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id="toc-Content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verse_numbering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verse_numbering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Verse numbering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verse_numbering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Subsections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Themes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quotations_in_the_New_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quotations_in_the_New_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Quotations in the New Testament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quotations_in_the_New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miga" title="Miga – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Miga" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7" title="سفر ميخا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سفر ميخا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A3%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%A1%DC%9D%DC%9F%DC%90" title="ܣܦܪܐ ܕܡܝܟܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܣܦܪܐ ܕܡܝܟܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Кніга прарока Міхея – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кніга прарока Міхея" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Кніга прарока Міхея – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кніга прарока Міхея" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Книга на пророк Михей – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Книга на пророк Михей" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha_(Buach)" title="Micha (Buach) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Micha (Buach)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levr_Mic%27ha" title="Levr Mic'ha – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Levr Mic'ha" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llibre_de_Miquees" title="Llibre de Miquees – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llibre de Miquees" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basahon_ni_Miqueas" title="Basahon ni Miqueas – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Basahon ni Miqueas" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kniha_Miche%C3%A1%C5%A1" title="Kniha Micheáš – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kniha Micheáš" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%27wadhi_ra_Mika" title="N'wadhi ra Mika – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="N'wadhi ra Mika" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llyfr_Micha" title="Llyfr Micha – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llyfr Micha" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikas_Bog" title="Mikas Bog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mikas Bog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buch_Micha" title="Buch Micha – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Buch Micha" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_(%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BF)" title="Μιχαίας (βιβλίο) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μιχαίας (βιβλίο)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro_de_Miqueas" title="Libro de Miqueas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Libro de Miqueas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro_de_Mi%C4%A5a" title="Libro de Miĥa – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Libro de Miĥa" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikeasen_Liburua" title="Mikeasen Liburua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mikeasen Liburua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%87" title="کتاب میکاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتاب میکاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livre_de_Mich%C3%A9e" title="Livre de Michée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Livre de Michée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha_(bibelboek)" title="Micha (bibelboek) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Micha (bibelboek)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leabhar_Mh%C3%ADoc%C3%A1" title="Leabhar Mhíocá – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leabhar Mhíocá" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micah" title="Micah – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Micah" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="मिका आचें पुस्तक – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="मिका आचें पुस्तक" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B0%80%EC%84%9C" title="미가서 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미가서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihej_(knjiga)" title="Mihej (knjiga) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mihej (knjiga)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_Mikha" title="Kitab Mikha – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kitab Mikha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mika" title="Mika – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Mika" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro_di_Michea" title="Libro di Michea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Libro di Michea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%94" title="ספר מיכה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספר מיכה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikha" title="Mikha – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mikha" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="წინაწარმეტყველება მიქიასი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წინაწარმეტყველება მიქიასი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitabu_cha_Mika" title="Kitabu cha Mika – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitabu cha Mika" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophetia_Michaeae" title="Prophetia Michaeae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Prophetia Michaeae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihas_gr%C4%81mata" title="Mihas grāmata – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mihas grāmata" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mich%C4%97jo_knyga" title="Michėjo knyga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Michėjo knyga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mica" title="Mica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%C3%A1s_k%C3%B6nyve" title="Mikeás könyve – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mikeás könyve" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%98" title="Книга на пророкот Михеј – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Книга на пророкот Михеј" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokin%27_i_Mik%C3%A0" title="Bokin' i Mikà – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bokin' i Mikà" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="മിക്കായുടെ പുസ്തകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മിക്കായുടെ പുസ്തകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7" title="سفر ميخا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سفر ميخا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%AB-gi%C4%83_C%E1%B9%B3%CC%86" title="Mī-giă Cṳ̆ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mī-giă Cṳ̆" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%AC%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မိက္ခာအနာဂတ္တိကျမ်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မိက္ခာအနာဂတ္တိကျမ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha_(boek)" title="Micha (boek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Micha (boek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%82%AB%E6%9B%B8" title="ミカ書 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミカ書" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikas_bok" title="Mikas bok – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mikas bok" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%99ga_Micheasza" title="Księga Micheasza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Księga Micheasza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livro_de_Miqueias" title="Livro de Miqueias – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Livro de Miqueias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mica_(carte)" title="Mica (carte) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mica (carte)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhap_qillqasqan" title="Mikhap qillqasqan – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mikhap qillqasqan" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Книга пророка Михея – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Книга пророка Михея" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_le_tusi_a_le_Perofeta_o_Mika" title="O le tusi a le Perofeta o Mika – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="O le tusi a le Perofeta o Mika" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Book of Micah" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kniha_proroka_Miche%C3%A1%C5%A1a" title="Kniha proroka Micheáša – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kniha proroka Micheáša" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Књига пророка Михеја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Књига пророка Михеја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihej_(knjiga)" title="Mihej (knjiga) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mihej (knjiga)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miikan_kirja" title="Miikan kirja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Miikan kirja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mika" title="Mika – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mika" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aklat_ni_Mikas" title="Aklat ni Mikas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aklat ni Mikas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="மீக்கா (நூல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மீக்கா (நூல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="หนังสือมีคาห์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หนังสือมีคาห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mika_Kitab%C4%B1" title="Mika Kitabı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mika Kitabı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Книга пророка Михея – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Книга пророка Михея" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%81" title="کتاب میکاہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کتاب میکاہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihejan_kirj" title="Mihejan kirj – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mihejan kirj" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basah%C3%A1n_ni_Miqueas" title="Basahán ni Miqueas – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Basahán ni Miqueas" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%A5%E8%BF%A6%E4%B9%A6" title="弥迦书 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="弥迦书" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cw%C3%A9_M%C3%ADk%C3%A0" title="Ìwé Míkà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìwé Míkà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%8C%E8%BF%A6%E6%9B%B8" title="彌迦書 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="彌迦書" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha_(Biebelboek)" title="Micha (Biebelboek) – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Micha (Biebelboek)" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%8C%E8%BF%A6%E6%9B%B8" title="彌迦書 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="彌迦書" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku_Mika" title="Buku Mika – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Buku Mika" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q178076#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Torah</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Instruction)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:11.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Bereshit</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shemot</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Wayiqra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Bemidbar</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Devarim</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Nevi'im</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Prophets)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Former_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Former</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:10.0em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yehoshua</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shofetim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Samuel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shemuel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Melakhim</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Latter_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Latter</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:10.0em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yeshayahu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yirmeyahu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yekhezqel</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor </a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Ketuvim</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Writings)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Poetic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Tehillim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Mishlei</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Iyov</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Five_Megillot" title="Five Megillot">Five <i>Megillot</i> <span class="nobold">(Scrolls)</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shir Hashirim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Rut</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Eikhah</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Qohelet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Ester</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Historical</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Daniyyel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra–Nehemiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Ezra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Divre Hayyamim</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; font-size:115%;padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> <span class="nobold">(Christianity)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Pentateuch#Contents" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Wisdom</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Orthodox only</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;font-size:105%;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tanakh_OT" title="Template:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tanakh_OT" title="Template talk:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tanakh_OT" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Book of Micah</b> is the sixth of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">twelve minor prophets</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ostensibly, it records the sayings of <a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a>, whose name is <i>Mikayahu</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מִיכָיָ֫הוּ</span>), meaning "Who is like Yahweh?",<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an 8th-century BCE prophet from the village of <a href="/wiki/Moresheth-Gath" title="Moresheth-Gath">Moresheth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a> (Hebrew name from the opening verse: מיכה המרשתי).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book has three major divisions, chapters 1–2, 3–5 and 6–7, each introduced by the word "Hear", with a pattern of alternating announcements of doom and expressions of hope within each division.<sup id="cite_ref-limburg_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-limburg-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Micah reproaches <a href="/wiki/Injustice" title="Injustice">unjust</a> leaders, defends the rights of the poor against the <a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">rich and powerful</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while looking forward to a world at peace centered on <a href="/wiki/Zion" title="Zion">Zion</a> under the leadership of a new <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">Davidic</a> monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweeney_2000,_pp._341–42_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweeney_2000,_pp._341–42-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the book is relatively short, it includes <a href="/wiki/Lament" title="Lament">lament</a> (1:8–16; 7:8–10), <a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">theophany</a> (1.3–4), a hymnic prayer of petition and confidence (7:14–20),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the "covenant lawsuit" (6:1–8), a distinct genre in which <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> (God) sues Israel for breach of contract of the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Mosaic covenant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Setting">Setting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Micah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Setting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sennacherib_sling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cd/Sennacherib_sling.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="344" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="235" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> warriors armed with slings from the palace of Sennacherib, 7th century BCE</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prophets_in_Judaism" title="Prophets in Judaism">Prophets in Judaism</a></div> <p>The opening verse identifies the prophet as "Micah of <a href="/wiki/Maresha" title="Maresha">Moresheth</a>" (a town in southern Judah), and states that he lived during the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Jotham" title="Jotham">Jotham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahaz" title="Ahaz">Ahaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> roughly 750–700 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogerson_2003,_p._703_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogerson_2003,_p._703-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This corresponds to the period when, after a long period of peace, Israel, Judah, and the other nations of the region came under increasing pressure from the aggressive and rapidly expanding <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Assyrian empire">Neo-Assyrian empire</a>. Between 734 and 727 <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a> of Assyria conducted almost annual campaigns in <a href="/wiki/The_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Levant">the Levant</a>, reducing the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistine</a> cities to <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassalage</a>, receiving <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a>, and absorbing Damascus (the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram</a>) into the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Tiglath-Pileser's death Israel rebelled, resulting in an Assyrian counter-attack and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)#Destruction_of_the_kingdom" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">destruction of the capital</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"><span title="The anchor (Destruction of the kingdom) has been deleted. (2024-07-31)">broken anchor</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Samaria_(ancient_city)" title="Samaria (ancient city)">Samaria</a>, in 721 after a three-year siege.