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</div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Almohad Caliphate</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom"> (Redirected from <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almohads&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohads">Almohads</a>)</span></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox geography vcard vevent" style="width:290px;"> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="3" class="fn org summary" style="text-align:center; line-height:1.2em; font-size:135%; font-weight:bold;">Almohad Caliphate</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td colspan="3" class="fn org summary" style="text-align:center; line-height:1.2em; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold;"><span lang="ber" xml:lang="ber">ⵉⵎⵡⴻⵃⵃⴷⴻⵏ</span> <small>(<i lang="ber-Latn" title="Berber languages transliteration" xml:lang="ber-Latn">Imweḥḥden</i>) <span class="languageicon">(in Berber)</span></small><br/> <span lang="ar" xml:lang="ar">الموَحدون</span> <small>(<i lang="ar-Latn" title="Arabic-language transliteration" xml:lang="ar-Latn">Al-Muwaḥḥidūn</i>) <span class="languageicon">(in Arabic)</span></small></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:115%;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Morocco" title="List of rulers of Morocco">Ruling dynasty of Morocco</a>;<br/> <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <small>(since 1147)</small></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; padding:0.2em 0em 0.2em 0em;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; background:transparent;"> <tr> <td style="width:50px; border:0; vertical-align:middle; font-size:30%; line-height:105%;"></td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:115%; border:0;"><b>1121–1269</b></td> <td style="width:50px; border:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right; line-height:105%; font-size:30%;"></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; padding:0.2em 0em 0.2em 0em;"> <div style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Morocco_1147_1269.svg" class="image" title="Flag"><img alt="Flag" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Morocco_1147_1269.svg/125px-Flag_of_Morocco_1147_1269.svg.png" width="125" height="83" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Morocco_1147_1269.svg/188px-Flag_of_Morocco_1147_1269.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Morocco_1147_1269.svg/250px-Flag_of_Morocco_1147_1269.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"/></a></div> </div> <div style="font-size:90%;">Flag</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; padding:0.6em 0em 0.6em 0em;"> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Empire_almohade.PNG" class="image" title="Location of Almohads"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Empire_almohade.PNG/250px-Empire_almohade.PNG" width="250" height="184" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Empire_almohade.PNG/375px-Empire_almohade.PNG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Empire_almohade.PNG/500px-Empire_almohade.PNG 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="648"/></a></div> </div> <div style="padding:0.5em 0.5em 0;line-height:1.25em;">The Almohad empire at its greatest extent, c. 1180–1212<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Capital</b></td> <td style="width:50%;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinmel" title="Tinmel">Tinmel</a><br/> <small>(1121–1147)</small><br/> <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a><br/> <small>(1147–1269)</small><br/> In Al-Andalus:<br/> <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a><br/> <small>(1147–1162)</small><br/> <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a><br/> <small>(1162–1163)</small><br/> <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a><br/> <small>(1163–1248)</small><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Languages</b></td> <td><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a>, <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozarabic_language" title="Mozarabic language">Mozarabic</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Religion</b></td> <td><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> (<a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">Creed</a>: <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a>; <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhab">Madhab</a>: <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Zahiri</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2"><b>Government</b></td> <td><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a></b></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> • </td> <td style="padding-left:0;text-align:left;">1121–1130</td> <td><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Tumart" title="Ibn Tumart">Ibn Tumart</a> <small>(first, under title of "<a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>")</small></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> • </td> <td style="padding-left:0;text-align:left;">1130–1163</td> <td><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd al-Mu'min</a> <small>(first, under title of "Caliph" from 1147)</small></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> • </td> <td style="padding-left:0;text-align:left;">1266–1269</td> <td><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Ula_al-Wathiq_Idris" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Ula al-Wathiq Idris">Abu al-Ula al-Wathiq Idris</a> <small>(last)</small></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2"><b>History</b></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> • </td> <td style="padding-left:0em;text-align:left;">Established</td> <td style="vertical-align: bottom;">1121</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> • </td> <td style="padding-left:0em;text-align:left;">Almoravids overthrown</td> <td style="vertical-align: bottom;">1147</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> • </td> <td style="padding-left:0em;text-align:left;">Marinid suzerainty</td> <td style="vertical-align: bottom;">1248</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> • </td> <td style="padding-left:0em;text-align:left;">Disestablished</td> <td style="vertical-align: bottom;">1269</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><b><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">Area</a></b></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> • </td> <td style="padding-left:0;text-align:left;">1150 est.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></td> <td>2,300,000 km<sup>2</sup> (890,000 sq mi)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Currency</b></td> <td><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">Dinar</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> <table style="width:95%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto;"> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"> <div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Morocco_1073_1147.svg/20px-Flag_of_Morocco_1073_1147.svg.png" width="20" height="13" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Morocco_1073_1147.svg/30px-Flag_of_Morocco_1073_1147.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Morocco_1073_1147.svg/40px-Flag_of_Morocco_1073_1147.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid dynasty</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" width="22" height="15" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"/></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammadid_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammadid kingdom">Hammadid kingdom</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" width="22" height="15" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"/></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Taifas_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Taifas period">Second Taifas period</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" width="22" height="15" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"/></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Africa" title="Kingdom of Africa">Kingdom of Africa</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" width="22" height="15" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"/></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifas_in_the_Al-Andalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Taifas in the Al-Andalus">Taifas in the Al-Andalus</a></td> </tr> </table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; background:transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinid dynasty</a></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Morocco_1258_1659.svg/20px-Flag_of_Morocco_1258_1659.svg.png" width="20" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Morocco_1258_1659.svg/30px-Flag_of_Morocco_1258_1659.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Morocco_1258_1659.svg/40px-Flag_of_Morocco_1258_1659.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsid dynasty</a></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tunis_Hafsid_flag.svg/20px-Tunis_Hafsid_flag.svg.png" width="20" height="13" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tunis_Hafsid_flag.svg/30px-Tunis_Hafsid_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tunis_Hafsid_flag.svg/40px-Tunis_Hafsid_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333"/></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Kingdom of Tlemcen</a></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Dz_tlem2.png/20px-Dz_tlem2.png" width="20" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Dz_tlem2.png/30px-Dz_tlem2.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Dz_tlem2.png/40px-Dz_tlem2.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="217"/></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Taifas_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Taifas period">Third Taifas period</a></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" width="22" height="15" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"/></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Estandarte_del_Reino_de_Castilla.svg/20px-Estandarte_del_Reino_de_Castilla.svg.png" width="20" height="15" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Estandarte_del_Reino_de_Castilla.svg/30px-Estandarte_del_Reino_de_Castilla.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Estandarte_del_Reino_de_Castilla.svg/40px-Estandarte_del_Reino_de_Castilla.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="767"/></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Estandarte_de_la_Corona_de_Aragon.svg/20px-Estandarte_de_la_Corona_de_Aragon.svg.png" width="20" height="15" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Estandarte_de_la_Corona_de_Aragon.svg/30px-Estandarte_de_la_Corona_de_Aragon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Estandarte_de_la_Corona_de_Aragon.svg/40px-Estandarte_de_la_Corona_de_Aragon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="767"/></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/PortugueseFlag1185.svg/20px-PortugueseFlag1185.svg.png" width="20" height="20" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/PortugueseFlag1185.svg/30px-PortugueseFlag1185.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/PortugueseFlag1185.svg/40px-PortugueseFlag1185.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="747"/></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Leon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Leon">Kingdom of Leon</a></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Leon_banner.svg/20px-Leon_banner.svg.png" width="20" height="15" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Leon_banner.svg/30px-Leon_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Leon_banner.svg/40px-Leon_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1284" data-file-height="964"/></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Royal_Standard_of_Nasrid_Dynasty_Kingdom_of_Grenade.svg/20px-Royal_Standard_of_Nasrid_Dynasty_Kingdom_of_Grenade.svg.png" width="20" height="9" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Royal_Standard_of_Nasrid_Dynasty_Kingdom_of_Grenade.svg/30px-Royal_Standard_of_Nasrid_Dynasty_Kingdom_of_Grenade.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Royal_Standard_of_Nasrid_Dynasty_Kingdom_of_Grenade.svg/40px-Royal_Standard_of_Nasrid_Dynasty_Kingdom_of_Grenade.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1285" data-file-height="558"/></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Today part of</b></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/> </span><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a><br/> <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"/> </span><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>)<br/> <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480"/> </span><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a><br/> <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/> </span><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a><br/> <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"/> </span><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a><br/> <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"/> </span><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a><br/> <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"/> </span><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a><br/> <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300"/> </span><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></td> </tr> </table> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks vcard" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%"> <tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"> <div style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:65%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Morocco" title="Category:History of Morocco"><b>a series</b></a> on the</div> </th> </tr> <tr> <th class="vcard navbox-title" style="background: none; font-size: 145%;padding: 0.15em 0.1em;line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">History of <span class="fn org label">Morocco</span></a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.2em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;padding:0.5em 0;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Star_of_Morocco.svg" class="image" title="Star of Morocco"><img alt="Star of Morocco" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Star_of_Morocco.svg/50px-Star_of_Morocco.svg.png" width="50" height="50" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Star_of_Morocco.svg/75px-Star_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Star_of_Morocco.svg/100px-Star_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_North_Africa" title="Prehistoric North Africa">Prehistoric</a></div> <div class="NavContent plainlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aterian" title="Aterian">Aterian</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberomaurusian" title="Iberomaurusian">Iberomaurusian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsian_culture" title="Capsian culture">Capsian</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;"> <div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa_during_Antiquity" title="North Africa during Antiquity">Classical Antiquity<br/> <span style="font-weight:normal;"><span style="font-size:90%;">(8th century BC – 7th century AD)</span></span></a></div> </div> <div class="NavContent plainlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;"> <div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Early_Islamic_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Early Islamic<br/> <span style="font-weight:normal;"><span style="font-size:90%;">(8th – 10th century AD)</span></span></a></div> </div> <div class="NavContent plainlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_Revolt" title="Berber Revolt">Berber Revolt</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nekor" title="Kingdom of Nekor">Emirate of Nekor</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sijilmasa#History" title="Sijilmasa">Emirate of Sijilmasa</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barghawata" title="Barghawata">Barghwata confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid dynasty</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;"> <div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Fatimids,_Umayyads_and_Zenata_warlords_(c._900_–_c._1060)" title="History of Morocco">Territorial fragmentation<br/> <span style="font-weight:normal;"><span style="font-size:90%;">(10th – 11th century AD)</span></span></a></div> </div> <div class="NavContent plainlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Ifranids</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miknasa" title="Miknasa">Miknasas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghrawa" title="Maghrawa">Maghrawas</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;"> <div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Morocco" title="List of rulers of Morocco">Empire<br/> <span style="font-weight:normal;"><span style="font-size:90%;">(beginning 11th century AD)</span></span></a></div> </div> <div class="NavContent plainlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Almohads</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinids</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattasid_dynasty" title="Wattasid dynasty">Wattasids</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaouite_dynasty" title="Alaouite dynasty">Alaouites</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;"> <div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Morocco#European_influence" title="History of Morocco">Protectorate<br/> <span style="font-weight:normal;"><span style="font-size:90%;">(1912 – 56)</span></span></a></div> </div> <div class="NavContent plainlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeciras_Conference" title="Algeciras Conference">Algeciras Conference</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fez" title="Treaty of Fez">Treaty of Fez</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French protectorate of Morocco">French protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish protectorate of Morocco">Spanish protectorate</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">French Pacification</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier_Protocol" title="Tangier Protocol">Tangier Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier_International_Zone" title="Tangier International Zone">International Zone</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Opposition_to_European_control" title="History of Morocco">Opposition to European control</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco:_since_1956" title="History of Morocco">Since 1956</a></div> <div class="NavContent plainlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul> <li> <div class="hlist hlist-separated"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Moroccan_coup_attempt" title="1971 Moroccan coup attempt">Coup attempt in 1971</a> / <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Moroccan_coup_attempt" title="1972 Moroccan coup attempt">in 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Morocco)" title="Years of Lead (Morocco)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Accords" title="Madrid Accords">Madrid Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March">Green March</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Moroccan_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–2012 Moroccan protests">2011–12 protests</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;">Related topics</div> <div class="NavContent plainlist" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970s_in_Morocco" title="1970s in Morocco">Morocco in the<br/> 1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1980s_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1980s in Morocco (page does not exist)">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990s_in_Morocco" title="1990s in Morocco">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000s_in_Morocco" title="2000s in Morocco">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2010s_in_Morocco" title="Category:2010s in Morocco">2010s</a></li> </ul> <dl> <dd><i>History by topic</i></dd> </dl> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Morocco" title="Economic history of Morocco">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Morocco" title="Military history of Morocco">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Morocco" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Morocco">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_cities_of_Morocco" title="Imperial cities of Morocco">Imperial cities</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Morocco.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Morocco.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/32px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" width="32" height="21" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/48px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/64px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/></a> <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Morocco" title="Portal:Morocco">Morocco portal</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding-top: 0.6em;"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:History_of_Morocco" title="Template:History of Morocco"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Morocco" title="Template talk:History of Morocco"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:History_of_Morocco&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <p>The <b>Almohad Caliphate</b> (<a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>: <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/almə(ʊ)ˈhɑːd/</span>, <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English" title="American English">U.S. English</a>: <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/ɑlməˈhɑd/</span>; <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a>: <span lang="ber" xml:lang="ber">ⵉⵎⵡⴻⵃⵃⴷⴻⵏ</span> (<i>Imweḥḥden</i>), from <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> <span lang="ar" xml:lang="ar">الموحدون</span> (<i>al-Muwaḥḥidūn</i>), "<a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheist">the monotheists</a>" or "the unifiers") was a <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> movement founded in the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-brit1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit1-8">[8]</a></sup></p> <p>The Almohad movement was founded by <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Tumart" title="Ibn Tumart">Ibn Tumart</a> among the Berber <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masmuda" title="Masmuda">Masmuda</a> tribes of southern <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. Around 1120, the Almohads first established a Berber state in <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinmel" title="Tinmel">Tinmel</a> in the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brit1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit1-8">[8]</a></sup> They succeeded in overthrowing the ruling <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid dynasty</a> governing Morocco by 1147, when <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd al-Mu'min al-Gumi</a> (r. 1130–1163) conquered <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a> and declared himself <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a>. They then extended their power over all of the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> by 1159. <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> soon followed, and all of Islamic Iberia was under Almohad rule by 1172.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup></p> <p>The Almohad dominance of Iberia continued until 1212, when <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_an-Nasir" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad an-Nasir">Muhammad III, "al-Nasir"</a> (1199–1214) was defeated at the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa" title="Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa">Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa</a> in the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Morena" title="Sierra Morena">Sierra Morena</a> by an alliance of the Christian princes of <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a>, <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a> and <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>. Nearly all of the Moorish dominions in Iberia were lost soon after, with the great Moorish cities of <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Cordova</a> and <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> falling to the Christians in 1236 and 1248 respectively.</p> <p>The Almohads continued to rule in Africa until the piecemeal loss of territory through the revolt of tribes and districts enabled the rise of their most effective enemies, the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid">Marinids</a>, in 1215. The last representative of the line, <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_al-Wathiq" title="Idris al-Wathiq">Idris al-Wathiq</a>, was reduced to the possession of Marrakesh, where he was murdered by a slave in 1269; the Marinids seized Marrakesh, ending the Almohad domination of the Western <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>.</p> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Origins"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Origins</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Al-Andalus"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Al-Andalus</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Holding_years"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Holding years</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Reconquista_onslaught"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Reconquista onslaught</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Collapse_in_the_Maghreb"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Collapse in the Maghreb</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Status_of_non-Muslims"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Status of non-Muslims</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#List_of_Almohad_caliphs_(1121–1269)"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">List of Almohad caliphs (1121–1269)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Origins">Origins</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The Almohad movement originated with <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Tumart" title="Ibn Tumart">Ibn Tumart</a>, a member of the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masmuda" title="Masmuda">Masmuda</a>, a <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> tribal confederation of the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a> of southern Morocco. At the time, <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, and much of the rest of North Africa (<a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>) and Spain (<a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>), was under the rule of the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravids" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravids">Almoravids</a>, a <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhaja" title="Sanhaja">Sanhaja</a> Berber dynasty. Early in his life, Ibn Tumart went to Spain to pursue his studies, and thereafter to <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> to deepen them. In Baghdad, Ibn Tumart attached himself to the theological school of <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ash'ari">al-Ash'ari</a>, and came under the influence of the teacher <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a>. He soon developed his own system, combining the doctrines of various masters. Ibn Tumart's main principle was a strict unitarianism (<i><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">tawhid</a></i>), which denied the independent existence of the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Islam#Other_attributes" title="God in Islam">attributes of God</a> as being incompatible with His unity, and therefore a polytheistic idea. Ibn Tumart represented a revolt against what he perceived as <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphism</a> in Muslim orthodoxy. His followers would become known as the <i>al-Muwahhidun</i> ("Almohads"), meaning those who affirm the unity of God.</p> <p>After his return to the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> c.1117, Ibn Tumart spent some time in various <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiyan</a> cities, preaching and agitating, heading riotous attacks on wine-shops and on other manifestations of laxity. He laid the blame for the latitude on the ruling dynasty of the Almoravids, whom he accused of obscurantism and impiety. He also opposed their sponsorship of the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliki" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> school of jurisprudence, which drew upon consensus (<i><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">ijma</a></i>) and other sources beyond the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> and <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> in their reasoning, an anathema to the stricter <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Zahirism</a> favored by Ibn Tumart. His antics and fiery preaching led fed-up authorities to move him along from town to town. After being expelled from <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejaia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bejaia">Bejaia</a>, Ibn Tumart set up camp in Mellala, in the outskirts of the city, where he received his first disciples - notably, al-Bashir (who would become his chief strategist) and <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd al-Mu'min</a> (a Zenata Berber, who would later become his successor).</p> <p>In 1120, Ibn Tumart and his small band of followers proceeded to <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, stopping first in <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a>, where he briefly engaged the Maliki scholars of the city in debate. He even went so far as to assault the sister<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravid">Almoravid</a> emir `Ali ibn Yusuf, in the streets of <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a>, because she was going about unveiled, after the manner of Berber women. After being expelled from Fez, he went to <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>, where he successfully tracked down the Almoravid emir <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Yusuf" title="Ali ibn Yusuf">Ali ibn Yusuf</a> at a local mosque, and challenged the emir, and the leading scholars of the area, to a doctrinal debate. After the debate, the scholars concluded that Ibn Tumart's views were blasphemous and the man dangerous, and urged him to be put to death or imprisoned. But the emir decided merely to expel him from the city.</p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Almohad_Masmuda_tribes.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Almohad_Masmuda_tribes.png/300px-Almohad_Masmuda_tribes.png" width="300" height="197" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Almohad_Masmuda_tribes.png/450px-Almohad_Masmuda_tribes.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Almohad_Masmuda_tribes.png/600px-Almohad_Masmuda_tribes.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="489"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Almohad_Masmuda_tribes.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Approximate locations of the main Masmuda tribes that adhered to the Almohads</div> </div> </div> <p>Ibn Tumart took refuge among his own people, the Hargha, in his home village of Igiliz (exact location uncertain), in the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sous" title="Sous">Sous</a> valley. He retreated to a nearby cave, and lived out an ascetic lifestyle, coming out only to preach his program of puritan reform, attracting greater and greater crowds. At length, towards the end of <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> in late 1121, after a particularly moving sermon, reviewing his failure to persuade the Almoravids to reform by argument, Ibn Tumart 'revealed' himself as the true <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>, a divinely guided judge and lawgiver, and was recognized as such by his audience. This was effectively a declaration of war on the Almoravid state.</p> <p>On the advice of one of his followers, Omar Hintati, a prominent chieftain of the Hintata, Ibn Tumart abandoned his cave in 1122 and went up into the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Atlas" title="High Atlas">High Atlas</a>, to organize the Almohad movement among the highland <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masmuda" title="Masmuda">Masmuda</a> tribes. Besides his own tribe, the Hargha, Ibn Tumart secured the adherence of the Ganfisa, the Gadmiwa, the Hintata, the Haskura, and the Hazraja to the Almohad cause. Around 1124, Ibn Tumart erected the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">ribat</a> of <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinmel" title="Tinmel">Tinmel</a>, in the valley of the Nfis in the High Atlas, an impregnable fortified complex, which would serve both as the spiritual center and military headquarters of the Almohad movement.</p> <p>For the first eight years, the Almohad rebellion was limited to a guerilla war along the peaks and ravines of the High Atlas. Their principal damage was in rendering insecure (or altogether impassable) the roads and mountain passes south of Marrakesh – threatening the route to all-important <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sijilmassa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sijilmassa">Sijilmassa</a>, the gateway of the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">trans-Saharan trade</a>. Unable to send enough manpower through the narrow passes to dislodge the Almohad rebels from their easily defended mountain strong points, the Almoravid authorities reconciled themselves to setting up strongholds to confine them there (most famously the fortress of Tasghimout that protected the approach to Aghmat), while exploring alternative routes through more easterly passes.