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accesskey="y"><span>Bijdragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnOverleg" title="Overlegpagina van de anonieme gebruiker van dit IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geschiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geschiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geschiedenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geschiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burgerlijke_vrijheidsrechten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burgerlijke_vrijheidsrechten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Burgerlijke vrijheidsrechten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burgerlijke_vrijheidsrechten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Externe links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externe_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Burgerrechten</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 59 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حقوق مدنية – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حقوق مدنية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="حقوق مدنيه – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حقوق مدنيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derechos_civiles_y_pol%C3%ADticos" title="Derechos civiles y políticos – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Derechos civiles y políticos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BClki_v%C9%99_siyasi_h%C3%BCquqlar" title="Mülki və siyasi hüquqlar – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mülki və siyasi hüquqlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B1" title="سیویل حقلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سیویل حقلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="নাগরিক ও রাজনৈতিক অধিকার – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নাগরিক ও রাজনৈতিক অধিকার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drets_civils_i_pol%C3%ADtics" title="Drets civils i polítics – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Drets civils i polítics" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="مافی مەدەنی و سیاسی – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مافی مەدەنی و سیاسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawliau_sifil_a_gwleidyddol" title="Hawliau sifil a gwleidyddol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hawliau sifil a gwleidyddol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Civil and political rights" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilaj_kaj_politikaj_rajtoj" title="Civilaj kaj politikaj rajtoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Civilaj kaj politikaj rajtoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derechos_civiles_y_pol%C3%ADticos" title="Derechos civiles y políticos – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Derechos civiles y políticos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskubide_zibil_eta_politikoak" title="Eskubide zibil eta politikoak – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskubide zibil eta politikoak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="حقوق مدنی و سیاسی – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حقوق مدنی و سیاسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droits_civiques" title="Droits civiques – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droits civiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dereitos_civ%C3%ADs_e_pol%C3%ADticos" title="Dereitos civís e políticos – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dereitos civís e políticos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkokin_Jama%27a_Da_Na_Siyasa" title="Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नागरिक और राजनीतिक अधिकार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नागरिक और राजनीतिक अधिकार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra%C4%91anska_i_politi%C4%8Dka_prava" title="Građanska i politička prava – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Građanska i politička prava" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%87_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Քաղաքացիական և քաղաքական իրավունքներ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քաղաքացիական և քաղաքական իրավունքներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_sipil_dan_politik" title="Hak sipil dan politik – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hak sipil dan politik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgaraleg_r%C3%A9ttindi" title="Borgaraleg réttindi – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Borgaraleg réttindi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%A8%A9" title="公民権 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="公民権" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivl_raits" title="Sivl raits – Jamaicaans Creools" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Sivl raits" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaicaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სამოქალაქო და პოლიტიკური უფლებები – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამოქალაქო და პოლიტიკური უფლებები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%BC%EA%B6%8C%EA%B3%BC_%EC%B0%B8%EC%A0%95%EA%B6%8C" title="민권과 참정권 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="민권과 참정권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iura_civilia_et_politica" title="Iura civilia et politica – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iura civilia et politica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilie%C4%8Dio_teis%C4%97s" title="Piliečio teisės – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Piliečio teisės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Граѓански и политички права – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Граѓански и политички права" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%85" title="Иргэний болон улс төрийн эрх – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Иргэний болон улс төрийн эрх" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नागरी अधिकार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नागरी अधिकार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_awam_dan_politik" title="Hak awam dan politik – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hak awam dan politik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="နိုင်ငံသားနှင့် နိုင်ငံရေး အခွင့်အရေး – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိုင်ငံသားနှင့် နိုင်ငံရေး အခွင့်အရေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgarrettar" title="Borgarrettar – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Borgarrettar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgerrettigheter" title="Borgerrettigheter – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Borgerrettigheter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drechs_civics" title="Drechs civics – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Drechs civics" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਨਾਗਰਿਕ ਅਤੇ ਰਾਜਨੀਤਿਕ ਅਧਿਕਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਾਗਰਿਕ ਅਤੇ ਰਾਜਨੀਤਿਕ ਅਧਿਕਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katul%C3%ADrang_sibil" title="Katulírang sibil – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Katulírang sibil" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="مدني او سياسي حقونه – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مدني او سياسي حقونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drepturi_civile_%C8%99i_politice" title="Drepturi civile și politice – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Drepturi civile și politice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Гражданские и политические права – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гражданские и политические права" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diritti_civili" title="Diritti civili – Siciliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Diritti civili" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Siciliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra%C4%91anska_prava" title="Građanska prava – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Građanska prava" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Civil and political rights" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C4%8Dianske_pr%C3%A1va" title="Občianske práva – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Občianske práva" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Грађанска права – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грађанска права" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medborgerliga_r%C3%A4ttigheter" title="Medborgerliga rättigheter – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Medborgerliga rättigheter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haki_za_kiraia_na_kisiasa" title="Haki za kiraia na kisiasa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Haki za kiraia na kisiasa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="குடிசார் மற்றும் அரசியல் உரிமைகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குடிசார் மற்றும் அரசியல் உரிமைகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="สิทธิพลเมืองและสิทธิทางการเมือง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สิทธิพลเมืองและสิทธิทางการเมือง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karapatang_sibil_at_pampolitika" title="Karapatang sibil at pampolitika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karapatang sibil at pampolitika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medeni_ve_siyasi_haklar" title="Medeni ve siyasi haklar – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Medeni ve siyasi haklar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%87%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D9%82_%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%82%DB%87%D9%82%D9%89_%DB%8B%DB%95_%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A_%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%82%DB%87%D9%82" title="پۇقرالىق ھوقۇقى ۋە سىياسىي ھوقۇق – Oeigoers" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پۇقرالىق ھوقۇقى ۋە سىياسىي ھوقۇق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Oeigoers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Громадянські та політичні права – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Громадянські та політичні права" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82" title="شہری حقوق – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شہری حقوق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuqaroviy_va_siyosiy_huquqlar" title="Fuqaroviy va siyosiy huquqlar – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fuqaroviy va siyosiy huquqlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deriti_sivi%C5%82i" title="Deriti siviłi – Venetiaans" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Deriti