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogerson_2003,_p._703_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogerson_2003,_p._703-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Micah 1:2–7 draws on this event: Samaria, says the prophet, has been destroyed by God because of its crimes of idolatry, oppression of the poor, and misuse of power.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogerson_2003,_p._703_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogerson_2003,_p._703-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Assyrian attacks on Israel (the northern kingdom) led to an influx of refugees into Judah, which would have increased social stresses, while at the same time the authorities in Jerusalem had to invest huge amounts in tribute and defense.<sup id="cite_ref-King_1988,_p._27_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King_1988,_p._27-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Assyrians attacked Judah in 701 they did so via the Philistine coast and the <a href="/wiki/Shephelah" title="Shephelah">Shephelah</a>, the border region which included Micah's village of Moresheth, as well as <a href="/wiki/Lachish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lachish">Lachish</a>, Judah's second largest city. This in turn forms the background to verses 1:8–16, in which Micah warns the towns of the coming disaster (Lachish is singled out for special mention, accused of the corrupt practices of both Samaria and Jerusalem). In verses 2:1–5 he denounces the appropriation of land and houses, which might simply be the greed of the wealthy and powerful, or possibly the result of the militarizing of the area in preparation for the Assyrian attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogerson704_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogerson704-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Micah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a></div> <p>Some, but not all, scholars accept that only chapters 1–3 contain material from the late 8th-century BCE prophet Micah.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogerson_2003,_p._703_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogerson_2003,_p._703-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to scholars, the latest material comes from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">post-Exilic period</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Temple</a> was rebuilt in 515 BCE, so that the early 5th century BCE seems to be the period when the book was completed.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first stage was the collection and arrangement of some spoken sayings of the historical Micah (the material in chapters 1–3), in which the prophet attacks those who build estates through oppression and depicts the Assyrian invasion of Judah as Yahweh's punishment on the kingdom's corrupt rulers, including a prophecy that the Temple will be destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prophecy was not fulfilled in Micah's time, but a hundred years later when Judah was facing a similar crisis with the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a>, Micah's prophecies were reworked and expanded to reflect the new situation.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still later, after <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">Jerusalem fell</a> to the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the book was revised and expanded further to reflect the circumstances of the late exilic and post-exilic community.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surviving_early_manuscripts">Surviving early manuscripts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Micah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Surviving early manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest surviving <a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript#Old_Testament_manuscripts" title="Biblical manuscript">manuscripts</a> were made hundreds of years after the period or periods of authorship. The earliest surviving <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a> versions include the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Cairensis" title="Codex Cairensis">Codex Cairensis</a> (895), <a href="/wiki/Codex_Babylonicus_Petropolitanus" title="Codex Babylonicus Petropolitanus">the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets</a> (916), and <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Codex" title="Leningrad Codex">Codex Leningradensis</a> (1008).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWürthwein199535–37_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWürthwein199535–37-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1947, the current text of the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Codex" title="Aleppo Codex">Aleppo Codex</a> is missing Micah 1:1 to 5:1.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fragments containing parts of this book in the original <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> were found among the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>, including 4Q82 (25 BCE);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUlrich2010615_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlrich2010615-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thewaytoyahuweh_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thewaytoyahuweh-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzmyer200839_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzmyer200839-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Murabba%27at" title="Wadi Murabba'at">Wadi Murabba'at</a> Minor Prophets (75–100 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-thewaytoyahuweh_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thewaytoyahuweh-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzmyer2008140–141_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzmyer2008140–141-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also a translation into <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> version include <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus" title="Codex Vaticanus">Codex Vaticanus</a> (4th century), <a href="/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus" title="Codex Alexandrinus">Codex Alexandrinus</a> (5th century) and <a href="/wiki/Codex_Marchalianus" title="Codex Marchalianus">Codex Marchalianus</a> (6th century).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWürthwein199573–74_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWürthwein199573–74-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Book of Micah is missing in the extant <a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some fragments containing parts of this book in Greek were found among the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>, that is, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Minor_Prophets_Scroll_from_Nahal_Hever" title="Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever">Naḥal Ḥever 8Ḥev1</a> (late 1st century BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-thewaytoyahuweh_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thewaytoyahuweh-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzmyer2008127_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzmyer2008127-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Micah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JudeanImpalement_Roaf185.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/JudeanImpalement_Roaf185.jpg/250px-JudeanImpalement_Roaf185.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="463" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/JudeanImpalement_Roaf185.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption>Impalement of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judeans</a> by Assyrian soldiers (<a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Neo-Assyrian</a> relief)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Micah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the broadest level, Micah can be divided into three roughly equal parts:<sup id="cite_ref-King_1988,_p._27_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King_1988,_p._27-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Judgment against the nations and their leaders</li> <li>Restoration of Zion (chapters 4–5, which belong together despite their possibly unclear connection,<sup id="cite_ref-cheyne_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cheyne-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably exilic and post-exilic);<sup id="cite_ref-Rogerson_2003,_p._703_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogerson_2003,_p._703-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>God's lawsuit against Israel and expression of hope (chapters 6–7, also probably exilic and post-exilic).