZiegenfussLa_Bounty2007" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Bill; Kreider, Richard B; Ziegenfuss, Tim; La Bounty, Paul; Roberts, Mike; Burke, Darren; Landis, Jamie; Lopez, Hector; Antonio, Jose (13 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2117006">"International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: protein and exercise"</a>. <i>Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1550-2783-4-8">10.1186/1550-2783-4-8</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2117006">2117006</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17908291">17908291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Society+of+Sports+Nutrition&rft.atitle=International+Society+of+Sports+Nutrition+position+stand%3A+protein+and+exercise&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2007-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2117006%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17908291&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1550-2783-4-8&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Kreider%2C+Richard+B&rft.au=Ziegenfuss%2C+Tim&rft.au=La+Bounty%2C+Paul&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Mike&rft.au=Burke%2C+Darren&rft.au=Landis%2C+Jamie&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Hector&rft.au=Antonio%2C+Jose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2117006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASports+nutrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonioEllerbroekSilverOrris2015" class="citation journal cs1">Antonio, Jose; Ellerbroek, Anya; Silver, Tobin; Orris, Steve; Scheiner, Max; Gonzalez, Adriana; Peacock, Corey A (20 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4617900">"A high protein diet (3.4 g/kg/d) combined with a heavy resistance training program improves body composition in healthy trained men and women – a follow-up investigation"</a>. <i>Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12970-015-0100-0">10.1186/s12970-015-0100-0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4617900">4617900</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26500462">26500462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Society+of+Sports+Nutrition&rft.atitle=A+high+protein+diet+%283.4+g%2Fkg%2Fd%29+combined+with+a+heavy+resistance+training+program+improves+body+composition+in+healthy+trained+men+and+women+%E2%80%93+a+follow-up+investigation&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39&rft.date=2015-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4617900%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26500462&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12970-015-0100-0&rft.aulast=Antonio&rft.aufirst=Jose&rft.au=Ellerbroek%2C+Anya&rft.au=Silver%2C+Tobin&rft.au=Orris%2C+Steve&rft.au=Scheiner%2C+Max&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+Adriana&rft.au=Peacock%2C+Corey+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4617900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASports+nutrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LawrenceMarvin2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LawrenceMarvin2_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LawrenceMarvin2_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LawrenceMarvin2_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrenceKirby2002" class="citation journal cs1">Lawrence, Marvin E.; Kirby, Donald F. (October 2002). "Nutrition and Sports Supplements: Fact or Fiction". <i>Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology</i>. <b>35</b> (4): 299–306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00004836-200210000-00005">10.1097/00004836-200210000-00005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12352292">12352292</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43891208">43891208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Nutrition+and+Sports+Supplements%3A+Fact+or+Fiction&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=299-306&rft.date=2002-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43891208%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12352292&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00004836-200210000-00005&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Marvin+E.&rft.au=Kirby%2C+Donald+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASports+nutrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coombes_Hamilton_2000-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coombes_Hamilton_2000_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coombes_Hamilton_2000_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoombesHamilton2000" class="citation journal cs1">Coombes, Jeff S.; Hamilton, Karyn L. (2000). "The Effectiveness of Commercially Available Sports Drinks". <i>Sports Medicine</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 181–209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00007256-200029030-00004">10.2165/00007256-200029030-00004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10739268">10739268</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12040176">12040176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Effectiveness+of+Commercially+Available+Sports+Drinks&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=181-209&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12040176%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10739268&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2165%2F00007256-200029030-00004&rft.aulast=Coombes&rft.aufirst=Jeff+S.&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+Karyn+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASports+nutrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelman2017" class="citation news cs1">Felman, Adam (20 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/153188">"Electrolytes: Uses, imbalance, and supplementation"</a>. <i>Medical News Today</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+News+Today&rft.atitle=Electrolytes%3A+Uses%2C+imbalance%2C+and+supplementation&rft.date=2017-11-20&rft.aulast=Felman&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2F153188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASports+nutrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesbrowJansenBarrettLeveritt2014" class="citation journal cs1">Desbrow, Ben; Jansen, Sarah; Barrett, Abby; Leveritt, Michael D.; Irwin, Christopher (December 2014). "Comparing the rehydration potential of different milk-based drinks to a carbohydrate–electrolyte beverage". <i>Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism</i>. <b>39</b> (12): 1366–1372. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fapnm-2014-0174">10.1139/apnm-2014-0174</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10072%2F65385">10072/65385</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25315686">25315686</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Gale_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale (identifier)">Gale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA395847067">A395847067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Physiology%2C+Nutrition%2C+and+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Comparing+the+rehydration+potential+of+different+milk-based+drinks+to+a+carbohydrate%E2%80%93electrolyte+beverage&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1366-1372&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10072%2F65385&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25315686&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fapnm-2014-0174&rft.aulast=Desbrow&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Jansen%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Barrett%2C+Abby&rft.au=Leveritt%2C+Michael+D.