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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iron_Age_and_Classical_Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age_and_Classical_Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Iron Age and Classical Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age_and_Classical_Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Byzantine period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Empire_of_Trebizond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empire_of_Trebizond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Empire of Trebizond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empire_of_Trebizond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Ottoman era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-People-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle People subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urbanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urbanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Urbanization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urbanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Main sights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mayors_of_Trabzon_Metropolitan_Municipality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayors_of_Trabzon_Metropolitan_Municipality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Mayors of Trabzon Metropolitan Municipality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mayors_of_Trabzon_Metropolitan_Municipality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_residents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_residents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notable residents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_residents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_-_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_-_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Twin towns - sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_-_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Trabzon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 105 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-105" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">105 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="طربزون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طربزون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapesonda" title="Trapesonda – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Trapesonda" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Տրապիզոն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Տրապիզոն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="ترابزون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ترابزون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Трабзон – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Трабзон" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Трабзон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трабзон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Трабзон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Трабзон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Трабзон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Трабзон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebisonda" title="Trebisonda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Trebisonda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon_(kapital_sa_lalawigan)" title="Trabzon (kapital sa lalawigan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Trabzon (kapital sa lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebisonda" title="Trebisonda – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Trebisonda" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Τραπεζούντα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τραπεζούντα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebisonda" title="Trebisonda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Trebisonda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="طرابزون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طرابزون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebisonda" title="Trebisonda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Trebisonda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%A4%D9%86" title="ترابزؤن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ترابزؤن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%EB%B8%8C%EC%A1%B4" title="트라브존 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트라브존" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Տրապիզոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տրապիզոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Трабзон – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Трабзон" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebisonda" title="Trebisonda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trebisonda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9F" title="טרבזון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טרבזון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ტრაპიზონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტრაპიზონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Трабзон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Трабзон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebzon" title="Trebzon – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Trebzon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Трабзон – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Трабзон" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezus" title="Trapezus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Trapezus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzona" title="Trabzona – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Trabzona" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzonas" title="Trabzonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Trabzonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabizonda" title="Trabizonda – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Trabizonda" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabisonda" title="Trabisonda – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Trabisonda" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon_(telep%C3%BCl%C3%A9s)" title="Trabzon (település) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Trabzon (település)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Трабзон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Трабзон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ტრაპიზონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტრაპიზონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="طرابزون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طرابزون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="ترابزون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ترابزون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Трабзон – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Трабзон" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon_(stad)" title="Trabzon (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Trabzon (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%96%E3%82%BE%E3%83%B3" title="トラブゾン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トラブゾン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebisonda" title="Trebisonda – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Trebisonda" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Трабзон – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Трабзон" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebizonda" title="Trebizonda – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Trebizonda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Трабзон – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Трабзон" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8" title="ਤਰਾਬਜ਼ੋਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਰਾਬਜ਼ੋਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="ترابزون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ترابزون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Τραπεζούντα – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Τραπεζούντα" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebizonda" title="Trebizonda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Trebizonda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Трабзон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трабзон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzoni" title="Trabzoni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Trabzoni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B2%DB%86%D9%86" title="ترابزۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ترابزۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Трабзон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трабзон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Трабзон – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Трабзон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ทรับซอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทรับซอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Трабзон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Трабзон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Трабзон – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Трабзон" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Трабзон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трабзон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="طربزون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="طربزون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E5%AE%97" title="特拉布宗 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="特拉布宗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E5%AE%97" title="特拉布宗 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="特拉布宗" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E5%AE%97" title="特拉布宗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="特拉布宗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Trabzon&params=41_0_18_N_39_43_21_E_region:TR_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°0′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">39°43′21″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.00500°N 39.72250°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.00500; 39.72250</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Trapezus" redirects here. For the Arcadian city, see <a href="/wiki/Trapezus_(Arcadia)" title="Trapezus (Arcadia)">Trapezus (Arcadia)</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Trabzon" title="Special:EditPage/Trabzon">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Trabzon%22">"Trabzon"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Trabzon%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Trabzon%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Trabzon%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Trabzon%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Trabzon%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Turkey</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Turkey</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Trabzon</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse;border:0px solid black;width:280px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khrysokephalos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Khrysokephalos.jpg/280px-Khrysokephalos.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Khrysokephalos.jpg/420px-Khrysokephalos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Khrysokephalos.jpg/560px-Khrysokephalos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2873" data-file-height="1923" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrkk%C3%B6sk%C3%BC_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Atat%C3%BCrkk%C3%B6sk%C3%BC_-_panoramio.jpg/139px-Atat%C3%BCrkk%C3%B6sk%C3%BC_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Atat%C3%BCrkk%C3%B6sk%C3%BC_-_panoramio.jpg/209px-Atat%C3%BCrkk%C3%B6sk%C3%BC_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Atat%C3%BCrkk%C3%B6sk%C3%BC_-_panoramio.jpg/278px-Atat%C3%BCrkk%C3%B6sk%C3%BC_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3536" data-file-height="2402" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uzung%C3%B6l_lake_and_town.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Uzung%C3%B6l_lake_and_town.jpg/139px-Uzung%C3%B6l_lake_and_town.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Uzung%C3%B6l_lake_and_town.jpg/209px-Uzung%C3%B6l_lake_and_town.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Uzung%C3%B6l_lake_and_town.jpg/278px-Uzung%C3%B6l_lake_and_town.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Sophia_Trabzon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hagia_Sophia_Trabzon.jpg/139px-Hagia_Sophia_Trabzon.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hagia_Sophia_Trabzon.jpg/209px-Hagia_Sophia_Trabzon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hagia_Sophia_Trabzon.jpg/278px-Hagia_Sophia_Trabzon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trabzon,Atat%C3%BCrkAlani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Trabzon%2CAtat%C3%BCrkAlani.jpg/139px-Trabzon%2CAtat%C3%BCrkAlani.