</p> <p>Ibn Tumart organized the Almohads as a commune, with a minutely detailed structure. At the core was the <i>Ahl ad-dar</i> ("House of the Mahdi:), composed of Ibn Tumart's family. This was supplemented by two councils: an inner Council of Ten, the Mahdi's privy council, composed of his earliest and closest companions; and the consultative Council of Fifty, composed of the leading <i>sheikh</i>s of the Masmuda tribes. The early preachers and missionaries (<i>talba</i> and <i>huffaz</i>) also had their representatives. Militarily, there was a strict hierarchy of units. The Hargha tribe coming first (although not strictly ethnic; it included many "honorary" or "adopted" tribesmen from other ethnicities, e.g. Abd al-Mu'min himself). This was followed by the men of Tinmel, then the other Masmuda tribes in order, and rounded off by the black fighters, the <i>abid</i>. Each unit had a strict internal hierarchy, headed by a <i>mohtasib</i>, and divided into two factions: one for the early adherents, another for the late adherents, each headed by a <i>mizwar</i> (or <i>amswaru</i>); then came the <i>sakkakin</i> (treasurers), effectively the money-minters, tax-collectors, and bursars, then came the regular army (<i>jund</i>), then the religious corps – the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muezzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Muezzin">muezzins</a>, the <i>hafidh</i> and the <i>hizb</i> – followed by the archers, the conscripts, and the slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> Ibn Tumart's closest companion and chief strategist, al-Bashir, took upon himself the role of "<a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">political commissar</a>", enforcing doctrinal discipline among the Masmuda tribesmen, often with a heavy head.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Almohad_Expansion.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Almohad_Expansion.png/300px-Almohad_Expansion.png" width="300" height="180" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Almohad_Expansion.png/450px-Almohad_Expansion.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Almohad_Expansion.png/600px-Almohad_Expansion.png 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="407"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Almohad_Expansion.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Phases of the expansion of the Almohad state</div> </div> </div> <p>In early 1130, the Almohads finally descended from the mountains for their first sizeable attack in the lowlands. It was a disaster. The Almohads swept aside an Almoravid column that had come out to meet them before <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghmat" title="Aghmat">Aghmat</a>, and then chased their remnant all the way to <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>. They laid siege to Marrakesh for forty days until, in April (or May) 1130, the Almoravids sallied from the city and crushed the Almohads in the bloody <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_al-Buhayra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of al-Buhayra (page does not exist)">Battle of al-Buhayra</a> (named after a large garden east of the city). The Almohads were thoroughly routed, with huge losses. Half their leadership was killed in action, and the survivors only just managed to scramble back to the mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup></p> <p>Ibn Tumart died shortly after, in August 1130. That the Almohad movement did not immediately collapse after such a devastating defeat and the death of their charismatic Mahdi, is a testament to the careful organization Ibn Tumart had built up at Tinmel. There was probably a struggle for succession, in which <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd al-Mu'min</a> prevailed. Although a <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a> Berber from Targa (Algeria), and thus an alien among the Masmuda of southern Morocco, Abd al-Mu'min nonetheless saw off his principal rivals and hammered wavering tribes back to the fold. In an ostentatious gesture of defiance, in 1132, if only to remind the emir that the Almohads were not finished, Abd al-Mu'min led an audacious night operation that seized Tasghimout fortress and dismantled it thoroughly, carting off its great gates back to Tinmel.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Al-Andalus">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks plainlist" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%"> <tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;font-size: 200%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a><br/> <span lang="ar" xml:lang="ar">خِلافة</span></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;">Main caliphates</div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman Caliphate</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;">Parallel caliphates</div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Almohad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto Caliphate</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;text-align:center; font-weight:normal"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allah-green.svg" class="image"><img alt="Allah-green.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" width="15" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215"/></a> <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding-top: 0.6em;"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Caliphate" title="Template:Caliphate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Caliphate" title="Template talk:Caliphate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Caliphate&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <p>Abd al-Mu'min then came forward as the lieutenant of the Mahdi Ibn Tumart. Between 1130 and his death in 1163, Abd al-Mu'min not only rooted out the Murabits (<a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravids" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravids">Almoravids</a>), but extended his power over all northern Africa as far as <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, becoming amir of <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a> in 1149.</p> <p><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> followed the fate of Africa. Between 1146 and 1173, the Almohads gradually wrested control from the Murabits over the Moorish principalities in Iberia. The Almohads transferred the capital of Moslem Iberia from <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Andalusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Córdoba, Andalusia">Córdoba</a> to <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>. They founded a great mosque there; its tower, the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giralda" title="Giralda">Giralda</a>, was erected in 1184 to mark the accession of Ya'qub I. The Almohads also built a palace there called Al-Muwarak on the site of the modern day <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville" title="Alcázar of Seville">Alcázar of Seville</a>.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sevilla_Almohade.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sevilla_Almohade.JPG/220px-Sevilla_Almohade.JPG" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sevilla_Almohade.JPG/330px-Sevilla_Almohade.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sevilla_Almohade.JPG/440px-Sevilla_Almohade.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1014"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sevilla_Almohade.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The Almohads transferred the capital of Al-Andalus to <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>.</div> </div> </div> <p>The Almohad princes had a longer and more distinguished career than the Murabits. The successors of Abd al-Mumin, <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_Yusuf" title="Abu Yaqub Yusuf">Abu Yaqub Yusuf</a> (Yusuf I, ruled 1163–1184) and <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_al-Mansur" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur">Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur</a> (Ya'qub I, ruled 1184–1199), were both able men. Initially their government drove many Jewish and Christian subjects to take refuge in the growing Christian states of Portugal, Castile, and <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>. Ultimately they became less fanatical than the Murabits, and Ya'qub al-Mansur was a highly accomplished man who wrote a good <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> style and protected the philosopher <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a>. His title of "<i>al-Mansur</i>" ("the Victorious") was earned by his victory over <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile" title="Alfonso VIII of Castile">Alfonso VIII of Castile</a> in the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alarcos" title="Battle of Alarcos">Battle of Alarcos</a> (1195).</p> <p>From the time of <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf II">Yusuf II</a>, however, the Almohads governed their co-religionists in Iberia and central North Africa through lieutenants, their dominions outside <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> being treated as provinces. When Almohad amirs crossed the Straits it was to lead a jihad against the Christians and then return to Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Holding_years">Holding years</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Holding years">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abu_Yaqub_Yusef_Coin.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Abu_Yaqub_Yusef_Coin.png/300px-Abu_Yaqub_Yusef_Coin.png" width="300" height="150" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Abu_Yaqub_Yusef_Coin.png/450px-Abu_Yaqub_Yusef_Coin.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Abu_Yaqub_Yusef_Coin.png/600px-Abu_Yaqub_Yusef_Coin.png 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="599"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abu_Yaqub_Yusef_Coin.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Coin minted during the reign of <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_Yusuf" title="Abu Yaqub Yusuf">Abu Yaqub Yusuf</a></div> </div> </div> <p>However, the Christian states in Iberia were becoming too well organized to be overrun by the Muslims, and the Almohads made no permanent advance against them.</p> <p>In 1212, the Almohad Caliph <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_an-Nasir" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad an-Nasir">Muhammad 'al-Nasir'</a> (1199–1214), the successor of al-Mansur, after an initially successful advance north, was defeated by an alliance of the four Christian kings of <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a>, <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arag%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Aragón">Aragón</a>, <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a>, and <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, at the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa" title="Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa">Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa</a> in the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Morena" title="Sierra Morena">Sierra Morena</a>. The battle broke the Almohad advance, but the Christian powers remained too disorganized to profit from it immediately.</p> <p>Before his death in 1213, al-Nasir appointed his young ten-year-old son as the next <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_II,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf II, Almohad Caliph">Yusuf II "al-Mustansir"</a>. The Almohads passed through a period of effective <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regency</a> for the young caliph, with power exercised by an oligarchy of elder family members, palace bureaucrats and leading nobles. The Almohad ministers were careful to negotiate a series of truces with the Christian kingdoms, which remained more-or-less in place for next fifteen years (the loss of <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alc%C3%A1cer_do_Sal" title="Alcácer do Sal">Alcácer do Sal</a> to the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a> in 1217 was an exception).</p> <p>In early 1224, the youthful caliph died in accident, without any heirs. The palace bureaucrats in <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>, led by the <i><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">wazir</a></i> Uthman ibn Jam'i, quickly engineered the election of his elderly grand-uncle, <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul-Wahid_I,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Wahid I, Almohad Caliph">Abd al-Wahid I 'al-Makhlu'</a>, as the new Almohad caliph. But the rapid appointment upset other branches of the family, notably the brothers of the late al-Nasir, who governed in <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>. The challenge was immediately raised by one of them, then governor in <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a>, who declared himself Caliph <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_al-Adil" title="Abdallah al-Adil">Abdallah al-Adil</a>. With the help of his brothers, he quickly seized control of al-Andalus. His chief advisor, the shadowy Abu Zayd ibn Yujjan, tapped into his contacts in Marrakesh, and secured the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposition_(politics)" title="Deposition (politics)">deposition</a> and assassination of Abd al-Wahid I, and the expulsion of the al-Jami'i <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a>.</p> <p>This <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup">coup</a> has been characterized as the pebble that finally broke al-Andalus. It was the first internal coup among the Almohads. The Almohad clan, despite occasional disagreements, had always remained tightly knit and loyally behind dynastic precedence. Caliph al-Adil's murderous breach of dynastic and constitutional propriety marred his acceptability to other Almohad <i><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">sheikhs</a></i>. One of the recusants was his cousin, Abd Allah al-Bayyasi ("the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeza" title="Baeza">Baezan</a>"), the Almohad governor of <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C3%A9n,_Spain" title="Jaén, Spain">Jaén</a>, who took a handful of followers and decamped for the hills around Baeza. He set up a rebel camp and forged an alliance with the hitherto quiet <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III of Castile</a>. Sensing his greater priority was Marrakesh, where recusant Almohad <i>sheikh</i>s had rallied behind Yahya, another son of al-Nasir, al-Adil paid little attention to this little band of misfits.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Reconquista_onslaught">Reconquista onslaught</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reconquista onslaught">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>In 1225, Abdallah al-Bayyasi's band of rebels, accompanied by a large Castilian army, descended from the hills, besieging cities such as <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ja%C3%A9n_(1225)" title="Siege of Jaén (1225)">Jaén</a> and <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_And%C3%BAjar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Andújar (page does not exist)">Andújar</a>. They <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">raided</a> throughout the regions of <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Ja%C3%A9n_(Spain)" title="Province of Jaén (Spain)">Jaén</a>, <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_C%C3%B3rdoba_(Spain)" title="Province of Córdoba (Spain)">Cordova</a> and <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_de_Granada" title="Vega de Granada">vega de Granada</a> and, before the end of the year, al-Bayyasi had established himself in the city of <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Andalusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Córdoba, Andalusia">Cordova</a>. Sensing the vacuity, both <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso IX of León">Alfonso IX of León</a> and <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Portugal" title="Sancho II of Portugal">Sancho II of Portugal</a> opportunistically ordered their own raids into Andalusian territory that same year. With Almohad arms, men and cash dispatched to Morocco to help Caliph al-Adil impose himself in Marrakesh, there was little means to stop the sudden onslaught. In late 1225, with surprising ease, the Portuguese raiders reached the environs of <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>. Knowing they were outnumbered, the Almohad governors of the city refused to confront the Portuguese raiders, prompting the disgusted population of Seville to take matters into their own hands, raise a militia, and go out in the field by themselves. The result was a veritable massacre – the Portuguese men-at-arms easily mowed down the throng of poorly armed townsfolk. Thousands, perhaps as much as 20,000, were said to have been slain before the walls of Seville. A similar disaster befell a similar popular levy by <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcians</a> at <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspe" title="Aspe">Aspe</a> that same year. But Christian raiders had been stopped at <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ceres,_Spain" title="Cáceres, Spain">Cáceres</a> and <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requena,_Valencia" title="Requena, Valencia">Requena</a>. Trust in the Almohad leadership was severely shaken by these events – the disasters were promptly blamed on the distractions of Caliph al-Adil and the incompetence and cowardice of his lieutenants, the successes credited to non-Almohad local leaders who rallied defenses.