siviłi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quy%E1%BB%81n_d%C3%A2n_s%E1%BB%B1_v%C3%A0_ch%C3%ADnh_tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Quyền dân sự và chính trị – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quyền dân sự và chính trị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg/260px-MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg/390px-MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg/520px-MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2183" data-file-height="2392" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King">Martin Luther King</a> en <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a> vochten voor de burger- en <a href="/wiki/Rechten_van_de_mens" title="Rechten van de mens">mensenrechten</a> in de <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Staten" title="Verenigde Staten">Verenigde Staten</a> tijdens de jaren 60</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Burgerrechten</b> zijn een categorie van <a href="/wiki/Recht" title="Recht">rechten</a> met als doel persoonlijke vrijheden van <a href="/wiki/Burger" title="Burger">burgers</a> te beschermen tegen ingrijpen door nationale <a href="/wiki/Overheid" title="Overheid">overheden</a>. Ze zijn vastgelegd in nationale wetten en verdragen van internationale organisaties als de <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Naties" title="Verenigde Naties">Verenigde Naties</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Raad_van_Europa" title="Raad van Europa">Raad van Europa</a>. De rechten behoren door staten gegarandeerd te worden tegenover hun burgers, ze verschaffen de <a href="/wiki/Burger" title="Burger">burgers</a> van een bepaald land of gebied zekere garanties. Voorbeelden zijn het recht op de <a href="/wiki/Vrijheid_van_meningsuiting" title="Vrijheid van meningsuiting">vrijheid van meningsuiting</a>, tot <a href="/wiki/Vrijheid_van_vergadering" title="Vrijheid van vergadering">vergadering en betoging</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Godsdienstvrijheid" title="Godsdienstvrijheid">godsdienstvrijheid</a>, het actief en passief <a href="/wiki/Kiesrecht" title="Kiesrecht">kiesrecht</a> en bescherming tegen <a href="/wiki/Discriminatie" title="Discriminatie">discriminatie</a>, het recht op <a href="/wiki/Zelfbeschikkingsrecht" title="Zelfbeschikkingsrecht">zelfbeschikking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a>, en het recht op een eerlijk <a href="/wiki/Strafprocesrecht" title="Strafprocesrecht">proces</a> wanneer men door de staat aangeklaagd wordt. Een andere voorbeeld dat de rechtsstaat dient is het recht om niet tegen zijn wil te worden afgehouden van de rechter die de wet hem toekent (artikel 17 <a href="/wiki/Grondwet" title="Grondwet">Grondwet</a>, het <i><a href="/wiki/Jus_de_non_evocando" title="Jus de non evocando">Jus de non evocando</a></i>-beginsel). </p><p>In veel landen zijn bepaalde burgerrechten en mensenrechten als <a href="/wiki/Grondrechten" title="Grondrechten">grondrechten</a> verankerd in de <a href="/wiki/Grondwet" title="Grondwet">grondwet</a>. De lidstaten van de <a href="/wiki/Europese_Unie" title="Europese Unie">Europese Unie</a> zijn allen partij bij het <a href="/wiki/Europees_Verdrag_voor_de_Rechten_van_de_Mens" title="Europees Verdrag voor de Rechten van de Mens">Europees Verdrag tot Bescherming van de Rechten van de Mens en de Fundamentele Vrijheden</a> van de <a href="/wiki/Raad_van_Europa" title="Raad van Europa">Raad van Europa</a>. Er is sinds 1966 een Verdrag van de Verenigde naties, het <a href="/wiki/Internationaal_verdrag_inzake_burgerrechten_en_politieke_rechten" title="Internationaal verdrag inzake burgerrechten en politieke rechten">Internationaal Verdrag voor Burgerrechten en Politieke Rechten</a>, dat noemt als burgerrechten: deelname in maatschappelijke aangelegenheden, in verkiezingen en in openbare diensten. In dat verdrag vormen integriteitsrechten (zoals de bescherming van geweten en vrijwaring van marteling), burgerrechten en politieke rechten (zoals stemrecht en het recht om deel uit te maken van bestuur) samen de ‘klassieke’ mensenrechten. </p><p>In de Verenigde Staten wordt de term gebruikt voor de rechten die zijn vervat in de Amerikaanse grondwet: vrijheid van godsdienst en meningsuiting, vrijwaring van marteling en inmenging in de persoonlijke levenssfeer, recht op een eerlijk proces en bescherming van minderheden. </p><p>Wereldwijd bestaan er vele burgerrechtenbewegingen die vaak door middel van politieke actie en ook langs <a href="/wiki/Rechtszaak" title="Rechtszaak">gerechtelijke weg</a> proberen die rechten aan te passen of uit te breiden. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschiedenis">Geschiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgerrechten&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geschiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgerrechten&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geschiedenis"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Charter_van_Kortenberg_in_het_FelixArchief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Charter_van_Kortenberg_in_het_FelixArchief.jpg/260px-Charter_van_Kortenberg_in_het_FelixArchief.