&rft.au=Irwin%2C+Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASports+nutrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarpJohnstonTecklenburgMickleborough2006" class="citation journal cs1">Karp, Jason R.; Johnston, Jeanne D.; Tecklenburg, Sandra; Mickleborough, Timothy D.; Fly, Alyce D.; Stager, Joel M. (February 2006). "Chocolate Milk as a Post-Exercise Recovery Aid". <i>International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 78–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1123%2Fijsnem.16.1.78">10.1123/ijsnem.16.1.78</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16676705">16676705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Sport+Nutrition+and+Exercise+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Chocolate+Milk+as+a+Post-Exercise+Recovery+Aid&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=78-91&rft.date=2006-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1123%2Fijsnem.16.1.78&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16676705&rft.aulast=Karp&rft.aufirst=Jason+R.&rft.au=Johnston%2C+Jeanne+D.&rft.au=Tecklenburg%2C+Sandra&rft.au=Mickleborough%2C+Timothy+D.&rft.au=Fly%2C+Alyce+D.&rft.au=Stager%2C+Joel+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASports+nutrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jenkinson,_David_M._20082-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jenkinson,_David_M._20082_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkinsonHarbert2008" class="citation journal cs1">Jenkinson, David M; Harbert, Allison J (1 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/1101/p1039.html">"Supplements and sports"</a>. <i>American Family Physician</i>. <b>78</b> (9): 1039–46. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19007050">19007050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Family+Physician&rft.atitle=Supplements+and+sports&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1039-46&rft.date=2008-11-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19007050&rft.aulast=Jenkinson&rft.aufirst=David+M&rft.au=Harbert%2C+Allison+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aafp.org%2Fpubs%2Fafp%2Fissues%2F2008%2F1101%2Fp1039.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASports+nutrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLippiGuidi1999" class="citation journal cs1">Lippi, G; Guidi, G (September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/minerva-medica/article.php?cod=R10Y1999N09A0345">"Doping and sports"</a>. <i>Minerva Medica</i>. <b>90</b> (9): 345–357. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10719440">10719440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minerva+Medica&rft.atitle=Doping+and+sports&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=345-357&rft.date=1999-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10719440&rft.aulast=Lippi&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Guidi%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minervamedica.it%2Fen%2Fjournals%2Fminerva-medica%2Farticle.php%3Fcod%3DR10Y1999N09A0345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASports+nutrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sports_nutrition&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sports_nutrition" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sports nutrition">Sports nutrition</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sportsnutritionsociety.org/">The International Society of Sports Nutrition</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jn.nutrition.org/">Journal of Sports Nutrition</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europeanhydrationinstitute.org/physical_activity.html">Tips to good hydration during physical activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fnic.nal.usda.gov/lifecycle-nutrition/fitness-and-sports-nutrition/nutrition-athletes">Nutrition for Athletes of all ages, contains many good links.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Meals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Meals_navbox" title="Template:Meals navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Meals_navbox" title="Template talk:Meals navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Meals_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Meals navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Meals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meals</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common meals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suhur" title="Suhur">Suhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakfast" title="Breakfast">Breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_breakfast" title="Second breakfast">Second breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevenses" title="Elevenses">Elevenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)" title="Break (work)">Coffee break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunch" title="Brunch">Brunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunch" title="Lunch">Lunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_(meal)" title="Tea (meal)">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merienda" title="Merienda">Merienda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiffin" title="Tiffin">Tiffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinner" title="Dinner">Dinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supper" title="Supper">Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iftar" title="Iftar">Iftar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siu_yeh" title="Siu yeh">Siu yeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components<br />and <a href="/wiki/Course_(food)" title="Course (food)">courses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif_and_digestif" title="Apéritif and digestif">Apéritif and digestif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hors_d%27oeuvre" title="Hors d'oeuvre">Hors d'oeuvre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amuse-bouche" title="Amuse-bouche">Amuse-bouche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">Soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entr%C3%A9e" title="Entrée">Entrée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_course" title="Main course">Main course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salad" title="Salad">Salad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_dish" title="Side dish">Side dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entremets" class="mw-redirect" title="Entremets">Entremets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessert" title="Dessert">Dessert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoury_(dish)" title="Savoury (dish)">Savoury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal_replacement" title="Meal replacement">Meal replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snack" title="Snack">Snack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foodservice#Table_service" title="Foodservice">Table service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffet" title="Buffet">Buffet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5sbord" class="mw-redirect" title="Smörgåsbord">smörgåsbord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conveyor_belt_sushi" title="Conveyor belt sushi">Conveyor belt sushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dish_(food)" title="Dish (food)">Dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_food" title="Finger food">Finger food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-course_dinner" title="Full-course dinner">Full-course dinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platter_(dinner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Platter (dinner)">Platter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod%C3%ADzio" title="Rodízio">Rodízio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_%C3%A0_la_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Service à la française">Service à la française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_%C3%A0_la_russe" title="Service à la russe">Service à la russe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_service" title="Silver service">Silver service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_plates" title="Small plates">Small plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_reservation" title="Table reservation">Table reservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_fresco_dining" class="mw-redirect" title="Al fresco dining">Al fresco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dining_room" title="Dining room">Dining room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eating_utensils" title="List of eating utensils">Eating utensils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_presentation" title="Food presentation">Food presentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnish_(cooking)" title="Garnish (cooking)">Garnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyotaimori" title="Nyotaimori">Nyotaimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%A8ce_mont%C3%A9e" title="Pièce montée">Pièce montée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serving_size" title="Serving size">Serving size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_setting" title="Table setting">Table setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablecloth" title="Tablecloth">Tablecloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tableware" title="Tableware">Tableware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dining</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dress_code" title="Dress code">Dress code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_manners" title="Table manners">Table manners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eating_utensil_etiquette" title="Eating utensil etiquette">Eating utensil etiquette</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toast_(honor)" title="Toast (honor)">Toast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waiting_staff" title="Waiting staff">Waiting staff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anju_(food)" title="Anju (food)">Anju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipasto" title="Antipasto">Antipasto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicchetti" title="Cicchetti">Cicchetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banchan" title="Banchan">Banchan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Korean_table_d%27h%C3%B4te" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean table d'hôte">Korean table d'hôte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandeja_paisa" title="Bandeja paisa">Bandeja paisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastarkh%C4%81n" title="Dastarkhān">Dastarkhān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dim_sum" title="Dim sum">Dim sum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yum_cha" title="Yum cha">Yum cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fika_(Sweden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fika (Sweden)">Fika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izakaya" title="Izakaya">Izakaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sakana" title="Sakana">Sakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiseki" title="Kaiseki">Kaiseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_and_three" title="Meat and three">Meat and three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meze" title="Meze">Meze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okazuya" title="Okazuya">Okazuya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_lunch" title="Plate lunch">Plate lunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu_pu_platter" title="Pu pu platter">Pu pu platter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_and_three" title="Rice and three">Rice and three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rijsttafel" title="Rijsttafel">Rijsttafel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhya">Sadhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5sbord" class="mw-redirect" title="Smörgåsbord">Smörgåsbord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas" title="Tapas">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thali" title="Thali">Thali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiffin" title="Tiffin">Tiffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakuski" title="Zakuski">Zakuski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Packed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline_meal" title="Airline meal">Airline meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bento" title="Bento">Bento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convenience_food" title="Convenience food">Convenience food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosirak" title="Dosirak">Dosirak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekiben" title="Ekiben">Ekiben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_rations" title="Emergency rations">Emergency rations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_ration" title="Field ration">Field ration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_meal" title="Frozen meal">Frozen meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_breakfast" title="Instant breakfast">Instant breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%ABbako" title="Jūbako">Jūbako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninja_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninja diet">Ninja diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packed_lunch" title="Packed lunch">Packed lunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_food" title="Space food">Space