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Trabzon%2CAtat%C3%BCrkAlani.jpg/209px-Trabzon%2CAtat%C3%BCrkAlani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Trabzon%2CAtat%C3%BCrkAlani.jpg/278px-Trabzon%2CAtat%C3%BCrkAlani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panoromik_Trabzon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Panoromik_Trabzon.jpg/280px-Panoromik_Trabzon.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Panoromik_Trabzon.jpg/420px-Panoromik_Trabzon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Panoromik_Trabzon.jpg/560px-Panoromik_Trabzon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1597" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div style="font-size:95%"><b>Clockwise from top</b>: <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Mosque,_Trabzon" title="Fatih Mosque, Trabzon">Fatih Mosque</a>; <a href="/wiki/Uzung%C3%B6l" title="Uzungöl">Lake Uzungöl</a>; Atatürk Square; a general view of the city centre from <a href="/wiki/Boztepe_Hill,_Trabzon" title="Boztepe Hill, Trabzon">Boztepe</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Trabzon" title="Hagia Sophia, Trabzon">Hagia Sophia of Trabzon</a>; and Atatürk's House</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trabzon_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C5%9Fehir.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Trabzon"><img alt="Official logo of Trabzon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Trabzon_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C5%9Fehir.png/110px-Trabzon_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C5%9Fehir.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Trabzon_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C5%9Fehir.png/165px-Trabzon_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C5%9Fehir.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Trabzon_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C5%9Fehir.png/220px-Trabzon_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C5%9Fehir.png 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Emblem of Trabzon Metropolitan Municipality</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">City of Tale in the East</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trabzon is located in Turkey"><img alt="Trabzon is located in Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="677" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:21.357%;left:73.074%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Trabzon"><img alt="Trabzon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Trabzon</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Turkey</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Turkey</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Black_Sea_with_bathymetry_and_surrounding_relief.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trabzon is located in Black Sea"><img alt="Trabzon is located in Black Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Map_of_the_Black_Sea_with_bathymetry_and_surrounding_relief.svg/250px-Map_of_the_Black_Sea_with_bathymetry_and_surrounding_relief.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Map_of_the_Black_Sea_with_bathymetry_and_surrounding_relief.svg/375px-Map_of_the_Black_Sea_with_bathymetry_and_surrounding_relief.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Map_of_the_Black_Sea_with_bathymetry_and_surrounding_relief.svg/500px-Map_of_the_Black_Sea_with_bathymetry_and_surrounding_relief.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="643" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:93.514%;left:83.658%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Trabzon"><img alt="Trabzon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Trabzon</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Trabzon (Black Sea)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Black Sea</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Trabzon&params=41_0_18_N_39_43_21_E_region:TR_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°0′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">39°43′21″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.00500°N 39.72250°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.00500; 39.72250</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Turkey</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Turkey">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea Region">Black Sea Region</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey" title="Provinces of Turkey">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Province" title="Trabzon Province">Trabzon</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 756</span> BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governor</th><td class="infobox-data">Aziz Yıldırım</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Ahmet Metin Genç (<a href="/wiki/AK_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="AK Party">AK Party</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0 m (0 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022)<sup id="cite_ref-citypop_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypop-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">293,661</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Trapezian, Trapezuntine, Trebizonian, Trabzonlu, Trabzonite</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Turkey" title="Time in Turkey">TRT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_code" title="Postal code">Postal code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">61xxx</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(+90) 462</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_car_number_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish car number plates">Licence plate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">61</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Cfa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trabzon.bel.tr/">www<wbr />.trabzon<wbr />.bel<wbr />.tr</a></span> <br /> <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trabzon.gov.tr/">www<wbr />.trabzon<wbr />.gov<wbr />.tr</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Trabzon</b>, historically known as <b>Trebizond</b>, is a city on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast of northeastern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and the capital of <a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Province" title="Trabzon Province">Trabzon Province</a>. The city was founded in 756 BC as "Trapezous" <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Tραπεζούς</span></span> by colonists from <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>. It was included into the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> and was later part of the independent <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of Pontus</a> that challenged Rome until 68 BC. Thenceforth part of the Roman and later Byzantine Empire, the city was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a>, one of the successor states of the Byzantine Empire after the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> in 1204. In 1461 it came under Ottoman rule. During the early modern period<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, Trabzon, because of the importance of its port, again became a focal point of trade to Persia and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>. Today Trabzon is the second largest city and port on the Black Sea coast of Turkey with a population of almost 300,000. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trabzon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trapezus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Trapezus.png/160px-Trapezus.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Trapezus.png/240px-Trapezus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Trapezus.png/320px-Trapezus.png 2x" data-file-width="2099" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Trapezous from the 4th century BC in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. The coin promotes the colonial Greek city as a 'table of plenty'.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Turkish name of the city is Trabzon. The first recorded name of the city is the Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Tραπεζοῦς</span></span> (<b><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Trapezous</i></span></b>), referencing the table-like central hill between the Zağnos (İskeleboz) and Kuzgun streams on which it was founded (<i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τράπεζα</span></span></i> meant "table" in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>; note the table on the coin in the figure). In <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, Trabzon is called <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Trapezus</i></span></i>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Latinization_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinization (literature)">latinization</a> of its ancient Greek name. Both in <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic Greek language">Pontic Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>, it is called <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Τραπεζούντα</span></span> (<b><span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">Trapezounta</i></span></b>). In <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, it is written as <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">طربزون</span></span>. During Ottoman times, <i>Tara Bozan</i> was also used.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a> it is known as <span title="Laz-language text"><span lang="lzz">ტამტრა</span></span> (<i>T'amt'ra</i>) or <i>T'rap'uzani</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> it is <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ტრაპიზონი</span></span> (<i>T'rap'izoni</i>) and in <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> it is <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B6" class="extiw" title="wikt:Տրապիզոն">Տրապիզոն</a></span></span> (<i>Trapizon</i>). The 19th-century Armenian travelling priest Byjiskian called the city by other, native names, including <i>Hurşidabat</i> and <i>Ozinis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western geographers and writers used many spelling variations of the name throughout the Middle Ages. These versions of the name, which have incidentally been used in English literature as well, include: <i>Trebizonde</i> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">Fr.</a>), <i>Trapezunt</i> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>), <i>Trebisonda</i> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Sp.</a>), <i>Trapesunta</i> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">It.</a>), <i>Trapisonda</i>, <i>Tribisonde</i>, <i>Terabesoun</i>, <i>Trabesun</i>, <i>Trabuzan</i>, <i>Trabizond</i> and <i>Tarabossan</i>. </p><p>In Spanish the name was known from <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">chivalric romances</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i>. Because of its similarity to <i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tr%C3%A1pala#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:trápala">trápala</a></i> and <i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trapaza#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:trapaza">trapaza</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-DCECH_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCECH-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trapisonda#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:trapisonda">trapisonda</a></i> acquired the meaning "hullabaloo, imbroglio".<sup id="cite_ref-RAE_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAE-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trabzon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age_and_Classical_Antiquity">Iron Age and Classical Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trabzon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Iron Age and Classical Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:298px;max-width:298px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermes_Trabzon_museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Hermes_Trabzon_museum.jpg/120px-Hermes_Trabzon_museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Hermes_Trabzon_museum.jpg/180px-Hermes_Trabzon_museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Hermes_Trabzon_museum.jpg/240px-Hermes_Trabzon_museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="643" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bronze statue of <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>, 2nd c. BC, found near Tabakhane bridge in the center of Trabzon. Displayed in <a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Museum" title="Trabzon Museum">Trabzon Museum</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_and_left_hand_from_a_bronze_cult_statue_of_Anahita,_a_local_goddess_shown_here_in_the_guide_of_Aphrodite,_200-100_BC,_British_Museum_(8167370318).