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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Modern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genocide_and_population_exchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genocide_and_population_exchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Genocide and population exchange </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genocide_and_population_exchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture_and_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_and_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Architecture and settlements </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture_and_settlements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Architecture and settlements subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture_and_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Settlements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Anatolia_Greeks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Anatolia_Greeks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Eastern Anatolia Greeks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Anatolia_Greeks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Military tradition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 In Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pontic_Greeks_in_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pontic_Greeks_in_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.9 Pontic Greeks in popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pontic_Greeks_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Pontian_Greeks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Pontian_Greeks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notable Pontian Greeks </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_Pontian_Greeks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable Pontian Greeks subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_Pontian_Greeks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Ancient </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Medieval </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Modern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Video </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Footnotes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Footnotes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Pontic Greeks</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" > 39 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="يونانيون بنطيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يونانيون بنطيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_yunanlar%C4%B1" title="Pont yunanları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pont yunanları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Понтийски гърци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Понтийски гърци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecs_p%C3%B2ntics" title="Grecs pòntics – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grecs pòntics" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont%C5%A1t%C3%AD_%C5%98ekov%C3%A9" title="Pontští Řekové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pontští Řekové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontosgriechen" title="Pontosgriechen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pontosgriechen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Πόντιοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πόντιοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griegos_p%C3%B3nticos" title="Griegos pónticos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Griegos pónticos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grekoj_de_la_Ponto" title="Grekoj de la Ponto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grekoj de la Ponto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoko_greziar" title="Pontoko greziar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pontoko greziar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiques" title="Pontiques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pontiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontyske_Griken" title="Pontyske Griken – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pontyske Griken" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3nticos" title="Pónticos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pónticos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պոնտացիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պոնտացիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontski_Grci" title="Pontski Grci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pontski Grci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Yunani_Pontos" title="Orang Yunani Pontos – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Yunani Pontos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Понты грекъ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Понты грекъ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greci_del_Ponto" title="Greci del Ponto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Greci del Ponto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D" title="יוונים פונטים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוונים פונטים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="პონტოელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პონტოელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yewnan%C3%AAn_pont%C3%AE" title="Yewnanên pontî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Yewnanên pontî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponto_graikai" title="Ponto graikai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ponto graikai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Yunani_Pontik" title="Orang Yunani Pontik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Yunani Pontik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontische_Grieken" title="Pontische Grieken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pontische Grieken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%82%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="ポントス人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポントス人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiere" title="Pontiere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pontiere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Πόντιοι – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Πόντιοι" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregos_p%C3%B4nticos" title="Gregos pônticos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gregos pônticos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greci_pontici" title="Greci pontici – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Greci pontici" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Понтийцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Понтийцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pontic Greeks" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontsk%C3%AD_Gr%C3%A9ci" title="Pontskí Gréci – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pontskí Gréci" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Понтски Грци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Понтски Грци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontski_Grci" title="Pontski Grci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pontski Grci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ethnic group. For their native language, see <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Pontic Greeks</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="[[Romeika]]">Έλληνες του Πόντου (Ρωμιοί) Karadeniz Rumları</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Pontus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Yellow flag with a stylized black eagle in the center. The eagle's wings are spread." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Pontus.svg/220px-Flag_of_Pontus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Pontus.svg/330px-Flag_of_Pontus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Pontus.svg/440px-Flag_of_Pontus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">One of the Pontic flags</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2,000,000<a href="#cite_note-Dufoix_2008-1">[1]</a> – 2,500,000<a href="#cite_note-Phrankoulē-Argyrē_2006-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></th><td class="infobox-data">368,000–500,000<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">100,000<a href="#cite_note-Danver_2015-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></th><td class="infobox-data">75,000+<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">50,000+<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000–12,000<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9,000<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,000–5,100<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek#Demotic_as_Koiné_(Standard)_Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek</a>. Also the languages of their respective countries of residence (Those include <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum language</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> (mostly in Turkey), other Christian denominations</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greeks" title="Cappadocian Greeks">Cappadocians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Greeks">Caucasian Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em; font-family:serif;""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pontic Greeks</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Pontic_eagle" title="Pontic eagle"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sinopeagle.png/150px-Sinopeagle.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sinopeagle.png/225px-Sinopeagle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Sinopeagle.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="279" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_culture" title="Pontic Greek culture">Pontic culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_cuisine" title="Pontic Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_music" title="Pontic Greek music">Music</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pontic_lyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic lyra">lyra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_folk_dance" title="Pontic Greek folk dance">Folk dance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serra_(dance)" title="Serra (dance)">serra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_culture#Traditional_clothing" title="Pontic Greek culture">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_culture#Art" title="Pontic Greek culture">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_culture#Architecture" title="Pontic Greek culture">Architecture</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Languages and dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Romeika</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek#Dialects" title="Pontic Greek">Oflidika</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> History</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Black Sea colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridatic_Wars" title="Mithridatic Wars">Mithridatic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia#Roman_period" title="Classical Anatolia">Roman Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trebizond_(1461)" title="Siege of Trebizond (1461)">Fall of Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Population exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey" title="Greeks in Turkey">Modern Turkey</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Religion</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Greeks" title="Caucasus Greeks">Caucasus Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Greeks">Crimean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Persecution</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasya_trials" title="Amasya trials">Amasya trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_battalions_(Turkey)" title="Labour battalions (Turkey)">Amele taburları</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pontic_Greeks" title="Template:Pontic Greeks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pontic_Greeks" title="Template talk:Pontic Greeks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pontic_Greeks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pontic Greeks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Pontic Greeks (<a href="/wiki/Pontic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic language">Pontic</a>: Ρωμαίοι, Ρωμιοί;<a href="#cite_note-18">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Pontus Rumları or Karadeniz Rumları; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Πόντιοι, Ελληνοπόντιοι<a href="#cite_note-19">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[c]</a>), also Pontian Greeks or simply Pontians, are an ethnically <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a><a href="#cite_note-Day,_Alan_John_2002_454-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Totten,_Samuel;_Bartrop,_Paul_Robert;_Jacobs,_Steven_L._2008_337-22">[19]</a> group <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous to</a> the region of <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a>, in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> (modern-day Turkey). They share a common <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_culture" title="Pontic Greek culture">Pontic Greek culture</a> that is distinguished by its <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_music" title="Pontic Greek music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_folk_dance" title="Pontic Greek folk dance">dances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_cuisine" title="Pontic Greek cuisine">cuisine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_culture#Clothing" title="Pontic Greek culture">clothing</a>. Folk dances, such as the <a href="/wiki/Serra_(dance)" title="Serra (dance)">Serra</a> (also known as Pyrrhichios), and traditional musical instruments, like the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_lyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic lyra">Pontic lyra</a>, remain important to Pontian diaspora communities. Pontians traditionally speak <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">modern Greek variety</a>, that has developed remotely in the region of Pontus. Commonly known as Pontiaka, it is traditionally called <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek#Name" title="Pontic Greek">Romeika</a> by its native speakers. The earliest <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonies</a> in the region of Pontus begin in 700 BC, including <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a>. Greek colonies continued to expand on the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> (Euxeinos Pontos) between the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a> periods. The <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of Pontus</a> was annexed by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Rome</a> in 63 BC becoming <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> territory. During the 11th century AD, Pontus was largely isolated from the rest of the Greek–speaking world, following the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Seljuk conquest</a> of Anatolia. After the 1203 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1203)" title="Siege of Constantinople (1203)">siege of Constantinople</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a> was established on the Black Sea coast by a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Komnenos" title="Komnenos">Komnenos</a> dynasty, later known as 'Grand Komnenos'. Anatolia, including Trebizond, was eventually conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> entirely by the 15th century AD. Greek presence in Pontus remained vibrant during the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a> up until the 20th century, when, following the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a> and the 1923 <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">population exchange</a> with Turkey, Pontic Greeks <a href="/wiki/Greek_refugees" title="Greek refugees">migrated</a> primarily to <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and around the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, including in the country of <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Georgia" title="Greeks in Georgia">Georgia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wood,_Michael_2005_109-23">[20]</a> Today, most Pontic Greeks live in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Greece" title="Northern Greece">Northern Greece</a>, especially in and around <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia</a>. Those from southern <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> are often referred to as "Northern Pontic [Greeks]", in contrast to those from "South Pontus", which strictly speaking is Pontus proper. Those from Georgia, northeastern Anatolia, and the former Russian Caucasus are in contemporary Greek academic circles often referred to as "Eastern Pontic [Greeks]" or <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Greeks">Caucasian Greeks</a>. The Turkic-speaking <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a> are included in this latter groups as well. Aside from their predominantly Greek origin, they also likely owe a degree of their ancestry to several sources.<a href="#cite_note-Topalidis-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Romeyka-25">[22]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_genetics">Origins and genetics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and genetics">edit</a>]</div> Pontic Greeks are an ethnic <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> subgroup, indigenous to the region of <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a>, in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> Greeks have lived in Pontus since "the time of the <a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Thousand" title="Ten Thousand">Ten Thousand</a>".<a href="#cite_note-:2-31">[28]</a> Pontic Greeks claim descent from ancient Greeks who in the 8th century BC had moved from the <a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionian</a> cities located in the islands and shores of the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>, to the area of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> called <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> However, as many different ethnic groups have lived in the region since ancient times and have intermarried, today's Pontic Greeks also likely owe their ancestry to <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">ancient Anatolians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> other Greeks, other migrants to Pontus,<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Ethnic groups in the Caucasus">Caucasian peoples</a> (such as Hellenized Lazs and Armenians).<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-McGreevy-38">[35]</a> Pontic Greeks are genetically similar to other groups living in the Caucasus. A genetic study of male Georgians, including Pontic Greeks in Georgia, revealed that the latter had high incidence of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_L-M20" title="Haplogroup L-M20">haplogroup L</a>, which is also prevalent among <a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Laz people</a>. Haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_G-M201" title="Haplogroup G-M201">G2</a> and haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M172" title="Haplogroup J-M172">J2</a> were also prevalent among the Pontians studied.<a href="#cite_note-Andriadze-39">[36]</a> Pontians in Georgia and Lazes are genetically similar. Armenians in Georgia and Pontians in Georgia are also genetically similar.<a href="#cite_note-Andriadze2-40">[37]</a> In addition, the Pontians studied were genetically diverse, indicating genetic mixture with other groups.<a href="#cite_note-Andriadze3-41">[38]</a> The region of Pontus has been diverse since at least the Middle Ages; in 1204, the Matzouka (<a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%A7ka" title="Maçka">Maçka</a>) region alone contained Greeks, Italians, Lazes and a few Armenians.<a href="#cite_note-Saint-Guillain-42">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Self-identification">Self-identification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Self-identification">edit</a>]</div> In the 21st century, most Pontians strongly identify as Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsekouras201619–20-43">[40]</a> However, this has not always been the case. Before the creation of the diaspora, many Pontians did not consider themselves Greek.<a href="#cite_note-Black_Sea-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Popov-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> An ethnicity is made up of people with ancestry or cultural background in common.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> Self-identification is an important part of belonging to an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> Pontians have a lot in common with other Greeks; for example, they speak <a href="/wiki/Romeika" class="mw-redirect" title="Romeika">Romeika</a>, a Greek language variety. Pontians also traditionally follow the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> faith, although a minority in Turkey are <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslims</a>. Pontian Greeks also share traits with other ethnic groups. Like Turks, they cook havítz (<a href="/wiki/Kuymak" title="Kuymak">kuymak</a>), <a href="/wiki/Boortsog" title="Boortsog">boortsog</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0mam_bay%C4%B1ld%C4%B1" title="İmam bayıldı">İmam bayıldı</a>. They share other aspects of their culture with Lazes, Persians, and Armenians. They may owe some aspects of their culture to <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">ancient Anatolian peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McGreevy-38">[35]</a> Pontian self-identification is also important. The Pontic label is relatively new. Anton Popov writes, "Anthony Bryer states that 'at the beginning of the nineteenth century a Pontic Christian might describe himself in the old way as a Douberites, Phytanos or Tsitenos first, and then as a "Roman" (Rum) Orthodox subject of the sultan; by the end of the century he was calling himself a Greek, and after he had finally left the Pontos in 1923, a Pontic Greek.'" Anton Popov studied Caucasus Greeks in former Soviet territories. Most of the Romeika speakers that Popov interviewed referred to themselves as "Romei." He also mentioned that many Caucasus Greeks only began referring to themselves as Pontians when they went to work in Greece.<a href="#cite_note-Popov-17">[17]</a> During Ottoman times, most Pontian Greeks did not see themselves as "Greeks" per se. Neal Acherson, in his book Black Sea, writes, "Who did they think they were, in this pre-nationalist age? In the first place, they did not think of themselves as 'Greek' or as a people in some way rooted in the peninsula and islands we now call 'Greece.' Sophisticates in Trebizond might address one another in the fifteenth century as '<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks#Revival_in_the_meaning_of_"Hellene"" title="Names of the Greeks">Hellenes</a>,' but this was a cultural fancy rather than an ethnic description. Outsiders, whether Turks or northern Europeans, referred to them and to all the inhabitants of the Byzantine Empire as 'Rom' or 'Rum' people, or as 'Romanians' [Romans] — citizens of the Roman Empire, in other words, who were also distinguished by their Orthodox Christian faith. Struggling with these categories, a Pontic Turk whose village had once been Greek told Anthony Bryer: 'This is Roman (Rum) country; they spoke Christian here ...'"<a href="#cite_note-Black_Sea-16">[16]</a> This identification mirrored the identification of other non-intellectual <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> at the time. Greek nationalism only began to spread to the Pontos in the 1800s after the Greek nation gained independence from the Ottoman Empire. This nationalism came during a time of commercial prosperity in the Pontos. Again, Acherson writes, "The teachers and the school curricula came from Athens, bringing with them a new concept of Greekness which linked the Greek-Orthodox communities of the Black Sea and the 'nation' of Greece." He goes on to explain how the Greek government encouraged nationalist thinking: "A speaker in the Greek parliament in 1844 expounded this newly designed identity: 'The Kingdom of Greece is not Greece. It constitutes only one part, the smallest and the poorest. A Greek is not only a man who lives within the Kingdom, but also one who lives in Yoannina, Serrai, Adrianople, Constantinople, Smyrna, Trebizond, Crete and in any land associated with Greek history and the Greek race."<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> The newly established Kingdom of Greece set up consulates in the Ottoman Empire to spread the <a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a>. While the Anatolians recognized a shared cultural heritage, most weren't involved in an irredentist movement. Few Pontic Greeks supported the <a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a> except for some Greek nationalists such as <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Kapetanidis" title="Nikos Kapetanidis">Nikos Kapetanidis</a>. Very few wanted an independent Pontic state, and few had ambition to join with Greece, even in the early 1900s.<a href="#cite_note-:0-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-31">[28]</a> The reason for this is unclear. <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dror_Ze%27evi" title="Dror Ze'evi">Dror Ze'evi</a> give three theories on why most Pontic Greeks distanced themselves from nationalism and separatism: poorly developed political consciousness, tradition of submissiveness to Islamic hegemony, or fears of massacres and economic harm.<a href="#cite_note-:2-31">[28]</a> More generally, Greek nationalism in Asia Minor mostly appealed to "the most enlightened and liberal", to the medical, legal and literary professionals and to the rising middle class. It was opposed, however, by the "ancient [Greek] nobility, the superior clergy, the lay dignitaries of the church and the wealthy merchants".<a href="#cite_note-:0-48">[45]</a> There are also some Turkish-speaking Pontic Greeks, living in the Greek region of <a href="/wiki/Western_Macedonia" title="Western Macedonia">Western Macedonia</a>, specifically in <a href="/wiki/Metamorfosi,_Kozani" title="Metamorfosi, Kozani">Metamorfosi, Kozani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-49">[46]</a> These Pontians follow the Greek Orthodox Church and profess a strong Greek identity. After the Greek-Turkish population exchange in 1923, even though the state never considered them a "national threat", many of these Pontians saw their language as a "cultural flaw" and desired to get rid of it. Historian and psychologist Stavros Iason Gavriilidis states that this was a result of the trauma they faced from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-49">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythology">Mythology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mythology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_stele_03_pushkin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stone slab with two men carved on it. They stand, wearing chitons." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Grave_stele_03_pushkin.jpg/220px-Grave_stele_03_pushkin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="405" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Grave_stele_03_pushkin.jpg/330px-Grave_stele_03_pushkin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Grave_stele_03_pushkin.jpg/440px-Grave_stele_03_pushkin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1777" data-file-height="3269" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Funerary_stele" class="mw-redirect" title="Funerary stele">Funerary stele</a> of two Greek warriors found on the Black Sea coast, <a href="/wiki/Taman_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Taman peninsula">Taman peninsula</a>, 4th century BC</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> the Black Sea region is the region where <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a> sailed to find the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Fleece" title="Golden Fleece">Golden Fleece</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a>, female warriors in <a href="/wiki/Greek_Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Mythology">Greek Mythology</a> lived in <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a>, and a minority lived in <a href="/wiki/Taurica" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurica">Taurica</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>, which is also the minor unique settlement of Pontic Greeks. The warlike characteristics of Pontic Greeks were once said to have been derived from the Amazons of Pontus.