<sup id="cite_ref-Rogerson_2003,_p._703_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogerson_2003,_p._703-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>James Limburg sees the word "Hear" in Micah 1:2, 3:1 and 6:1 as the marker for three separate sections, noting that <a href="/wiki/Amos_3#Verse_1" title="Amos 3">Amos 3:1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amos_4#Verse_1" title="Amos 4">4:1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amos_5#Verse_1" title="Amos 5">5:1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amos_8" title="Amos 8">8:4</a> mark similar divisions within the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Book of Amos</a>, another of the minor prophets.<sup id="cite_ref-limburg_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-limburg-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within this broad three-part structure are a series of alternating oracles of judgment and promises of restoration:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1.1 Superscription</li> <li>1.2–2.11 Oracles of judgment</li> <li>2.12–13 Oracles of restoration</li> <li>3.1–12 Oracles of judgment</li> <li>4.1–5.15 Oracles of restoration</li> <li>6.1–7.6 Oracles of judgment</li> <li>7.7–20 Oracles of restoration</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verse_numbering">Verse numbering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Micah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Verse numbering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a difference in verse numbering between English Bibles and Hebrew texts, with Micah 4:14 in Hebrew texts being Micah 5:1 in English Bibles, and the Hebrew 5:1 etc. being numbered 5:2 etc. in English Bibles.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This article generally follows the common numbering in Christian English Bible versions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsections">Subsections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Micah&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Subsections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>The Heading</b>: As is typical of prophetic books, an anonymous editor or <a href="/wiki/Scribe" title="Scribe">scribe</a> has supplied the name of the prophet, an indication of his time of activity, and an identification of his speech as the "word of Yahweh", a generic term carrying a claim to prophetic legitimacy and authority.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samaria and Jerusalem are given prominence as the foci of the prophet's attention.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike prophets such as Isaiah and Hosea, no record of his father's name has been retained.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Judgment against Samaria (1:2–7)</b>: Drawing upon ancient traditions for depicting a theophany, the prophet depicts the coming of Yahweh to punish the city, whose sins are idolatry and the abuse of the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogerson_2003,_p._703_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogerson_2003,_p._703-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Warnings to the cities of Judah (1:8–16)</b>: Samaria has fallen, Judah is next. Micah describes the destruction of the lesser towns of Judah (referring to the invasion of Judah by Sennacherib, 701 BCE). For these passages of doom on the various cities, <a href="/wiki/Pun" title="Pun">paronomasia</a> is used. Paronomasia is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_techniques" title="List of narrative techniques">literary device</a> which 'plays' on the sound of each word for literary effect. For example, the inhabitants of Beth-le-aphrah ("house of dust") are told to "roll yourselves in the dust" (1:14). Though most of the paronomasia is lost in translation, it is the equivalent of 'Ashdod shall be but ashes,' where the fate of the city matches its name.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogerson704_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogerson704-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Misuse of power denounced (2:1–5)</b>: Denounces those who appropriate the land and houses of others. The context may be simply the amassing wealth for its own sake, or could be connected with the militarisation of the region for the expected Assyrian attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogerson704_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogerson704-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Threats against the prophet (2:6–11)</b>: The prophet is warned not to prophesy. He answers that the rulers are harming God's people, and want to listen only to those who advocate the virtues of wine.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogerson704_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogerson704-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>A later promise (2:12–13)</b>: These verses assume that judgment has already fallen and Israel is already scattered abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogerson704_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogerson704-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Judgment on wicked Zion (3:1–4)</b>: Israel's rulers are accused of gaining more wealth at the expense of the poor, by any means. The <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> of flesh being torn from the people illustrates the length to which the ruling classes and socialites would go to further increase their wealth. Prophets are corrupt, seeking personal gain. Jerusalem's rulers believe that God will always be with them, but God will be with his people, and Jerusalem will be destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Prophets for Profit (3:5-8)</b>: those condemned by Micah are explicitly called "prophets", while he appears to distance himself from personally being called a prophet.<sup id="cite_ref-oxf_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxf-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 595, 597">: 595, 597 </span></sup></li> <li><b>A concluding judgment (3:9-12)</b> drawing together chapters 2–3.<sup id="cite_ref-oxf_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxf-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 597">: 597 </span></sup></li> <li><b>Zion's future hope (4:1–5)</b>: This is a later passage, almost identical to <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a> 2:2–4. In the "<a href="/wiki/Eschatology#Judaism" title="Eschatology">latter days</a>", "last days", or "the days to come",<sup id="cite_ref-cheyne_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cheyne-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zion (meaning the Temple) will be rebuilt, but by God, and based not on violence and <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a> but on the desire to learn God's laws, <a href="/wiki/Swords_to_ploughshares#Biblical_references" title="Swords to ploughshares">beat swords to ploughshares</a> and live in peace.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogerson705_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogerson705-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_refugee_year_stamp_Israel_-_Micah_4-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/International_refugee_year_stamp_Israel_-_Micah_4-4.jpg/220px-International_refugee_year_stamp_Israel_-_Micah_4-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/International_refugee_year_stamp_Israel_-_Micah_4-4.jpg/330px-International_refugee_year_stamp_Israel_-_Micah_4-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/International_refugee_year_stamp_Israel_-_Micah_4-4.jpg/440px-International_refugee_year_stamp_Israel_-_Micah_4-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="781" /></a><figcaption>Israeli stamp marking World Refugee Year (1960), quoting Micah 4:4: "But they shall sit every man under his vine and under his fig tree; and none shall make them afraid." (<a href="/wiki/KJV" class="mw-redirect" title="KJV">KJV</a>)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Further promises to Zion (4:6–7)</b>: This is another later passage, promising Zion that she will once more enjoy her former independence and power.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogerson705_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogerson705-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Deliverance from distress in Babylon (4:9–5:1, 4:9-14 in Hebrew Bible numbering)</b> The similarity with Isaiah 41:15–16 and the references to Babylon suggest a later period for this material, although it is unclear whether a period during or after the siege of 586 is meant. Despite their trials, God will not desert his people.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogerson705_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogerson705-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>The promised ruler from <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> (5:1[2]–14)</b>: This passage is usually dated to the exile.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Micah 4:9 has asked "is there no king" in Zion,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this chapter predicts that the coming <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a> will emerge from Bethlehem, the traditional home of the Davidic monarchy, to restore Israel. Assyria will invade (some translations prefer "<i>if</i> the Assyrians invade"),<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but she will be stricken, and Israel's punishment will lead to the punishment of the nations.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/H._G._M._Williamson" class="mw-redirect" title="H. G. M. Williamson">Williamson</a> treats Micah 4:8-5:6 as one unit, with "a clear and balanced structure".