</p> <p>But al-Adil's fortunes were briefly buoyed. In payment for Castilian assistance, al-Bayyasi had given Ferdinand III three strategic frontier fortresses: <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C3%B1os_de_la_Encina" title="Baños de la Encina">Baños de la Encina</a>, Salvatierra (the old <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Calatrava" title="Order of Calatrava">Order of Calatrava</a> fortress near <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Real" title="Ciudad Real">Ciudad Real</a>) and <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capilla,_Badajoz" title="Capilla, Badajoz">Capilla</a>. But Capilla refused to pass over, forcing the Castilians to lay a long and difficult siege. The brave defiance of little Capilla, and the spectacle of al-Bayyasi's shipping provisions to the Castilian besiegers, shocked Andalusians and shifted sentiment back towards the Almohad caliph. A popular <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Uprising">uprising</a> finally broke out in Cordova – al-Bayyasi was killed and his head dispatched as a trophy to Marrakesh. But Caliph al-Adil did not relish this victory for long – he was assassinated in Marrakesh in October 1227, by the partisans of Yahya, who was promptly acclaimed as the new Almohad caliph <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahya, Almohad Caliph">Yahya "al-Mu'tasim"</a>.</p> <p>The Andalusian branch of the Almohads refused to accept this turn of events. Al-Adil's brother, then in Seville, proclaimed himself the new Almohad caliph <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_I,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Idris I, Almohad Caliph">Abd al-Ala Idris I 'al-Ma'mun'</a>. He promptly purchased a <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truce" class="mw-redirect" title="Truce">truce</a> from Ferdinand III in return for 300,000 <i><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maravedi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maravedi">maravedis</a></i>, allowing him to organize and dispatch the bulk of the Almohad army in Spain across the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Gibraltar">straits</a> in 1228 to confront Yahya.</p> <p>That same year, Portuguese and <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonese_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonese Country">Leonese</a> renewed their raids deep into Muslim territory, basically unchecked. Feeling the Almohads had failed to protect them, popular uprisings ensued throughout al-Andalus. City after city deposed their hapless Almohad governors and installed local strongmen in their place. A Murcian strongman, <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_ibn_Yusuf_ibn_Hud_al-Judhami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Hud al-Judhami (page does not exist)">Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Hud al-Judhami</a>, who claimed descendance from the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Hud" title="Banu Hud">Banu Hud</a> dynasty that had once ruled the old <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Zaragoza" title="Taifa of Zaragoza">taifa of Saragossa</a>, emerged as the central figure of these rebellions, systematically dislodging Almohad garrisons through central Spain. In October 1228, with Spain practically all lost, al-Ma'mun abandoned Seville, taking what little remained of the Almohad army with him to Morocco. Ibn Hud immediately dispatched emissaries to distant <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> to offer recognition to the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a>, albeit taking up for himself a quasi-caliphal title, 'al-Mutawwakil'.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Almohads_after_1212.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Almohads_after_1212.jpg/250px-Almohads_after_1212.jpg" width="250" height="170" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Almohads_after_1212.jpg/375px-Almohads_after_1212.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Almohads_after_1212.jpg/500px-Almohads_after_1212.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="543"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Almohads_after_1212.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Almohads after 1212</div> </div> </div> <p>The departure of al-Ma'mun in 1228 marked the end of the Almohad era in Spain. But Ibn Hud and the other local Andalusian strongmen were unable to stem the rising flood of Christian attacks, launched almost yearly by <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Portugal" title="Sancho II of Portugal">Sancho II of Portugal</a>, <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso IX of León">Alfonso IX of León</a>, <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III of Castile</a> and <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_Aragon" title="James I of Aragon">James I of Aragon</a>. The next twenty years saw a massive advance in the Christian <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">reconquista</a> – the old great Andalusian <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadels</a> fell in a grand sweep: <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a> and <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badajoz" title="Badajoz">Badajoz</a> in 1230 (to Leon), <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorca" title="Majorca">Majorca</a> in 1230 (to Aragon), <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beja_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beja (Portugal)">Beja</a> in 1234 (to Portugal), <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Cordova</a> in 1236 (to Castile), <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Spain">Valencia</a> in 1238 (to Aragon), <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niebla,_Huelva" class="mw-redirect" title="Niebla, Huelva">Niebla</a>-<a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelva" title="Huelva">Huelva</a> in 1238 (to Leon), <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silves_Municipality,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Silves Municipality, Portugal">Silves</a> in 1242 (to Portugal), <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a> in 1243 (to Castile), <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C3%A9n,_Spain" title="Jaén, Spain">Jaén</a> <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ja%C3%A9n_(1245-46)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jaén (1245-46)">in 1246</a> (to Castile), <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a> in 1248 (to Castile), culminating in the fall of the greatest of Andalusian cities, the ex-Almohad capital of <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, into Christian hands in 1248. Ferdinand III of Castile entered Seville as a conqueror on December 22, 1248.</p> <p>The Andalusians were helpless before this onslaught. Ibn Hudd had attempted to check the Leonese advance early on, but the bulk of his Andalusian army was destroyed at the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Alange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Alange (page does not exist)">battle of</a> <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alange" title="Alange">Alange</a> in 1230. Ibn Hud scrambled to move remaining arms and men to save threatened or besieged Andalusian citadels, but with so many attacks at once, it was a hopeless endeavor. After Ibn Hud's death in 1238, some of the Andalusian cities, in a last-ditch effort to save themselves, offered themselves once again to the Almohads, but to no avail. The Almohads would not return.</p> <p>With the departure of the Almohads, the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty" title="Nasrid dynasty">Nasrid dynasty</a> ("<i>Banū Naṣri</i>" (<a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl" xml:lang="ar">بنو نصر</span>‎)) rose to power in <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>. After the great Christian advance of 1228–1248, the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a> was practically all that remained of old <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>. Some of the captured citadels (e.g. Murcia, Jaen, Niebla) were reorganized as tributary vassals for a few more years, but most were annexed by the 1260s. Granada alone would remain independent for an additional 250 years, flourishing as the new center of al-Andalus.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Collapse_in_the_Maghreb">Collapse in the Maghreb</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Collapse in the Maghreb">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>In their African holdings, the Almohads encouraged the establishment of Christians even in <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a>, and after the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa" title="Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa">Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa</a> they occasionally entered into alliances with the kings of <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a>. They were successful in expelling the garrisons placed in some of the coast towns by the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> kings of <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. The history of their decline differs from that of the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravids" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravids">Almoravids</a>, whom they had displaced. They were not assailed by a great religious movement, but lost territories, piecemeal, by the revolt of tribes and districts. Their most effective enemies were the Banu Marin (<a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid">Marinids</a>) who founded the next dynasty. The last representative of the line, <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_II,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Idris II, Almohad Caliph">Idris II, 'al-Wathiq'</a>, was reduced to the possession of <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>, where he was murdered by a slave in 1269.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_reforms" title="Almohad reforms">Almohad reforms</a></div> <p>Almohad universities continued the knowledge of Greek and Roman ancient writers, while contemporary cultural figures included <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a> and the Jewish philosopher <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>. In terms of Muslim <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">jurisprudence</a>, the state gave recognition to the Zahirite school of thought,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> though Shafi'ites were also given a measure of authority at times. While not all Almohad leaders were Zahirites, quite a few of them were not only adherents of the legal school but also well-versed in its tenets.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> Additionally, all Almohad leaders – both the religiously learned and the laymen – were hostile toward the Malikite school favored by the Almoravids. During the reign of Abu Yaqub, chief judge <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ma%E1%B8%8D%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ibn Maḍāʾ">Ibn Maḍāʾ</a> oversaw the banning of all religious books written by non-Zahirites;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> when Abu Yaqub's son Abu Yusuf took the throne, he ordered Ibn Maḍāʾ to undertake the actual burning of such books.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> In terms of <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a>, the Almohads were <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'arites</a>, their Zahirite-Ash'arism giving rise to a complicated blend of literalist jurisprudence and esoteric dogmatics.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup></p> <p>The style of Almohad art was essentially an oriental one, although most of the workers were from al-Andalus. The main sites of Almohad architecture and art include <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fes,_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes, Morocco">Fes</a>, <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakech" class="mw-redirect" title="Marrakech">Marrakech</a>, <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a> and <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> Figurative arts suffered somewhat from the orthodox interpretation of the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, which forbade human representation, and thus the genre of art which flourished mostly in the Almohad lands was architecture.</p> <p>The Almohads reduced decorations, and introduced the use of geometrical holes, following in general the principle of expressing a certain degree of magnificence. As centuries passed, the buildings had increasingly oriental appearance and similar structures: mosques with rectangular plans, divided into naves with pillars, as well as a wide use of horseshoe-shaped arches. The most common building material was brickwork, followed by mortar. Foreign influence can be seen in <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">domes</a> of <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> origin and, in the civil sector, the triumphal arches inspired by those in the same country. The construction of fortifications with towers was also widespread.</p> <p>The main Almohad structures include the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giralda" title="Giralda">Giralda</a> of the former mosque of Seville (founded in 1171), the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koutoubia_Mosque" title="Koutoubia Mosque">Koutoubia Mosque</a> and the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab_Ksiba" title="Bab Ksiba">Bab Ksiba</a> of the Kasbah of Marrakech, the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Tower" title="Hassan Tower">Hassan Tower</a> of Rabat and the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atalaya_Castle_(Spain)" title="Atalaya Castle (Spain)">Atalaya Castle</a> in Andalusia.</p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"> <div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Giralda,_Seville,_Spain_-_Sep_2009.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/La_Giralda%2C_Seville%2C_Spain_-_Sep_2009.jpg/80px-La_Giralda%2C_Seville%2C_Spain_-_Sep_2009.jpg" width="80" height="120" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/La_Giralda%2C_Seville%2C_Spain_-_Sep_2009.jpg/120px-La_Giralda%2C_Seville%2C_Spain_-_Sep_2009.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/La_Giralda%2C_Seville%2C_Spain_-_Sep_2009.jpg/160px-La_Giralda%2C_Seville%2C_Spain_-_Sep_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="4368"/></a></div> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>La <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giralda" title="Giralda">Giralda</a>.</p> </div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"> <div style="margin:30px auto;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koutbia.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Koutbia.jpg/120px-Koutbia.jpg" width="120" height="90" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Koutbia.jpg/180px-Koutbia.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Koutbia.jpg/240px-Koutbia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375"/></a></div> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koutoubia_Mosque" title="Koutoubia Mosque">Koutoubia Mosque</a>.</p> </div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"> <div style="margin:44.5px auto;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Safi_minaret.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Safi_minaret.png/120px-Safi_minaret.png" width="120" height="61" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Safi_minaret.png/180px-Safi_minaret.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Safi_minaret.png/240px-Safi_minaret.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="334"/></a></div> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>The Almohad minaret in <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safi,_Morocco" title="Safi, Morocco">Safi</a>.</p> </div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"> <div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rabat_tour_Hassan.