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Antiquity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_colonies_of_the_Euxine_Sea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Greek_colonies_of_the_Euxine_Sea.svg/260px-Greek_colonies_of_the_Euxine_Sea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Greek_colonies_of_the_Euxine_Sea.svg/390px-Greek_colonies_of_the_Euxine_Sea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Greek_colonies_of_the_Euxine_Sea.svg/520px-Greek_colonies_of_the_Euxine_Sea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>Greek colonies of the <a href="/wiki/Euxine_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Euxine Sea">Euxine Sea</a>, 8th to 3rd century BC</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Colonies in antiquity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea">Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Crimea">Roman Crimea</a></div> The first recorded <a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Greek colony</a>, established on the northern shores of ancient Anatolia, was <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a> on the Black Sea, circa 800 BC. The settlers of Sinope were merchants from the Ionian Greek city state of <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>. After the colonization of the shores of the Black Sea, known until then to the Greek world as Pontos Axeinos (Inhospitable Sea), the name changed to Pontos Euxeinos (Hospitable Sea). In time, as the numbers of Greeks settling in the region grew significantly, more colonies were established along the whole Black Sea coastline of what is now <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pontus_Eagle_Coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Pontus_Eagle_Coin.jpg/220px-Pontus_Eagle_Coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Pontus_Eagle_Coin.jpg/330px-Pontus_Eagle_Coin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Pontus_Eagle_Coin.jpg/440px-Pontus_Eagle_Coin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Greek coin from <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a>, coast depicting the head of a <a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">nymph</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Pontic_eagle" title="Pontic eagle">eagle with raised wings</a>, 4th century BC</figcaption></figure> The region of Trapezus (later called Trebizond, now <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a>) was mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> in his famous work <a href="/wiki/Anabasis_(Xenophon)" title="Anabasis (Xenophon)">Anabasis</a>, describing how he and other <a href="/wiki/Ten_Thousand_(Greek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Thousand (Greek)">10,000 Greek mercenaries</a> fought their way to the <a href="/wiki/Euxine_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Euxine Sea">Euxine Sea</a> after the failure of the rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Younger" title="Cyrus the Younger">Cyrus the Younger</a> whom they fought for, against his older brother <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes II of Persia">Artaxerxes II of Persia</a>. Xenophon mentions that when at the sight of sea they shouted "<a href="/wiki/Thalatta!_Thalatta!" title="Thalatta! Thalatta!">Thalatta! Thalatta!</a>" – "The sea! The sea!", the local people understood them. They were Greeks too and, according to Xenophon, they had been there for over 300 years.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> A whole range of trade flourished among the various Greek colonies, but also with the indigenous tribes who inhabited the Pontus inland. Soon Trebizond established a leading stature among the other colonies and the region nearby become the heart of the Pontian Greek culture and civilization. A notable inhabitant of the region was <a href="/wiki/Philetaerus" title="Philetaerus">Philetaerus</a> (c. 343 BC–263 BC) who was born to a Greek father<a href="#cite_note-Renée_Dreyfus,_Ellen_Schraudolph_1996_24-51">[48]</a> in the small town of Tieion which was situated on the Black Sea coast of the <a href="/wiki/Pontus_Euxinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontus Euxinus">Pontus Euxinus</a>, he founded the <a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid dynasty</a> and the Anatolian city of <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a> in the second century BC.<a href="#cite_note-Renée_Dreyfus,_Ellen_Schraudolph_1996_24-51">[48]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Diogenes-statue-Sinop-enhanced.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stone statue of a bearded man in ancient Greek dress holding a lantern. A sculpted dog sits at his side." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Diogenes-statue-Sinop-enhanced.jpg/145px-Diogenes-statue-Sinop-enhanced.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Diogenes-statue-Sinop-enhanced.jpg/218px-Diogenes-statue-Sinop-enhanced.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Diogenes-statue-Sinop-enhanced.jpg/290px-Diogenes-statue-Sinop-enhanced.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mithridates_VI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Slightly damaged stone sculpture of a man's head. He wears an animal pelt over his hair." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mithridates_VI.jpg/139px-Mithridates_VI.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mithridates_VI.jpg/209px-Mithridates_VI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mithridates_VI.jpg/278px-Mithridates_VI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="810" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Sinope" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes of Sinope">Diogenes of Sinope</a> (c. 408–323 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_Eupator" title="Mithridates VI Eupator">Mithridates VI Eupator</a>, King of Pontus (135–63 BC)</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dioecesis_Pontica_400_AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of northern Turkey showing Roman provinces." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Dioecesis_Pontica_400_AD.png/260px-Dioecesis_Pontica_400_AD.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Dioecesis_Pontica_400_AD.png/390px-Dioecesis_Pontica_400_AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Dioecesis_Pontica_400_AD.png/520px-Dioecesis_Pontica_400_AD.png 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Roman <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pontus" title="Diocese of Pontus">Diocese of Pontus</a>, 400 AD</figcaption></figure> This region was organized circa 281 BC as a kingdom by <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Pontus" title="Mithridates I of Pontus">Mithridates I of Pontus</a>, whose ancestry line dated back to <a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_of_Phrygia" title="Ariobarzanes of Phrygia">Ariobarzanes I</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid Persia">Persian</a> ruler of the Greek town of <a href="/wiki/Cius" title="Cius">Cius</a>. The most prominent descendant of Mithridates I was <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_Eupator" title="Mithridates VI Eupator">Mithridates VI Eupator</a>, who between 90 and 65 BC fought the <a href="/wiki/Mithridatic_Wars" title="Mithridatic Wars">Mithridatic Wars</a>, three bitter wars against the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, before eventually being defeated. Mithridates VI the Great, as he was left in memory, claiming to be the protector of the Greek world against the barbarian Romans, expanded his kingdom to <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propontis" class="mw-redirect" title="Propontis">Propontis</a> (in present-day Ukraine and Turkey) before his downfall after the <a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third Mithridatic War</a>. Nevertheless, the kingdom survived as a Roman <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> state, now named <a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a> and based in Crimea, until the 4th century AD, when it succumbed to the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>. The rest of the Pontus became part of the Roman Empire, while the mountainous interior (<a href="/wiki/Chaldia" title="Chaldia">Chaldia</a>) was fully incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> during the 6th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> Pontus was the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/Komnenos" title="Komnenos">Komnenos dynasty</a>, which ruled the Byzantine Empire from 1082 to 1185, a time in which <a href="/wiki/Komnenian_restoration" title="Komnenian restoration">the empire resurged</a> to recover much of Anatolia from the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a>. In the aftermath of the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> in 1204, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a> was established by <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios I of Trebizond">Alexios I of Trebizond</a>, a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a>, the patriarch of the <a href="/wiki/Komnenos" title="Komnenos">Komnenos dynasty</a>. The Empire was ruled by this new branch of the Komenos dynasty which bore the name <a href="/wiki/Megas_Komnenos_Axouch" class="mw-redirect" title="Megas Komnenos Axouch">Megas Komnenos Axouch</a> (or Axouchos or Afouxechos) as early rulers intermarried with the family of Axouch, a Byzantine noble house of Turkic origin which included famed politicians such as <a href="/wiki/John_Axouch" title="John Axouch">John Axouch</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:328px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexios_III_Megas_Komnenos.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Medieval drawing of a bearded Pontic Greek man in jeweled royal regalia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Alexios_III_Megas_Komnenos.JPG/129px-Alexios_III_Megas_Komnenos.JPG" decoding="async" width="129" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Alexios_III_Megas_Komnenos.JPG/194px-Alexios_III_Megas_Komnenos.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Alexios_III_Megas_Komnenos.JPG 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:328px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bessarion_1476.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Depiction of an elderly Pontic Greek man in a Catholic cardinal's clothes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bessarion_1476.JPG/155px-Bessarion_1476.JPG" decoding="async" width="155" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bessarion_1476.JPG/233px-Bessarion_1476.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bessarion_1476.JPG/310px-Bessarion_1476.JPG 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios III of Trebizond">Alexios III</a> (1338–1390), <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Emperor of Trebizond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Bessarion" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Bessarion">Cardinal Bessarion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trebizond</a> (1395–1472), a Pontian Greek scholar, statesman and cardinal.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a></div></div></div></div> This empire lasted for more than 250 years until it eventually fell at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1461. However it took the Ottomans 18 more years to finally defeat the Greek resistance in Pontus. During this long period of resistance many Pontic Greeks nobles and aristocrats married foreign emperors and dynasties, most notably of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Medieval Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Medieval Georgia</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid</a> Persian dynasty, and to a lesser extent the <a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a> rulers, in order to gain their protection and aid against the Ottoman threat. Many of the landowning and lower-class families of Pontus "turned-Turk", adopting the Turkish language and Turkish Islam but often remaining crypto-Christian before reverting to their Greek Orthodoxy in the early 19th century. The long period of Ottoman rule up until the population exchange was called the Tourkokratia.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> In the 1600s and 1700s, as Turkish lords called <a href="/wiki/Derebey" title="Derebey">derebeys</a> gained more control of land along the Black Sea coast, many coastal Pontians moved to the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Mountains" title="Pontic Mountains">Pontic Mountains</a>. There, they established villages such as <a href="/wiki/Dumanl%C4%B1" title="Dumanlı">Santa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> Between 1461 and the second <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War">Russo-Turkish War</a> of 1828–29, Pontic Greeks from northeastern Anatolia migrated as refugees or economic migrants (especially miners and livestock breeders) into nearby Armenia or Georgia, where they came to form a nucleus of Pontic Greeks which increased in size with the addition of each wave of refugees and migrants until these eastern Pontic Greek communities of the South Caucasus region came to define themselves as <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Greeks">Caucasian Greeks</a>. During the Ottoman period a number of Pontian Greeks converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and adopted the Turkish language. This could be willingly, for example so to avoid paying the higher rate of taxation imposed on Orthodox Christians or in order to make themselves more eligible for higher level government and regular military employment opportunities within the empire (at least in the later period following the abolition of the infamous Greek and Balkan Christian child levy or '<a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">devshirme</a>', on which the elite Janissary corps had in the early Ottoman period depended for its recruits). But conversion could also occur in response to pressures from central government and local Muslim militia (e.g.) following any one of the Russo-Turkish wars in which ethnic Greeks from the Ottoman Empire's northern border regions were known to have collaborated, fought alongside, and sometimes even led invading Russian forces, such as was the case in the Greek governed, semi-autonomous Romanian Principalities, Trebizond, and the area that was briefly to become part of the Russian Caucasus in the far northeast. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:145px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Pontian_Greek_family.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Pontic Greek men, women, and children in Western clothes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pontian_Greek_family.JPG/220px-Pontian_Greek_family.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pontian_Greek_family.JPG/330px-Pontian_Greek_family.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pontian_Greek_family.JPG/440px-Pontian_Greek_family.JPG 2x" data-file-width="981" data-file-height="648" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:216px;max-width:216px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:145px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Pontus_Greek_family.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Pontic Greek man, woman, and their children. The man is dressed in Western clothes, the woman in traditional costume." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pontus_Greek_family.JPG/214px-Pontus_Greek_family.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pontus_Greek_family.JPG/321px-Pontus_Greek_family.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pontus_Greek_family.JPG/428px-Pontus_Greek_family.JPG 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="640" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Pontic Greek families of the early 20th century</div></div></div></div> Large communities (around 25% of the population) of <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> Pontic Greeks<a href="#cite_note-Pentzopoulos_2002_29–30-55">[52]</a> remained throughout the <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a> area (including <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a> in northeastern Turkey/the Russian Caucasus) until the 1920s, and in parts of Georgia and Armenia until the 1990s, preserving their own customs and <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">dialect of Greek</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genocide_and_population_exchange">Genocide and population exchange</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Genocide and population exchange">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></div> Between 1913 and 1923, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> leadership attempted to expel or kill its native Christian population of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, including the Pontic Greeks. The genocide was first perpetrated by the <a href="/wiki/Three_Pashas" title="Three Pashas">Three Pashas</a> and later by the rebel government under <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Kemal">Mustafa Kemal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> Different scholars have made different estimates for the death toll; most estimates range from 300,000 to 360,000 Pontic Greeks killed.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> Some notable victims include <a href="/wiki/Matthaios_Kofidis" title="Matthaios Kofidis">Matthaios Kofidis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Kapetanidis" title="Nikos Kapetanidis">Nikos Kapetanidis</a>. Many were executed, for example during the <a href="/wiki/Amasya_trials" title="Amasya trials">Amasya trials</a>;<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> others were subject to massacres; many Pontic men were forced to work in labor camps until they died; still others were deported to the interior on <a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">death marches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> Rape, primarily of Pontic women and girls, was prominent.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> In 1923 those still remaining in Turkey were exiled to Greece as part of the <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">population exchange between Greece and Turkey</a> defined by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>. In his book <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_(1995_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea (1995 book)">Black Sea</a>, author <a href="/wiki/Neal_Ascherson" title="Neal Ascherson">Neal Ascherson</a> writes: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The Turkish guide-books on sale in the <a href="/wiki/Taksim_Square" title="Taksim Square">Taksim Meydane</a> offer this account of the 1923 Katastrofĕ: 'After the proclamation of the Republic, the Greeks who lived in the region returned to their own country ...' Their own country? Returned? They had lived in the Pontos for nearly three thousand years. Their Pontian dialect was not understandable to twentieth-century Athenians.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a></blockquote> According to the 1928 census of Greece, there were in total 240,695 Pontic Greek refugees in Greece: 11,435 from Russia, 47,091 from the Caucasus,<a href="#cite_note-Language_Standards_page_52-66">[63]</a> and 182,169 from the Pontus region of Anatolia. In Turkey, however, together with <a href="/wiki/Hidden_Armenians" title="Hidden Armenians">Crypto-Armenians</a> surfacing it has also given the Pontic community in Turkey more attention, estimates are up to 345,000<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-68">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture_and_settlements">Architecture and settlements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Architecture and settlements">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinop-Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a tall, roughly square stone fortress in a modern coastal city." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sinop-Castle.jpg/220px-Sinop-Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sinop-Castle.jpg/330px-Sinop-Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sinop-Castle.jpg/440px-Sinop-Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption>Sinop fortress in 2011.</figcaption></figure> During their millennia-long presence on the Black Sea's southern coast, Pontic Greeks constructed a number of buildings, some of which still stand today. Many structures sit in ruins. Others, however, enjoy active use; one example is <a href="/wiki/Nakip_Mosque" title="Nakip Mosque">Nakip Mosque</a> in Trabzon, originally built as a Greek Orthodox church during the 900s or 1000s.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> Ancient Greeks reached and settled the Black Sea by the 700s BC; <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a> was perhaps the earliest colony.<a href="#cite_note-miletus-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> According to the Pontic Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, Greeks from the existing colony of <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a> settled the Pontus region.<a href="#cite_note-miletus-71">[68]</a> Some walls from an early fortification stand in the modern Turkish city of <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinop</a> (renamed from Sinope). <a href="/wiki/Sinop_Fortress" title="Sinop Fortress">These fortifications</a> may date back to early Greek colonization in the 600s BC.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> During late Ottoman and recent Turkish times, the fortress housed <a href="/wiki/Sinop_Fortress_Prison" title="Sinop Fortress Prison">a state prison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sat-75">[72]</a> Between 281 BC and 62 AD, the <a href="/wiki/Mithridatic_dynasty" title="Mithridatic dynasty">Mithridatic kings</a> ruled the Pontos region and called it the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of Pontus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> While the ruling dynasty was Persian in origin, many kings had Greek ancestry, as Pontic rulers often married <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> nobility.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> Some of these Persian/Greek rulers were interred in the <a href="/wiki/Tombs_of_the_kings_of_Pontus" title="Tombs of the kings of Pontus">Tombs of the kings of Pontus</a>. Their <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a> is still visible in Amasya.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-unesco-79">[76]</a> One Pontic king, <a href="/wiki/Pharnaces_I_of_Pontus" title="Pharnaces I of Pontus">Pharnaces I of Pontus</a>, may have built <a href="/wiki/Giresun_Castle" title="Giresun Castle">Giresun Castle</a> in the 100s BC.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> There's also a chance it was built during medieval times.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> From the castle, the Black Sea and much of <a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Giresun</a> are visible. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Insel_von_Giresun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the sea from a mountainous coastal city. The camera focuses on a wooded island." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Insel_von_Giresun.jpg/220px-Insel_von_Giresun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Insel_von_Giresun.jpg/330px-Insel_von_Giresun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Insel_von_Giresun.jpg/440px-Insel_von_Giresun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Giresun Island, used by Ancient Greek colonists as early as the 5th century BC</figcaption></figure> Many other structures date back to Greek occupation in ancient times. Ancient Greeks inhabited <a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Giresun</a>, then called Kerasous, from the 5th century BC. During this time, they must also have used <a href="/wiki/Giresun_Island" title="Giresun Island">Giresun Island</a>. The poet <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius of Rhodes</a> mentioned this island in his best-known epic, the <a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a>. Altars on the island date to the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> period. Its use as a religious center continued after the rise of Christianity in the region. During Byzantine times, likely in the 400s or 500s AD, a <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastic complex</a> was built on the island, dedicated to either <a href="/wiki/Phocas,_Bishop_of_Sinope" title="Phocas, Bishop of Sinope">St Phocas of Sinope</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>. It functioned both as a religious center and as a fortress.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> Many old Pontic Greek city-states remain in ruins. One is <a href="/wiki/Athenae_(Pontus)" title="Athenae (Pontus)">Athenae</a>, an archaeological site near modern <a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Pazar</a>. It sat on the Black Sea coast and housed a temple to Athena.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> After Christianity spread to the Pontus region in Roman times, Pontic Greeks began constructing a number of churches, monasteries, and other religious buildings. The <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary_Monastery" title="Virgin Mary Monastery">Virgin Mary Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eebinkarahisar_District" title="Şebinkarahisar District">Şebinkarahisar District</a>, Giresun Province may be one of the oldest Greek Orthodox monasteries in the region; Turkish archaeologists suspect it may date to the 2nd century. The monastery is made of carved stone and built into a cave. As of the mid-2010s, it was open for tourism.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> Other religious buildings were constructed later. Three ruined monasteries lie in <a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%A7ka" title="Maçka">Maçka</a>, Trabzon Province: <a href="/wiki/Sumela_Monastery" title="Sumela Monastery">Panagias Soumela Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ku%C5%9Ftul_Monastery" title="Kuştul Monastery">Saint George Peristereotas Monastery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vazelon_Monastery" title="Vazelon Monastery">Vazelon Monastery</a>. These were built during early Byzantine times. Vazelon Monastery, for example, was built around 270 AD, and it retained great political and societal importance until its abandonment in 1922/3.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> While St. George Monastery (also called Kuştul Monastery)<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> and Vazelon are abandoned, Sumela is a prominent tourist attraction.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:608px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumela_Monastery_(2674157750).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fresco depicting Mary and Jesus in Sumela Monastery"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sumela_Monastery_%282674157750%29.jpg/600px-Sumela_Monastery_%282674157750%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Sumela_Monastery_%282674157750%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumela_Monastery_(2674157750).jpg" title="File:Sumela Monastery (2674157750).jpg"> </a></div>Fresco depicting <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> in Sumela Monastery</div></div></div> Pontic Greeks also constructed a number of non-religious buildings during <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> times. In the 500s, for example, <a href="/wiki/Rize_Castle" title="Rize Castle">a castle</a> was built in <a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rize</a> on the order of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>. It was later expanded. The old fortress still stands today, serving tourists.<a href="#cite_note-rktm-92">[89]</a> Later, the Pontians built further churches and castles. <a href="/wiki/Balatlar_Church" title="Balatlar Church">Balatlar Church</a> is a Byzantine church dating back to 660. It lies on the Black Sea coast. Despite vandalism and natural deterioration, the church still has old frescoes, which have been of interest to modern historians. The actual structure itself may date to Roman times. It likely had different uses over the centuries, potentially being a public bath and gymnasium before its use as a church. Pottery found at the site dates to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Anatolia">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> eras.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> There is also speculation that a piece of the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a> was found at Balatlar Church; however, it's more likely that the materials found were actually the <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> of a saint or other holy person.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Anna.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a brick building on a city street." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hagia_Anna.JPG/150px-Hagia_Anna.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hagia_Anna.JPG/225px-Hagia_Anna.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hagia_Anna.JPG/300px-Hagia_Anna.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Saint Anne Church, one of the oldest churches in Trabzon</figcaption></figure> Trabzon has at least three more late Byzantine churches that stand today. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne_Church,_Trabzon" title="Saint Anne Church, Trabzon">St. Anne Church</a>, as the name suggests, was dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Saint Anne</a>, the mother of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>. While the actual date of construction is uncertain, it was restored by the Byzantine emperors in 884 and 885.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> It had three <a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">apses</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a> over the door. Unlike many churches in Trabzon, there is no evidence of it being converted into a mosque following Ottoman conquest in 1461.