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Charter_van_Kortenberg_in_het_FelixArchief.jpg/390px-Charter_van_Kortenberg_in_het_FelixArchief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Charter_van_Kortenberg_in_het_FelixArchief.jpg/520px-Charter_van_Kortenberg_in_het_FelixArchief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5647" data-file-height="5268" /></a><figcaption>Charter van Kortenberg 1312 (origineel, <a href="/wiki/Stadsarchief_Antwerpen" title="Stadsarchief Antwerpen">Felix Archief</a> <a href="/wiki/Antwerpen_(stad)" title="Antwerpen (stad)">Antwerpen</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Het concept van de burgerrechten kent een lange geschiedenis maar werd in de 18e eeuw tijdens de <a href="/wiki/Verlichting_(stroming)" title="Verlichting (stroming)">Verlichting</a> als filosofisch concept bestudeerd door Europese filosofen, onder wie <a href="/wiki/John_Locke_(filosoof)" title="John Locke (filosoof)">Locke</a> in Engeland, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Henri_Thiry_d%27Holbach" title="Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach">d'Holbach</a> en <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a> in Frankrijk en <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a> in Italië. Het toekennen van een bepaalde catalogus van rechten aan burgers door de staat, vastgelegd in wetten, speelde een centrale rol tijdens de <a href="/wiki/Franse_Revolutie" title="Franse Revolutie">Franse Revolutie</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Amerikaanse_Revolutie" title="Amerikaanse Revolutie">Amerikaanse Revolutie</a>. Al eeuwen eerder en elders in Europa waren daartoe aanzetten gegeven, of hadden juridische ontwikkelingen plaatsgevonden die hier toe voerden. Onder meer in <a href="/wiki/Engeland" title="Engeland">Engeland</a> middels de <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>, een in 1215 gesloten overeenkomst tussen koning en adel waarbij de absolute macht van de koning werd gereguleerd en de edelen een aantal rechten kregen. In de <a href="/wiki/Nederlanden" title="Nederlanden">Nederlanden</a> kwam het <a href="/wiki/Keure_van_Kortenberg" title="Keure van Kortenberg">Charter van Kortenberg</a> (1312) tot stand en daaropvolgende overeenkomsten tussen vertegenwoordigers van de <a href="/wiki/Burger" title="Burger">burgers</a> in de steden en de opvolgende hertogen. Door het gebruik van veelal gelijkluidende afspraken kregen de charters een karakter dat enigszins vergelijkbaar is met wat tegenwoordig een constitutie wordt genoemd. </p><p>Burgerrechten kunnen vaak geïnterpreteerd worden als bescherming tegen ongelijke behandeling gebaseerd op <a href="/wiki/Huidskleur" title="Huidskleur">huidskleur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religie" title="Religie">geloof</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sekse" title="Sekse">geslacht</a>, omdat ze normaal gesproken voor alle lagen van de bevolking gelden. Beruchte gevallen van ontzegging van burgerrechten waren in <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Duitsland" title="Nazi-Duitsland">nazi-Duitsland</a> (Derde Rijk) de <a href="/wiki/Rassenwetten_van_Neurenberg" title="Rassenwetten van Neurenberg">Rassenwetten van Neurenberg</a> en in Zuid-Afrika de <a href="/wiki/Apartheid_in_Zuid-Afrika" title="Apartheid in Zuid-Afrika">Apartheid</a>. Maar ook in democratische landen kunnen deze worden afgenomen als strafmaatregel. In België kunnen burgerrechten worden afgenomen bij onder andere veroordeling wegens racisme. </p><p>In de <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Staten" title="Verenigde Staten">Verenigde Staten</a> zijn burgerrechten in de 20e eeuw veel in opspraak gekomen doordat ze vaker voor blanken dan voor zwarten (<a href="/wiki/Afro-Amerikanen" title="Afro-Amerikanen">Afro-Amerikanen</a>) golden, totdat in <a href="/wiki/1964" title="1964">1964</a> de <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act</a> werd aangenomen en door President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a> getekend, onder toeziend oog van en grote burgerrechten-activist, dominee <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King">Martin Luther King</a>. Voortaan was het voor alle deelstaten verplicht hun burgerrechten voor al hun inwoners te laten gelden. Een groot aantal andere landen heeft vergelijkbare wetgeving. </p><p>In de Verenigde Staten wordt met de burgerrechtenbeweging dan ook veelal gedoeld op met name de afschaffing van de <a href="/wiki/Slavernij" title="Slavernij">slavernij</a> in de 19e eeuw, en vervolgens in de 20e eeuw de strijd voor de opheffing van de beperkingen van het <a href="/wiki/Kiesrecht" title="Kiesrecht">kiesrecht</a> en voor de afschaffing van de <a href="/wiki/Rassensegregatie" title="Rassensegregatie">segregatie</a>, eveneens problemen waardoor vooral <a href="/wiki/Afro-Amerikanen" title="Afro-Amerikanen">Afro-Amerikanen</a> waren getroffen. </p><p>In de staat <a href="/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl" title="Israël">Israël</a> staat onder de autochtone christelijke en islamitische minderheid met een Israëlisch paspoort de gelijkheid van de burgerrechten in het land ter discussie, als zij verondersteld worden zich loyaal te moeten verklaren met het joodse karakter van deze staat. De oud-<a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarch</a> van <a href="/wiki/Jeruzalem" title="Jeruzalem">Jeruzalem</a> dr. <a href="/wiki/Michel_Sabbah" title="Michel Sabbah">Michel Sabbah</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Anglicaanse_Kerk" title="Anglicaanse Kerk">Anglicaanse</a> theoloog <a href="/wiki/Naim_Ateek" title="Naim Ateek">Naim Ateek</a> hebben hier regelmatig uiting aan gegeven. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Europa_(werelddeel)" title="Europa (werelddeel)">Europa</a> hebben de zevenenveertig lidstaten van de <a href="/wiki/Raad_van_Europa" title="Raad van Europa">Raad van Europa</a> het <a href="/wiki/Europees_Verdrag_voor_de_Rechten_van_de_Mens" title="Europees Verdrag voor de Rechten van de Mens">Europees Verdrag voor de Rechten van de Mens</a> ondertekend, dat als <a href="/wiki/Supranationalisme" title="Supranationalisme">supranationale</a> wetgeving functioneert. Hierdoor bestaat de mogelijkheid voor de burger als diens nationale rechtsmiddelen in eigen land zijn <i>uitgeput</i> (dat wil zeggen dat hij tot in hoogste instantie zijn zaak heeft bepleit, in Nederland bij de <a href="/wiki/Hoge_Raad_der_Nederlanden" title="Hoge Raad der Nederlanden">Hoge Raad</a> of de <a href="/wiki/Raad_van_State_(Nederland)" title="Raad van State (Nederland)">Raad van State</a>) een beroep te doen op het <a href="/wiki/Hof_van_Justitie_van_de_Europese_Unie" title="Hof van Justitie van de Europese Unie">Europees Hof</a> te <a href="/wiki/Straatsburg" title="Straatsburg">Straatsburg</a> indien hij meent dat jegens hem een bepaling uit dat verdrag zou zijn geschonden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Burgerlijke_vrijheidsrechten">Burgerlijke vrijheidsrechten</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgerrechten&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Burgerlijke vrijheidsrechten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgerrechten&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Burgerlijke vrijheidsrechten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>'Burgerlijke vrijheidsrechten' ofwel 'burgerlijke vrijheden' is het door de overheid voor een groot deel aanvaarden van een verplichting tot respect van burgerlijk eigendom (inclusief <a href="/wiki/Recht_op_zelfbeschikking" class="mw-redirect" title="Recht op zelfbeschikking">zelfeigenaarschap</a>) en van de <a href="/wiki/Recht_op_zelfbeschikking" class="mw-redirect" title="Recht op zelfbeschikking">zelfsoevereiniteit</a> en van een verplichting tot het niet legislatief verarmen van burgers van deze rechten en het vrijheidsrecht in de publieke ruimte. Al deze rechten verstaand onder tortueus <a href="/wiki/Aansprakelijkheid" title="Aansprakelijkheid">aansprakelijkheidsrecht</a>. Maar als dit dan toch gebeurt dan mag dit slechts via <a href="/wiki/Recht_op_een_eerlijk_proces" class="mw-redirect" title="Recht op een eerlijk proces">behoorlijk gerechtelijk proces</a> (inclusief <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">Habeas corpus</a>) gehandhaafd worden. Dit is vastgelegd in de VS in de <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_(Verenigde_Staten)" title="Bill of Rights (Verenigde Staten)">Bill of Rights (Verenigde Staten)</a> en in Nederland in de <a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Grondwet" title="Nederlandse Grondwet">Nederlandse Grondwet</a>. Omdat dit een verplichting is op de overheid, waarbij zij zich in geval van dwaling kan herstellen via het <a href="/wiki/Bestuursprocesrecht" title="Bestuursprocesrecht">bestuursprocesrecht</a>, heeft de tegenpartij, de burger, het corresponderende negatieve en positieve <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Newcomb_Hohfeld" title="Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld">claimrechten</a> van handhaving van deze plichten. </p><p>De reikwijdte van deze rechten verschilt per land, er zijn burgerlijke vrijheidsrechten in vorm van <a href="/wiki/Vrijheid_van_geweten" title="Vrijheid van geweten">vrijheid van geweten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persvrijheid" title="Persvrijheid">persvrijheid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vrijheid_van_godsdienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrijheid van godsdienst">vrijheid van godsdienst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vrijheid_van_meningsuiting" title="Vrijheid van meningsuiting">vrijheid van meningsuiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vrijheid_van_vergadering" title="Vrijheid van vergadering">vrijheid van vergadering</a>, het recht op veiligheid, het recht op <a href="/wiki/Gelijke_behandeling" title="Gelijke behandeling">gelijke behandeling</a>, het <a href="/wiki/Recht_op_een_eerlijk_proces" class="mw-redirect" title="Recht op een eerlijk proces">recht op een eerlijk proces</a> en het <a href="/wiki/Recht_op_leven" title="Recht op leven">recht op leven</a>. Andere burgerlijke vrijheden zijn het <a href="/wiki/Eigendomsrecht" title="Eigendomsrecht">eigendomsrecht</a>, het recht van <a href="/wiki/Noodweer_(Nederlands_strafrecht)" title="Noodweer (Nederlands strafrecht)">zelfverdediging</a> en het recht op <a href="/wiki/Lichamelijke_integriteit" title="Lichamelijke integriteit">lichamelijke integriteit</a>. Burgerlijke vrijheidsrechten zijn dus zowel <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Newcomb_Hohfeld" title="Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld">negatieve als positieve verplichtingen</a> van de overheid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgerrechten&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgerrechten&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminisme" title="Feminisme">Feminisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King">Martin Luther King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rechten_van_de_mens" title="Rechten van de mens">Rechten van de mens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationaal_verdrag_inzake_burgerrechten_en_politieke_rechten" title="Internationaal