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Rabat_tour_Hassan.jpg/90px-Rabat_tour_Hassan.jpg" width="90" height="120" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Rabat_tour_Hassan.jpg/135px-Rabat_tour_Hassan.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Rabat_tour_Hassan.jpg/180px-Rabat_tour_Hassan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600"/></a></div> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Hassan Tour, <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad">Almohad</a> structure in Rabat, Morocco</p> </div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"> <div style="margin:35px auto;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guadalquivir_%26_Torre_del_Oro_in_Seville.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Guadalquivir_%26_Torre_del_Oro_in_Seville.JPG/120px-Guadalquivir_%26_Torre_del_Oro_in_Seville.JPG" width="120" height="80" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Guadalquivir_%26_Torre_del_Oro_in_Seville.JPG/180px-Guadalquivir_%26_Torre_del_Oro_in_Seville.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Guadalquivir_%26_Torre_del_Oro_in_Seville.JPG/240px-Guadalquivir_%26_Torre_del_Oro_in_Seville.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048"/></a></div> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_del_Oro" title="Torre del Oro">Torre del Oro</a> <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad">Almohad</a> tower in <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, Spain</p> </div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"> <div style="margin:36.5px auto;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bab_Rouah2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bab_Rouah2.jpg/120px-Bab_Rouah2.jpg" width="120" height="77" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bab_Rouah2.jpg/180px-Bab_Rouah2.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bab_Rouah2.jpg/240px-Bab_Rouah2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2405" data-file-height="1545"/></a></div> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bab_Rouah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bab Rouah (page does not exist)">Bab Rouah</a> meaning 'Gate of the Winds' in Rabat, Morocco</p> </div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"> <div style="margin:35px auto;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oudaya.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Oudaya.jpg/120px-Oudaya.jpg" width="120" height="80" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Oudaya.jpg/180px-Oudaya.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Oudaya.jpg/240px-Oudaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333"/></a></div> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasbah_of_the_Udayas" title="Kasbah of the Udayas">Kasbah of the Udayas</a> in Rabat, Morocco was founded during the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad">Almohad</a> dynasty.</p> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Status_of_non-Muslims">Status of non-Muslims</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Status of non-Muslims">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The Almohads had taken control of the Almoravid Maghribi and Andalusian territories by 1147.<sup id="cite_ref-islamicworldeb_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-islamicworldeb-20">[20]</a></sup> The Almohads rejected the mainstream Islamic doctrine that established the status of "<i><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmi</a></i>", a non-Muslim resident of a Muslim country who was allowed to practice his religion on condition of submission to Muslim rule and payment of <i><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Viguera_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viguera-21">[21]</a></sup></p> <p>The treatment of Jews under Almohad rule was a drastic change. During the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a> Jewish culture experienced a <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a>. <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Rosa_Menocal" title="María Rosa Menocal">María Rosa Menocal</a>, a specialist in Iberian literature at <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, has argued that "tolerance was an inherent aspect of Andalusian society", and that the Jewish <i>dhimmi</i>s living under the Caliphate, while allowed fewer rights than Muslims, were still better off than in <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Europe">Christian Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> Many Jews migrated to <i>al-Andalus</i>, where they were not just tolerated, but allowed to practice their faith openly.</p> <p>Christians also practiced their religion openly in Córdoba, and both Jews and Christians lived openly in Morocco as well.</p> <p>The first Almohad leader, Abd al-Mumin, allowed an initial 7-month <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_period" title="Grace period">grace period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ugr_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ugr-23">[23]</a></sup> Then he forced most of the urban <i>dhimmi</i> population in Morocco, both Jewish and Christian, to convert to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Viguera_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viguera-21">[21]</a></sup></p> <p>Those who converted had to wear identifying clothing, as they weren't regarded as sincere Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Viguera_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viguera-21">[21]</a></sup> Cases of mass <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom">martyrdom</a> of Jews who refused to convert to Islam are recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-ugr_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ugr-23">[23]</a></sup></p> <p>Many of the conversions were superficial. <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> urged Jews to choose the superficial conversion over martyrdom, arguing that "Muslims know very well that we do not mean what we say, and that what we say is only to escape the ruler’s punishment and to satisfy him with this simple confession."<sup id="cite_ref-Viguera_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viguera-21">[21]</a></sup> <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Ibn_Ezra" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Ibn Ezra">Abraham Ibn Ezra</a> (1089–1164), who himself fled the persecutions of the Almohads, composed an elegy mourning the destruction of many Jewish communities throughout Spain and the Maghreb under the Almohads.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> Many Jews fled from territories ruled by the Almohads to Christian lands, and others, like the family of Maimonides, fled east to more tolerant Muslim lands.<sup id="cite_ref-frank_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frank-25">[25]</a></sup> However, a few Jewish traders still working in North Africa are recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-ugr_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ugr-23">[23]</a></sup></p> <p>The treatment of Christians under Almohad rule was a drastic change. Many Christians were killed, forced to convert or forced to flee. Some Christians fled to the Christian kingdoms in the north and west and helped fuel the <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>. Martyrs under Almohad rule included:</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martyrdom_daniele_fasanella.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Martyrdom_daniele_fasanella.jpg/250px-Martyrdom_daniele_fasanella.jpg" width="250" height="179" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Martyrdom_daniele_fasanella.jpg/375px-Martyrdom_daniele_fasanella.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Martyrdom_daniele_fasanella.jpg/500px-Martyrdom_daniele_fasanella.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="444"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martyrdom_daniele_fasanella.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Saint Daniel</div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_and_companions" title="Daniel and companions">Daniel and companions</a>, d. 1221</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Perugia_and_Peter_of_Sassoferrato" title="John of Perugia and Peter of Sassoferrato">John of Perugia and Peter of Sassoferrato</a>, d. 1231</li> <li>Saint <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serapion_of_Algiers" title="Serapion of Algiers">Serapion of Algiers</a>, d. 1240</li> </ul> <p><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_al-Ma%27mun" title="Idris al-Ma'mun">Idris al-Ma'mun</a>, a late Almohad pretender (ruled 1229-1232 in parts of Morocco), renounced much Almohad doctrine, including the identification of Ibn Tumart as the Mahdi, and the denial of <i>dhimmi</i> status. He allowed Jews to practice their religion openly in Marrakesh, and even allowed a Christian church there as part of his alliance with Castile.<sup id="cite_ref-Viguera_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viguera-21">[21]</a></sup> In Iberia, Almohad rule collapsed in the 1200s, and was succeeded by several "Taifa" kingdoms, which allowed Jews to practice their religion openly.<sup id="cite_ref-Viguera_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viguera-21">[21]</a></sup></p> <h2><span id="List_of_Almohad_caliphs_.281121.E2.80.931269.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="List_of_Almohad_caliphs_(1121–1269)">List of Almohad caliphs (1121–1269)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: List of Almohad caliphs (1121–1269)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abdallah_ibn_Tumart" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Tumart">Ibn Tumart</a> 1121–1130</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd al-Mu'min</a> 1130–1163</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_I,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf I, Almohad Caliph">Abu Ya'qub Yusuf I</a> 1163–1184</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqub,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaqub, Almohad Caliph">Abu Yusuf Ya'qub 'al-Mansur'</a> 1184–1199</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Nasir" title="Muhammad al-Nasir">Muhammad al-Nasir</a> 1199–1213</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_II,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf II, Almohad Caliph">Abu Ya'qub Yusuf II 'al-Mustansir'</a> 1213–1224</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul-Wahid_I,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Wahid I, Almohad Caliph">Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid I 'al-Makhlu'</a> 1224</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_al-Adil" title="Abdallah al-Adil">Abdallah al-Adil</a> 1224–1227</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahya, Almohad Caliph">Yahya 'al-Mutasim'</a> 1227–1229</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_I,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Idris I, Almohad Caliph">Abu al-Ala Idris I al-Ma'mun</a>, 1229–1232</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Wahid_II" title="Abd al-Wahid II">Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid II 'al-Rashid'</a> 1232–1242</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali, Almohad Caliph">Abu al-Hassan Ali 'al-Said'</a> 1242–1248</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hafs_Umar_al-Murtada" title="Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada">Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Murtada'</a>, 1248–1266</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_II,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Idris II, Almohad Caliph">Abu al-Ula (Abu Dabbus) Idris II 'al-Wathiq'</a> 1266–1269</li> </ul> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:88%; border:1px solid #aaa;"> <tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; width:100%">Almohad family tree</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0;" title="family tree of the Almohad dynasty."> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Ali al-Kumi</td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div 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style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ; background-color: #afa;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd al-Mu'min</a><br/> (1)</td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black;border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="width:1em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Muhammad</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ; background-color: #afa;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_Yusuf" title="Abu Yaqub Yusuf">Abu Yaqub Yusuf I</a><br/> (2)</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu al-Hassan Ali</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu Zakariya Abd al-Rahman</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu Abd al-Rahman Yaqub</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu Ibrahim Ismail</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu Said Uthman</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu Ali al-Hussein</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu Muhammad Abd Allah</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu Musa Isa</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu Ishaq Ibrahim</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu al-Rabi Sulayman</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu Imran Musa</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu Hafs Umar</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black;border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="width:1em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black;border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="width:1em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ; background-color: #afa;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqub_al-Mansur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaqub al-Mansur">Abu Yusuf Yaqub 'al-Mansur'</a><br/> (3)</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu al-Ula Idris<br/> <i>the Old</i></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu Yahya</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu Ishaq Ibrahim</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Rashid'</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu Zayd Muhammad</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ; background-color: #afa;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul-Wahid_I,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Wahid I, Almohad Caliph">Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid I 'al-Makhlu'</a><br/> (6)</td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu Ibrahim Ishaq<br/> 'al-Tahir'</td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu Zakariya Yahya</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu al-Hassan Ali</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu Yusuf Yaqub</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu al-Rabi Sulayman</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu Abd Allah Muhammad</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="width:1em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="width:1em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black;border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="width:1em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td 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<div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ; background-color: #afa;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Nasir" title="Muhammad al-Nasir">Muhammad al-Nasir</a><br/> (4)</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ; background-color: #afa;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_al-Adil" title="Abdallah al-Adil">Abdallah al-Adil</a><br/> (7)</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu Muhammad Said</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu Musa</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Ibrahim</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu Said</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ; background-color: #afa;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_I,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Idris I, Almohad Caliph">Abu al-Ala Idris I 'al-Ma'mun'</a><br/> (9)</td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ; background-color: #afa;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hafs_Umar_al-Murtada" title="Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada">Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Murtada'</a><br/> (12)</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu Zayd</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu Ishaq</td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ; background-color: #afa;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_II,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Idris II, Almohad Caliph">Abu Dabbus Idris II 'al-Wathiq'</a><br/> (13)</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu Ali</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abd