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Turkey_Today:_Issues_113-136-98">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> Two other structures in Trabzon, built as churches in Byzantine or <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trapezuntine</a> times, are now functional mosques. The <a href="/wiki/New_Friday_Mosque" title="New Friday Mosque">New Friday Mosque</a>, for example, was originally the Hagios Eugenios Church dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Eugenios_of_Trebizond" title="Eugenios of Trebizond">Saint Eugenios of Trebizond</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Turkey_Today:_Issues_113-136-98">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> Another is <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Mosque,_Trabzon" title="Fatih Mosque, Trabzon">Fatih Mosque</a>. It was originally the Panagia Chrysokephalos church, a cathedral in Trabzon.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> The name is fitting; fatih means "conqueror" in both Ottoman and modern Turkish.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> Another church, <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Trabzon" title="Hagia Sophia, Trabzon">Trabzon's Hagia Sophia</a>, was perhaps built by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> It was used as a mosque after Turkish conquest; the frescoes may have been covered for Muslim worship. Hagia Sophia underwent restoration work in the mid-20th century.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aya_Sofya,_Trabzon_(2673340959).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a church dome covered with frescoes. From inside the building." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Aya_Sofya%2C_Trabzon_%282673340959%29.jpg/220px-Aya_Sofya%2C_Trabzon_%282673340959%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Aya_Sofya%2C_Trabzon_%282673340959%29.jpg/330px-Aya_Sofya%2C_Trabzon_%282673340959%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Aya_Sofya%2C_Trabzon_%282673340959%29.jpg/440px-Aya_Sofya%2C_Trabzon_%282673340959%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Dome of Trabzon's Hagia Sophia</figcaption></figure> After European invaders sacked Constantinople in 1204,<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> fractured. The Pontus region went into the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Komnenos" title="Komnenos">Komnenos family</a>, who ruled the new <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a>. During the Empire of Trebizond, many new structures were built. One is <a href="/wiki/Kiz_Kulesi,_Rize" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiz Kulesi, Rize">Kiz Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rize_Province" title="Rize Province">Rize Province</a>. The castle sits on an islet just off the Black Sea coast. According to <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Bryer" title="Anthony Bryer">Anthony Bryer</a>, a British <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_studies" title="Byzantine studies">Byzantinist</a>, it was built in the 1200s or 1300s on the order of Trapezuntine rulers.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zilkale" title="Zilkale">Zilkale Castle</a> is another fortress in Rize Province. According to the same historian, it may have been built by the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a> for local <a href="/wiki/Hemshin_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemshin peoples">Hemshin</a> rulers.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> Yet another fortress, the Kov Castle in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fhane_Province" title="Gümüşhane Province">Gümüşhane Province</a>, may have been built by Trapezuntine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios III of Trebizond">Alexios III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ka%C3%A7kar_Mountains_National_Park_21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of stone fortress in wooded mountains." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ka%C3%A7kar_Mountains_National_Park_21.jpg/220px-Ka%C3%A7kar_Mountains_National_Park_21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ka%C3%A7kar_Mountains_National_Park_21.jpg/330px-Ka%C3%A7kar_Mountains_National_Park_21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ka%C3%A7kar_Mountains_National_Park_21.jpg/440px-Ka%C3%A7kar_Mountains_National_Park_21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Zilkale in the Pontic Alps in <a href="/wiki/%C3%87aml%C4%B1hem%C5%9Fin" title="Çamlıhemşin">Çamlıhemşin</a>, Rize Province</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios III of Trebizond">Alexios III</a>, one of the last emperors under whom the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a> flourished, built <a href="/wiki/Panagia_Theoskepastos_Monastery" title="Panagia Theoskepastos Monastery">Panagia Theoskepastos Monastery</a> in the 1300s. It was an all-female monastery in Trabzon.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> The monastery may undergo restoration work to boost tourism.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmed the Conqueror</a> lay siege to Trabzon in 1461, the Empire of Trebizond fell.<a href="#cite_note-Babinger-1949-119">[116]</a> Many church buildings became mosques around this time, while others remained in the Greek Orthodox community. Pontic Greeks continued to live and build under Ottoman rule. For example, Pontians in Gümüşhane established the valley town of Santa (today called <a href="/wiki/Dumanl%C4%B1" title="Dumanlı">Dumanlı</a>) in the 1600s. Even today, many of the stone schools, houses, and churches built by Santa's Greek Orthodox residents still stand.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> They weren't divorced from Ottoman society, however; Pontic Greeks also contributed their labor to Ottoman construction projects. In 1610, Pontians built the Hacı Abdullah Wall in Giresun Province. The wall is 6.5 km (4.0 mi) long.<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> Trabzon remained an important center of Pontic Greek society and culture throughout Ottoman times. A scholar named <a href="/wiki/Sevastos_Kyminitis" title="Sevastos Kyminitis">Sevastos Kyminitis</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Phrontisterion_of_Trapezous" title="Phrontisterion of Trapezous">Phrontisterion of Trapezous</a>, a Greek school operating in Trabzon from the late 1600s to the early 1900s. It was an important center for Greek-language education across the whole Pontus region.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-ehg-124">[121]</a> Some students came from outside of Trabzon to learn there (one example being <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Kapetanidis" title="Nikos Kapetanidis">Nikos Kapetanidis</a>, who was born in Rize). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mansion_of_K._Theophylaktos_in_Trebizond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sepia photograph of a mansion among smaller houses in a city." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mansion_of_K._Theophylaktos_in_Trebizond.jpg/220px-Mansion_of_K._Theophylaktos_in_Trebizond.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mansion_of_K._Theophylaktos_in_Trebizond.jpg/330px-Mansion_of_K._Theophylaktos_in_Trebizond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mansion_of_K._Theophylaktos_in_Trebizond.jpg/440px-Mansion_of_K._Theophylaktos_in_Trebizond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1610" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption>Konstantinos Theofylaktos' mansion in Trabzon before it was converted to a museum</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Reform_Edict_of_1856" title="Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856">Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856</a> guaranteed more religious freedom and civic equality for the Ottoman Empire's Jews and Christians,<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> new churches were constructed. One of these was the church at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Jason" title="Cape Jason">Cape Jason</a> in <a href="/wiki/Per%C5%9Fembe" title="Perşembe">Perşembe</a>, Ordu Province. Local Georgians and Greeks built this church in the 1800s; it remains today.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> Another was the small stone church in <a href="/wiki/%C3%87akrak" class="mw-redirect" title="Çakrak">Çakrak</a>, Giresun Province.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> Still another was Taşbaşı Church in Ordu, built in the 1800s; after the Greek Orthodox were expelled from Turkey, it saw some use as a prison.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> Many other less-notable churches remain throughout the Pontus region.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> Some of the old houses once belonging to Pontic Greeks still stand. For example, <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Theofylaktos" title="Konstantinos Theofylaktos">Konstantinos Theofylaktos</a>, a wealthy Greek,<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> had a mansion built for him in Trabzon. It now functions as <a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Museum" title="Trabzon Museum">Trabzon Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> Many structures have not survived to the present day. One example of this is <a href="/wiki/Saint_Gregory_of_Nyssa_Church,_Trabzon" title="Saint Gregory of Nyssa Church, Trabzon">Saint Gregory of Nyssa Church, Trabzon</a>, which was dynamited in the 1930s to make way for a new building.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlements">Settlements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Settlements">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Russia">Greeks in Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Ukraine">Greeks in Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Pontus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawn map of Pontus region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Map_of_Pontus.jpg/220px-Map_of_Pontus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Map_of_Pontus.jpg/330px-Map_of_Pontus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Map_of_Pontus.jpg/440px-Map_of_Pontus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3289" data-file-height="2122" /></a><figcaption>The area claimed for the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pontus" title="Republic of Pontus">Republic of Pontus</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, based on the extent of the six local <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> bishoprics.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evler2b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Houses in foggy, tree-covered mountains" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Evler2b.jpg/260px-Evler2b.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Evler2b.jpg/390px-Evler2b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Evler2b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="207" /></a><figcaption>Traditional rural Pontian houses</figcaption></figure> Some of the settlements historically inhabited by Pontian Greeks include (current official names in parentheses): <dl><dt>In <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus proper</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amasya" title="Amasya">Amasea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsunda (Amisos)</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aphene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aphene (page does not exist)">Aphene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akda%C4%9Fmadeni" title="Akdağmadeni">Argyrion (Akdağmadeni)</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fhane" title="Gümüşhane">Argyropolis (Gümüşhane)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina (Pazar)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bafra" title="Bafra">Bafra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comana_Pontica" title="Comana Pontica">Comana Pontica (Gümenek)</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fhac%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Gümüşhacıköy">Etonia (Gümüşhacıköy)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Fatsa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konaklar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konaklar (page does not exist)">Galiana (Konaklar)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yomra" title="Yomra">Gemoura (Yomra)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hopa" title="Hopa">Hopa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olucak,_G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fhane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olucak, Gümüşhane (page does not exist)">Imera (Olucak)</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakatsis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kakatsis (page does not exist)">Kakatsis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelkit" title="Kelkit">Kelkit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Cerasus(Giresun)</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C4%B1nd%C4%B1kl%C4%B1,_Rize" title="Fındıklı, Rize">Kissa (Fındıklı)</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eebinkarahisar" title="Şebinkarahisar">Kolonia (Şebinkarahisar)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koyulhisar" title="Koyulhisar">Nikopolis (Koyulhisar)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Kotyora (Ordu)</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ya%C4%9Fl%C4%B1dere,_G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fhane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yağlıdere, Gümüşhane (page does not exist)">Kromni (Yağlıdere)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazl%C4%B1k,_Ayd%C4%B1ntepe" title="Yazlık, Aydıntepe">Livera (Yazlık)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%A7ka" title="Maçka">Matsouka (Maçka)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesudiye,_Ordu" title="Mesudiye, Ordu">Meletios (Mesudiye)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merzifon" title="Merzifon">Myrsiphon (Merzifon)</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayd%C4%B1nlar,_Torul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aydınlar, Torul (page does not exist)">Mouzena (Aydınlar)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niksar" title="Niksar">Neocaesarea (Niksar)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Of,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Of, Turkey">Ofis (Of)</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinoe (Ünye)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7aabat" title="Akçaabat">Platana (Akçaabat)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rizounta (Rize)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dumanl%C4%B1" title="Dumanlı">Santa (Dumanlı)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope (Sinop)</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCrmene" title="Sürmene">Sourmena (Sürmene)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Therme (Terme)</a>, i.e. the ancient of the <a href="/wiki/Themiscyra_(Pontus)" title="Themiscyra (Pontus)">Themiscyra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokat" title="Tokat">Evdokia (Tokat)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonya,_Turkey" title="Tonya, Turkey">Thoania (Tonya)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trebizond (Trabzon)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirebolu" title="Tirebolu">Tripolis (Tirebolu)</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eiran" title="Şiran">Cheriana (Şiran)</a>.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Outside Pontus proper</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adapazar%C4%B1" title="Adapazarı">Adapazarı</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balya" title="Balya">Palea (Balya)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayburt" title="Bayburt">Baiberdon (Bayburt)</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%87orum" title="Çorum">Efchaneia (Çorum)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sivas" title="Sivas">Sebastia (Sivas)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Theodosiopolis (Erzurum)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erzincan" title="Erzincan">Erzincan</a> (see below on Eastern Anatolia Greeks) and in the so-called Russian Asia Minor (see <a href="/wiki/Batum_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Batum Oblast">Batum Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kars_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Kars Oblast">Kars Oblast'</a> and Caucasian Greeks) and the so-called Russian Trans-Caucasus or <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Transcaucasia</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Governorate" title="Black Sea Governorate">Černomore Guberniya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kutais_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutais Governorate">Kutais Guberniya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiflis_Governorate" title="Tiflis Governorate">Tiflis Guberniya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathys Limni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioskourias (Sevastoupolis)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gonia" title="Gonia">Gonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poti" title="Poti">Phasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pytius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsalka" title="Tsalka">Tsalka</a>).</dd></dl> <dl><dt>In <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> and the northern <a href="/wiki/Azov_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Azov Sea">Azov Sea</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chersonesos_Taurica" class="mw-redirect" title="Chersonesos Taurica">Chersonesos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balaklava" title="Balaklava">Symbolon (Balaklava)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panticapaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Panticapaeum">Panticapaeum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudak" title="Sudak">Soughdaia (Sudak)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feodosiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Feodosiya">Theodosia (Feodosiya)</a>.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>On the <a href="/wiki/Taman_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Taman peninsula">Taman peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar Krai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Krai" title="Stavropol Krai">Stavropol Krai</a> (in particular <a href="/wiki/Essentuki" class="mw-redirect" title="Essentuki">Essentuki</a>)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Germonassa" class="mw-redirect" title="Germonassa">Germonassa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippa (Anapa)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea Pontica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a>.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>On the southwestern coast of Ukraine and the Eastern <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiphilos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antiphilos (page does not exist)">Antiphilos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia (Sozopol)</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germonakris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germonakris (page does not exist)">Germonakris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesembria (Nesebar)</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikonis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikonis (page does not exist)">Nikonis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos (Varna)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olbia,_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia, Ukraine">Olbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eastern_Anatolia_Greeks">Eastern Anatolia Greeks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Eastern Anatolia Greeks">edit</a>]</div> Ethnic Greeks indigenous to the high plateau of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia">Eastern Anatolia</a> to the immediate south of the boundaries of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a> – essentially the northern portion of the former Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_Erzurum" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayet of Erzurum">Vilayet of Erzurum</a> between <a href="/wiki/Erzinjan" class="mw-redirect" title="Erzinjan">Erzinjan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a> province, that is the western half of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Highlands">Armenian Highlands</a> – are sometimes differentiated from both Pontic Greeks proper and Caucasian Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> These Greeks pre-date the refugees and migrants who left their homelands in the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic Alps">Pontic Alps</a> and moved onto the Eastern Anatolian plateau after the fall of the Empire of Trebizond in 1461. They were mainly the descendants of Greek farmers, soldiers, state officials and traders, who settled in Erzurum province in the late Roman and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> period. Unlike the thoroughly Hellenized areas of the western and central Black Sea coast and the Pontic Alps, the Erzinjan and Erzerum regions were primarily Turkish- and Armenian-speaking, with Greeks forming only a small minority of the population.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> The Greeks of this region were consequently more exposed to Turkish and Armenian cultural influences than those of Pontus proper, and also more likely to have a strong command of the Turkish language, particular since the areas they inhabited had also been part of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Sultanate_of_Rum" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Sultanate of Rum">Seljuk Sultanate of Rum</a> and other pre-Ottoman Turkish powers in Central and Eastern Anatolia.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> Many are also known to have "turned Turk" in both the Seljuk and Ottoman periods, and consequently to have assimilated into Turkish society or reverted to Christian Orthodoxy in the 19th century. Erzurum province was invaded and occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> several times in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and large numbers of Eastern Anatolia Greeks are known to have collaborated with the Russians in these campaigns, particularly that of the 1828–29 <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War">Russo-Turkish War</a>, alongside Pontic Greeks inhabiting areas to the immediate north of Erzinjan and Erzurum. As with Pontic Greeks proper, those Eastern Anatolia Greeks who migrated eastwards into Kars province, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a> between the early Ottoman period and 1829 generally assimilated into the branch of Pontic Greeks usually called Caucasian Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> Those who remained and retained their Greek identity into the early 20th century were either deported to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece_(Gl%C3%BCcksburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)">Kingdom of Greece</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Exchange_of_populations_between_Greece_and_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey">exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey</a> in 1923-4 or massacred in the Greek genocide that occurred after the larger <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> in the same part of Anatolia.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_culture" title="Pontic Greek culture">Pontic Greek culture</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pontic_Greeks" title="Special:EditPage/Pontic Greeks">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumela_From_Across_Valley.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a multi-story limestone structure built into a cliff." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sumela_From_Across_Valley.JPG/220px-Sumela_From_Across_Valley.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sumela_From_Across_Valley.JPG/330px-Sumela_From_Across_Valley.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sumela_From_Across_Valley.JPG/440px-Sumela_From_Across_Valley.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="2134" /></a><figcaption>Close-up view of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCmela_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sümela Monastery">Sümela Monastery</a></figcaption></figure> The culture of Pontus has been strongly influenced by the topography of its different regions. In commercial cities like <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trebizond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Sampsounta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasounta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a> upper-level education and arts flourished under the protection of a cosmopolitan middle class. In the inland cities such as <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fhane" title="Gümüşhane">Argyroupolis</a>, the economy was based upon <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, thus creating an economic and cultural gap between the developed urban ports and the rural centers which lay upon the valleys and plains extending from the base of the Pontic alps. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phrontisterion_of_Trapezous.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Multi-story building in a coastal city." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Phrontisterion_of_Trapezous.JPG/220px-Phrontisterion_of_Trapezous.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Phrontisterion_of_Trapezous.JPG/330px-Phrontisterion_of_Trapezous.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Phrontisterion_of_Trapezous.JPG/440px-Phrontisterion_of_Trapezous.JPG 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Phrontisterion_of_Trapezous" title="Phrontisterion of Trapezous">Phrontisterion of Trapezous</a>, early 20th century</figcaption></figure> Pontic's linguistic lineage stems from <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic Greek</a> via <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a> with many archaisms and contains <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> from Turkish and to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian languages">Caucasian languages</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pontus_Rum_1903.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three rows of Pontic Greek men and boys in front of a school. They wear western suits." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Pontus_Rum_1903.JPG/220px-Pontus_Rum_1903.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Pontus_Rum_1903.JPG/330px-Pontus_Rum_1903.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Pontus_Rum_1903.JPG/440px-Pontus_Rum_1903.JPG 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>Pontian Greek students and teachers of the Alumni Tuition 1902–1903 in Trebizond</figcaption></figure> The rich cultural activity of Pontian Greeks is witnessed by the number of educational institutions, churches, and <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a> in the region. These include the <a href="/wiki/Phrontisterion_of_Trapezous" title="Phrontisterion of Trapezous">Phrontisterion of Trapezous</a> that operated from 1682/3 to 1921 and provided a major impetus for the rapid expansion of Greek education throughout the region.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> The building of this institution still remains the most impressive Pontic Greek monument in the city.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> Another well known institution was the Argyroupolis, built in 1682 and 1722 respectively, 38 highschools in the Sinopi region, 39 highschools in the Kerasounda region, a plethora of churches and monasteries, most notable of which are the St. Eugenios and <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Trabzon" title="Hagia Sophia, Trabzon">Hagia Sophia</a> churches of Trapezeus, the monasteries of St. George and St. Ioannes Vazelonos, and arguably the most famous and highly regarded of all, the monastery of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCmela_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sümela Monastery">Panagia Soumela</a>. During the 19th century hundreds of schools were constructed by Pontic Greek communities in the <a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Trebizond Vilayet">Trebizond Vilayet</a>, giving the region one of the highest literacy rates in the Ottoman Empire. The Greeks of Caykara, who according to Ottoman tax records converted to Islam during the 17th century, were also recognized for their educational facilities. Teachers from the Of-valley provided education for thousands of Anatolian Sunni and Sufi students in home schools and small <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrassas</a>. Some of these schools taught Pontic Greek alongside Arabic (and to a lesser extent Persian or Ottoman Turkish as well). Although Atatürk banned these madrassas during the early republican period, some of them remained functioning until the second half of the 20th century because of their remote location.