<sup id="cite_ref-oxf_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxf-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 597">: 597 </span></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Floyd_protest_2020-05-28_Columbus,_Ohio_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/George_Floyd_protest_2020-05-28_Columbus%2C_Ohio_11.jpg/220px-George_Floyd_protest_2020-05-28_Columbus%2C_Ohio_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="422" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/George_Floyd_protest_2020-05-28_Columbus%2C_Ohio_11.jpg/330px-George_Floyd_protest_2020-05-28_Columbus%2C_Ohio_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/George_Floyd_protest_2020-05-28_Columbus%2C_Ohio_11.jpg/440px-George_Floyd_protest_2020-05-28_Columbus%2C_Ohio_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="1946" /></a><figcaption>Demonstrator at a <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="George Floyd protest">George Floyd protest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a> quoting Micah 6:8</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>A Covenant lawsuit (6:1–5)</b>: Yahweh accuses Israel (the people of Judah) of breaking the covenant through their lack of justice and honesty, after the pattern of the kings of Israel (northern kingdom).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Torah Liturgy (6:6–8)</b>: Micah speaks on behalf of the community asking what they should do in order to get back on God's good side. Micah then responds by saying that God requires only "to do justice, and to love <a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">mercy</a>, and to walk humbly with your God", thus declaring that the burnt offering of both animals and humans (which may have been practiced in Judah under Kings <a href="/wiki/Ahaziah_of_Judah" title="Ahaziah of Judah">Ahaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah" title="Manasseh of Judah">Manasseh</a>) is not necessary for God.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>The City as a Cheat (6:9–16)</b>: The city is reprimanded for its dishonest trade practices.</li> <li><b>Lament (7:1–7)</b>: The first passage in the book in the first person: whether it comes from Micah himself is disputed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (September 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> Honesty and decency have vanished, families are filled with strife.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogerson707_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogerson707-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Bible" title="Jerusalem Bible">Jerusalem Bible</a> suggests that verse 7, <i>For my part, I look to Yahweh ...</i> may have been the conclusion of the original book, before additional poems on Israel's restoration were added.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>A song of fallen Jerusalem (7:8–10)</b>: The first person voice continues, but now it is the city who speaks. She recognises that her destruction is deserved punishment from God. The recognition gives grounds for hope that God is still with her.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogerson707_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogerson707-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>A prophecy of restoration (7:11–13)</b>: Fallen Jerusalem is promised that she will be rebuilt and that her power will be greater than ever (a contrast with the vision of peace in 4:1–5).<sup id="cite_ref-Rogerson707_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogerson707-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>A prayer for future prosperity (7:14–17)</b>: The mood switches from a request for power to grateful astonishment at God's mercy.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogerson707_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogerson707-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gunkel" title="Hermann Gunkel">Hermann Gunkel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bo_Reicke" title="Bo Reicke">Bo Reicke</a> identify the last chapter as a ritual text possibly connected to a festival such as the Israelite New Year.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>A hymn of praise for the incomparable God (7:18-20)</b>: the <a href="/wiki/Confraternity_of_Christian_Doctrine,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, Inc.">Confraternity of Christian Doctrine</a> in the United States notes that these final verses "contain a hymn of praise for the incomparable God, who pardons sin and delights in mercy".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Micah&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Initial_U_-_An_Angel_before_Micah_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Initial_U_-_An_Angel_before_Micah_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Initial_U_-_An_Angel_before_Micah_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Initial_U_-_An_Angel_before_Micah_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Initial_U_-_An_Angel_before_Micah_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Initial_U_-_An_Angel_before_Micah_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Initial_U_-_An_Angel_before_Micah_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3031" data-file-height="4611" /></a><figcaption>In this Bible from about 1270, an initial V introduces the Old Testament book of Micah. The scene inside the letter illustrates the following text: "The word of the Lord that came to Micah the Morasthite..." The illuminator added details not mentioned in the text to his representation of the scene, showing the prophet Micah in bed while an angel, its hand raised in a gesture of speech, delivers the "word of the Lord" represented by a scroll.</figcaption></figure> <p>Micah addresses the future of Judah/Israel after the Babylonian exile. Like <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a>, the book has a vision of the punishment of Israel and creation of a "<a href="/wiki/Remnant_(Bible)#Hebrew_Bible" title="Remnant (Bible)">remnant</a>", followed by world peace centered on Zion under the leadership of a new Davidic monarch; the people should do justice, turn to Yahweh, and await the end of their punishment. However, whereas Isaiah sees Jacob/Israel joining "the nations" under Yahweh's rule, Micah looks forward to Israel ruling over the nations. Insofar as Micah appears to draw on and rework parts of Isaiah, it seems designed at least partly to provide a counterpoint to that book.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweeney_2000,_pp._341–42_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweeney_2000,_pp._341–42-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotations_in_the_New_Testament">Quotations in the New Testament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Micah&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Quotations in the New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Matthew" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Matthew">Book of Matthew</a> quotes from the Book of Micah in relation to Jesus being born in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And they said unto him, In Bethlehem of Judæa: for thus it is written by the prophet, And thou Bethlehem, in the land of Juda, art not the least among the princes of Juda: for out of thee shall come a Governor, that shall rule my people Israel.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#2:5" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 2:5–6</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But thou, Bethlehem Ephratah, though thou be little among the thousands of Judah, yet out of thee shall he come forth unto me that is to be ruler in Israel; whose goings forth have been from of old, from everlasting.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Micah#5:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Micah">Micah 5:2</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Jesus' words in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_10:36" title="Matthew 10:36">Matthew 10:36</a> reflect Micah's warning that families will be divided: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A man’s enemies will be those of his own household.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#10:36" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 10:36</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For the son dishonoureth the father, the daughter riseth up against her mother, the daughter in law against her mother in law; a man's enemies are the men of his own house.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Micah#7:6" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Micah">Micah 7:6</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Although the wording is different, <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> comments that "we should always take note when a passage is cited out of the Old Testament, whether the sense only, or the very words are given".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John%27s_Gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="John's Gospel">John's Gospel</a> has a possible allusion to the identification of the mysterious "him" that God causes to see marvels or marvelous things: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For the Father loveth the Son, and sheweth him all things that himself doeth: and he will shew him greater works than these, that ye may marvel.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#5:20" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 5:20</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>According to the days of thy coming out of the land of Egypt will I shew unto him marvellous things.