Allah 'al-Bayyansi'</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Abu Zayd</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="width:1em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <div style="width:1em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> <div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ; background-color: #afa;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahya, Almohad Caliph">Yahya 'al'Mutasim'</a><br/> (8)</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Musa</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Zakariya</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Ali</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ; background-color: #afa;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_II,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf II, Almohad Caliph">Yusuf II 'al'Mustansir'</a><br/> (5)</td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ; background-color: #afa;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali, Almohad Caliph">Abu al-Hassan Ali 'al-Said'</a><br/> (11)</td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ; background-color: #afa;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Wahid_II" title="Abd al-Wahid II">Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid II 'al-Rashid'</a><br/> (10)</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"> <td></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mahdi_claimants" title="List of Mahdi claimants">List of Mahdi claimants</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_carte.php?carte=carte-05&lang=en">"Qantara"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qantara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fqantara4%2Fpublic%2Fshow_carte.php%3Fcarte%3Dcarte-05%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_carte.php?carte=carte-06&lang=en">"Qantara"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qantara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fqantara4%2Fpublic%2Fshow_carte.php%3Fcarte%3Dcarte-06%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Le Moyen Âge, XIe- XVe siècle</i>, par Michel Kaplan & Patrick Boucheron. p.213, Ed. Breal 1994 (<a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-85394-732-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-85394-732-7">2-85394-732-7</a>)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://books.google.com/books?id=RP-bn29KCB8C&pg=PA213">[1]</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Taagepera, Rein (September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2600793">"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"</a>. <i>International Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>41</b> (3): 475–504.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Expansion+and+Contraction+Patterns+of+Large+Polities%3A+Context+for+Russia&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=475-504&rft.date=1997-09&rft.aulast=Taagepera&rft.aufirst=Rein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2600793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> P. Buresi, <i>La frontière entre chrétienté et islam dans la péninsule Ibérique</i>, pp.101–102. Ed. Publibook 2004 (<a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782748306446" title="Special:BookSources/9782748306446">9782748306446</a>)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Lugan, <i>Histoire du Maroc</i>, <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-262-01644-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-262-01644-5">2-262-01644-5</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Concise Encyclopaedia of World History</i>, by Carlos Ramirez-Faria, pp.23&676 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC">[2]</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-brit1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brit1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/16820/Almohads">"Almohads - confederation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Almohads+-++confederation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F16820%2FAlmohads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buresi, Pascal, and Hicham El Aallaoui. <i>Governing the Empire: Provincial Administration in the Almohad Caliphate (1224-1269)</i>. Studies in the History and Society of the Maghrib, 3. Leiden: Brill, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://books.google.com/books?id=jcn8ugAACAAJ">https://books.google.com/books?id=jcn8ugAACAAJ</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julien, p.100</span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://books.google.com/books?id=tPsUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA592">p.592</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Barton, Simon (2009). <i>A History of Spain</i>. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 63–66. <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-20012-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-20012-8">978-0-230-20012-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Spain&rft.place=London&rft.pages=63-66&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-230-20012-8&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. M. Balyuzi, <i>Muḥammad and the Course of Islám</i>, pg. 306. George Ronald, 1976. <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780853980605" title="Special:BookSources/9780853980605">9780853980605</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adang, "The Spread of Zahirism in al-Andalus in the Post-Caliphal Period: The evidence from the biographical dictionaries," pg. 297-346. Taken from <i>Ideas, Images and Methods of Portrayal: Insights into Classical Arabic Literature and Islam</i>. Ed. Sebastian Gunther, Leiden: 2005.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kees_Versteegh" title="Kees Versteegh">Kees Versteegh</a>, <i>The Arabic Linguistic Tradition</i>, pg. 142. Part of Landmarks in Linguistic Thought series, vol. 3. <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 1997. <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415157575" title="Special:BookSources/9780415157575">9780415157575</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawqi_Daif" title="Shawqi Daif">Shawqi Daif</a>, Introduction to Ibn Mada's <i>Refutation of the Grammarians</i>, pg. 6. Cairo, 1947.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojiro_Nakamura" title="Kojiro Nakamura">Kojiro Nakamura</a>, "Ibn Mada's Criticism of Arab Grammarians." <i>Orient</i>, v. 10, pp. 89–113. 1974</span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pascal Buresi and Hicham El Aallaoui, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hl5_--mK8q4C&pg=PA170&lpg=PA170&dq=almohad+reforms&source=bl&ots=IcdpEEfPlr&sig=VZ76UeMurENz36f-ip-R57EH13I&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rg6BUcP2JMaFOMOmgZgD&ved=0CC0Q6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=almohad%20reforms&f=false">Governing the Empire: Provincial Administration in the Almohad Caliphate 1224-1269</a>, p. 170. Volume 3 of Studies in the History and Society of the Maghrib. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2012. <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004233331" title="Special:BookSources/9789004233331">9789004233331</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Le muse</i>, De Agostini, Novara, 1964, Vol. I pp. 152–153</span></li> <li id="cite_note-islamicworldeb-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-islamicworldeb_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-26925">"Islamic world"</a> <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>. Retrieved September 2, 2007.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Viguera-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Viguera_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Viguera_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Viguera_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Viguera_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Viguera_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Viguera_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">M.J. Viguera, "Almohads". In <i>Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World</i>, Executive Editor Norman A. Stillman. First published online: 2010 First print edition: ISBN 978900417678, 2114</span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">María Rosa Menocal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/http://www.worldcat.org/title/ornament-of-the-world-how-muslims-jews-and-christians-created-a-culture-of-tolerance-in-medieval-spain/oclc/473322183?referer=br&ht=edition"><i>The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians created a culture of tolerance in medieval Spain</i></a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-ugr-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ugr_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ugr_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ugr_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Amira K. Bennison and María Ángeles Gallego. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/http://www.ugr.es/~estsemi/miscelanea/57/3.Gallego.08,33-51.pdf">Jewish Trading in Fes On The Eve of the Almohad Conquest</a>." MEAH, sección Hebreo 56 (2007), 33-51</span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross Brann, <i>Power in the Portrayal: Representations of Jews and Muslims in Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century Islamic Spain</i>, Princeton University Press, 2009, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ox7L8lO9YnMC&pg=PA123">pp. 121–122.</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-frank-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-frank_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank and Leaman, 2003, pp. 137–138.</span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Bel" title="Alfred Bel">Bel, Alfred</a> (1903). <i>Les Benou Ghânya: Derniers Représentants de l'empire Almoravide et Leur Lutte Contre l'empire Almohade</i>. Paris: E. Leroux.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Benou+Gh%C3%A2nya%3A+Derniers+Repr%C3%A9sentants+de+l%27empire+Almoravide+et+Leur+Lutte+Contre+l%27empire+Almohade&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=E.+Leroux&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Bel&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Copp%C3%A9e" title="Henry Coppée">Coppée, Henry</a> (1881). <i>Conquest of Spain by the Arab-Moors</i>. Boston: Little, Brown. <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13304630">13304630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquest+of+Spain+by+the+Arab-Moors&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1881&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13304630&rft.aulast=Copp%C3%A9e&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhart_Dozy" title="Reinhart Dozy">Dozy, Reinhart</a> (1881). <i>History of the Almohades</i> (Second ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13648381">13648381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Almohades&rft.place=Leiden&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1881&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13648381&rft.aulast=Dozy&rft.aufirst=Reinhart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ign%C3%A1c_Goldziher" title="Ignác Goldziher">Goldziher, Ignác</a> (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/http://www.ghazali.org/books/goldziher-1903.pdf"><i>Le livre de Mohammed ibn Toumert: Mahdi des Almohades</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Alger: P. Fontana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+livre+de+Mohammed+ibn+Toumert%3A+Mahdi+des+Almohades&rft.place=Alger&rft.pub=P.+Fontana&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Goldziher&rft.aufirst=Ign%C3%A1c&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghazali.org%2Fbooks%2Fgoldziher-1903.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. Kennedy">Kennedy, Hugh N.</a> (1996). <i>Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus</i>. New York: Longman. pp. 196–266. <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-49515-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-49515-6">0-582-49515-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Spain+and+Portugal%3A+A+Political+History+of+al-Andalus&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=196-266&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-582-49515-6&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Popa, Marcel D.; Matei, Horia C. (1988). <i>Mica Enciclopedie de Istorie Universala</i>. Bucharest: Editura Politica. <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/895214574">895214574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mica+Enciclopedie+de+Istorie+Universala&rft.place=Bucharest&rft.pub=Editura+Politica&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F895214574&rft.aulast=Popa&rft.aufirst=Marcel+D.&rft.au=Matei%2C+Horia+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/dynasties/almohads.html">Almohads Dynasty</a> : Islamic Architecture</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/686/Abd-al-Mumin">Abd al-Mumin life among Masmudas</a>: Encyclopædia Britannica</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/45966/rec/1">Al-Andalus: the art of Islamic Spain</a>, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Almohad Caliphate (see index)</li> </ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;"> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFC332; text-align:center;"> <div style="font-size:90%"><b>— <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Royal house</a> —</b></div> <div><b>Almohad dynasty</b></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br/> <span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid dynasty</a></span></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Ruling house of <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></b><br/> 1147–1244</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br/> <span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinid dynasty</a></span></td> </tr> </table> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Morocco_articles" style="padding:3px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Morocco_topics" title="Template:Morocco topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Morocco_topics" title="Template talk:Morocco topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Morocco_topics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="Morocco_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Morocco-related_articles" title="Index of Morocco-related articles">articles</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">History</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Prehistoric_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early Islamic</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyad dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_Revolt" title="Berber Revolt">Berber Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barghawata" title="Barghawata">Barghawata Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nekor" title="Kingdom of Nekor">Kingdom of Nekor</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Cordoba</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Empire</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyads</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbadid_dynasty" title="Abbadid dynasty">Abbadis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisids</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammudid_dynasty" title="Hammudid dynasty">Hamudids</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Almohads</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinids</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattasid_dynasty" title="Wattasid dynasty">Wattasids</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaouite_dynasty" title="Alaouite dynasty">Alaouites</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;;padding:0.35em 0.5em;line-height:1.2em;">European protectorate</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fez" title="Treaty of Fez">Treaty of Fez</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">French Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_V_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed V of Morocco">Mohammed V</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Morocco" title="Hassan II of Morocco">Hassan II</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970s_in_Morocco" title="1970s in Morocco">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1980s_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1980s in Morocco (page does not exist)">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990s_in_Morocco" title="1990s in Morocco">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Mohammed VI</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000s_in_Morocco" title="2000s in Morocco">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Moroccan_protests" title="2011–12 Moroccan protests">2011–12 protests</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"> <div><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco" title="Coat of arms of Morocco"><img alt="Coat of arms of Morocco.