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> The effects of this educational heritage continue to this day, with many prominent religious figures, scientists and politicians coming from the areas influenced by the Naqshbandi Sufi orders of Pontic Greek extraction in Of, Caykara and Rize, among them president <a href="/wiki/Erdogan" class="mw-redirect" title="Erdogan">Erdogan</a>, whose family originates from the village of Potamia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_music" title="Pontic Greek music">Pontic Greek music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matzouka_macukali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rows of men in the woods holding musical instruments. They dress in Western or traditional styles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Matzouka_macukali.jpg/220px-Matzouka_macukali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Matzouka_macukali.jpg/330px-Matzouka_macukali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Matzouka_macukali.jpg/440px-Matzouka_macukali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Pontian musical instruments: <a href="/wiki/Kemen%C3%A7e_of_the_Black_Sea" title="Kemençe of the Black Sea">kemençe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Davul" title="Davul">davul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zurna" title="Zurna">zurna</a>. Photo from 1950s in <a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%A7ka" title="Maçka">Matzouka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Province" title="Trabzon Province">Trabzon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.</figcaption></figure> Pontian music retains elements of the musical traditions of <a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantium</a>, and the Caucasus (especially from the region of <a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a>). Possibly there is an underlying influence from the native peoples who lived in the area before the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> as well, but this is not clearly established. Musical styles, like language patterns and other cultural traits, were influenced by the topography of <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontos</a>. The mountains and rivers of the area impeded communication between Pontian Greek communities and caused them to develop in different ways. Also significant in the shaping of Pontian music was the proximity of various non-Greek peoples on the fringes of the Pontic area. For this reason we see that musical style of the east Pontos has significant differences from that of the west or southwest Pontos. The Pontian music of Kars, for example, shows a clear influence from the music of the Caucasus and elements from other parts of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. The music and dances of Turks from Black Sea region are very similar to Greek Pontic and some songs and melodies are common. Except for certain <a href="/wiki/Lament" title="Lament">laments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">ballads</a>, this music is played primarily to be danced to. An important part of Pontic music is the <a href="/wiki/Acritic_songs" title="Acritic songs">Acritic songs</a>, heroic or <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poetry</a> set to music that emerged in the Byzantine Empire, probably in the 9th century. These songs celebrated the exploits of the <a href="/wiki/Akrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Akrites">Akritai</a>, the frontier guards defending the eastern borders of the Byzantine Empire. The most popular instrument in the Pontian musical collection is the <a href="/wiki/Kemen%C3%A7e_of_the_Black_Sea" title="Kemençe of the Black Sea">kemenche or lyra</a>, which is related closely with other bowed musical instruments of the medieval West, like the <a href="/wiki/Kit_violin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kit violin">Kit violin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rebec" title="Rebec">Rebec</a>. Also important are other instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Dankiyo" title="Dankiyo">Angion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tulum_(bagpipe)" title="Tulum (bagpipe)">Tulum</a> (a type of <a href="/wiki/Bagpipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagpipe">Bagpipe</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Davul" title="Davul">davul</a>, a type of drum, the <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">Shiliavrin</a>, and the Kaval or Ghaval (a flute-like pipe). The <a href="/wiki/Zurna" title="Zurna">zurna</a> existed in several versions which varied from region to region, with the style from Bafra sounding differently due to its bigger size. The Violin was very popular in the Bafra region and all throughout west Pontos. The <a href="/wiki/Kemane" title="Kemane">Kemane</a>, an instrument closely related to the one of Cappadocia, was highly popular in southwest Pontos and with the Pontian Greeks who lived in <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>. Finally worth mentioning are the Defi (a type of <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">tambourine</a>), <a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">Outi</a> and in the region of Kars, the <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">accordion</a>. Popular singers of Pontic music include <a href="/wiki/Stelios_Kazantzidis" title="Stelios Kazantzidis">Stelios Kazantzidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chrysanthos_Theodoridis" title="Chrysanthos Theodoridis">Chrysanthos Theodoridis</a>, Stathis Nikolaidis, Theodoros Pavlidis, Giannis Tsitiridis, and Pela Nikolaidou. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_folk_dance" title="Pontic Greek folk dance">Pontic Greek folk dance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verbreitungskarte_der_t%C3%BCrkischen_Volkst%C3%A4nze.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of common folk dances by province in Turkey." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Verbreitungskarte_der_t%C3%BCrkischen_Volkst%C3%A4nze.png/220px-Verbreitungskarte_der_t%C3%BCrkischen_Volkst%C3%A4nze.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Verbreitungskarte_der_t%C3%BCrkischen_Volkst%C3%A4nze.png/330px-Verbreitungskarte_der_t%C3%BCrkischen_Volkst%C3%A4nze.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Verbreitungskarte_der_t%C3%BCrkischen_Volkst%C3%A4nze.png/440px-Verbreitungskarte_der_t%C3%BCrkischen_Volkst%C3%A4nze.png 2x" data-file-width="2194" data-file-height="939" /></a><figcaption>Folk dances in Turkey. <a href="/wiki/Horon_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horon (dance)">Horon</a> in blue.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Horon_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horon (dance)">Pontian dance</a> retains aspects of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek culture">Greek</a> dance styles. The dances called Horoi/Choroi (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Χοροί), singular <a href="/wiki/Horos" class="mw-redirect" title="Horos">Horos</a>/Choros (Chorus) (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Χορός), meaning literally "Dance" in both Ancient Pontian and Modern Greek languages, are circular in nature and each is characterized by distinct short steps. A unique aspect of Pontian dance is the tremoulo (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Τρέμουλο), which is a fast shaking of the upper torso by a turning of the back on its axis. Like other Greek dances, they are danced in a line and the dancers form a circle. Pontian dances also resemble Persian and Middle Eastern dances because they are not led by a single dancer. The most renowned Pontian dances are <a href="/wiki/Tik_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tik (dance)">Tik (dance)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serra_(dance)" title="Serra (dance)">Serra</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maheria (page does not exist)">Maheria</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pyrecheios" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrecheios">Pyrecheios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kotsari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotsari">Kotsari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Omal" title="Omal">Omal</a>. Other, less common, dances include <a href="/wiki/Letsina" title="Letsina">Letsina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dipat" title="Dipat">Dipat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Podaraki" title="Podaraki">Podaraki</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atsiapat" title="Atsiapat">Atsiapat</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pontus_Greek_Soccer_Team.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two rows of young Pontian men in sports clothes with their soccer ball." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pontus_Greek_Soccer_Team.JPG/220px-Pontus_Greek_Soccer_Team.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pontus_Greek_Soccer_Team.JPG/330px-Pontus_Greek_Soccer_Team.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pontus_Greek_Soccer_Team.JPG/440px-Pontus_Greek_Soccer_Team.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>Pontian Greek football team called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontus_Merzifounta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontus Merzifounta (page does not exist)">Pontus Merzifounta</a>.</figcaption></figure> Pontic Greek history with organised sports began with extra-curricular activities offered by educational institutions. The students would establish athletics clubs providing the Pontic Greek youth with an opportunity to participate in organised sporting competition. The Hellenic Athletic Club, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontus_Merzifounta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontus Merzifounta (page does not exist)">Pontus Merzifounta</a>, founded in 1903 was one such example formed by students attending <a href="/wiki/Anatolia_College" title="Anatolia College">Anatolia College</a> in Merzifon near <a href="/wiki/Amasya" title="Amasya">Amasya</a>. The college's forced closure in 1921 by the Turkish government resulted in the school's relocation to Greece in 1924, along with much of the Greek population of Asia Minor in the aftermath of genocide and a subsequent treaty that agreed upon a population exchange between Greece and Turkey. This resulted in the establishment of Pontic and Anatolian Greek sporting clubs in Greece, of which football is the sport with which they are most commonly associated. Today a number of these clubs still compete; some at a professional and intercontinental level. Such as: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollon_Pontou_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollon Pontou FC">Apollon Pontou FC</a></li> <li>AE Pontion Verias</li> <li>AO Ellas Pontion</li> <li>AE Ponton Evmirou</li> <li>AE Ponton Vatalakkou</li> <li>AEP Kozanis</li> <li>Pontikos Neas Santas'</li></ul> Outside of Greece, due to the widespread Pontic Greek diaspora, <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> clubs also exist. In Australia, the Pontian Eagles SC are a semi-professional team based in <a href="/wiki/Adelaide,_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelaide, South Australia">Adelaide, South Australia</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Munich,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich, Germany">Munich, Germany</a>, FC Pontos have an academy relationship with PAOK FC. Pontic Greeks have also contributed to sporting successes internationally, not limited to but mostly representing Greece, with several team members a part of sports triumphs in major international basketball (<a href="/wiki/2006_FIBA_World_Championship" title="2006 FIBA World Championship">2006 FIBA World Championship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurobasket_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurobasket 2005">Eurobasket 2005</a>) and football tournaments (<a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2004" title="UEFA Euro 2004">UEFA Euro 2004</a>). Champion individuals of Pontic Greek origin have also emerged in World Championship and <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a> levels of competition for athletics (<a href="/wiki/Katerina_Stefanidi" title="Katerina Stefanidi">Katerina Stefanidi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voula_Patoulidou" title="Voula Patoulidou">Voula Patoulidou</a>), gymnastics (<a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Melissanidis" title="Ioannis Melissanidis">Ioannis Melissanidis</a>), diving (<a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Siranidis" title="Nikolaos Siranidis">Nikolaos Siranidis</a>), taekwondo (<a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Nikolaidis" title="Alexandros Nikolaidis">Alexandros Nikolaidis</a>) and kick-boxing (<a href="/wiki/Mike_Zambidis" title="Mike Zambidis">Mike Zambidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stan_Longinidis" title="Stan Longinidis">Stan Longinidis</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_tradition">Military tradition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Military tradition">edit</a>]</div> On 19 May of each year, the <a href="/wiki/Evzones" title="Evzones">Evzonoi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Guard_(Greece)" title="Presidential Guard (Greece)">Greek Army Presidential Guard</a> ceremonial unit wear the traditional black <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Guard_(Greece)#Island_and_Pontic_variants" title="Presidential Guard (Greece)">Pontic uniform</a> to commemorate the <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Pontic genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_cuisine" title="Pontic Greek cuisine">Pontic Greek cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%87%CF%84%CE%AC.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fried dough in a pan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%87%CF%84%CE%AC.JPG/220px-%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%87%CF%84%CE%AC.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%87%CF%84%CE%AC.JPG/330px-%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%87%CF%84%CE%AC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%87%CF%84%CE%AC.JPG/440px-%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%87%CF%84%CE%AC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Tsirichtá</figcaption></figure> Today, Pontic Greek cuisine is mostly found in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Greece" title="Northern Greece">northern part of Greece</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-147">[144]</a> Culinary traditions have played an integral role in the preservation of Pontic Greek identity.<a href="#cite_note-:4-147">[144]</a> Dairy products, grains, and vegetables are commonly used.<a href="#cite_note-:4-147">[144]</a> Pontic cuisine specialities include: <ul><li>Felia (φελία), Pontian <a href="/wiki/French_toast" title="French toast">French toast</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a></li> <li>Kinteata (κιντέατα), <a href="/wiki/Nettle_soup" title="Nettle soup">nettle soup</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a></li> <li>Otía (<a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CF%89%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="pnt:ωτία">pnt</a>) (ωτία), fried dessert<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirozhki" title="Pirozhki">Pirozhki</a> (πιροσκί)<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boortsog" title="Boortsog">Pishía</a> (<a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%82%CE%AF%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="pnt:πιςία">pnt</a>) (πιςία), Pontian boortsog<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pita" title="Pita">Pita</a>, flatbread<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a></li> <li>Sousamópita (σουσαμόπιτα)<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a></li> <li>Tanoménon sorvá or Tanofái (τανωμένον σορβά, τανοφάι), soup made with onions and yogurt<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a></li> <li>Tsirichtá (<a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%87%CF%84%CE%AC" class="extiw" title="pnt:τσιριχτά">pnt</a>) (τσιριχτά), type of <a href="/wiki/Loukoumades" class="mw-redirect" title="Loukoumades">loukoumades</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siron_(food)" title="Siron (food)">Siron</a> (<a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="pnt:σιρόν">pnt</a>) (σιρόν), pasta<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierogi#Lazy_pierogi_and_lazy_varenyky" title="Pierogi">Varenika</a> (βαρένικα), type of ravioli<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a></li> <li>Sourva, wheat or barley porridge<a href="#cite_note-Voutira-161">[158]</a></li> <li>Tan, drink<a href="#cite_note-Voutira-161">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a></li> <li>Stupa or stupa torshi, pickled vegetables<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilav" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilav">Pilav</a>, rice dish.<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> In coastal Pontus, it was sometimes made with mussels.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> Other versions included pilav with saffron, chicken, or anchovies.<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolma" title="Dolma">Dolmades</a>, stuffed leaf dish<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibbeh" title="Kibbeh">Kibbeh</a> made with lamb and/or beef</li> <li>Briami, roasted vegetables</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuymak" title="Kuymak">Havitz</a> (<a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AF%CF%84%CF%82" class="extiw" title="pnt:Χαβίτς">pnt</a>) (Χαβίτς), porridge<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6rek" title="Börek">Perek</a> (Περέκ), pie similar to the Greek <a href="/wiki/Tiropita" title="Tiropita">tiropita</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avgolemono" title="Avgolemono">Avgolemono</a>, egg-lemon soup</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebab</a>, roasted meat<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manti_(food)" title="Manti (food)">Mantía</a> (Μαντία), dumplings<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalanga" title="Lalanga">Lalággia</a> (Λαλάγγια), pancakes<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a></li> <li>Foustoron, type of <a href="/wiki/Omelette" title="Omelette">omelette</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a></li> <li>Mavra laxana, cabbage soup<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a></li> <li>Lavashia (Λαβάσια), bread similar to Armenian <a href="/wiki/Lavash" title="Lavash">lavash</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a></li> <li>Tsatsoupel, a condiment similar to <a href="/wiki/Salsa_(sauce)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salsa (sauce)">salsa</a> made from <a href="/wiki/Quince" title="Quince">quince</a>, tomato, chili peppers, bell peppers, and a variety of spices<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0mam_bay%C4%B1ld%C4%B1" title="İmam bayıldı">İmam bayıldın</a>, stuffed eggplant; shared with Turkish cuisine<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Greece">In Greece</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In Greece">edit</a>]</div> There are many different views on Pontians in Greece. Pontians may be celebrated as representations of Greek heroism or as near-mythic warriors. However, they have also been stereotyped as simple and backwards rural people. There is a genre of Greek humor, called Pontic anecdotes, that depicts the Pontians as buffoons, while in some Greek slang the word "Pontian" may mean "idiot"; these stem from the pre-1950s reception of the Pontic refugees, and today most Pontians are amused by the anecdotes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsekouras20165-182">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pontic_Greeks_in_popular_culture">Pontic Greeks in popular culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pontic Greeks in popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In the 1984 movie <a href="/wiki/Voyage_to_Cythera" title="Voyage to Cythera">Voyage to Cythera</a> (Ταξίδι στα Κύθηρα),<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Angelopoulos" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodoros Angelopoulos">Theodoros Angelopoulos</a>, the protagonist is a Pontian Greek who was deported to the Soviet Union after the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek civil war</a>. He returns to Greece after 32 years.</li> <li>In his 1998 movie <a href="/wiki/From_the_Edge_of_the_City" title="From the Edge of the City">From the Edge of the City</a> (Από την άκρη της πόλης),<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> the film director <a href="/wiki/Constantinos_Giannaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantinos Giannaris">Constantinos Giannaris</a> describes the life of a young "Russian Pontian" from Kazakhstan in the prostitution underworld of Athens.</li> <li>In the 1999 movie Soil and Water (Χώμα και νερό),<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> one of the characters is a Pontian Greek from Georgia who works as a woman's trafficker for a strip club.</li> <li>In the 2000 memoir <a href="/wiki/Not_Even_My_Name" title="Not Even My Name">Not Even My Name: From a Death March in Turkey to a New Home in America, A Young Girl's True Story of Genocide and Survival</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thea_Halo" title="Thea Halo">Thea Halo</a>, life in the Pontus region is described by her mother Sano Halo before and after the Greek genocide.</li> <li>In the 2000 movie The Very Poor, Inc. (Πάμπτωχοι Α.Ε.),<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> one of the characters is a Pontian Greek from the Soviet Union named Thymios Hloridis. A mathematician with a specialty in <a href="/wiki/Chaos_theory" title="Chaos theory">chaos theory</a>, Hloridis is forced to make a living selling illegal <a href="/wiki/Cigar" title="Cigar">cigars</a> in front of the stock-market.</li> <li>In the 2002 novel <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_(novel)" title="Middlesex (novel)">Middlesex</a> by Jeffrey Eugenides, one of the side characters is a Pontian-American career criminal named Zizmo.<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a></li> <li>In the 2003 Turkish movie <a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_the_Clouds" title="Waiting for the Clouds">Waiting for the Clouds</a> (Bulutlari Beklerken, Περιμένοντας τα σύννεφα),<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> a Pontian Greek woman who didn't leave Pontus as a child with her brother during the <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">population exchange</a>, meets Thanasis, a Pontian Greek man from the Soviet Union, who helps her to find her brother in Greece. The movie makes some references to the Pontic genocide.</li> <li>In the 2008 short movie <a href="/wiki/Pontos_(2008_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontos (2008 film)">Pontos</a>,<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> written, produced, and directed by Peter Stefanidis, he aims to capture a small part of the genocide from the perspective of its two central characters, played by Lee Mason (Kemal) and Ross Black (Pantzo).</li> <li>A 2012 poetry collection, The Black Sea by <a href="/wiki/Stephanos_Papadopoulos" title="Stephanos Papadopoulos">Stephanos Papadopoulos</a>, depicts the imagined trials and voyages of the Pontic Greek exodus from the region. It was published by Sheep Meadow Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Pontian_Greeks">Notable Pontian Greeks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notable Pontian Greeks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pontic_Greeks" title="List of Pontic Greeks">List of Pontic Greeks</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient">Ancient</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ancient">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Sinope" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes of Sinope">Diogenes of Sinope</a> (412 or 404 BC – 323 BC) (philosopher; founder of Cynic movement)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bion_of_Borysthenes" title="Bion of Borysthenes">Bion of Borysthenes</a> (philosopher)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (historian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philetaerus" title="Philetaerus">Philetaerus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 343–263 BC) (founder of the Attalid dynasty)<a href="#cite_note-Renée_Dreyfus,_Ellen_Schraudolph_1996_24-51">[48]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithradates_VI_Eupator" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithradates VI Eupator">Mithradates VI Eupator</a> (ruler of the Kingdom of Pontus from 120 to 63 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a> (85–160 AD) (theologian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquila_of_Sinope" title="Aquila of Sinope">Aquila of Sinope</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 130 AD) (translator of Hebrew bible into Greek)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evagrius_Ponticus" title="Evagrius Ponticus">Evagrius Ponticus</a> (345–399 AD), Christian monk</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval">Medieval</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Medieval">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios II of Trebizond">Alexios II of Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_John_VIII_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical Patriarch John VIII of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch John VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Maximus_V_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Maximus V of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch Maximus V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Panaretos" title="Michael Panaretos">Michael Panaretos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Amiroutzes" title="George Amiroutzes">George Amiroutzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Choniades" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Choniades">Gregory Choniades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_of_Trebizond" title="George of Trebizond">George of Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilios_Bessarion" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilios Bessarion">Basilios Bessarion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_2">Modern</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Modern">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Amanatidis" title="Ioannis Amanatidis">Ioannis Amanatidis</a> (footballer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Andreadis" title="George Andreadis">George Andreadis</a> (novelist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Andrikidis" title="Peter Andrikidis">Peter Andrikidis</a> (film & TV director)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Anphimiadi" title="Diana Anphimiadi">Diana Anphimiadi</a> (poet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonis_Antoniadis" title="Antonis Antoniadis">Antonis Antoniadis</a> (footballer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannis_Avramidis" title="Joannis Avramidis">Joannis Avramidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Bazelyuk" title="Konstantin Bazelyuk">Konstantin Bazelyuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A.I._Bezzerides" class="mw-redirect" title="A.I. Bezzerides">A.I. Bezzerides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Candilis" title="Georges Candilis">Georges Candilis</a></li> <li><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%94%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Αλέξανδρος Δεληγιαννίδης">Alexander Deligiannidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Dimitriades" title="Alex Dimitriades">Alex Dimitriades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Dimitriadis" title="Odysseas Dimitriadis">Odysseas Dimitriadis</a> (music conductor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Fetfatzidis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ioannis Fetfatzidis">Ioannis Fetfatzidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adonis_Georgiadis" title="Adonis Georgiadis">Adonis Georgiadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Georgiadis_(footballer,_born_1972)" title="Georgios Georgiadis (footballer, born 1972)">Georgios Georgiadis (footballer, born 1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Georgiadis_(footballer,_born_1987)" title="Georgios Georgiadis (footballer, born 1987)">Georgios Georgiadis (footballer, born 1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gurdjieff" title="George Gurdjieff">George Gurdjieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Kapetanidis" title="Nikos Kapetanidis">Nikos Kapetanidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Katsidis" title="Michael Katsidis">Michael Katsidis</a> (boxer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stelios_Kazantzidis" title="Stelios Kazantzidis">Stelios Kazantzidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevhen_Khacheridi" title="Yevhen Khacheridi">Yevhen Khacheridi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthaios_Kofidis" title="Matthaios Kofidis">Matthaios Kofidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savvas_Kofidis" title="Savvas Kofidis">Savvas Kofidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetia_Kotta" title="Venetia Kotta">Venetia Kotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkhip_Kuindzhi" title="Arkhip Kuindzhi">Arkhip Kuindzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filon_Ktenidis" title="Filon Ktenidis">Filon Ktenidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lazaridis" title="Mike Lazaridis">Mike Lazaridis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Lodygin" title="Yuri Lodygin">Yuri Lodygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Longinidis" title="Stan Longinidis">Stan Longinidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takis_Loukanidis" title="Takis Loukanidis">Takis Loukanidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitris_Melissanidis" title="Dimitris Melissanidis">Dimitris Melissanidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Melissanidis" title="Ioannis Melissanidis">Ioannis Melissanidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostas_Nestoridis" title="Kostas Nestoridis">Kostas Nestoridis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Nikolaidis" title="Alexandros Nikolaidis">Alexandros Nikolaidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolos_Nikolaidis_(singer)" title="Apostolos Nikolaidis (singer)">Apostolos Nikolaidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demis_Nikolaidis" title="Demis Nikolaidis">Demis Nikolaidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazaros_Papadopoulos" title="Lazaros Papadopoulos">Lazaros Papadopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanos_Papadopoulos" title="Stephanos Papadopoulos">Stephanos Papadopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantelis_Pantelidis" title="Pantelis Pantelidis">Pantelis Pantelidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimis_Papaioannou" title="Mimis Papaioannou">Mimis Papaioannou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefteris_Pantazis" title="Lefteris Pantazis">Lefteris Pantazis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Partsalidis" title="Dimitrios Partsalidis">Dimitrios Partsalidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Passalidis" title="Ioannis Passalidis">Ioannis Passalidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voula_Patoulidou" title="Voula Patoulidou">Voula Patoulidou</a> (track & field Olympic gold-medal winner)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitris_Psathas" title="Dimitris Psathas">Dimitris Psathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Sarianidi" title="Viktor Sarianidi">Viktor Sarianidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Savvidis" title="Ivan Savvidis">Ivan Savvidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giourkas_Seitaridis" title="Giourkas Seitaridis">Giourkas Seitaridis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Siranidis" title="Nikolaos Siranidis">Nikolaos Siranidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sissis" title="Arthur Sissis">Arthur Sissis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sitilides" title="John Sitilides">John Sitilides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Skliros" title="Georgios Skliros">Georgios Skliros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylia_Tanailidi" title="Pamphylia Tanailidi">Pamphylia Tanailidi</a></li> <li><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A4%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B6%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Τάκης Τερζόπουλος">Takis Terzopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysanthos_Theodoridis" title="Chrysanthos Theodoridis">Chrysanthos Theodoridis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasilis_Torosidis" title="Vasilis Torosidis">Vasilis Torosidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasilis_N._Triantafillidis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasilis N. Triantafillidis">Vasilis N. Triantafillidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Triandafillov" title="Vladimir Triandafillov">Vladimir Triandafillov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthaios_Tsahouridis" title="Matthaios Tsahouridis">Matthaios Tsahouridis</a> (musician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iovan_Tsaous" title="Iovan Tsaous">Iovan Tsaous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markos_Vafiadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Markos Vafiadis">Markos Vafiadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Ypsilantis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandros Ypsilantis">Alexandros Ypsilantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Ypsilantis" title="Demetrios Ypsilantis">Demetrios Ypsilantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Yurchikhin" title="Fyodor Yurchikhin">Fyodor Yurchikhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Xanthopoulos" title="Nikos Xanthopoulos">Nikos Xanthopoulos</a> (actor & singer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Zambidis" title="Mike Zambidis">Mike Zambidis</a> (kickboxer)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Video">Video</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Video">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Documentary on the Pontic Greeks culture, dances and songs: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S88cqrtkjcA">ΤΟ ΑΛΑΤΙ ΤΗΣ ΓΗΣ – Ποντος HD</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li>Documentary showcasing Pontic Greek music and dance tradition: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GDU4JGt7yJM">ΤΟ ΑΛΑΤΙ ΤΗΣ ΓΗΣ – Ποντιακό γλέντι HD</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pontus_Rumlar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A wealthy Pontic Greek family in Geneva"><img alt="Old photo of five Pontic Greeks in western dress, seated or standing inside." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pontus_Rumlar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n.JPG/150px-Pontus_Rumlar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pontus_Rumlar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n.JPG/225px-Pontus_Rumlar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pontus_Rumlar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n.JPG/300px-Pontus_Rumlar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n.JPG 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="670" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A wealthy Pontic Greek family in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pontic_Greeks.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A middle-class Pontic Greek family"><img alt="Photograph of Pontian woman, man, and children seated inside." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pontic_Greeks.JPG/95px-Pontic_Greeks.JPG" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pontic_Greeks.JPG/143px-Pontic_Greeks.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pontic_Greeks.JPG/190px-Pontic_Greeks.JPG 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="747" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A middle-class Pontic Greek family</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pontus_Greek_family.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pontian Greek family of Kerasounta"><img alt="Pontian Greek family of Kerasounta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pontus_Greek_family.JPG/178px-Pontus_Greek_family.JPG" decoding="async" width="178" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pontus_Greek_family.JPG/266px-Pontus_Greek_family.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pontus_Greek_family.JPG/355px-Pontus_Greek_family.JPG 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="640" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pontian Greek family of <a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasounta</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Yunanlilar_Trabzon.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pontic Greek family in the courtyard of a Trapezounta house (modern Trabzon, Turkey)"><img alt="Family photograph of Pontians at a house. Some old women wear traditional clothes. A young boy holds a rifle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Yunanlilar_Trabzon.JPG/156px-Yunanlilar_Trabzon.JPG" decoding="async" width="156" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Yunanlilar_Trabzon.JPG/233px-Yunanlilar_Trabzon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Yunanlilar_Trabzon.JPG/311px-Yunanlilar_Trabzon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="759" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pontic Greek family in the courtyard of a Trapezounta house (modern <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a>, Turkey)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greeks_Trabzon.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pontian Greek ladies and children of Trapezounta"><img alt="Photograph of Pontian women and girls in western dress." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Greeks_Trabzon.JPG/166px-Greeks_Trabzon.JPG" decoding="async" width="166" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Greeks_Trabzon.JPG/249px-Greeks_Trabzon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Greeks_Trabzon.JPG/332px-Greeks_Trabzon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1203" data-file-height="871" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pontian Greek ladies and children of <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezounta</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Yunan_Trabzon_1900.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pontic Greek couple in Trapezounta"><img alt="Photograph of elaborately dressed Pontian man and woman inside." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yunan_Trabzon_1900.JPG/78px-Yunan_Trabzon_1900.JPG" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yunan_Trabzon_1900.JPG/117px-Yunan_Trabzon_1900.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yunan_Trabzon_1900.JPG/156px-Yunan_Trabzon_1900.JPG 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pontic Greek couple in Trapezounta</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Yunanl%C4%B1lar_Karadeniz_Giresun_Kerasounta.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pontian Greek athletics team from Kerasounta (modern Giresun, Turkey)"><img alt="Photograph of Pontian boys in sports uniforms." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Yunanl%C4%B1lar_Karadeniz_Giresun_Kerasounta.JPG/164px-Yunanl%C4%B1lar_Karadeniz_Giresun_Kerasounta.JPG" decoding="async" width="164" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Yunanl%C4%B1lar_Karadeniz_Giresun_Kerasounta.JPG/246px-Yunanl%C4%B1lar_Karadeniz_Giresun_Kerasounta.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Yunanl%C4%B1lar_Karadeniz_Giresun_Kerasounta.JPG/328px-Yunanl%C4%B1lar_Karadeniz_Giresun_Kerasounta.JPG 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="680" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pontian Greek athletics team from Kerasounta (modern <a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Giresun</a>, Turkey)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Trabzon_Yunan_Okulu.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pontian Greek female students of Trapezounta"><img alt="Rows of Pontian girls in school uniforms with their teacher." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Trabzon_Yunan_Okulu.JPG/160px-Trabzon_Yunan_Okulu.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Trabzon_Yunan_Okulu.JPG/240px-Trabzon_Yunan_Okulu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Trabzon_Yunan_Okulu.JPG/319px-Trabzon_Yunan_Okulu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="702" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pontian Greek female students of Trapezounta</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pontus_Greek_Soccer_Team.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pontian Greek soccer team called 'Pontos'"><img alt="Pontian Greek soccer team called 'Pontos'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pontus_Greek_Soccer_Team.JPG/176px-Pontus_Greek_Soccer_Team.JPG" decoding="async" width="176" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pontus_Greek_Soccer_Team.JPG/264px-Pontus_Greek_Soccer_Team.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pontus_Greek_Soccer_Team.JPG/352px-Pontus_Greek_Soccer_Team.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="437" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pontian Greek soccer team called 'Pontos'</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greeks_Georgia_Batumi.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pontic Greeks in Batumi, Georgia"><img alt="Two rows of short Pontian men in suits." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Greeks_Georgia_Batumi.JPG/162px-Greeks_Georgia_Batumi.JPG" decoding="async" width="162" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Greeks_Georgia_Batumi.JPG/243px-Greeks_Georgia_Batumi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Greeks_Georgia_Batumi.JPG/324px-Greeks_Georgia_Batumi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="677" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pontic Greeks in <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pontus_Yunan_kano.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pontian Greek Canoe, off the coast of Trapezounta"><img alt="Pontian men wearing western suits in a canoe, Black Sea. Some wear fezes or carry instruments." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pontus_Yunan_kano.JPG/189px-Pontus_Yunan_kano.JPG" decoding="async" width="189" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pontus_Yunan_kano.JPG/283px-Pontus_Yunan_kano.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pontus_Yunan_kano.JPG/377px-Pontus_Yunan_kano.JPG 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="506" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pontian Greek Canoe, off the coast of Trapezounta</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pontic_family_in_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pontic family of Russia at the beginning of the century, wearing traditional costume."><img alt="Pontic family of Russia at the beginning of the century, wearing traditional costume." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pontic_family_in_Russia.jpg/94px-Pontic_family_in_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pontic_family_in_Russia.jpg/141px-Pontic_family_in_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pontic_family_in_Russia.jpg/188px-Pontic_family_in_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pontic family of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> at the beginning of the century, wearing traditional costume.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus_Greek_Major_in_the_Russian_Imperial_Army,_Christos_Adamidis_from_Muzarat,_Ardahan_district..JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pontic Greek from the Caucasus as member of the Russian Imperial Army"><img alt="Pontian man in old military uniform posing with a gun." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Caucasus_Greek_Major_in_the_Russian_Imperial_Army%2C_Christos_Adamidis_from_Muzarat%2C_Ardahan_district..JPG/70px-Caucasus_Greek_Major_in_the_Russian_Imperial_Army%2C_Christos_Adamidis_from_Muzarat%2C_Ardahan_district..JPG" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Caucasus_Greek_Major_in_the_Russian_Imperial_Army%2C_Christos_Adamidis_from_Muzarat%2C_Ardahan_district..JPG/105px-Caucasus_Greek_Major_in_the_Russian_Imperial_Army%2C_Christos_Adamidis_from_Muzarat%2C_Ardahan_district..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Caucasus_Greek_Major_in_the_Russian_Imperial_Army%2C_Christos_Adamidis_from_Muzarat%2C_Ardahan_district..JPG/140px-Caucasus_Greek_Major_in_the_Russian_Imperial_Army%2C_Christos_Adamidis_from_Muzarat%2C_Ardahan_district..JPG 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pontic Greek from the Caucasus as member of the Russian Imperial Army</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaseia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaseia">Amaseia</a>, a city with Pontic Greeks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yannis_Vasilis" title="Yannis Vasilis">Yannis Vasilis</a>, a former ultra-nationalist Turk turned pacifist and promoter of Greek heritage after finding out his Pontic Greek heritage.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Black_Sea-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Popov-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: Romaioi, Romioi; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Greek pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[roˈmei]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[roˈmɲi]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: Pontioi, Ellinopontioi; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Greek pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[ˈpondii]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[elinoˈpondii]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Also in <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: პონტოელი ბერძნები, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">romanized:</a> P'ont'oeli Berdznebi </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dufoix_2008-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Dufoix_2008_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDufoix2008" class="citation book cs1">Dufoix, Stephane (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diasporas00dufo_756">Diasporas</a>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diasporas00dufo_756/page/n62">40</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520941298" title="Special:BookSources/9780520941298"><bdi>9780520941298</bdi></a>. <q>For example, there are 2 million Pontic Greeks worldwide, mostly in Russia, Ukraine, Greece, Germany, and Sweden.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diasporas&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780520941298&rft.aulast=Dufoix&rft.aufirst=Stephane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiasporas00dufo_756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phrankoulē-Argyrē_2006-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Phrankoulē-Argyrē_2006_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhrankoulē-Argyrē2006" class="citation book cs1">Phrankoulē-Argyrē, Ioustinē (2006). Spyridon, Archbishop of America, 1996 – 1999: the heritage. Hellēnika Grammata. p. 175. <q>Οι ξεριζωμένοι και διασκορπισμένοι στα πέρατα της οικουμένης έλληνες του Πόντου συμποσούνται σήμερα γύρω στα 2.500.000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spyridon%2C+Archbishop+of+America%2C+1996+%E2%80%93+1999%3A+the+heritage&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Hell%C4%93nika+Grammata&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Phrankoul%C4%93-Argyr%C4%93&rft.aufirst=Ioustin%C4%93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20190812-the-revival-of-a-second-greek-language">"The revival of a second Greek language"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+revival+of+a+second+Greek+language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2F20190812-the-revival-of-a-second-greek-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14444/GR">"Pontic Greek in Greece"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pontic+Greek+in+Greece&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoshuaproject.net%2Fpeople_groups%2F14444%2FGR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Danver_2015-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Danver_2015_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanver2015" class="citation book cs1">Danver, Steven L. (2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. p. 316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317464006" title="Special:BookSources/9781317464006"><bdi>9781317464006</bdi></a>. <q>In Georgia, the Greek community (approximately 100,000) has maintained its native language…</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+Peoples+of+the+World%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Groups%2C+Cultures+and+Contemporary+Issues&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317464006&rft.aulast=Danver&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/">"Всеукраїнський перепис населення 2001 | English version | Results"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+2001+%26%23124%3B+English+version+%26%23124%3B+Results&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua%2Feng%2Fresults%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Figure includes all Greeks in Russia: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx">https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071121063403/http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/en-US/Policy/Geographic%2BRegions/Russia%2B-%2BEastern%2BEurope%2B-%2BCentral%2BAsia/Bilateral%2BRelations/Kazakhstan/">"Bilateral Relations Between Greece and Kazakhstan"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/en-US/Policy/Geographic%2BRegions/Russia%2B-%2BEastern%2BEurope%2B-%2BCentral%2BAsia/Bilateral%2BRelations/Kazakhstan/">the original</a> on 21 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bilateral+Relations+Between+Greece+and+Kazakhstan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gr%2Fwww.mfa.gr%2Fen-US%2FPolicy%2FGeographic%252BRegions%2FRussia%252B-%252BEastern%252BEurope%252B-%252BCentral%252BAsia%2FBilateral%252BRelations%2FKazakhstan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> The Ethnic Minorities of Armenia, Garnik Asatryan, Victoria Arakelova. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091007180449/http://www.library.cjes.ru/files/pdf/ethno-atlas-uzb.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20091007180449/http://www.library.cjes.ru/files/pdf/ethno-atlas-uzb.pdf</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL PDF</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> The Ethnic Minorities of Armenia, Garnik Asatryan, Victoria Arakelova. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/against-all-odds-archaic-greek-in-a-modern-world">"Against all odds: Archaic Greek in a modern world | University of Cambridge"</a>. July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Against+all+odds%3A+Archaic+Greek+in+a+modern+world+%26%23124%3B+University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cam.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fnews%2Fagainst-all-odds-archaic-greek-in-a-modern-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14444/GR">"Pontic Greek in Greece"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pontic+Greek+in+Greece&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoshuaproject.net%2Fpeople_groups%2F14444%2FGR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFann1991" class="citation journal cs1">Fann, Patricia (1991). "The Pontic Myth of Homeland: Cultural Expressions of Nationalism and Ethnicism in Pontos and Greece, 1870-1990". Journal of Refugee Studies. 4 (4): 346. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjrs%2F4.4.340">10.1093/jrs/4.4.340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Refugee+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Pontic+Myth+of+Homeland%3A+Cultural+Expressions+of+Nationalism+and+Ethnicism+in+Pontos+and+Greece%2C+1870-1990&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=346&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjrs%2F4.4.340&rft.aulast=Fann&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgije_Ostrogorski1969" class="citation book cs1">Georgije Ostrogorski (1969). "The Early Byzantine State". History of the Byzantine State. Rutgers University Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813511986" title="Special:BookSources/9780813511986"><bdi>9780813511986</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Early+Byzantine+State&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Byzantine+State&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780813511986&rft.au=Georgije+Ostrogorski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black_Sea-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Black_Sea_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_Sea_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_Sea_16-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAscherson1995" class="citation book cs1">Ascherson, Neal (1995). Black Sea. MacMillan. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809015931" title="Special:BookSources/9780809015931"><bdi>9780809015931</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Sea&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780809015931&rft.aulast=Ascherson&rft.aufirst=Neal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Popov-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Popov_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Popov_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Popov_17-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopov2003" class="citation journal cs1">Popov, Anton (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/559835/summary">"Becoming Pontic: "Post-Socialist" Identities, "Transnational" Geography, and the "Native" Land of the Caucasian Greeks"</a>. Ab Imperio. 2003 (2): 339–360. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fimp.2003.0114">10.1353/imp.2003.0114</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131320546">131320546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ab+Imperio&rft.atitle=Becoming+Pontic%3A+%22Post-Socialist%22+Identities%2C+%22Transnational%22+Geography%2C+and+the+%22Native%22+Land+of+the+Caucasian+Greeks&rft.volume=2003&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=339-360&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fimp.2003.0114&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131320546%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Popov&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F559835%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Day,_Alan_John_2002_454-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Day,_Alan_John_2002_454_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_John_DayRoger_EastRichard_Thomas2002" class="citation book cs1">Alan John Day; Roger East; Richard Thomas (2002). A Political and Economic Dictionary of Eastern Europe. Psychology Press. p. 454. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1857430638" title="Special:BookSources/1857430638"><bdi>1857430638</bdi></a>. <q>Pontic Greeks An ethnic Greek minority found in Georgia and originally concentrated in the breakaway republic of Abkhazia. The Pontic Greeks are ultimately descended from Greek colonists of the Caucasus region (who named the Black Sea the Pontic Sea)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+and+Economic+Dictionary+of+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=454&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1857430638&rft.au=Alan+John+Day&rft.au=Roger+East&rft.au=Richard+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Totten,_Samuel;_Bartrop,_Paul_Robert;_Jacobs,_Steven_L._2008_337-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Totten,_Samuel;_Bartrop,_Paul_Robert;_Jacobs,_Steven_L._2008_337_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTotten,_SamuelBartrop,_Paul_RobertJacobs,_Steven_L.2008" class="citation book cs1">Totten, Samuel; Bartrop, Paul Robert; Jacobs, Steven L. (2008). Dictionary of Genocide: A-L. ABC-CLIO. p. 337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313346422" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313346422"><bdi>978-0313346422</bdi></a>. <q>Pontic Greeks, Genocide of. The Pontic (sometimes Pontian) Greek genocide is the term applied to the massacres and deportations perpetuated against ethnic Greeks living in the Ottoman Empire at the hands of the Young Turk government between 1914 and 1923. The name of this people derives from the Greek word Pontus, meaning "sea coast," and refers to the Greek population that lived on the south-eastern coast of the Black Sea, that is, in northern Turkey, for three millennia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Genocide%3A+A-L&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0313346422&rft.au=Totten%2C+Samuel&rft.au=Bartrop%2C+Paul+Robert&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Steven+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood,_Michael_2005_109-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Wood,_Michael_2005_109_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood,_Michael2005" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofmythsh00mich/page/109">In Search of Myths & Heroes: Exploring Four Epic Legends of the World</a>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofmythsh00mich/page/109">109</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520247248" title="Special:BookSources/0520247248"><bdi>0520247248</bdi></a>. <q>THE PONTIC GREEKS In the valleys running down to the Black Sea shore around Trebizond, the Greek presence lasted from 700 BC until our own time. Only after the catastrophe of 1922, when the Greeks were expelled from Turkey, did most of them migrate to Greece, or into Georgia where many had started to go before the First World War when the first signs of burning were in the air. The Turks had entered central Anatolia (the Greek word for 'the east') in the eleventh century, and by 1400 it was entirely in their hands, though the jewel in the crown, Constantinople itself, wasn't taken till 1453. By then the Greek-speaking Christian population was in a minority, and even their church services were conducted partly in Greek, partly in Turkish. In Pontus, on the Black Sea coast, it was a different story. Here the Greeks were a very strong presence right up into modern times. Although they had been conquered in 1486, they were still the majority in the seventeenth century and many converted to Islam still spoke Greek. Even in the late twentieth century the authorities in Trebizond had to use interpreters to work with the Muslim Pontic-Greek speakers in the law courts, as the language was still spoken as their mother tongue. This region had a thriving oral culture into the last century and a whole genre of ballads comes down from the Ancient Greeks ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Myths+%26+Heroes%3A+Exploring+Four+Epic+Legends+of+the+World&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0520247248&rft.au=Wood%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofmythsh00mich%2Fpage%2F109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Topalidis-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Topalidis_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTopalidis2019" class="citation journal cs1">Topalidis, Sam (March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38564580">"An Introduction to Pontic Greek History"</a>. Australian Pontian Association 2019 Synapantema: 1. <q>Today, Pontic Greeks are most probably descendants of these Greek colonists, indigenous Anatolians, Greeks who had moved relatively recently to Pontos, or other people who migrated to Pontos and converted to Christianity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Pontian+Association+2019+Synapantema&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+Pontic+Greek+History&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2019-03&rft.aulast=Topalidis&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38564580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Romeyka-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Romeyka_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.romeyka.org/rediscovering-romeyka/">"Rediscovering Romeyka"</a>. Romeyka Project. <q>It is not clear how many of them [Romeika speakers] were assimilated native Caucasians or Turks entering Pontus together with the Ottomans from 1460 onwards, who adopted Greek.