verdrag inzake burgerrechten en politieke rechten">Internationaal Verdrag voor Burgerrechten en Politieke Rechten</a> (<a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Naties" title="Verenigde Naties">Verenigde Naties</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europees_Verdrag_voor_de_Rechten_van_de_Mens" title="Europees Verdrag voor de Rechten van de Mens">Europees Verdrag voor de Rechten van de Mens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Raad_van_Europa" title="Raad van Europa">Raad van Europa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassensegregatie" title="Rassensegregatie">Rassensegregatie</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_links">Externe links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgerrechten&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgerrechten&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe links"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uu.nl/sim">Studie- en Informatiecentrum Mensenrechten Universiteit van Utrecht</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int">Raad van Europa, Straatsburg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org">VN Hoge Commissaris voor de Rechten van de Mens</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crdl.usg.edu/">Georgia Civil Rights Digital Libary</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 5.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud{padding:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud p:first-child{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background-color"],.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background"]{color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}</style> <div class="navigatie" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Privacy"> <div class="navigatie-afb-links noviewer"><div class="navigatie-bewerken show-autoconfirmed nomobile"><span class="nowrap skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Navigatie_privacy" title="Sjabloon:Navigatie privacy"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Sjabloon bewerken"><img alt="Sjabloon bewerken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Privacy" class="navigatie-titel"><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67785531">.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel{margin:0 auto 0 auto;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding-left:0.5em}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;width:100%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:unset}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding:unset}}</style><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="links" style=""><b>Organisaties:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Bits_of_Freedom" title="Bits of Freedom">Bits of Freedom</a> (BOF) · <a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_Awards" title="Big Brother Awards">Big Brother Awards</a> · <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> · <a href="/wiki/European_Digital_Rights" title="European Digital Rights">European Digital Rights</a> (EDRI) · <a href="/wiki/NOYB" title="NOYB">NOYB</a> · <a href="/wiki/Piratenpartij" title="Piratenpartij">Piratenpartij</a> · <a href="/wiki/Privacy_International" title="Privacy International">Privacy International</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>Wetgeving:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Algemene_verordening_gegevensbescherming" title="Algemene verordening gegevensbescherming">Algemene verordening gegevensbescherming</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Burgerrechten</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dataretentie" title="Dataretentie">Bewaarplicht verkeersgegevens</a> · <a href="/wiki/E-privacyverordening" title="E-privacyverordening">E-privacyverordening</a>· <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act" title="Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act</a> (FISA) · <a href="/wiki/Identificatieplicht" title="Identificatieplicht">Identificatieplicht</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rechten_van_de_mens" title="Rechten van de mens">Rechten van de mens</a> · <a href="/wiki/USA_PATRIOT_Act" title="USA PATRIOT Act">USA PATRIOT Act</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>EU-VS:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Safe_Harbor_Privacy_Principles" title="Safe Harbor Privacy Principles">Safe Harbor (2000 - 2015)</a> · <a href="/wiki/EU-VS-privacyschild" title="EU-VS-privacyschild">EU-VS-privacyschild (2016 - 2020)</a> · <a href="/wiki/EU-VS_Data_Privacy_Framework" title="EU-VS Data Privacy Framework">Data Privacy Framework (2023)</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>Overig:</b></td><td class="rechts"><i><a href="/wiki/1984_(boek)" title="1984 (boek)">1984</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Bewakingscamera" title="Bewakingscamera">bewakingscamera</a> · <a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(George_Orwell)" title="Big Brother (George Orwell)">Big Brother</a> · <a href="/wiki/Biometrie" title="Biometrie">biometrie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cameratoezicht" title="Cameratoezicht">cameratoezicht</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cryptografie" title="Cryptografie">cryptografie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dataretentie" title="Dataretentie">dataretentie</a> · <a 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