food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Take-out" title="Take-out">Take-out</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Menu" title="Menu">Menus</a> and<br />meal deals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%80_la_carte" title="À la carte">À la carte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-plate_special" title="Blue-plate special">Blue-plate special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_meal" title="Combination meal">Combination meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_lunch" title="Free lunch">Free lunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_refill" title="Free refill">Free refill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hour" title="Happy hour">Happy hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kids%27_meal" title="Kids' meal">Kids' meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_meal" title="School meal">School meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspended_meal" title="Suspended meal">Suspended meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_d%27h%C3%B4te" title="Table d'hôte">Table d'hôte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasting_menu" title="Tasting menu">Tasting menu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Degustation" title="Degustation">Degustation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_menu" title="Value menu">Value menu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communal_meal" title="Communal meal">Communal meals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banquet" title="Banquet">Banquet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_banquet" title="State banquet">State banquet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercium" title="Commercium">Commercium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dining_in" title="Dining in">Dining in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iftar" title="Iftar">Iftar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picnic" title="Picnic">Picnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potluck" title="Potluck">Potluck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seder" class="mw-redirect" title="Seder">Seder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittning" title="Sittning">Sittning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup_kitchen" title="Soup kitchen">Soup kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supra_(feast)" title="Supra (feast)">Supra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tableround" class="mw-redirect" title="Tableround">Tableround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_party" title="Tea party">Tea party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catering" title="Catering">Catering</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Food_delivery" title="Food delivery">food delivery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_delivery" title="Food delivery">Food delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_food_ordering" title="Online food ordering">Online food ordering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_restaurant" title="Virtual restaurant">Virtual restaurant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places to eat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafeteria" title="Cafeteria">Cafeteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dining_room" title="Dining room">Dining room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_truck" title="Food truck">Food truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inn" title="Inn">Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen" title="Kitchen">Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mess" title="Mess">Mess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picnic_table" title="Picnic table">Picnic table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup_kitchen" title="Soup kitchen">Soup kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_food" title="Street food">Street food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavern" title="Tavern">Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traiteur_(culinary_profession)" title="Traiteur (culinary profession)">Traiteur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_(profession)" title="Cook (profession)">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cookbook" title="Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chef" title="Chef">Chef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_arts" title="Culinary arts">Culinary arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cuisines" title="Outline of cuisines">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating" title="Eating">Eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_food_and_beverage_topics" title="Lists of food and beverage topics">Lists of food and beverage topics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal_preparation" title="Meal preparation">Meal preparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_food_preparation" title="Outline of food preparation">Outline of food preparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salumeria" title="Salumeria">Salumeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_culture" title="Tea culture">Tea culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Meals" title="Category:Meals">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Meals" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Meals">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dietary_supplements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dietary_supplement" title="Template:Dietary supplement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dietary_supplement" title="Template talk:Dietary supplement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dietary_supplement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dietary supplement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dietary_supplements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">Dietary supplements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding_supplement" title="Bodybuilding supplement">Bodybuilding supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">Energy drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_bar" title="Energy bar">Energy bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" title="Essential fatty acid">Fatty acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">Herbal supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_(nutrition)" title="Prebiotic (nutrition)">Prebiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probiotic" title="Probiotic">Probiotics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus" title="Lactobacillus">Lactobacillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium" title="Bifidobacterium">Bifidobacterium</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_supplement" title="Protein supplement">Protein supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">chemical elements<br /> ("minerals")</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Retinol (Vitamin