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Romeyka+Project&rft.atitle=Rediscovering+Romeyka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.romeyka.org%2Frediscovering-romeyka%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichailidis2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Michailidis, Nikos (2016). Soundscapes of Trabzon: Music, Memory, and Power in Turkey (PhD). <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>. p. 62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Soundscapes+of+Trabzon%3A+Music%2C+Memory%2C+and+Power+in+Turkey&rft.inst=Princeton+University&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Michailidis&rft.aufirst=Nikos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZografou,_MagdaPipyrou,_Stavroula2016" class="citation book cs1">Zografou, Magda; Pipyrou, Stavroula (2016). "Dance and Difference: Toward an Individualization of the Pontian Self". In Meglin, Joellen A.; Matluck Brooks, Lynn (eds.). Preserving Dance Across Time and Space. Taylor & Francis. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134906383" title="Special:BookSources/9781134906383"><bdi>9781134906383</bdi></a>. <q>The Pontians are a population that originate from the historical area of Pontus in Anatolia, originally located around the southern and eastern coasts of the Black Sea.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dance+and+Difference%3A+Toward+an+Individualization+of+the+Pontian+Self&rft.btitle=Preserving+Dance+Across+Time+and+Space&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781134906383&rft.au=Zografou%2C+Magda&rft.au=Pipyrou%2C+Stavroula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackridge1991" class="citation journal cs1">Mackridge, Peter (10 October 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2070232">"The Pontic dialect: a corrupt version of Ancient Greek?"</a>. Journal of Refugee Studies. 4 (4). Academia: 335–339. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjrs%2F4.4.335">10.1093/jrs/4.4.335</a>. <q>These people originate from the eastern half of the southern shores of the Black Sea.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Refugee+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Pontic+dialect%3A+a+corrupt+version+of+Ancient+Greek%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=335-339&rft.date=1991-10-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjrs%2F4.4.335&rft.aulast=Mackridge&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2070232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTravis2009" class="citation journal cs1">Travis, Hannibal (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.tamu.edu/txwes-lr/vol15/iss2/7">"The Cultural and Intellectual Property Interests of the Indigenous Peoples of Turkey and Iraq"</a>. Texas Wesleyan Law Review. 15: 601. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.1549804">10.2139/ssrn.1549804</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153304089">153304089</a>. <q>The U.N. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples requires states to provide an effective remedy to indigenous peoples deprived of their cultural, religious, or intellectual property (IP) without their free, prior and informed consent. The Declaration could prove to be an important safeguard for the indigenous peoples of Iraq and Turkey, the victims for centuries of massacres, assaults on their religious and cultural sites, theft and deterioration of their lands and cultural objects, and forced assimilation. These peoples, among them the Armenians, Assyrians, Greeks, and Yezidis of Turkey and Turkish-occupied Cyprus, and the Armenians, Assyrians, Yezidis, and Mandaeans of Iraq, have lost more than two-thirds of their peak populations, most of their cultural and religious sites, and thousands of priceless artifacts and specimens of visual art.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Texas+Wesleyan+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Cultural+and+Intellectual+Property+Interests+of+the+Indigenous+Peoples+of+Turkey+and+Iraq&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=601&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.1549804&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153304089%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Travis&rft.aufirst=Hannibal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.tamu.edu%2Ftxwes-lr%2Fvol15%2Fiss2%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTravis2009" class="citation journal cs1">Travis, Hannibal (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.tamu.edu/txwes-lr/vol15/iss2/7">"The Cultural and Intellectual Property Interests of the Indigenous Peoples of Turkey and Iraq"</a>. Texas Wesleyan Law Review. 15: 637. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.1549804">10.2139/ssrn.1549804</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153304089">153304089</a>. <q>Prior to their conquests by Turkic peoples, the ancient Greeks were one of several indigenous peoples living in Anatolia, modern Asian Turkey.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Texas+Wesleyan+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Cultural+and+Intellectual+Property+Interests+of+the+Indigenous+Peoples+of+Turkey+and+Iraq&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=637&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.1549804&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153304089%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Travis&rft.aufirst=Hannibal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.tamu.edu%2Ftxwes-lr%2Fvol15%2Fiss2%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_31-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenny_MorrisDror_Ze'evi2019" class="citation book cs1">Benny Morris; Dror Ze'evi (2019). "Turks and Greeks, 1919-1924". The Thirty-Year Genocide:Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities. Harvard University Press. pp. 382–384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674240087" title="Special:BookSources/9780674240087"><bdi>9780674240087</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turks+and+Greeks%2C+1919-1924&rft.btitle=The+Thirty-Year+Genocide%3ATurkey%27s+Destruction+of+Its+Christian+Minorities&rft.pages=382-384&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780674240087&rft.au=Benny+Morris&rft.au=Dror+Ze%27evi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomopoulos2012" class="citation book cs1">Thomopoulos, Elaine (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jlKheq6g3r8C&pg=PA107">The History of Greece</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37511-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37511-8"><bdi>978-0-313-37511-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Greece&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-313-37511-8&rft.aulast=Thomopoulos&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjlKheq6g3r8C%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomopoulos2012" class="citation book cs1">Thomopoulos, Elaine (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jlKheq6g3r8C&pg=PA107">The History of Greece</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37511-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37511-8"><bdi>978-0-313-37511-8</bdi></a>. <q>The Pontians are believed to be descendants of Greeks who in the eighth century BC had moved from the Ionian cities located in the islands and shores of the Aegean Sea, in what is now Turkey, to the area of the Black Sea called Pontos (pontos is an ancient Greek word for "sea".)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Greece&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-313-37511-8&rft.aulast=Thomopoulos&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjlKheq6g3r8C%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFann1991" class="citation journal cs1">Fann, Patricia (1991). "Pontic Performance: Minority Theater vs. Greek Ideology". Journal of Modern Greek Studies. 9 (1). <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>: 108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmgs.2010.0098">10.1353/mgs.2010.0098</a>. <q>Pontic scholars stress their unbroken line of ancestry from classical Ionian colonists of the region – though, as <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Bryer" title="Anthony Bryer">Bryer</a> points out, it is impossible to determine how close their descent truly is.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+Greek+Studies&rft.atitle=Pontic+Performance%3A+Minority+Theater+vs.+Greek+Ideology&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=108&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fmgs.2010.0098&rft.aulast=Fann&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnor2011" class="citation web cs1">Connor, Steve (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/history/jason-and-the-argot-land-where-greek-s-ancient-language-survives-2174669.html">"Jason and the Argot: Land Where Greeks' Ancient Language Survives"</a>. Independent. <q>One possibility is that Romeyka speakers today are the direct descendants of ancient Greeks who lived along the Black Sea coast millennia ago – perhaps going back to the 6th or 7th centuries BC when the area was first colonised. But it is also possible that they may be the descendants of indigenous people or an immigrant tribe who were encouraged or forced to speak the language of the ancient Greek colonisers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent&rft.atitle=Jason+and+the+Argot%3A+Land+Where+Greeks%27+Ancient+Language+Survives&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Connor&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Fhistory%2Fjason-and-the-argot-land-where-greek-s-ancient-language-survives-2174669.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTopalidis2019" class="citation journal cs1">Topalidis, Sam (March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38564580">"An Introduction to Pontic Greek History"</a>. Australian Pontian Association 2019 Synapantema: 1. <q>Today, Pontic Greeks are most probably descendants of these Greek colonists, indigenous Anatolians, Greeks who had moved relatively recently to Pontos, or other people who migrated to Pontos and converted to Christianity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Pontian+Association+2019+Synapantema&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+Pontic+Greek+History&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2019-03&rft.aulast=Topalidis&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38564580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndriadzeBitadzeChikovaniChitanava2017" class="citation journal cs1">Andriadze, Giorgi; Bitadze, Liana; Chikovani, Nino; Chitanava, David; Kekelidze, Mirab; Khmaladze, Eka; Laliashvili, Shorena; Shengelia, Ramaz (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.org.ge/newsite/bnas/t11-n4/18_Shengelia.pdf">"Comparative Y-Chromosome Research in East Georgia Population"</a> (PDF). Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences. 11 (4): 121–124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Georgian+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Comparative+Y-Chromosome+Research+in+East+Georgia+Population&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=121-124&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Andriadze&rft.aufirst=Giorgi&rft.au=Bitadze%2C+Liana&rft.au=Chikovani%2C+Nino&rft.au=Chitanava%2C+David&rft.au=Kekelidze%2C+Mirab&rft.au=Khmaladze%2C+Eka&rft.au=Laliashvili%2C+Shorena&rft.au=Shengelia%2C+Ramaz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.org.ge%2Fnewsite%2Fbnas%2Ft11-n4%2F18_Shengelia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGreevy-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGreevy_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGreevy_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieran_McGreevy" class="citation web cs1">Kieran McGreevy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecambridgelanguagecollective.com/columns/tongue-tied-iii-pontic-greek">"Tongue Tied III - Pondering Pontic Greek"</a>. Cambridge Language Collective. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417015944/https://www.thecambridgelanguagecollective.com/columns/tongue-tied-iii-pontic-greek">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Language+Collective&rft.atitle=Tongue+Tied+III+-+Pondering+Pontic+Greek&rft.au=Kieran+McGreevy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecambridgelanguagecollective.com%2Fcolumns%2Ftongue-tied-iii-pontic-greek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andriadze-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Andriadze_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndriadzeBitadzeChikovaniChitanava2017" class="citation journal cs1">Andriadze, Giorgi; Bitadze, Liana; Chikovani, Nino; Chitanava, David; Kekelidze, Mirab; Khmaladze, Eka; Laliashvili, Shorena; Shengelia, Ramaz (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.org.ge/newsite/bnas/t11-n4/18_Shengelia.pdf">"Comparative Y-Chromosome Research in East Georgia Population"</a> (PDF). Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences. 11 (4): 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Georgian+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Comparative+Y-Chromosome+Research+in+East+Georgia+Population&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=121&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Andriadze&rft.aufirst=Giorgi&rft.au=Bitadze%2C+Liana&rft.au=Chikovani%2C+Nino&rft.au=Chitanava%2C+David&rft.au=Kekelidze%2C+Mirab&rft.au=Khmaladze%2C+Eka&rft.au=Laliashvili%2C+Shorena&rft.au=Shengelia%2C+Ramaz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.org.ge%2Fnewsite%2Fbnas%2Ft11-n4%2F18_Shengelia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andriadze2-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Andriadze2_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndriadzeBitadzeChikovaniChitanava2017" class="citation journal cs1">Andriadze, Giorgi; Bitadze, Liana; Chikovani, Nino; Chitanava, David; Kekelidze, Mirab; Khmaladze, Eka; Laliashvili, Shorena; Shengelia, Ramaz (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.org.ge/newsite/bnas/t11-n4/18_Shengelia.pdf">"Comparative Y-Chromosome Research in East Georgia Population"</a> (PDF). Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences. 11 (4): 124. <q>High incidence of L haplogroup in Pontic Greeks strengthened the theory about close genetic affinity between the Lazs residing along the Black Sea shore and the Greeks who migrated to Georgia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Georgian+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Comparative+Y-Chromosome+Research+in+East+Georgia+Population&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=124&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Andriadze&rft.aufirst=Giorgi&rft.au=Bitadze%2C+Liana&rft.au=Chikovani%2C+Nino&rft.au=Chitanava%2C+David&rft.au=Kekelidze%2C+Mirab&rft.au=Khmaladze%2C+Eka&rft.au=Laliashvili%2C+Shorena&rft.au=Shengelia%2C+Ramaz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.org.ge%2Fnewsite%2Fbnas%2Ft11-n4%2F18_Shengelia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andriadze3-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Andriadze3_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndriadzeBitadzeChikovaniChitanava2017" class="citation journal cs1">Andriadze, Giorgi; Bitadze, Liana; Chikovani, Nino; Chitanava, David; Kekelidze, Mirab; Khmaladze, Eka; Laliashvili, Shorena; Shengelia, Ramaz (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.org.ge/newsite/bnas/t11-n4/18_Shengelia.pdf">"Comparative Y-Chromosome Research in East Georgia Population"</a> (PDF). Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences. 11 (4): 124. <q>Armenian, Azerbaijani and Greek populations are more diverse genetically. This fact confirms the above thesis about multiple genetic mixtures occurring in those populations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Georgian+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Comparative+Y-Chromosome+Research+in+East+Georgia+Population&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=124&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Andriadze&rft.aufirst=Giorgi&rft.au=Bitadze%2C+Liana&rft.au=Chikovani%2C+Nino&rft.au=Chitanava%2C+David&rft.au=Kekelidze%2C+Mirab&rft.au=Khmaladze%2C+Eka&rft.au=Laliashvili%2C+Shorena&rft.au=Shengelia%2C+Ramaz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.org.ge%2Fnewsite%2Fbnas%2Ft11-n4%2F18_Shengelia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saint-Guillain-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Saint-Guillain_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint-GuillainHerrin2016" class="citation book cs1">Saint-Guillain, Guilaume; Herrin, Judith, eds. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tNQYDQAAQBAJ">Identities and Allegiances in the Eastern Mediterranean After 1204</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317119135" title="Special:BookSources/9781317119135"><bdi>9781317119135</bdi></a>. <q>It is rather surprising that the Armenians in Matzouka were least numerous in comparison with Greeks, Lazs, Italians and Asians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identities+and+Allegiances+in+the+Eastern+Mediterranean+After+1204&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317119135&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtNQYDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsekouras201619–20-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsekouras201619–20_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTsekouras2016">Tsekouras 2016</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSjöberg2016" class="citation book cs1">Sjöberg, Erik (2016). "Ottoman Twilight". The Making of the Greek Genocide: Contested Memories of the Ottoman Greek Catastrophe. Berghahn Books. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785333262" title="Special:BookSources/9781785333262"><bdi>9781785333262</bdi></a>. <q>It should be stressed that the term "Greeks" with reference to these Ottoman Christians is misleading, and often invites anachronism and essentialist notions of national belonging. To most of them, terms like "Hellenes," or "Greeks" (in Modern Greek, Ellines), denoted a very distant, pagan past, which few would relate to before the coming of Western Romanticism's idealized perceptions of their putative ancestors. Well into the twentieth century, Romioi, "Christian Romans," was the term preferred by Orthodox Christians, especially those of the Ottoman lands, to denote themselves, which reflected the Byzantine Emperors' claim to be legitimate heirs in unbroken succession to the Caesars of Rome.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ottoman+Twilight&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Greek+Genocide%3A+Contested+Memories+of+the+Ottoman+Greek+Catastrophe&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781785333262&rft.aulast=Sj%C3%B6berg&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130505015249/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/ethnicity?q=ethnicity">"ethnicity: definition of ethnicity"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/ethnicity?q=ethnicity">the original</a> on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=ethnicity%3A+definition+of+ethnicity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fethnicity%3Fq%3Dethnicity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeopleBailey2010" class="citation book cs1">People, James; Bailey, Garrick (2010). Humanity: An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology (9th ed.). Wadsworth Cengage learning. p. 389. <q>In essence, an ethnic group is a named social category of people based on perceptions of shared social experience or one's ancestors' experiences. Members of the ethnic group see themselves as sharing cultural traditions and history that distinguish them from other groups. Ethnic group identity has a strong psychological or emotional component that divides the people of the world into opposing categories of "us" and "them".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanity%3A+An+Introduction+to+Cultural+Anthropology&rft.pages=389&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Cengage+learning&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=People&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Bailey%2C+Garrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAscherson1995" class="citation book cs1">Ascherson, Neal (1995). Black Sea. MacMillan. pp. 185–186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809015931" title="Special:BookSources/9780809015931"><bdi>9780809015931</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Sea&rft.pages=185-186&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780809015931&rft.aulast=Ascherson&rft.aufirst=Neal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenny_MorrisDror_Ze'evi2019" class="citation book cs1">Benny Morris; Dror Ze'evi (2019). "Nationalist Awakenings". The Thirty-Year Genocide:Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities. Harvard University Press. pp. 25–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674240087" title="Special:BookSources/9780674240087"><bdi>9780674240087</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nationalist+Awakenings&rft.btitle=The+Thirty-Year+Genocide%3ATurkey%27s+Destruction+of+Its+Christian+Minorities&rft.pages=25-27&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780674240087&rft.au=Benny+Morris&rft.au=Dror+Ze%27evi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFΓαβριηλίδης2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Γαβριηλίδης, Σταύρος Ιάσων (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.uowm.gr/xmlui/handle/123456789/2289">"Οι τουρκόφωνοι Πόντιοι του ανατολικού Τσιαρτσιαμπά Αντίσταση και συνεργασία Από το αντάρτικο του δυτικού Πόντου στον Ελληνικό Εθνικό Στρατό"</a>. Πανεπιστήμιο Δυτικής Μακεδονίας (in Greek): 1–3, 35–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF+%CE%94%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82+%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82&rft.atitle=%CE%9F%CE%B9+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%86%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9+%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B9+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC+%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CE%91%CF%80%CF%8C+%CF%84%CE%BF+%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%B4%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C+%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C+%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C&rft.pages=1-3%2C+35-36&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82&rft.aufirst=%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%99%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%89%CE%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.uowm.gr%2Fxmlui%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F2289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/folk/pontian_net/News/who.html">Who are the Pontians?</a>. Angelfire.com. Retrieved on 2011-02-12. </li> <li id="cite_note-Renée_Dreyfus,_Ellen_Schraudolph_1996_24-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Renée_Dreyfus,_Ellen_Schraudolph_1996_24_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renée_Dreyfus,_Ellen_Schraudolph_1996_24_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renée_Dreyfus,_Ellen_Schraudolph_1996_24_51-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenée_DreyfusEllen_Schraudolph1996" class="citation book cs1">Renée Dreyfus; Ellen Schraudolph (1996). Pergamon: The Telephos Frieze from the Great Altar. University of Texas Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88401-091-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-88401-091-0"><bdi>0-88401-091-0</bdi></a>. <q>Philetairos of Tios on the Black Sea, son of a Greek father and a Paphlagonian mother, a high-ranking officer in the army of King Lysimachos and also his confidant, was the actual founder of Pergamon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pergamon%3A+The+Telephos+Frieze+from+the+Great+Altar&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-88401-091-0&rft.au=Ren%C3%A9e+Dreyfus&rft.au=Ellen+Schraudolph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunson,_Matthew2004" class="citation book cs1">Bunson, Matthew (2004). OSV's encyclopedia of Catholic history. Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59276-026-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-59276-026-0"><bdi>1-59276-026-0</bdi></a>. <q>BESSARION, JOHN (c. 1395–1472) + Greek scholar, cardinal, and statesman. One of the foremost figures in the rise of the intellectual Renaissance</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OSV%27s+encyclopedia+of+Catholic+history&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Our+Sunday+Visitor+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-59276-026-0&rft.au=Bunson%2C+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryer1980" class="citation book cs1">Bryer, Anthony (1980). "The Tourkokratia in the Pontos: Some Problems and Preliminary Conclusions". The Empire of Trebizond and the Pontos. Variorium Reprints. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780860780625" title="Special:BookSources/9780860780625"><bdi>9780860780625</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Tourkokratia+in+the+Pontos%3A+Some+Problems+and+Preliminary+Conclusions&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+Trebizond+and+the+Pontos&rft.pub=Variorium+Reprints&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780860780625&rft.aulast=Bryer&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryer1975" class="citation journal cs1">Bryer, Anthony (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291371">"Greeks and Türkmens: The Pontic Exception"</a>. Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 29: 122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291371">10.2307/1291371</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291371">1291371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dumbarton+Oaks+Papers&rft.atitle=Greeks+and+T%C3%BCrkmens%3A+The+Pontic+Exception&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=122&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1291371&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1291371%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bryer&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1291371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pentzopoulos_2002_29–30-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Pentzopoulos_2002_29–30_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPentzopoulos2002" class="citation book cs1">Pentzopoulos, Dimitri (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PDc-WW6YhqEC&q=%22northern+epirus%22%2Bflorence&pg=PA28">The Balkan exchange of minorities and its impact on Greece</a>. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-702-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-702-6"><bdi>978-1-85065-702-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkan+exchange+of+minorities+and+its+impact+on+Greece&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-702-6&rft.aulast=Pentzopoulos&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPDc-WW6YhqEC%26q%3D%2522northern%2Bepirus%2522%252Bflorence%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeichanetsidis2015" class="citation journal cs1">Meichanetsidis, Vasileios (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/gsi.9.1.06">"The Genocide of the Greeks of the Ottoman Empire, 1913–1923: A Comprehensive Overview"</a>. Genocide Studies International. 9 (1): 104–173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fgsi.9.1.06">10.3138/gsi.9.1.06</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2291-1847">2291-1847</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154870709">154870709</a>. <q>The genocide was committed by two subsequent and chronologically, ideologically, and organically interrelated and interconnected dictatorial and chauvinist regimes: (1) the regime of the CUP, under the notorious triumvirate of the three pashas (Üç Paşalar), Talât, Enver, and Cemal, and (2) the rebel government at Samsun and Ankara, under the authority of the Grand National Assembly (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi) and Kemal. Although the process had begun before the Balkan Wars, the final and most decisive period started immediately after WWI and ended with the almost total destruction of the Pontic Greeks</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+International&rft.atitle=The+Genocide+of+the+Greeks+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1913%E2%80%931923%3A+A+Comprehensive+Overview&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=104-173&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154870709%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2291-1847&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fgsi.9.1.06&rft.aulast=Meichanetsidis&rft.aufirst=Vasileios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Futpjournals.press%2Fdoi%2F10.3138%2Fgsi.9.1.06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2010a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jones_(Canadian_scholar)" title="Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)">Jones, Adam</a> (2010a) [2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0kBZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA163">Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction</a> (revised ed.). Routledge. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-84696-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-84696-4"><bdi>978-0-203-84696-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/672333335">672333335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+Comprehensive+Introduction&rft.pages=166&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F672333335&rft.isbn=978-0-203-84696-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0kBZBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2004" class="citation cs2">Peterson, Merrill D. (2004), Starving Armenians: America and the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1930 and After, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, p. 124</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Starving+Armenians%3A+America+and+the+Armenian+Genocide%2C+1915%E2%80%931930+and+After&rft.place=Charlottesville&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Merrill+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValavanis1925" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Valavanis, G. K. (1925), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151108234007/http://pontosworld.com/index.php/books/greek/748-2013-08-28-00-01-03"><bdi lang="el">Σύγχρονος Γενική Ιστορία του Πόντου</bdi></a> [Contemporary General History of Pontus] (in Greek), Athens, p. 24, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pontosworld.com/index.php/books/greek/748-2013-08-28-00-01-03">the original</a> on 8 November 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%B3%CF%87%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85&rft.place=Athens&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Valavanis&rft.aufirst=G.+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpontosworld.com%2Findex.php%2Fbooks%2Fgreek%2F748-2013-08-28-00-01-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVergeti1993" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vergeti, Maria (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phdtheses.ekt.gr/eadd/handle/10442/2548?locale=en">Ethno-Regional Identity: The Case of Pontian Greeks</a> (Thesis) (in Greek). <a href="/wiki/Panteion_University" title="Panteion University">Panteion University</a>. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12681%2Feadd%2F2548">10.12681/eadd/2548</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10442%2Fhedi%2F2548">10442/hedi/2548</a>. Retrieved 23 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Ethno-Regional+Identity%3A+The+Case+of+Pontian+Greeks&rft.inst=Panteion+University&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10442%2Fhedi%2F2548&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12681%2Feadd%2F2548&rft.aulast=Vergeti&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphdtheses.ekt.gr%2Feadd%2Fhandle%2F10442%2F2548%3Flocale%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasso2016" class="citation journal cs1">Basso, Andrew R. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol10/iss1/5/">"Towards a Theory of Displacement Atrocities: The Cherokee Trail of Tears, The Herero Genocide, and The Pontic Greek Genocide"</a>. Genocide Studies and Prevention. 10 (1): 5–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5038%2F1911-9933.10.1.1297">10.5038/1911-9933.10.1.1297</a>. <q>Pontic Greek men (aged 18-48) were forcibly conscripted into the amele taburları and died in great numbers, sometimes upwards of 90 percent. Beginning in the countryside and later urban areas, the Turks raided Pontic Greek homesteads and initiated the deportation caravan process. The Turks marched the remaining Pontic Greeks towards Der Zor in caravans, and they experienced death rates of approximately 80 to 90 percent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Theory+of+Displacement+Atrocities%3A+The+Cherokee+Trail+of+Tears%2C+The+Herero+Genocide%2C+and+The+Pontic+Greek+Genocide&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-29&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5038%2F1911-9933.10.1.1297&rft.aulast=Basso&rft.aufirst=Andrew+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.usf.edu%2Fgsp%2Fvol10%2Fiss1%2F5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisZe'evi2019" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Benny; Ze'evi, Dror (2019). The Thirty-Year Genocide. Harvard University Press. p. 390. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674916456" title="Special:BookSources/9780674916456"><bdi>9780674916456</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirty-Year+Genocide&rft.pages=390&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780674916456&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft.au=Ze%27evi%2C+Dror&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisZe'evi2019" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Benny; Ze'evi, Dror (2019). The Thirty-Year Genocide. Harvard University Press. p. 401. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674916456" title="Special:BookSources/9780674916456"><bdi>9780674916456</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirty-Year+Genocide&rft.pages=401&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780674916456&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft.au=Ze%27evi%2C+Dror&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisZe'evi2019" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Benny; Ze'evi, Dror (2019). The Thirty-Year Genocide. Harvard University Press. p. 412. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674916456" title="Special:BookSources/9780674916456"><bdi>9780674916456</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirty-Year+Genocide&rft.pages=412&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780674916456&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft.au=Ze%27evi%2C+Dror&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAscherson1996" class="citation book cs1">Ascherson, Neal (1996). Black Sea. 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Codrul Cosminului. 20 (1). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1224-032X">1224-032X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Codrul+Cosminului&rft.atitle=VAZELON+%28ST.+JOHN%29+MONASTERY+OF+MA%C3%87KA+TREBIZOND&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2014-07&rft.issn=1224-032X&rft.aulast=Demciuc&rft.aufirst=Vasile+M.&rft.au=K%C3%B6se%2C+%C4%B0smail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F293440517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peristereota.com/history1.htm">Η Ιστορία της Μονής στον Πόντο</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061028055930/http://www.peristereota.com/history1.htm">Archived</a> 2006-10-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, peristereota.com </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sumela.gov.tr/">"Sümela Manastırı"</a> (in Turkish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S%C3%BCmela+Manast%C4%B1r%C4%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sumela.gov.tr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rktm-92"><a href="#cite_ref-rktm_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rizekulturturizm.gov.tr/TR,127865/kaleler.html">"Kaleler"</a> (in Turkish). Rize İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü. Retrieved 3 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kaleler&rft.pub=Rize+%C4%B0l+K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr+ve+Turizm+M%C3%BCd%C3%BCrl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rizekulturturizm.gov.tr%2FTR%2C127865%2Fkaleler.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlper2014" class="citation journal cs1">Alper, Eda Güngör (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/anatoliaantiqua/289">"Hellenistic and Roman Period Ceramic Finds from the Balatlar Church Excavations in Sinop between 2010-2012"</a>. Anatolia Antiqua. 22: 35–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anatolia+Antiqua&rft.atitle=Hellenistic+and+Roman+Period+Ceramic+Finds+from+the+Balatlar+Church+Excavations+in+Sinop+between+2010-2012&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=35-49&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Alper&rft.aufirst=Eda+G%C3%BCng%C3%B6r&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fanatoliaantiqua%2F289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYukselKorogluYildiz2012" class="citation journal cs1">Yuksel, Fethi Ahmet; Koroglu, Gulgun; Yildiz, Mehmet Safi (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.seg.org/doi/abs/10.4133/1.4721889">"Archaeogeophysical Studies Conducted on Sinop Balatlar Church"</a>. Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2012. Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems Proceedings: 610. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4133%2F1.4721889">10.4133/1.4721889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Symposium+on+the+Application+of+Geophysics+to+Engineering+and+Environmental+Problems+2012&rft.atitle=Archaeogeophysical+Studies+Conducted+on+Sinop+Balatlar+Church&rft.pages=610&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4133%2F1.4721889&rft.aulast=Yuksel&rft.aufirst=Fethi+Ahmet&rft.au=Koroglu%2C+Gulgun&rft.au=Yildiz%2C+Mehmet+Safi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.seg.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.4133%2F1.4721889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHafiz2013" class="citation web cs1">Hafiz, Yasmine (3 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/jesus-cross-found-archaeology_n_3691938">"Piece Of Jesus' Cross Found? Archaeologists Discover 'Holy Thing' In Balatlar Church In Turkey"</a>. Huffpost.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffpost&rft.atitle=Piece+Of+Jesus%27+Cross+Found%3F+Archaeologists+Discover+%27Holy+Thing%27+In+Balatlar+Church+In+Turkey&rft.date=2013-08-03&rft.aulast=Hafiz&rft.aufirst=Yasmine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fjesus-cross-found-archaeology_n_3691938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagona2006" class="citation book cs1">Sagona, A. G. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bW06PE0GRXEC">The Heritage of Eastern Turkey: from Earliest Settlements to Islam</a>. Macmillan Art Publishing. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781876832056" title="Special:BookSources/9781876832056"><bdi>9781876832056</bdi></a>. <q>... the small Church of St. Anne, the oldest extant Byzantine building in Trabzon, rebuilt during the reign of Basil I (AD 867-86).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heritage+of+Eastern+Turkey%3A+from+Earliest+Settlements+to+Islam&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Macmillan+Art+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781876832056&rft.aulast=Sagona&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbW06PE0GRXEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĆurčićKrautheimer1992" class="citation book cs1">Ćurčić, Slobodan; Krautheimer, Richard (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WXwX7fQ2DkUC">Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture</a>. Yale University Press. p. 395. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300052947" title="Special:BookSources/9780300052947"><bdi>9780300052947</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+and+Byzantine+Architecture&rft.pages=395&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780300052947&rft.aulast=%C4%86ur%C4%8Di%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Slobodan&rft.au=Krautheimer%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWXwX7fQ2DkUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turkey_Today:_Issues_113-136-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turkey_Today:_Issues_113-136_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turkey_Today:_Issues_113-136_98-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Turkey Today: Issues 113-136. Turkish Embassy. 1989. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey+Today%3A+Issues+113-136&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Turkish+Embassy&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzmen2016" class="citation web cs1">Özmen, Can (October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12620600/index.pdf">"Value Assessment on Hagia Sophia Complex in Trabzon"</a> (PDF). Ankara, Turkey: Middle East Technical University. p. 88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Value+Assessment+on+Hagia+Sophia+Complex+in+Trabzon&rft.place=Ankara%2C+Turkey&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Middle+East+Technical+University&rft.date=2016-10&rft.aulast=%C3%96zmen&rft.aufirst=Can&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetd.lib.metu.edu.tr%2Fupload%2F12620600%2Findex.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastmond2017" class="citation book cs1">Eastmond, Anthony (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=swVBDgAAQBAJ">Art and Identity in Thirteenth-Century Byzantium: Hagia Sophia and the Empire of Trebizond</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351957229" title="Special:BookSources/9781351957229"><bdi>9781351957229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Identity+in+Thirteenth-Century+Byzantium%3A+Hagia+Sophia+and+the+Empire+of+Trebizond&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351957229&rft.aulast=Eastmond&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DswVBDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinclair1989" class="citation book cs1">Sinclair, T. A. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LKpEBAAAQBAJ">Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume II</a>. Pindar Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904597759" title="Special:BookSources/9781904597759"><bdi>9781904597759</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Turkey%3A+An+Architectural+%26+Archaeological+Survey%2C+Volume+II&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Pindar+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9781904597759&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=T.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLKpEBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Millet" title="Gabriel Millet">Gabriel Millet</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/bch_0007-4217_1895_num_19_1_3650">"Les monastères et les églises de Trébizonde"</a>, <a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_de_correspondance_hell%C3%A9nique" class="extiw" title="ast:Bulletin de correspondance hellénique">Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique</a>, 19 (1895), p. 423 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Selina Ballance, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3642433">"The Byzantine Churches of Trebizond"</a>, Anatolian Studies, 10 (1960), p. 146 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedhouse1856" class="citation book cs1">Redhouse, James William (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CydMAAAAYAAJ">An English and Turkish Dictionary</a>. B. Quarich. p. 62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+English+and+Turkish+Dictionary&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=B.+Quarich&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Redhouse&rft.aufirst=James+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCydMAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Eastmond, Anthony. "The Byzantine Empires in the Thirteenth Century" in Art and Identity in Thirteenth-Century Byzantium: Hagia Sophia and the Empire of Trebizond. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalinYilmaz2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kalin, Arzu; Yilmaz, Demet (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jfa.arch.metu.edu.tr/archive/0258-5316/2012/cilt29/sayi_1/241-272.pdf">"A Study on Visibility Analysis of Urban Landmarks: The Case of Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya) in Trabzon"</a> (PDF). METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture. 29 (1): 241–271. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4305%2Fmetu.jfa.2012.1.14">10.4305/metu.jfa.2012.1.14</a>. <q>Though the actual date of founding is still obscure, according to some researchers the main church (probably the monastery) is believed to be founded by Manuel I the Great Comnenos (1238-1263) or his immediate successors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=METU+Journal+of+the+Faculty+of+Architecture&rft.atitle=A+Study+on+Visibility+Analysis+of+Urban+Landmarks%3A+The+Case+of+Hagia+Sophia+%28Ayasofya%29+in+Trabzon&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=241-271&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4305%2Fmetu.jfa.2012.1.14&rft.aulast=Kalin&rft.aufirst=Arzu&rft.au=Yilmaz%2C+Demet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjfa.arch.metu.edu.tr%2Farchive%2F0258-5316%2F2012%2Fcilt29%2Fsayi_1%2F241-272.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Some details of the preservation can be read in David Winfield, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1505228">"Sancta Sophia, Trebizond: A Note on the Cleaning and Conservation Work"</a>, Studies in Conservation, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Nov., 1963), pp. 117-130. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartwright" class="citation web cs1">Cartwright, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1188/1204-the-sack-of-constantinople/">"1204: The Sack of Constantinople"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=1204%3A+The+Sack+of+Constantinople&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Farticle%2F1188%2F1204-the-sack-of-constantinople%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> BRYER, A., & WINFIELD, D. (1985). The Byzantine monuments and topography of the Pontos. Washington, D.C., Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.02923">http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.02923</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kulturportali.gov.tr/turkiye/rize/gezilecekyer/kiz-kalesi">"Kız Kalesi - Rize"</a>. Kültür Portalı (in Turkish). Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr+Portal%C4%B1&rft.atitle=K%C4%B1z+Kalesi+-+Rize&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kulturportali.gov.tr%2Fturkiye%2Frize%2Fgezilecekyer%2Fkiz-kalesi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200822173316/https://www.haberler.com/tarihi-kiz-kalesi-restore-ediliyor-5920083-haberi/">"Tarihi Kız Kalesi Restore Ediliyor"</a>. Haberler. Anadolu Agency. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haberler.com/">the original</a> on 22 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haberler&rft.atitle=Tarihi+K%C4%B1z+Kalesi+Restore+Ediliyor&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haberler.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryerWinfield1985" class="citation book cs1">Bryer, Anthony; Winfield, David (1985). Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos. Dumbarton Oaks Centre Studies. Vol. 2. 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Hrant Dink Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hrant+Dink+Foundation&rft.atitle=Turkey+Cultural+Heritage+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fturkiyekulturvarliklari.hrantdink.org%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120511145300/http://karalahana.com/english/archive/trabzon12.html">"Part 12: Gümüşhane"</a>. Karalahana. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karalahana.com/">the original</a> on 11 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Karalahana&rft.atitle=Part+12%3A+G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fhane&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.karalahana.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504012239/http://www.karalahana.com/karadeniz/gumushane.htm">"Gumushane"</a>. Karalahana. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karalahana.com/">the original</a> on 4 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Karalahana&rft.atitle=Gumushane&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.karalahana.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner2017" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Jayne L. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QhiWDwAAQBAJ">Turkish Nomad: The Intellectual Journey of Talat S Halman</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 379. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781838609818" title="Special:BookSources/9781838609818"><bdi>9781838609818</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+Nomad%3A+The+Intellectual+Journey+of+Talat+S+Halman&rft.pages=379&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781838609818&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Jayne+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQhiWDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karalahana.com/english/archive/Kostaki-Mansion-Museum-of-Trebizond.html">Kostaki Mansion - Museum of Trebizond</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111011044726/http://karalahana.com/english/archive/Kostaki-Mansion-Museum-of-Trebizond.html">Archived</a> 2011-10-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Kara Lahana, retrieved 12 October 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBussmannTröger2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bussmann, Michael; Tröger, Gabriele (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YF53DwAAQBAJ">Türkei Reiseführer: Individuell reisen mit vielen praktischen Tipps</a> (in German). Michael Müller Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783956542978" title="Special:BookSources/9783956542978"><bdi>9783956542978</bdi></a>. <q>The museum is located in the magnificent mansion of the former Trapezuntine banker Kostaki Teophylaktos ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%BCrkei+Reisef%C3%BChrer%3A+Individuell+reisen+mit+vielen+praktischen+Tipps&rft.pub=Michael+M%C3%BCller+Verlag&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9783956542978&rft.aulast=Bussmann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Tr%C3%B6ger%2C+Gabriele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYF53DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryerWinfieldBallanceIsaac2002" class="citation book cs1">Bryer, Anthony; Winfield, David; Ballance, Selina; Isaac, Jane (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gmfqAAAAMAAJ">The Post-Byzantine Monuments of the Pontos</a>. Ashgate. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780860788645" title="Special:BookSources/9780860788645"><bdi>9780860788645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Post-Byzantine+Monuments+of+the+Pontos&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780860788645&rft.aulast=Bryer&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Winfield%2C+David&rft.au=Ballance%2C+Selina&rft.au=Isaac%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgmfqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Topalidis, Sam, 'A Pontic Greek History' (2006), introduction. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Koromela, Marianna and Evert, Lisa,'Pontos-Anatolia : northern Asia Minor and the Anatolian plateau east of the upper Euphrates : images of a Journey', (1989), p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Topalidis, Sam, 'A Pontic Greek History' (2006), pp. 39–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Xanthopoulou-Kyriakou, Artemis, 'The Diaspora of the Greeks of the Pontos: Historical Background', Journal of Refugee Studies, 4, (1991), pp. 26–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Topalidis, Sam, 'A Pontic Greek History' (2006), pp. 22–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzdalga2005" class="citation book cs1">Özdalga, Elisabeth (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sRtTyyGIgXsC&pg=PA259">Late Ottoman society: the intellectual legacy</a>. Routledge. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34164-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34164-6"><bdi>978-0-415-34164-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ottoman+society%3A+the+intellectual+legacy&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-34164-6&rft.aulast=%C3%96zdalga&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsRtTyyGIgXsC%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryerWinfield2006" class="citation book cs1">Bryer, Anthony; Winfield, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gmfqAAAAMAAJ">The post-Byzantine monuments of Pontos</a>. Ashgate. p. xxxiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86078-864-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86078-864-5"><bdi>978-0-86078-864-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+post-Byzantine+monuments+of+Pontos&rft.pages=xxxiii&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-86078-864-5&rft.aulast=Bryer&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Winfield%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgmfqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/eBooks/MidEast/BOOKS/A%20Nation%20of%20Empire%20Meeker.pdf">A Nation of Empire – Ottoman Legacy Turkish Modernity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014622/http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/eBooks/MidEast/BOOKS/A%20Nation%20of%20Empire%20Meeker.pdf">Archived</a> 17 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Michael E. Meeker – University of California Press, 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karalahana.com/english/omer_asan.htm">Trabzon Greek – A language without a Tongue</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611151243/http://www.karalahana.com/english/omer_asan.htm">Archived</a> 11 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Ömer Asan on Karalahana.com </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/zJ6psL0DnBw">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200308204545/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJ6psL0DnBw&gl=US&hl=en">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJ6psL0DnBw">"Οι Πόντιοι Εύζωνες στο Σύνταγμα στα 100 χρόνια από τη Γενοκτονία των Ποντίων"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. 19 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=%CE%9F%CE%B9+%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B9+%CE%95%CF%8D%CE%B6%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF+%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1+100+%CF%87%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%8C+%CF%84%CE%B7+%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD&rft.date=2019-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DzJ6psL0DnBw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_147-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_147-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeramarisKasapidouMitlianga2022" class="citation journal cs1">Keramaris, Achillefs; Kasapidou, Eleni; Mitlianga, Paraskevi (15 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs42779-022-00117-8">"Pontic Greek cuisine: the most common foods, ingredients, and dishes presented in cookbooks and folklore literature"</a>. 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Pontos News. 1 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fried+otia&rft.pub=Pontos+News&rft.date=2013-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pontosnews.gr%2F270900%2Fsyntages%2Fmethysmena-otia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pontosworld.com/index.php/pontus/cuisine/265-piroshki-sh">"Piroski"</a>. Pontos World. 7 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pontos+World&rft.atitle=Piroski&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpontosworld.com%2Findex.php%2Fpontus%2Fcuisine%2F265-piroshki-sh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100804030211/http://www.sintagespareas.gr/sintages/pisia-me-giaourti.html">"Πισία με γιαούρτι (Yogurt pishía)"</a>. Oι συνταγές της παρέας (in Greek). 27 October 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sintagespareas.gr/sintages/pisia-me-giaourti.html">the original</a> on 4 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=O%CE%B9+%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AD%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82&rft.atitle=%CE%A0%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CE%BC%CE%B5+%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B9+%28Yogurt+pish%C3%ADa%29&rft.date=2009-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sintagespareas.gr%2Fsintages%2Fpisia-me-giaourti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pontosworld.com/index.php/pontus/cuisine/266-pishia-sh">"Pishia"</a>. Pontos World. 7 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pontos+World&rft.atitle=Pishia&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpontosworld.com%2Findex.php%2Fpontus%2Fcuisine%2F266-pishia-sh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pontosnews.gr/264162/syntages/sousamopita/">"Sousamopita"</a> (in Greek). Pontos News. 11 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sousamopita&rft.pub=Pontos+News&rft.date=2012-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pontosnews.gr%2F264162%2Fsyntages%2Fsousamopita%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pontosnews.gr/338416/syntages/tanomenos-sorvas/">"Tanomenos sorvas"</a> (in Greek). 