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Micah#7:15" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Micah">Micah 7:15</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Micah&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zion" title="Zion">Zion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Micah&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Masoretic Text has a <a href="/wiki/Marginal_note" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal note">marginal note</a> at Micah 3:12 stating that this verse is the middle verse of "the book", i.e. the book of the twelve minor prophets.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Micah&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben Zvi (2000), p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2018" class="citation book cs1">Shepherd, Michael (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_iNZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23"><i>A Commentary on the Book of the Twelve: The Minor Prophets</i></a>. Kregel Exegetical Library. Kregel Academic. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0825444593" title="Special:BookSources/978-0825444593"><bdi>978-0825444593</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Commentary+on+the+Book+of+the+Twelve%3A+The+Minor+Prophets&rft.series=Kregel+Exegetical+Library&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Kregel+Academic&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0825444593&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_iNZDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Micah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mays (1976), p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Limburg (1988), p. 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-limburg-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-limburg_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-limburg_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Limburg (1988), p. 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King (1988), pp. 27–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sweeney_2000,_pp._341–42-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sweeney_2000,_pp._341–42_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sweeney_2000,_pp._341–42_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sweeney (2000), pp. 341–42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coogan (2009), p. 284</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coogan (2009), p. 265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Micah%201:1&version=nrsv">Micah 1:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogerson_2003,_p._703-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rogerson_2003,_p._703_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogerson_2003,_p._703_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogerson_2003,_p._703_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogerson_2003,_p._703_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogerson_2003,_p._703_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogerson_2003,_p._703_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogerson_2003,_p._703_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogerson (2003), p. 703</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King (1988), pp. 31–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-King_1988,_p._27-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-King_1988,_p._27_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_1988,_p._27_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">King (1988), p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogerson704-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rogerson704_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogerson704_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogerson704_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogerson704_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogerson704_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogerson (2003), p. 704</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mays (1976), p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mays (1976), p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mays (1976), pp. 24–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mays (1976), p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWürthwein199535–37-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWürthwein199535–37_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWürthwein1995">Würthwein 1995</a>, pp. 35–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._W._Skehan2003" class="citation cs2">P. W. Skehan (2003), "BIBLE (TEXTS)", <i><a href="/wiki/New_Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="New Catholic Encyclopedia">New Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>, vol. 2 (2nd ed.), Gale, pp. 355–362</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=BIBLE+%28TEXTS%29&rft.btitle=New+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=355-362&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2003&rft.au=P.+W.+Skehan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Micah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlrich2010615-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUlrich2010615_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUlrich2010">Ulrich 2010</a>, p. 615.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thewaytoyahuweh-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thewaytoyahuweh_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thewaytoyahuweh_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thewaytoyahuweh_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewaytoyahuweh.com/dead-sea-scrolls/general-info/#micah">Dead sea scrolls - Micah</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzmyer200839-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzmyer200839_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzmyer2008">Fitzmyer 2008</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzmyer2008140–141-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzmyer2008140–141_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzmyer2008">Fitzmyer 2008</a>, pp. 140–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWürthwein199573–74-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWürthwein199573–74_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWürthwein1995">Würthwein 1995</a>, pp. 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2018" class="citation book cs1">Shepherd, Michael (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_iNZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13"><i>A Commentary on the Book of the Twelve: The Minor Prophets</i></a>. Kregel Exegetical Library. Kregel Academic. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0825444593" title="Special:BookSources/978-0825444593"><bdi>978-0825444593</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Commentary+on+the+Book+of+the+Twelve%3A+The+Minor+Prophets&rft.series=Kregel+Exegetical+Library&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Kregel+Academic&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0825444593&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_iNZDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Micah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzmyer2008127-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzmyer2008127_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzmyer2008">Fitzmyer 2008</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cheyne-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cheyne_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cheyne_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kelly_Cheyne" title="Thomas Kelly Cheyne">Cheyne, T. K.</a> (1882), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/micah/4.htm">Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges</a> on Micah 4, accessed on 7 September 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coogan (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Micah%205&version=NET#fen-NET-22635a">Footnote a at Micah 5:1 in the New English Translation (NET Bible)</a>, accessed on 4 September 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben Zvi (2000), p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sweeney (2000), p. 343</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, John, "The Message of Micah", <i>The Biblical World</i>, vol. 25, no. 3, 1905, p. 201 footnote 1 and p. 202. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3140640">JSTOR website</a> Retrieved 25 January 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogerson (2003), pp. 704–05</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxf-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxf_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxf_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxf_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Williamson, H. G. M., <i>32. Micah</i>, in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://b-ok.org/dl/946961/8f5f43">The Oxford Bible Commentary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogerson705-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rogerson705_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogerson705_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogerson705_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogerson (2003), p. 705</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogerson (2003), pp. 705–06</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Micah+4:9">Micah 4:9</a>: <a href="/wiki/English_Standard_Version" title="English Standard Version">English Standard Version</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, the <a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Micah%205:5&version=nrsv">Micah 5:5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sweeney (2000), p. 387</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sweeney (2000), p. 395</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King (2006), pp. 1246–47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogerson707-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rogerson707_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogerson707_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogerson707_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogerson707_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogerson (2003), p. 707</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerusalem Bible (1966), footnote h at Micah 7:7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kapelrud, Arvid S., “Eschatology in the Book of Micah”, <i>Vetus Testamentum</i>, vol. 11, no. 4, 1961, pp. 403–404. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/1516098">JSTOR website</a> Retrieved 15 Mar. 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, Inc., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=micah%207&version=NABRE#fen-NABRE-27002f">Footnote f at Micah 7:18 in the New American Bible Revised Edition</a>, accessed on 13 September 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Aquinas1874" class="citation web cs1">Thomas Aquinas, ed. (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CatenaAureaNewEdV1/page/n9/mode/2up">"Catena aurea: commentary on the four Gospels, collected out of the works of the Fathers: Volume 1, St. Matthew, Oxford: Parker"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catena+aurea%3A+commentary+on+the+four+Gospels%2C+collected+out+of+the+works+of+the+Fathers%3A+Volume+1%2C+St.+Matthew%2C+Oxford%3A+Parker&rft.date=1874&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCatenaAureaNewEdV1%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Micah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Micah&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1976" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Leslie C (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/booksofjoelobadi00alle"><i>The Books of Joel, Obadiah, Jonah, and Micah</i></a></span>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802825315" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802825315"><bdi>978-0802825315</bdi></a>. <q>Micah</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Books+of+Joel%2C+Obadiah%2C+Jonah%2C+and+Micah&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0802825315&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Leslie+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbooksofjoelobadi00alle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Micah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Zvi2000" class="citation book cs1">Ben Zvi, Ehud (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PlO0kMRUuB0C&q=Micah"><i>Micah</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802845993" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802845993"><bdi>978-0802845993</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Micah&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0802845993&rft.aulast=Ben+Zvi&rft.aufirst=Ehud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPlO0kMRUuB0C%26q%3DMicah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Micah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2009" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael (2009). <i>A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Micah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzmyer2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fitzmyer" title="Joseph Fitzmyer">Fitzmyer, Joseph A.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC"><i>A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature</i></a>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802862419" title="Special:BookSources/9780802862419"><bdi>9780802862419</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+and+Related+Literature&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780802862419&rft.aulast=Fitzmyer&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTILXeWJ2eNAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Micah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrigg2006" class="citation book cs1">Grigg, Donald L (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TUAykz2hS10C"><i>The Bible from Scratch: The Old Testament for Beginners</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664225773" title="Special:BookSources/978-0664225773"><bdi>978-0664225773</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+from+Scratch%3A+The+Old+Testament+for+Beginners&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0664225773&rft.aulast=Grigg&rft.aufirst=Donald+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTUAykz2hS10C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Micah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2006" class="citation book cs1">King, Phillip J (2006). <i>HarperCollins Study Bible: Micah</i>. Harper Collins Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HarperCollins+Study+Bible%3A+Micah&rft.pub=Harper+Collins+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Phillip+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Micah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1988" class="citation book cs1">King, Philip J (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HS5Z4k7RiUkC&q=Micah"><i>Amos, Hosea, Micah: an archaeological commentary</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664240776" title="Special:BookSources/978-0664240776"><bdi>978-0664240776</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amos%2C+Hosea%2C+Micah%3A+an+archaeological+commentary&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0664240776&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Philip+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHS5Z4k7RiUkC%26q%3DMicah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Micah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLimburg1988" class="citation book cs1">Limburg, James (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DAbUFlJdSgEC&q=Micah"><i>Hosea-Micah</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664237578" title="Special:BookSources/978-0664237578"><bdi>978-0664237578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hosea-Micah&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0664237578&rft.aulast=Limburg&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDAbUFlJdSgEC%26q%3DMicah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Micah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMays1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Luther_Mays" title="James Luther Mays">Mays, James L</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1iDaeovh1IoC&q=Micah"><i>Micah</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664208172" title="Special:BookSources/978-0664208172"><bdi>978-0664208172</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Micah&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0664208172&rft.aulast=Mays&rft.aufirst=James+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1iDaeovh1IoC%26q%3DMicah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Micah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogerson2003" class="citation book cs1">Rogerson, John W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Micah+John+W.+Rogerson&pg=PA703">"Micah"</a>. In James D. G. Dunn, John William Rogerson (ed.). <i>Eerdmans Bible Commentary</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802837110" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802837110"><bdi>978-0802837110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Micah&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Bible+Commentary&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0802837110&rft.aulast=Rogerson&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC%26q%3DMicah%2BJohn%2BW.%2BRogerson%26pg%3DPA703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Micah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweeney2000" class="citation book cs1">Sweeney, Marvin A (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R7HaijsNACAC&q=Micah+overview+micah+is+the+sixth+book&pg=PA339"><i>The Twelve Prophets</i></a>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814650912" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814650912"><bdi>978-0814650912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Twelve+Prophets&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0814650912&rft.aulast=Sweeney&rft.aufirst=Marvin+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR7HaijsNACAC%26q%3DMicah%2Boverview%2Bmicah%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bsixth%2Bbook%26pg%3DPA339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Micah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlrich2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Ulrich" title="Eugene Ulrich">Ulrich, Eugene</a>, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls"><i>The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004181830" title="Special:BookSources/9789004181830"><bdi>9789004181830</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biblical+Qumran+Scrolls%3A+Transcriptions+and+Textual+Variants&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789004181830&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheBiblicalQumranScrolls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Micah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWürthwein1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_W%C3%BCrthwein" title="Ernst Würthwein">Würthwein, Ernst</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC"><i>The Text of the Old Testament</i></a>. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-0788-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-0788-7"><bdi>0-8028-0788-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Text+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8028-0788-7&rft.aulast=W%C3%BCrthwein&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFSNKSBObCYwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Micah" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Micah&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Book of Micah." The Anchor Bible Dictionary. Vol. 4, Editor-in-Chief: Freedman, David N. Doubleday; New York. 1992.</li> <li>"Book of Micah." International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. General Editor: Bromley, G.W. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.; Grand Rapids, MI. 1986.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vts.edu/ftpimages/95/download/download_group10629_id317189.pdf">“ Book of Micah”</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906135316/http://www.vts.edu/ftpimages/95/download/download_group10629_id317189.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-09-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Forward Movement Publications, Cincinnati, OH, 2007</li> <li>Holy Bible: The New Oxford Annotated Bible. Coogan; Oxford University Press, 2007.</li> <li>LaSor, William Sanford et al. <i>Old Testament Survey: the Message, Form, and Background of the Old Testament</i>. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1996.</li> <li>Hailey, Homer. (1973). <i>A Commentary on the Minor Prophets</i>. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Maxey, Al. <i>The Minor Prophets: Micah</i>. (n.d.). 20 Paragraphs. Retrieved October 4, 2005, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zianet.com/maxey/Proph11.htm">Micah</a></li> <li>McKeating, Henry Engel. (1971). <i>The Books of Amos, Hosea, and Micah</i>. New York: the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Pusey, E.B. (1963). <i>The Minor Prophets: A Commentary</i> (Vol. II). Grand Rapids: Baker Book House.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Wood, Joyce Rilett. (2000). "Speech and action in Micah's prophecy". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Biblical_Quarterly" title="Catholic Biblical Quarterly">Catholic Biblical Quarterly</a></i>, no. 4(62), 49 paragraphs. Retrieved September 30, 2005, from OCLC (FirstSearch) database <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newfirstsearch.oclc.org">FirstSearch Login Screen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Micah&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 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<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Book_of_Micah" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Book of Micah">Book of Micah</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Micah_(Bible)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Micah (Bible)">Micah</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Book_of_Micah" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Book of Micah">Book of Micah</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Jewish translations: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/archive/LibraryArchive2.asp?AID=15763">Michah – Micah (Judaica Press)</a> translation [with <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>'s commentary] at Chabad.org</li></ul></li> <li>Christian translations: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gospelhall.org/bible/bible.php?passage=Micah+1"><i>Online Bible</i> at GospelHall.org</a> (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=40&version=31">BibleGateway.com</a> (New International Version)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050204033155/http://www.anova.org/sev/htm/hb/33_micah.htm">Micah at The Great Books</a> (New Revised Standard Version)</li></ul></li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Micah&author=&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>Micah</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> Various versions</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Book of Micah </div><div><b> <a href="/wiki/Minor_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor prophet">Minor prophets</a></b></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Hebrew Bible</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_of_Micah" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book_of_Micah" title="Template:Book of Micah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_of_Micah" title="Template talk:Book of Micah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Book_of_Micah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Book of Micah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_of_Micah" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Book of Micah</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adullam" title="Adullam">Adulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achziv" title="Achziv">Achzib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashan" title="Bashan">Bashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmel,_Har_Hebron" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmel, Har Hebron">Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrath" title="Ephrath">Ephratah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gath_(city)" title="Gath (city)">Gath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilead" title="Gilead">Gilead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgal" title="Gilgal">Gilgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Lachish" title="Tel Lachish">Lachish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maresha" title="Maresha">Maresha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migdal_Eder_(biblical_location)" title="Migdal Eder (biblical location)">Migdal Eder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abila_(Peraea)" title="Abila (Peraea)">Shittim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaanan">Zaanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zion" title="Zion">Zion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahab" title="Ahab">Ahab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahaz" title="Ahaz">Ahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balak" title="Balak">Balak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaam" title="Balaam">Balaam</a> son of Beor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jotham_(son_of_Gideon)" title="Jotham (son of Gideon)">Jotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah" title="Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam" title="Miriam">Miriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omri" title="Omri">Omri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">YHWH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93" class="extiw" title="wikisource:he:מיכה ניקוד">Hebrew Bible</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9C%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Μιχαίας">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Michaeas" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Michaeas">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Mychee" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Mychee">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Micah" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Micah">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Micah" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Micah">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Micah" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Micah">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books_of_the_Bible" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template talk:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books_of_the_Bible" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Books</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">(protocanon)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Orthodox & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Broader_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Three_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Three Patriarchs">Testaments of the Three Patriarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Isaac" title="Testament of Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Jacob" title="Testament of Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament canon">Canon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah#Pentateuch" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature#Sapiential_Books" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom books</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Jewish canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">Intertestamental period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Christian canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Manuscripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">New Testament manuscript categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">New Testament uncials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_version_debate" title="Bible version debate">Bible version debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">English Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Other books referenced in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">Additional Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bible" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bible">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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