A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<sub>1</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<sub>2</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<sub>3</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<sub>5</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Pyridoxine (B<sub>6</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">Biotin (B<sub>7</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folic acid (B<sub>9</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanocobalamin" title="Cyanocobalamin">Cyanocobalamin (B<sub>12</sub>)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Tocopherol (Vitamin E)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_supplement" title="Calcium supplement">Calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other common <br />ingredients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_alpha-ketoglutarate" title="Arginine alpha-ketoglutarate">AAKG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Hydroxy_beta-methylbutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid">β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnitine" title="Carnitine">Carnitine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate" title="Chondroitin sulfate">Chondroitin sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_gluconate" title="Copper gluconate">Copper gluconate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">Creatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinacea#Medicinal_effects" title="Echinacea">Echinacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Fish oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng" title="Ginseng">Ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucosamine" title="Glucosamine">Glucosamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">Glutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_seed_extract" title="Grape seed extract">Grape seed extract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarana" title="Guarana">Guarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_supplement" title="Iron supplement">Iron supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonicera_japonica" title="Lonicera japonica">Japanese honeysuckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_oil" title="Krill oil">Krill oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">Linseed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoic_acid" title="Lipoic acid">Lipoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silybum_marianum#Health_benefits" title="Silybum marianum">Milk thistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_(supplement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melatonin (supplement)">Melatonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_yeast_rice" title="Red yeast rice">Red yeast rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">Royal jelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saw_palmetto_extract" title="Saw palmetto extract">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirulina_(dietary_supplement)" title="Spirulina (dietary supplement)">Spirulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum#Medicinal_uses" title="Hypericum perforatum">St John's wort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurine" title="Taurine">Taurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheatgrass" title="Wheatgrass">Wheatgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goji" title="Goji">Wolfberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_gluconate" title="Zinc gluconate">Zinc gluconate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Alimentarius" title="Codex Alimentarius">Codex Alimentarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyte" title="Enzyte">Enzyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadacol" title="Hadacol">Hadacol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutraceutical" title="Nutraceutical">Nutraceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multivitamin" title="Multivitamin">Multivitamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_drinks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Energy_drinks" title="Template:Energy drinks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Energy_drinks" title="Template talk:Energy drinks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Energy_drinks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Energy drinks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_drinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">Energy drinks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monster_Beverage" title="Monster Beverage">Monster Beverage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burn_(energy_drink)" title="Burn (energy drink)">Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Brands" title="Energy Brands">Formula 50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Throttle_(drink)" title="Full Throttle (drink)">Full Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_Energy" title="Monster Energy">Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_(drink)" title="Mother (drink)">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOS_(drink)" title="NOS (drink)">NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAC_124" title="RAC 124">RAC 124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_(drink)" title="Reign (drink)">Reign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relentless_(drink)" title="Relentless (drink)">Relentless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tab_Energy" title="Tab Energy">Tab Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vault_(drink)" title="Vault (drink)">Vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Dutch_(drink)" class="mw-redirect" title="Von Dutch (drink)">Von Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/PepsiCo" title="PepsiCo">PepsiCo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Dew_Amp" title="Mountain Dew Amp">Amp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josta" title="Josta">Josta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Dew_Kickstart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Dew Kickstart">Kickstart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockstar_(drink)" title="Rockstar (drink)">Rockstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sting_Energy" title="Sting Energy">Sting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5-hour_Energy" title="5-hour Energy">5-hour Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchus-F" title="Bacchus-F">Bacchus-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Energy" title="Bang Energy">Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_(drink)" title="Battery (drink)">Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawls" title="Bawls">Bawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Buzz" title="Beaver Buzz">Beaver Buzz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boost_Drinks" title="Boost Drinks">Boost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carabao_Energy_Drink" title="Carabao Energy Drink">Carabao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_(drink)" title="Cocaine (drink)">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_(Australian_soft_drink)#Overseas_markets" title="Solo (Australian soft drink)">Coolah Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunk_Energy_Drink" title="Crunk Energy Drink">Crunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon_Energy" title="Demon Energy">Demon Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix#EJ-10" title="Jordan Grand Prix">EJ-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerge_Stimulation_Drink" title="Emerge Stimulation Drink">Emerge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Loko" title="Four Loko">Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G_Fuel" title="G Fuel">G Fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_Energy_Drink" title="Hell Energy Drink">Hell Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joose" title="Joose">Joose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krating_Daeng" title="Krating Daeng">Krating Daeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipovitan" title="Lipovitan">Lipovitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-150_(energy_drink)" title="M-150 (energy drink)">M-150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man-new" title="Man-new">Man-new</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nae_Danger" title="Nae Danger">Nae Danger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oronamin_C" title="Oronamin C">Oronamin C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimp_Juice_(drink)" title="Pimp Juice (drink)">Pimp Juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_(drink)" title="Prime (drink)">Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pussy_(energy_drink)" title="Pussy (energy drink)">Pussy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Bull" title="Red Bull">Red Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reload_(drink)" title="Reload (drink)">Reload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revo_(drink)" title="Revo (drink)">Revo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_Energy" title="Rich Energy">Rich Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_It" title="Rip It">Rip It</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Busch#Rowdy_Energy" title="Kyle Busch">Rowdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semtex_(drink)" title="Semtex (drink)">Semtex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_Energy" title="Shark Energy">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_Energy" title="Speed Energy">Speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stacker_2" title="Stacker 2">Stacker 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_King_(drink)" title="Street King (drink)">Street King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Energy_Drink" title="Tiger Energy Drink">Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_(drink)" title="V (drink)">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venom_Energy" title="Venom Energy">Venom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zevia" title="Zevia">Zevia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_energy_drinks" title="List of energy drinks">List of energy drinks</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sport" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sport" title="Template:Sport"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sport" title="Template talk:Sport"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sport" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sport"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sport" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">Sport</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_sport" title="Individual sport">Individual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_sport" title="Team sport">Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sports" title="Military sports">Military sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasports" title="Parasports">Parasports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_sports" title="Women's sports">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_sports" title="Professional sports">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-professional_sports" title="Semi-professional sports">Semi-professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_sports" title="Amateur sports">Amateur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_science" title="Sports science">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exercise" title="Exercise">Exercise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_biomechanics" title="Sports biomechanics">Biomechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_(learning_method)" title="Practice (learning method)">Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_periodization" title="Sports periodization">Periodization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_physiology" title="Exercise physiology">Physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strength_training" title="Strength training">Strength training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_sport" title="Doping in sport">Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athletic_training" title="Athletic training">Athletic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_chiropractic" title="Sports chiropractic">Chriopractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_injury" title="Sports injury">Injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_physician" title="Team physician">Physicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nutrition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding_supplement" title="Bodybuilding supplement">Bodybuilding supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_drink" title="Sports drink">Sports drink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_pedagogy" title="Sport pedagogy">Pedagogy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_education" title="Physical education">Physical education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_activity" title="Physical activity">Physical activity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_rating_system" title="Sports rating system">Rating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sport" title="Sociology of sport">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_club" title="Sports club">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">Governing bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_league" title="Sports league">Leagues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Season_(sports)" title="Season (sports)">Season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playoffs" title="Playoffs">Postseason</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_school" title="Sports school">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_team" title="Sports team">Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_sports_federations" title="List of international sports federations">International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_management" title="Sport management">Business</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_agent" title="Sports agent">Agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_of_sports_events" title="Broadcasting