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg.png" width="100" height="108" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="596"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Morocco" title="Geography of Morocco">Geography</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Morocco" title="List of cities in Morocco">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Morocco" title="Administrative divisions of Morocco">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Morocco" title="Regions of Morocco">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Western_Sahara" title="Geography of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Morocco" title="Politics of Morocco">Politics</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Morocco" title="Cabinet of Morocco">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Morocco" title="Foreign relations of Morocco">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Morocco" title="List of rulers of Morocco">King</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Morocco" title="Parliament of Morocco">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Government_of_Morocco" title="President of the Government of Morocco">President of the Government</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Morocco" title="List of heads of government of Morocco">List</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_Western_Sahara" title="Political status of Western Sahara">Western Sahara status</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Morocco">Military</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Morocco" title="Military history of Morocco">History</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Army" title="Royal Moroccan Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Navy" title="Royal Moroccan Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Air_Force" title="Royal Moroccan Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Gendarmerie" title="Royal Moroccan Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Morocco" title="Economy of Morocco">Economy</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Al-Maghrib" title="Bank Al-Maghrib">Bank Al-Maghrib</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Morocco" title="List of companies of Morocco">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Morocco" title="Energy policy of Morocco">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Morocco" title="Health in Morocco">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_in_Morocco" title="Investment in Morocco">Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Casablanca" title="Economy of Casablanca">Casablanca</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Tangier" title="Economy of Tangier">Tangier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Western_Sahara" title="Economy of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Morocco" title="Tourism in Morocco">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Morocco" title="Telecommunications in Morocco">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_in_Morocco" title="Trade in Morocco">Trade</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Morocco" title="Culture of Morocco">Culture</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Morocco" title="Cinema of Morocco">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco" title="Coat of arms of Morocco">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Morocco" title="Flag of Morocco">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_literature" title="Moroccan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Morocco" title="Media of Morocco">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Morocco" title="Music of Morocco">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Morocco" title="Sport in Morocco">Sport</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco_national_football_team" title="Morocco national football team">national football team</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco_national_rugby_union_team" title="Morocco national rugby union team">national rugby union team</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Morocco" title="Demographics of Morocco">Demographics</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Morocco" title="Languages of Morocco">Languages</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilalian_dialects" title="Hilalian dialects">Hilalian dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan people">Moroccan people</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_diaspora" title="Moroccan diaspora">diaspora</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Western_Sahara" title="Demographics of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"> <div> <div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"> <ul> <li><span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Morocco" title="Outline of Morocco">Outline</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Morocco-related_articles" title="Index of Morocco-related articles">Index</a></span></li> </ul> </div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Morocco" title="Category:Morocco">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Morocco" title="Portal:Morocco">Portal</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_Morocco" style="padding:3px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_Morocco" title="Template:Rulers of Morocco"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none 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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid dynasty</a><br/> (788–974)</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_I_of_Morocco" title="Idris I of Morocco">Idris I <small>(Idris ibn Abdallah)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_II_of_Morocco" title="Idris II of Morocco">Idris II <small>(Idris ibn Idris)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Idris" title="Muhammad ibn Idris">Muhammad ibn Idris</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Muhammad" title="Ali ibn Muhammad">Ali I <small>(Ali ibn Muhammad)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Muhammad" title="Yahya ibn Muhammad">Yahya I <small>(Yahya ibn Muhammad)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Yahya" title="Yahya ibn Yahya">Yahya II <small>(Yahya ibn Yahya)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Umar" title="Ali ibn Umar">Ali II <small>(Ali ibn Umar)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_ibn_al-Qasim" title="Yahya ibn al-Qasim">Yahya III <small>(Yahya ibn al-Qasim)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Idris_ibn_Umar" title="Yahya ibn Idris ibn Umar">Yahya IV <small>(Yahya ibn Idris ibn Umar)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hajjam_al-Hasan_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Qasim" title="Al-Hajjam al-Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-Qasim">Al-Hasan ibn Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qasim_Guennoun" title="Al-Qasim Guennoun">Al-Qasim ibn Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul-Aish_Ahmad" title="Abul-Aish Ahmad">Ahmad ibn al-Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hasan_ibn_Kannun" title="Al-Hasan ibn Kannun">Al-Hasan ibn al-Qasim</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid dynasty</a><br/> (1040–1147)</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_Tashfin" title="Yusuf ibn Tashfin">Yusuf ibn Tashfin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Yusuf" title="Ali ibn Yusuf">Ali ibn Yusuf</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashfin_ibn_Ali" title="Tashfin ibn Ali">Tashfin ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Tashfin" title="Ibrahim ibn Tashfin">Ibrahim ibn Tashfin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishaq_ibn_Ali" title="Ishaq ibn Ali">Ishaq ibn Ali</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad dynasty">Almohad dynasty</a><br/> (1121–1269)</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd al-Mu'min</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_Yusuf" title="Abu Yaqub Yusuf">Yusuf I <small>(Abu Yaqub Yusuf)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_al-Mansur" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur">Yaqub al-Mansur</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Nasir" title="Muhammad al-Nasir">Muhammad al-Nasir</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_II,_Almohad_caliph" title="Yusuf II, Almohad caliph">Yusuf II <small>(Yusuf al-Mustansir)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Wahid_I" title="Abd al-Wahid I">Abd al-Wahid I <small>(Abd al-Wahid al-Makhluʿ)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_al-Adil" title="Abdallah al-Adil">Abdallah al-ʿAdil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_al-Mu%27tasim" title="Yahya al-Mu'tasim">Yahya al-Mu'tasim</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_al-Ma%27mun" title="Idris al-Ma'mun">Idris al-Ma'mun</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Wahid_II" title="Abd al-Wahid II">Abd al-Wahid II</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_as-Said_al-Mutadid" title="Abu al-Hasan as-Said al-Mutadid">Said al-Muʿtadid</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinid dynasty</a><br/> (1244–1465)</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Yahya_ibn_Abd_al-Haqq" title="Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq">Abubakr ibn Abd al-Haqq</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_ibn_Abd_Al-Haqq" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq">Yaqub ibn Abubakr</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_Yusuf_an-Nasr" title="Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr">Yusuf ibn Yaqub</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Thabit_Amir" title="Abu Thabit Amir">Amir ibn Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Rabi_Sulayman" title="Abu al-Rabi Sulayman">Sulayman ibn Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_Uthman_II" title="Abu Sa'id Uthman II">Uthman ibn Yaqub</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_Ali_ibn_Othman" title="Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman">Ali ibn Uthman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Inan_Faris" title="Abu Inan Faris">Faris ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_II_ibn_Faris_of_Morocco" title="Muhammad II ibn Faris of Morocco">Muhammad ibn Faris</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_ibn_Faris" title="Abu Bakr ibn Faris">Abubakr ibn Faris</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Ali_of_Morocco" title="Ibrahim ibn Ali of Morocco">Ibrahim ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashfin_ibn_Ali_(Marinid)" title="Tashfin ibn Ali (Marinid)">Tashfin ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Faris_Abdul_Aziz_I_of_Morocco" title="Abu Faris Abdul Aziz I of Morocco">Abd al-Aziz ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_III_ibn_Abd_al-Aziz" title="Muhammad III ibn Abd al-Aziz">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%27l-Abbas_Ahmad_al-Mustansir" title="Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad al-Mustansir">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim (al-Mustansir)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_ibn_Faris_al-Mutawakkil" title="Musa ibn Faris al-Mutawakkil">Musa ibn Faris</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ahmad_al-Wathiq" title="Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Wathiq">Muhammad ibn Ahmad (al-Wathiq)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%27l-Abbas_Ahmad_al-Mustansir" title="Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad al-Mustansir">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim (al-Mustansir)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_II_ibn_Ahmad_II" title="Abd al-Aziz II ibn Ahmad II">Abd al-Aziz ibn Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Ahmad_II" title="Abdallah ibn Ahmad II">Abdallah ibn Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Said_Uthman_III" title="Abu Said Uthman III">Uthman ibn Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Haqq_II" title="Abd al-Haqq II">Abd al-Haqq ibn Uthman</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Idrisid interlude<br/> (1465–1471)</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_ibn_Ali_Amrani-Joutey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad ibn Ali Amrani-Joutey (page does not exist)">Muhammad ibn Ali Amrani-Joutey</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattasid_dynasty" title="Wattasid dynasty">Wattasid dynasty</a><br/> (1471–1549, 1554)</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abu_Abdallah_Muhammad_ibn_Yahya_ash-Sheikh_al-Mahdi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Yahya ash-Sheikh al-Mahdi (page does not exist)">Muhammad ibn Yahya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abu_Abdallah_Muhammah_ibn_Muhammad_al-Burtuqali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Abdallah Muhammah ibn Muhammad al-Burtuqali (page does not exist)">Muhammad ibn Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abu_al-Hasan_Ali_ibn_Muhammad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad (page does not exist)">Ali ibn Muhammad (Abu Hassun)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_Ahmad_ibn_Muhammad" title="Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad">Ahmad ibn Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_ad-Din_al-Qasri_Muhammad_ibn_Ahmad" title="Nasir ad-Din al-Qasri Muhammad ibn Ahmad">Muhammad ibn Ahmad</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadi dynasty</a><br/> (1549–1659)</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_ash-Sheikh" title="Mohammed ash-Sheikh">Muhammad ash-Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_al-Ghalib" title="Abdallah al-Ghalib">Abdallah al-Ghalib</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_Mohammed_II_Saadi" title="Abu Abdallah Mohammed II Saadi">Muhammad al-Mutawakkil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Marwan_Abd_al-Malik_I_Saadi" title="Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi">Abd al-Malik I <small>(Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik al-Ghazi)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Mansur" title="Ahmad al-Mansur">Ahmad al-Mansur</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Faris_Abdallah" title="Abu Faris Abdallah">Abu Faris Abdallah</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zidan_al-Nasir" class="mw-redirect" title="Zidan al-Nasir">Zidan al-Nasir</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Marwan_Abd_al-Malik_II" title="Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik II">Abd al-Malik II <small>(Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik ibn Zidan)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Walid_ben_Zidan" title="Al Walid ben Zidan">Al-Walid ibn Zidan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_esh-Sheikh_es-Seghir" title="Mohammed esh-Sheikh es-Seghir">Mohammed esh-Sheikh es-Seghir</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_al-Abbas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad al-Abbas (page does not exist)">Ahmad al-Abbas</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaouia_of_Dila" title="Zaouia of Dila">Dila'i</a> interlude<br/> (1659–1663)</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_al-Hajj_ibn_Abu_Bakr_al-Dila%27i" title="Mohammed al-Hajj ibn Abu Bakr al-Dila'i">Muhammad al-Haj ad-Dila'i</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaouite_dynasty" title="Alaouite dynasty">Alaouite dynasty</a><br/> (1666–present)</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Rashid_of_Morocco" title="Al-Rashid of Morocco">Al-Rashid ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Ibn_Sharif" title="Ismail Ibn Sharif">Ismail ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%27l_Abbas_Ahmad_of_Morocco" title="Abu'l Abbas Ahmad of Morocco">Ahmad ibn Ismail</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdalmalik_of_Morocco" title="Abdalmalik of Morocco">Abd al-Malik ibn Ismail</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_of_Morocco" title="Abdallah of Morocco">Abdallah ibn Ismail</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_of_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali of Morocco (page does not exist)">Ali ibn Ismail</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_II_ben_Arbia_of_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad II ben Arbia of Morocco (page does not exist)">Muhammad II <small>(Muhammad ibn Ismail)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Mostadi_of_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Mostadi of Morocco (page does not exist)">Al-Mustadi' ibn Ismail</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zin_al-Abidin_of_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zin al-Abidin of Morocco (page does not exist)">Zin al-Abidin ibn Ismail</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_ben_Abdallah" title="Mohammed ben Abdallah">Muhammad III <small>(Muhammad ibn Abdallah)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazid_of_Morocco" title="Yazid of Morocco">Al-Yazid ibn Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hisham_of_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hisham