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Head_and_left_hand_from_a_bronze_cult_statue_of_Anahita%2C_a_local_goddess_shown_here_in_the_guide_of_Aphrodite%2C_200-100_BC%2C_British_Museum_%288167370318%29.jpg/170px-Head_and_left_hand_from_a_bronze_cult_statue_of_Anahita%2C_a_local_goddess_shown_here_in_the_guide_of_Aphrodite%2C_200-100_BC%2C_British_Museum_%288167370318%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Head_and_left_hand_from_a_bronze_cult_statue_of_Anahita%2C_a_local_goddess_shown_here_in_the_guide_of_Aphrodite%2C_200-100_BC%2C_British_Museum_%288167370318%29.jpg/255px-Head_and_left_hand_from_a_bronze_cult_statue_of_Anahita%2C_a_local_goddess_shown_here_in_the_guide_of_Aphrodite%2C_200-100_BC%2C_British_Museum_%288167370318%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Head_and_left_hand_from_a_bronze_cult_statue_of_Anahita%2C_a_local_goddess_shown_here_in_the_guide_of_Aphrodite%2C_200-100_BC%2C_British_Museum_%288167370318%29.jpg/340px-Head_and_left_hand_from_a_bronze_cult_statue_of_Anahita%2C_a_local_goddess_shown_here_in_the_guide_of_Aphrodite%2C_200-100_BC%2C_British_Museum_%288167370318%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2860" data-file-height="4053" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Head and hand of a 2nd c. BC bronze statue of (possibly <a href="/wiki/Anahit" title="Anahit">Anahit</a> as) <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>, found near <a href="/wiki/Kelkit" title="Kelkit">Kelkit</a> to the south of Trabzon province. On display in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Before the city was founded as a Greek colony the area was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchians</a> (west Georgian) and <a href="/wiki/Chalybes" title="Chalybes">Chaldian</a> (Anatolian) tribes. The <a href="/wiki/Hayasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayasa">Hayasa</a>, who had been in conflict with the Central-Anatolian <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> in the 14th century BC, are believed to have lived in the area south of Trabzon. Later Greek authors mentioned the <a href="/wiki/Macrones" title="Macrones">Macrones</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chalybes" title="Chalybes">Chalybes</a> as native peoples. One of the dominant Caucasian groups to the east were the <a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Laz</a>, who were part of the monarchy of the <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a>, together with other related <a href="/wiki/Kartvelians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartvelians">Georgian</a> peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city was founded in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> in 756 BC as Tραπεζούς (<i>Trapezous</i>), by <a href="/wiki/Milesians_(Greek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Milesians (Greek)">Milesian</a> traders from <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bosneagu2022_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bosneagu2022-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was one of a number (about ten) of Milesian <i>emporia</i> or <a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">trading colonies</a> along the shores of the Black Sea. Others included <a href="/wiki/Abydos_(Hellespont)" title="Abydos (Hellespont)">Abydos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyzicus" title="Cyzicus">Cyzicus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a>, and nearby <a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a>. Like most <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic civilization">Greek</a> colonies, the city was a small enclave of Greek life, and not an empire unto its own, in the later European sense of the word. As a colony, Trapezous initially paid tribute to Sinope, but early banking (money-changing) activity is suggested to have occurred in the city already in the 4th century BC, according to a silver <a href="/wiki/Ancient_drachma" title="Ancient drachma">drachma</a> coin from Trapezus in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, London. <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> added the city to the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, and was possibly the first ruler to consolidate the eastern Black Sea region into a single political entity (a <a href="/wiki/Satrapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Satrapy">satrapy</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Return_of_the_Ten_Thousand_under_Xenophon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/The_Return_of_the_Ten_Thousand_under_Xenophon.jpg/220px-The_Return_of_the_Ten_Thousand_under_Xenophon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/The_Return_of_the_Ten_Thousand_under_Xenophon.jpg/330px-The_Return_of_the_Ten_Thousand_under_Xenophon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/The_Return_of_the_Ten_Thousand_under_Xenophon.jpg/440px-The_Return_of_the_Ten_Thousand_under_Xenophon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>Thálatta! Thálatta! ("The Sea! The Sea!").<br /> Trebizond was the first Greek city the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Thousand" title="Ten Thousand">Ten Thousand</a> reached on their retreat from Persia. 19th c. illustration by Herman Vogel.</figcaption></figure> <p>Trebizond's trade partners included the <a href="/wiki/Mossynoeci" title="Mossynoeci">Mossynoeci</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Thousand_(Greek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Thousand (Greek)">Ten Thousand</a> mercenaries were fighting their way out of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, the first Greek city they reached was Trebizond (Xenophon, <i>Anabasis</i>, 5.5.10). The city and the local Mossynoeci had become estranged from the Mossynoecian capital, to the point of civil war. Xenophon's force resolved this in the rebels' favor, and so in Trebizond's interest. </p><p>Up until the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> the city remained under the dominion of the Achaemenids. While the Pontus was not directly affected by the war, its cities gained independence as a result of it. Local ruling families continued to claim partial Persian heritage, and Persian culture had some lasting influence on the city; the holy springs of Mt. Minthrion to the east of the old town were devoted to the Persian-Anatolian Greek god <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a>. In the 2nd century BC, the city with its natural harbours was added to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of Pontus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pharnaces_I_of_Pontus" title="Pharnaces I of Pontus">Pharnaces I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_Eupator" title="Mithridates