of sports events">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_economics" title="Sports economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_industry" title="Sport industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_marketing" title="Sports marketing">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)" title="Sponsor (commercial)">Sponsorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_(sports)" title="Trade (sports)">Trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_manager" title="General manager">General managers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">Journalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_magazine" title="Sports magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_podcast" title="Sports podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_radio" title="Sports radio">Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoter_(entertainment)" title="Promoter (entertainment)">Promoters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_betting" title="Sports betting">Betting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cheerleaders" title="List of cheerleaders">Cheerleaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(person)" title="Fan (person)">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sport" title="History of sport">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_memorabilia" title="Sports memorabilia">Memorabilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_(sports)" title="Name (sports)">Naming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sportspeople_with_nicknames" title="List of sportspeople with nicknames">Nicknames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_(sports)" title="Number (sports)">Numbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympism" title="Olympism">Olympic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_sport" title="Philosophy of sport">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_rivalries" title="List of sports rivalries">Rivalries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascot" title="Mascot">Sports mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsmanship" title="Sportsmanship">Sportsmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_in_sports" title="Violence in sports">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_equipment" title="Sports equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_turf" title="Artificial turf">Artificial turf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball" title="Ball">Balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caving_equipment" title="Caving equipment">Caving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_equipment" title="Exercise equipment">Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisbee" title="Frisbee">Flying disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportswear" title="Sportswear">Sportswear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_and_sports" title="Politics and sports">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sports law in the United States">Sports law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_sports" title="Ministry of sports">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">National sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_sport" title="Regulation of sport">Regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Africa" title="Sport in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Australia" title="Sport in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Asia" title="Sports in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Asia" title="Sport in South Asia">South Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Europe" title="Sport in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_North_America" title="Sports in North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Oceania" title="Sport in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_America" title="Sport in South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Other_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_sports" title="Western sports">Western world</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/16px-Sports_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/24px-Sports_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/32px-Sports_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="226" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sports" title="Portal:Sports">Sports portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sports" title="Category:Sports">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sports" title="Outline of sports">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sports_nutrition&oldid=1259757146">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sports_nutrition&oldid=1259757146</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sports_nutrition" title="Category:Sports nutrition">Sports nutrition</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from February 2024">Articles lacking reliable references from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from February 2024">Articles with incomplete citations from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_February_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2024">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_March_2020" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2020">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 21:57<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sports_nutrition&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-78f4c97c5d-spfqk","wgBackendResponseTime":158,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.639","walltime":"0.804","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3350,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":139893,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3873,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":150398,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 646.132 1 -total"," 48.71% 314.757 1 Template:Reflist"," 32.83% 212.141 21 Template:Cite_journal"," 18.18% 117.442 5 Template:Navbox"," 14.05% 90.757 1 Template:Meals_navbox"," 10.97% 70.905 1 Template:Short_description"," 9.46% 61.101 1 Template:Commons_category"," 9.37% 60.525 5 Template:Fix"," 9.13% 59.022 1 Template:Sister_project"," 8.89% 57.448 1 Template:Side_box"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.382","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6018508,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-79c478c76-scl7s","timestamp":"20241128050035","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Sports nutrition","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sports_nutrition","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q908560","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q908560","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-07-25T16:02:31Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T21:57:27Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0c\/Sport_balls.svg","headline":"study and practice of nutrition to improve performance"}</script> </body> </html>