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tanomenos+sorvas&rft.date=2015-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pontosnews.gr%2F338416%2Fsyntages%2Ftanomenos-sorvas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pontosworld.com/index.php/pontus/cuisine/270-tanomenon-shourva-sh">"How to make Tanomenon surva"</a>. Pontos World. 7 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pontos+World&rft.atitle=How+to+make+Tanomenon+surva&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpontosworld.com%2Findex.php%2Fpontus%2Fcuisine%2F270-tanomenon-shourva-sh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pontosnews.gr/262034/syntages/tsirichta/">"Tsirichta"</a> (in Greek). Pontos News. 19 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tsirichta&rft.pub=Pontos+News&rft.date=2012-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pontosnews.gr%2F262034%2Fsyntages%2Ftsirichta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pontosnews.gr/273574/syntages/siron-me-paskitan-pontiaka-zymarika/">"Siron with yogurt: Pontian pasta"</a> (in Greek). Pontos News. 11 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Siron+with+yogurt%3A+Pontian+pasta&rft.pub=Pontos+News&rft.date=2013-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pontosnews.gr%2F273574%2Fsyntages%2Fsiron-me-paskitan-pontiaka-zymarika%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavvas_Karipoglou2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Savvas Karipoglou (17 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pontosnews.gr/457783/syntages/varenika-vima-vima-apo-ton-savva-karip/">"Varenika step-by-step by Savvas Karipoglou"</a>. Pontos News (in Greek).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pontos+News&rft.atitle=Varenika+step-by-step+by+Savvas+Karipoglou&rft.date=2020-01-17&rft.au=Savvas+Karipoglou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pontosnews.gr%2F457783%2Fsyntages%2Fvarenika-vima-vima-apo-ton-savva-karip%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Voutira-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Voutira_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Voutira_161-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoutira2011" class="citation book cs1">Voutira, Eftihia (2011). The 'right to Return' and the Meaning of 'home'. Lit. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643901071" title="Special:BookSources/9783643901071"><bdi>9783643901071</bdi></a>. <q>A few of my school friends were Pontic Greeks, and I remember their exotic foods, such as sourva and tan ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%27right+to+Return%27+and+the+Meaning+of+%27home%27&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Lit&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9783643901071&rft.aulast=Voutira&rft.aufirst=Eftihia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pontosnews.gr/270083/syntages/tan-to-pontiako-anapsyktiko/">"Tan: the Pontian soft drink"</a> (in Greek). Pontos News. 22 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tan%3A+the+Pontian+soft+drink&rft.pub=Pontos+News&rft.date=2013-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pontosnews.gr%2F270083%2Fsyntages%2Ftan-to-pontiako-anapsyktiko%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pontosnews.gr/283744/syntages/angourakia-toursi-ta-pontiaka-stypa/">"Pickled cucumbers from the Pontian Alps"</a> (in Greek). Pontos News. 3 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pickled+cucumbers+from+the+Pontian+Alps&rft.pub=Pontos+News&rft.date=2013-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pontosnews.gr%2F283744%2Fsyntages%2Fangourakia-toursi-ta-pontiaka-stypa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perek.gr/blog/συνταγές/ποντιακό-εορταστικό-τραπέζι">"The Pontian Festive Table"</a>. Perek (in Greek). 29 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perek&rft.atitle=The+Pontian+Festive+Table&rft.date=2020-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perek.gr%2Fblog%2F%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AD%CF%82%2F%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C-%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C-%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%B6%CE%B9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dimiourgiestisnias.com/2017/08/blog-post_60.html?m=1">"Pontian Torshi"</a>. Dimiourgies Tis Nias (in Greek).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dimiourgies+Tis+Nias&rft.atitle=Pontian+Torshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dimiourgiestisnias.com%2F2017%2F08%2Fblog-post_60.html%3Fm%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pontosnews.gr/293024/syntages/pente-pontiakes-syntages-gia-to-sarak/">"Five Pontian recipes for Lent"</a> (in Greek). Pontos News. 2 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+Pontian+recipes+for+Lent&rft.pub=Pontos+News&rft.date=2014-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pontosnews.gr%2F293024%2Fsyntages%2Fpente-pontiakes-syntages-gia-to-sarak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pontosnews.gr/272040/syntages/mythopilavon-to-pontiako-mydopilafo/">"Mythopilavon: the Pontian mussel pilav"</a> (in Greek). Pontos News. 15 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mythopilavon%3A+the+Pontian+mussel+pilav&rft.pub=Pontos+News&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pontosnews.gr%2F272040%2Fsyntages%2Fmythopilavon-to-pontiako-mydopilafo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pontosnews.gr/640286/syntages/chapsopilavon-pontiako-pilafi-ta-psaria/">"Hapsipilavon, the Pontian pilaf with fish"</a>. Pontos News (in Greek). 19 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pontos+News&rft.atitle=Hapsipilavon%2C+the+Pontian+pilaf+with+fish&rft.date=2021-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pontosnews.gr%2F640286%2Fsyntages%2Fchapsopilavon-pontiako-pilafi-ta-psaria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pontosnews.gr/260394/syntages/pilafi-sinopis/">"Sinope Pilaf"</a>. Pontos News (in Greek). 7 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pontos+News&rft.atitle=Sinope+Pilaf&rft.date=2012-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pontosnews.gr%2F260394%2Fsyntages%2Fpilafi-sinopis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pontosnews.gr/373931/syntages/pontiakoi-sarmades-me-mavrolachana-gi/">"Pontian Sarma with Black Cabbage for the Christmas Table"</a>. Pontos News. 17 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pontian+Sarma+with+Black+Cabbage+for+the+Christmas+Table&rft.pub=Pontos+News&rft.date=2016-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pontosnews.gr%2F373931%2Fsyntages%2Fpontiakoi-sarmades-me-mavrolachana-gi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pontosnews.gr/260601/syntages/chavits/">"Havitz"</a> (in Greek). Pontos News. 26 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Havitz&rft.pub=Pontos+News&rft.date=2012-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pontosnews.gr%2F260601%2Fsyntages%2Fchavits%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lelevose.gr/xavits-me-fournikon-aleuri/">"Recipe for Havitz"</a> (in Greek). Lelevose Radio. 6 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recipe+for+Havitz&rft.pub=Lelevose+Radio&rft.date=2023-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lelevose.gr%2Fxavits-me-fournikon-aleuri%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pontosnews.gr/342715/syntages/perek-sto-fourno/">"Perek in the oven"</a> (in Greek). Pontos News. December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perek+in+the+oven&rft.pub=Pontos+News&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pontosnews.gr%2F342715%2Fsyntages%2Fperek-sto-fourno%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pontosnews.gr/442023/syntages/pontiaka-choirina-souvlakia-me-atzika/">"Pontian pork skewers with atzika and tsatsibeli"</a>. Pontos News. 17 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pontian+pork+skewers+with+atzika+and+tsatsibeli&rft.pub=Pontos+News&rft.date=2020-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pontosnews.gr%2F442023%2Fsyntages%2Fpontiaka-choirina-souvlakia-me-atzika%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pontosnews.gr/279228/syntages/mantia-ena-agapimeno-fagito-ton-ponti/">"Mantia, a popular Pontian food"</a> (in Greek). Pontos News. 12 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mantia%2C+a+popular+Pontian+food&rft.pub=Pontos+News&rft.date=2013-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pontosnews.gr%2F279228%2Fsyntages%2Fmantia-ena-agapimeno-fagito-ton-ponti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pontosnews.gr/277698/syntages/lalangia-oi-pontiakes-tiganites-gia-t/">"Lalaggia: Pontian pancakes for breakfast"</a> (in Greek). Pontos News. 18 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lalaggia%3A+Pontian+pancakes+for+breakfast&rft.pub=Pontos+News&rft.date=2013-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pontosnews.gr%2F277698%2Fsyntages%2Flalangia-oi-pontiakes-tiganites-gia-t%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pontosworld.com/index.php/pontus/cuisine/255-foustoron">"Foustoron (Pontian Omelette)"</a>. Pontos World. 7 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pontos+World&rft.atitle=Foustoron+%28Pontian+Omelette%29&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpontosworld.com%2Findex.php%2Fpontus%2Fcuisine%2F255-foustoron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pontosworld.com/index.php/pontus/cuisine/253-cabbage-and-beans">"Cabbage and Beans"</a>. Pontos World. 7 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pontos+World&rft.atitle=Cabbage+and+Beans&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpontosworld.com%2Findex.php%2Fpontus%2Fcuisine%2F253-cabbage-and-beans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pontosworld.com/index.php/pontus/cuisine/260-lavashia">"Lavashia"</a>. Pontos World. 7 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pontos+World&rft.atitle=Lavashia&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpontosworld.com%2Findex.php%2Fpontus%2Fcuisine%2F260-lavashia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pontosworld.com/index.php/pontus/cuisine/271-tsatsoupel">"Tsatsoupel"</a>. Pontos World. 7 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pontos+World&rft.atitle=Tsatsoupel&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpontosworld.com%2Findex.php%2Fpontus%2Fcuisine%2F271-tsatsoupel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pontosworld.com/index.php/pontus/cuisine/258-imam-bayildin">"Imam-bayildin"</a>. Pontos World. 7 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pontos+World&rft.atitle=Imam-bayildin&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpontosworld.com%2Findex.php%2Fpontus%2Fcuisine%2F258-imam-bayildin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsekouras20165-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsekouras20165_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTsekouras2016">Tsekouras 2016</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0088241/">Taxidi sta Kythira (1984)</a>, imdb.com </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0181547/">Apo Tin Akri Tis Polis</a>, imdb.com </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0230167/Homa">kai nero</a>, imdb.com </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0273937/">The Very Poor, Inc.</a>, imdb.com </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEugenides2002" class="citation book cs1">Eugenides, Jeffrey (2002). Middlesex. Picador. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0374199698" title="Special:BookSources/0374199698"><bdi>0374199698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middlesex&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0374199698&rft.aulast=Eugenides&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEugenides2002" class="citation book cs1">Eugenides, Jeffrey (2002). Middlesex. Picador. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0374199698" title="Special:BookSources/0374199698"><bdi>0374199698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middlesex&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0374199698&rft.aulast=Eugenides&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0418309/">Waiting for the Clouds</a>, imdb.com </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1553201/">Pontos (2008)</a>, imdb.com </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Berikashvili, Svetlana. Morphological aspects of Pontic Greek spoken in Georgia. LINCOM GmbH, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8628-8852-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8628-8852-8">978-3-8628-8852-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruneau,_Michel2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bruneau, Michel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/anatoli/315">"Le patrimoine menacé des Grecs pontiques, entre Turquie et Grèce"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatoli_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatoli (journal) (page does not exist)">Anatoli</a> (in French) (6). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fanatoli.315">10.4000/anatoli.315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anatoli&rft.atitle=Le+patrimoine+menac%C3%A9+des+Grecs+pontiques%2C+entre+Turquie+et+Gr%C3%A8ce&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fanatoli.315&rft.au=Bruneau%2C+Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fanatoli%2F315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Halo, Thea. Not Even My Name. Picador. 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-26211-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-26211-2">978-0-312-26211-2</a>.</li> <li>Hofmann, Tessa, ed. Verfolgung, Vertreibung und Vernichtung der Christen im Osmanischen Reich 1912–1922. Münster: LIT, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-7823-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-7823-8">978-3-8258-7823-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsekouras2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Tsekouras, Ioannis (2016). Nostalgia, Emotionality, and Ethno-Regionalism in Pontic Parakathi Singing (PhD). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Nostalgia%2C+Emotionality%2C+and+Ethno-Regionalism+in+Pontic+Parakathi+Singing&rft.inst=University+of+Illinois+at+Urbana-Champaign&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Tsekouras&rft.aufirst=Ioannis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greeks" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greeks&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pontic_Greeks" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a> at Wikimedia Commons <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pontos.gr">Pontian Federation of Greece</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/Articles/bondyrev.html#*">Website with map showing colonization of the Black Sea by Greeks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turkiyekulturvarliklari.hrantdink.org/">An interactive map featuring historic sites in Turkey, which can be filtered to show only Greek sites</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Russia" title="Immigration to Russia">Immigration to Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Russia">Albanians</a></li> <li>British <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian" title="Anglo-Russian">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Russians" title="Scottish Russians">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Russia" title="Belarusians in Russia">Belarusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarians in Russia">Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danish_Russians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danish Russians (page does not exist)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonians_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonians in Russia">Estonians</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_people_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French people in Russia (page does not exist)">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Russia,_Ukraine_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Russia and the Soviet Union">Greeks</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pontic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarians in Russia">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Russians" title="Irish Russians">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italians in Russia (page does not exist)">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvians_in_Russia" title="Latvians in Russia">Latvians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanians_in_Russia" title="Lithuanians in Russia">Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonians in Russia">Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kola_Norwegians" title="Kola Norwegians">Norwegians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Russia" title="Polish minority in Russia">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanians in Russia">Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Russians" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Russians">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovaks_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovaks in Russia">Slovaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenes_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenes in Russia">Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spaniards_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spaniards in Russia (page does not exist)">Spaniards</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Russians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swedish Russians (page does not exist)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_emigration_to_Russia" title="Swiss emigration to Russia">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Russia" title="Ukrainians in Russia">Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Russia" title="Afghans in Russia">Afghans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabs_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabs in Russia (page does not exist)">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Russia" title="Armenians in Russia">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Russia" title="Assyrians in Russia">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Russia" title="Azerbaijanis in Russia">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangladeshis_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bangladeshis in Russia (page does not exist)">Bangladeshis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burmese in Russia (page does not exist)">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodians_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambodians in Russia (page does not exist)">Cambodians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Russia" title="Ethnic Chinese in Russia">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_people" title="Dungan people">Dungans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgians_in_Russia" title="Georgians in Russia">Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Russia" title="Indians in Russia">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Russia" title="Iranians in Russia">Iranians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Russia" title="Japanese people in Russia">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_Russia" title="Kazakhs in Russia">Kazakhs</a></li> <li>Koreans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram">Koryo-saram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Koreans" title="Sakhalin Koreans">Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Koreans_in_Russia" title="North Koreans in Russia">North Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Russia" title="Kurds in Russia">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Russia">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongolians_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mongolians in Russia (page does not exist)">Mongolians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_Russia" title="Nepalis in Russia">Nepalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Russia" title="Turks in Russia">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmens in Russia">Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Russia" title="Uzbeks in Russia">Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_Russia" title="Vietnamese people in Russia">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Russians" title="Afro-Russians">Black Africans</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritreans_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eritreans in Russia (page does not exist)">Eritreans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Americans in Russia">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_American_migration_to_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latin American migration to Russia (page does not exist)">Latin Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cubans_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cubans in Russia (page does not exist)">Cubans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Template:Ethnic groups in the Caucasus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in the Caucasus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in the Caucasus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Ethnic groups in the Caucasus">Ethnic groups in the</a> <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus#Language_families_indigenous_to_the_Caucasus" title="Ethnic groups in the Caucasus">Caucasian</a> (areal)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjarians" title="Adjarians">Adjarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvals" title="Dvals">Dvals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guria#Demographics" title="Guria">Gurians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imerkhevians" title="Imerkhevians">Imerkhevians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingiloy_people" title="Ingiloy people">Ingiloys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javakhians" title="Javakhians">Javakhians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakhetians" title="Kakhetians">Kakhetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetians" title="Meskhetians">Meskhetians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchians" class="mw-redirect" title="Colchians">Colchians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zans" title="Zans">Zans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Lazs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelians" title="Mingrelians">Mingrelians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svans" title="Svans">Svans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a> (Caspian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avar%E2%80%93Andic_languages" title="Avar–Andic languages">Avar–Andic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andi_people" title="Andi people">Andis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_people" title="Akhvakh people">Akhvakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_people" title="Bagvalal people">Bagvalals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_people" title="Botlikh people">Botlikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_people" title="Chamalal people">Chamalals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godoberi_people" title="Godoberi people">Godoberis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata_people" title="Karata people">Karatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindi_people" title="Tindi people">Tindis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lezgic_languages" title="Lezgic languages">Lezgic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_people" title="Aghul people">Aguls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archi_people" title="Archi people">Archin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budukh_people" title="Budukh people">Budukhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jek_people" title="Jek people">Jeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryts_people" title="Kryts people">Kryts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_people" title="Rutul people">Rutuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_people" title="Tabasaran people">Tabasarans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_people" title="Tsakhur people">Tsakhurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_people" title="Udi people">Udis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nakh_peoples" title="Nakh peoples">Nakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bats_people" title="Bats people">Bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kist_people" title="Kist people">Kists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aukhs" title="Aukhs">Aukhs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsezic_languages" title="Tsezic languages">Tsezic</a> (Didoic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_people" title="Bezhta people">Bezhtas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinukh_people" title="Hinukh people">Hinukhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunzib_people" title="Hunzib people">Hunzibs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_people" title="Khwarshi people">Khwarshis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsez_people" title="Tsez people">Tsez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dargins" title="Dargins">Dargins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaitags" title="Kaitags">Kaitags</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_people" title="Khinalug people">Khinalugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laks_(Caucasus)" title="Laks (Caucasus)">Laks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest</a> (Pontic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazins" title="Abazins">Abazins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazians" title="Abkhazians">Abkhazians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadz" title="Sadz">Sadz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abzakhs" title="Abzakhs">Abzakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyghe people">Adygeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besleney" title="Besleney">Besleneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bzhedugs" title="Bzhedugs">Bzhedugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemirgoys" title="Chemirgoys">Chemirgoys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherkess" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherkess">Cherkess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardians" title="Kabardians">Kabardians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natukhajs" title="Natukhajs">Natukhajs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapsugs" title="Shapsugs">Shapsugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_people" title="Ubykh people">Ubykhs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/250px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/375px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/500px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="1111" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo- European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Tats" title="Armeno-Tats">Armeno-Tats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherkesogai" title="Cherkesogai">Cherkesogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zok_language" title="Zok language">Zoks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Lom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Greeks" title="Caucasus Greeks">Caucasus Greeks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pontic Greeks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Loms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_diaspora#Georgia" title="Romani diaspora">Roma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digor_people" title="Digor people">Digors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_people" title="Iron people">Irons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kudar" title="Kudar">Kudar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti_Ossetians" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti Ossetians">Trialeti Ossetians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Armenia" title="Poles in Armenia">in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Azerbaijan" title="Poles in Azerbaijan">in Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Russians" title="Caucasus Russians">Russians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokans" title="Molokans">Molokans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Kuban" title="Ukrainians in Kuban">Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">Germans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayrums" title="Ayrums">Ayrums</a></li> <li><a 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title="Jews">Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Abkhazia" title="History of the Jews in Abkhazia">Abkhaz Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijani Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Armenia" title="Ethnic minorities in Armenia">Ethnic minorities in Armenia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Azerbaijan" title="Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan">Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Ethnic minorities in Georgia (country)">Ethnic minorities in Georgia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Ethnic minorities in Russia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Greece&#124;link=Greece_Ethnic_groups_in_Greece" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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