of Morocco (page does not exist)">Hisham ibn Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slimane_of_Morocco" title="Slimane of Morocco">Suleiman ibn Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_of_Morocco" title="Abd al-Rahman of Morocco">Abd al-Rahman ibn Hisham</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_IV_of_Morocco" title="Muhammad IV of Morocco">Muhammad IV <small>(Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_I_of_Morocco" title="Hassan I of Morocco">Hassan I <small>(Al-Hassan ibn Muhammad)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelaziz_of_Morocco" title="Abdelaziz of Morocco">Abd al-Aziz ibn al-Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Hafid_of_Morocco" title="Abd al-Hafid of Morocco">Abd al-Hafid ibn al-Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusef_of_Morocco" title="Yusef of Morocco">Yusuf ibn al-Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Ben_Aarafa" title="Mohammed Ben Aarafa">Muhammad ibn Arafa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_V_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed V of Morocco">Muhammad V <small>(Muhammad ibn Yusuf)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Morocco" title="Hassan II of Morocco">Hassan II <small>(Hassan ibn Muhammad)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Muhammad VI <small>(Muhammad ibn al-Hassan)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_dynasties_in_Maghreb_region" style="padding:3px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse 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href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barghawata" title="Barghawata">Barghawata</a> (744-1058)</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustamid_dynasty" title="Rustamid dynasty">Rustamids</a> (767-909)</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhallabids" title="Muhallabids">Muhallabids</a> (771–793)</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisids</a> (780–985 )</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Ifranids</a> (790-1066)</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghlabids" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a> (800–909)</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirids</a> (973–1148)</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Kanz" title="Banu Kanz">Banu Kanz</a> (1004–1412)</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty" title="Hammadid dynasty">Hammadids</a> (1008–1152)</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a> (1040–1147)</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khurasanid_dynasty" title="Khurasanid dynasty">Khurasanids</a> (1059-1158)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Almohads</a> (f. 1130, r. 1147–1269)</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsids</a> (1229–1574)</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayyanid_dynasty" title="Zayyanid dynasty">Ziyyanids</a> (1235–1556)</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinids</a> (f. 1244, r. 1269–1465)</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattasid_dynasty" title="Wattasid dynasty">Wattasids</a> (1472–1554)</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadi</a> (f. 1509, r. 1554–1659)</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ait_Abbas" title="Kingdom of Ait Abbas">Kingdom of Ait Abbas</a> (f. 1510, r. 1510–1872)</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kuku" title="Kingdom of Kuku">Kuku Sultanate</a> (1515-1638)</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaouite_dynasty" title="Alaouite dynasty">Alaouites</a> (f. 1631, r. 1666–present)</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husainid_dynasty" title="Husainid dynasty">Husainids</a> (1705–1957)</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamanli_dynasty" title="Karamanli dynasty">Karamanli</a> (1711–1835)</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senussi" title="Senussi">Senussi</a> (1837-1969)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages" style="padding:3px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Spanish_Kingdoms" title="Template:Spanish Kingdoms"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Kingdoms" title="Template talk:Spanish Kingdoms"><abbr title="Discuss this template" 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href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></b></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Kingdom of the Suebi</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Province of Spania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Cantabria" title="Duchy of Cantabria">Duchy of Cantabria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Vasconia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Vasconia">Duchy of Vasconia</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div><b><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></b></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa" title="Taifa">Taifas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Almohad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div><b><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></b></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Kingdom of Asturias</a> → <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Kingdom of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Castile">County of Castile</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a> → <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> (<i>Castile-León</i>)</li> </ul> <ul> <li><i><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marca_Hispanica" title="Marca Hispanica">Marca Hispanica</a></i> → <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Barcelona" title="County of Barcelona">County of Barcelona</a> → <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Viguera" title="Kingdom of Viguera">Kingdom of Viguera</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pamplona" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Pamplona">Kingdom of Pamplona</a> → <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Aragon" title="County of Aragon">County of Aragon</a> → <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a> → <a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Kingdom of Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Kingdom of Valencia</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_the_Visigoths#Kings_of_the_Visigoths" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of the Visigoths">Visigothic monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suebic_Kingdom_of_Galicia#List_of_Galician_Suebic_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Suebic Kingdom of Galicia">Suebic monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Umayyad_governors_of_al-Andalus" title="List of Umayyad governors of al-Andalus">Monarchs of al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Aragonese_monarchs" title="List of Aragonese monarchs">Monarchs of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asturian_monarchs" title="List of Asturian monarchs">Monarchs of Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Barcelona" title="Count of Barcelona">Monarchs of Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Castilian_monarchs" title="List of Castilian monarchs">Monarchs of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Galician_monarchs" title="List of Galician monarchs">Monarchs of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty" title="Nasrid dynasty">Monarchs of Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Leonese_monarchs" title="List of Leonese monarchs">Monarchs of León</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Majorca" title="List of monarchs of Majorca">Monarchs of Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Navarrese_monarchs" title="List of Navarrese monarchs">Monarchs of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Valencian_monarchs" title="List of Valencian monarchs">Monarchs of Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_military_orders" title="Spanish military orders">Military orders</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Categories:_History_of_Algeria_by_period" style="padding:3px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div 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href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Algeria_under_the_Umayyad_Caliphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Algeria under the Umayyad Caliphate (page does not exist)">Umayyads</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Algeria_under_the_Hammadids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Algeria under the Hammadids (page does not exist)">Hammadids</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Almohad_Caliphate" title="Category:Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Ziyyanid_dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Ziyyanid dynasty (page does not exist)">Ziyyanid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Marinid_dynasty" title="Category:Marinid dynasty">Marinid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Ottoman_Algeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Ottoman Algeria (page does not exist)">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Modern_history_of_Algeria" title="Category:Modern history of Algeria">Modern</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"> <div><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Algeria"><img alt="Flag of Algeria" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/50px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" width="50" height="33" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/75px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, 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template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Empires&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="Empires" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_era" title="History of China">Chinese</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (265–420)">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">Indian</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Harsha" title="Empire of Harsha">Harsha</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iranian</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">Mongol</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei_state" title="Xianbei state">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Arab</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_Empire" title="Benin Empire">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornu_Empire" title="Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" title="Bruneian Empire">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire" title="Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_era" title="History of China">Chinese</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunnic_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunnic Empire">Hunnic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">Indian</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Ganga dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iranian</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanem_Empire" title="Kanem Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malaccan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinid</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ifat" title="Sultanate of Ifat">Ifatite</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adalite</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mogadishu" title="Sultanate of Mogadishu">Mogadishan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsangali_Sultanate" title="Warsangali Sultanate">Warsangali</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turko-Persian_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Turko-Persian tradition">Turko-Persian</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">Vietnamese</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ly_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ly Dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tran_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tran Dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_Le_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Le Dynasty">Le</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_history" title="Modern history">Modern</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_era" title="History of China">Chinese</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">First/Old Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Second Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Third Reich</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180202070134/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almuades" title="Almuades – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Flm%C3%BCv%C9%99hhidil%C9%99r" title="Əlmüvəhhidilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="موحدون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%A4" title="আলমোহাদ খিলাফত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Дынастыя Альмахадаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Алмохади – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohaded" title="Almohaded – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_almohade" title="Dinastia almohade – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohadov%C3%A9" title="Almohadové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohadiaid" title="Almohadiaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohaden" title="Almohaden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohaadide_riik" title="Almohaadide riik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Αλμοάδες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_almohade" title="Imperio almohade – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohadoj" title="Almohadoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohade_dinastia" title="Almohade dinastia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="موحدون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohades" title="Almohades – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_almohade" title="Imperio almohade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%99%80%ED%9E%88%EB%93%9C_%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%8C%8C%EC%A1%B0" title="무와히드 칼리파조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC-%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ալ-Մոհադների պետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohadi" title="Almohadi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muwahhidun" title="Muwahhidun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohadi" title="Almohadi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%97%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אל-מוואחידון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ალმოჰადები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Муаххидун халифаты – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almochadai" title="Almochadai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoh%C3%A1dok" title="Almohádok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Алмохадска династија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muwahhidun" title="Al-Muwahhidun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifaat_van_de_Almohaden" title="Kalifaat van de Almohaden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%83%AF%E3%83%83%E3%83%92%E3%83%89%E6%9C%9D" title="ムワッヒド朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohadene" title="Almohadene – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoads" title="Almoads – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4" title="ਮੋਹਦੀਨ ਖਿਲਾਫ਼ਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دولت موحدین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohadzi" title="Almohadzi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califado_Alm%C3%B3ada" title="Califado Almóada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Almohad%C4%83" title="Dinastia Almohadă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Альмохады – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohadi" title="Almohadi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad" title="Almohad – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohadi" title="Almohadi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%88%DA%B5%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%DB%95%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دەوڵەتی موەحیدەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Алмохади – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohadi" title="Almohadi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohadit" title="Almohadit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohader" title="Almohader – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imwe%E1%B8%A5%E1%B8%A5den" title="Imweḥḥden – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muvahhidler" title="Muvahhidler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070134/https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Альмохади – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a 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