VI Eupator">Mithridates VI Eupator</a> made it the home port of the Pontic fleet, in his quest to remove the Romans from Anatolia. </p><p>After the defeat of Mithridates in 66 BC, the city was first handed to the <a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a>, but it was soon returned to the grandson of Mithradates, and subsequently became part of the new client Kingdom of Pontus. When the kingdom was finally annexed to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Galatia_(Roman_province)" title="Galatia (Roman province)">Galatia</a> two centuries later, the fleet passed to new commanders, becoming the <i><a href="/wiki/Classis_Pontica" title="Classis Pontica">Classis Pontica</a></i>. The city received the status of <a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">civitas libera</a>, extending its judicial autonomy and the right to mint its own coin. Trebizond gained importance for its access to roads leading over the <a href="/wiki/Zigana_Pass" title="Zigana Pass">Zigana Pass</a> to the Armenian frontier or the upper <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> valley. New roads were constructed from <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>. In the next century, the emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> commissioned improvements to give the city a more structured harbor.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller-9_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emperor visited the city in the year 129 as part of his inspection of the eastern border (<a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">limes</a>). A <a href="/wiki/Mithraeum" title="Mithraeum">mithraeum</a> now serves as a crypt for the church and monastery of Panagia Theoskepastos (<i>Kızlar Manastırı</i>) in nearby Kizlara, east of the citadel and south of the modern harbor. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquila,_Valerian,_Eugene_and_Candidus_of_Trebizond_(Menologion_of_Basil_II).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Aquila%2C_Valerian%2C_Eugene_and_Candidus_of_Trebizond_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg/220px-Aquila%2C_Valerian%2C_Eugene_and_Candidus_of_Trebizond_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Aquila%2C_Valerian%2C_Eugene_and_Candidus_of_Trebizond_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg/330px-Aquila%2C_Valerian%2C_Eugene_and_Candidus_of_Trebizond_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Aquila%2C_Valerian%2C_Eugene_and_Candidus_of_Trebizond_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg/440px-Aquila%2C_Valerian%2C_Eugene_and_Candidus_of_Trebizond_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1332" /></a><figcaption>Martyrdom of Eugenius, Candidius, Valerian, and Aquila. Work dated to 985, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a>.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trabzon_City_walls_and_Aquaduct.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Trabzon_City_walls_and_Aquaduct.JPG/220px-Trabzon_City_walls_and_Aquaduct.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Trabzon_City_walls_and_Aquaduct.JPG/330px-Trabzon_City_walls_and_Aquaduct.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Trabzon_City_walls_and_Aquaduct.JPG/440px-Trabzon_City_walls_and_Aquaduct.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Parts of the <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Trabzon" title="Walls of Trabzon">city walls of Trabzon</a> and the Eugenius Aqueduct are among the oldest remaining structures in the city.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> punished Trebizond for having supported his rival <a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Five_Emperors" title="Year of the Five Emperors">Year of the Five Emperors</a>. In 257 the city was pillaged by the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, despite reportedly being defended by "10,000 above its usual garrison" and two bands of walls.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller-9_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="anchor" id="258_sack"></span> Trebizond was subsequently rebuilt, pillaged again, by the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Persians</a>, in 258, and then rebuilt once more. It did not soon recover. Only in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> does an inscription allude to the restoration of the city; <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> had nothing to say of Trebizond except that it was "not an obscure town." </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> had reached Trebizond by the third century, for during the reign of Diocletian occurred the martyrdom of <a href="/wiki/Eugenius_of_Trebizond" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenius of Trebizond">Eugenius</a> and his associates Candidius, Valerian, and Aquila.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eugenius had destroyed the statue of <a href="/wiki/Mithras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithras">Mithras</a> which overlooked the city from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Minthrion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Minthrion">Mount Minthrion</a> (Boztepe), and became the patron saint of the city after his death. Early Christians sought refuge in the Pontic Mountains south of the city, where they established <a href="/wiki/Vazelon_Monastery" title="Vazelon Monastery">Vazelon Monastery</a> in 270 AD and <a href="/wiki/Sumela_Monastery" title="Sumela Monastery">Sumela Monastery</a> in 386 AD. As early as the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicea" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Nicea">First Council of Nicea</a>, Trebizond had its own bishop.<sup id="cite_ref-Hewsen46_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hewsen46-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the Bishop of Trebizond was subordinated to the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Bishop">Metropolitan Bishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Poti" title="Poti">Poti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hewsen46_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hewsen46-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then during the 9th century, Trebizond itself became the seat of the Metropolitan Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hewsen46_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hewsen46-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_period">Byzantine period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trabzon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Byzantine period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chaldia" title="Chaldia">Chaldia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Anna_Trabzon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Hagia_Anna_Trabzon.JPG/220px-Hagia_Anna_Trabzon.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Hagia_Anna_Trabzon.JPG/330px-Hagia_Anna_Trabzon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Hagia_Anna_Trabzon.JPG/440px-Hagia_Anna_Trabzon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4798" data-file-height="3242" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne_Church,_Trabzon" title="Saint Anne Church, Trabzon">Saint Anne Church</a>, to the east of the walled city, is the oldest church in the city, possibly dating back to the 6th or 7th century.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trabzon,Ortahisar1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Trabzon%2COrtahisar1.jpg/220px-Trabzon%2COrtahisar1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Trabzon%2COrtahisar1.jpg/330px-Trabzon%2COrtahisar1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Trabzon%2COrtahisar1.jpg/440px-Trabzon%2COrtahisar1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The 10th-century cathedral Panaghia Chrysokephalos (now <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Mosque,_Trabzon" title="Fatih Mosque, Trabzon">Fatih Mosque</a>), the most impressive Byzantine building in the city</div></div></div></div></div> <p>By the time of <a href="/wiki/Justinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian">Justinian</a>, the city served as an important base in his Persian Wars, and Miller notes that a portrait of the general <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> "long adorned the church of St. Basil."<sup id="cite_ref-Miller-11_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An inscription above the eastern gate of the city, commemorated the reconstruction of the civic walls at Justinian's expense following an earthquake.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller-11_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At some point before the 7th century the university (Pandidakterion) of the city was reestablished with a <a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">quadrivium</a> curriculum. The university drew students not just from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, but from Armenia as well.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city regained importance when it became the seat of the theme of <a href="/wiki/Chaldia" title="Chaldia">Chaldia</a>. Trebizond also benefited when the trade route regained importance in the 8th to 10th centuries; 10th-century Muslim authors note that Trebizond was frequented by Muslim merchants, as the main source transshipping <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">Byzantine silks</a> into eastern Muslim countries.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 10th century <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> geographer <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fida" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fida">Abul Feda</a> it was regarded as being largely a <a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazian</a> port. The Italian maritime republics such as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> and in particular the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> were active in the Black Sea trade for centuries, using Trebizond as an important seaport for trading goods between Europe and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-latorio_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latorio-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> caravans carrying goods from Asia stopped at the port of Trebizond, where the European merchants purchased these goods and carried them to the port cities of Europe with ships. This trade provided a source of revenue to the state in the form of custom duties, or <i>kommerkiaroi</i>, levied on the goods sold in Trebizond.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greeks protected the coastal and inland trade routes with a vast network of garrison forts.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a> in 1071, Trebizond came under <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk</a> rule. This rule proved transient when an expert soldier and local aristocrat, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Gabras" title="Theodore Gabras">Theodore Gabras</a> took control of the city from the Turkish invaders, and regarded Trebizond, in the words of <a href="/wiki/Anna_Comnena" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Comnena">Anna Comnena</a>, "as a prize which had fallen to his own lot" and ruled it as his own kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporting Comnena's assertion, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Bendall" title="Simon Bendall">Simon Bendall</a> has identified a group of rare coins he believes was minted by Gabras and his successors.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he was killed by the Turks in 1098, other members of his family continued his de facto independent rule into the next century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Empire_of_Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trabzon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Empire of Trebizond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a> was formed after <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars#Georgian_expedition_to_Chaldia_and_the_founding_of_the_Trebizond_Empire" title="Byzantine–Georgian wars">Georgian expedition in Chaldia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commanded by <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios I of Trebizond">Alexios</a> <a href="/wiki/Komnenos" title="Komnenos">Komnenos</a> a few weeks before the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">sack of Constantinople</a> in 1204. Located at the far northeastern corner of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, it was the longest surviving of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> successor states. Byzantine authors, such as <a href="/wiki/George_Pachymeres" title="George Pachymeres">Pachymeres</a>, and to some extent Trapezuntines such as <a href="/wiki/John_Lazaropoulos" title="John Lazaropoulos">Lazaropoulos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basilios_Bessarion" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilios Bessarion">Bessarion</a>, regarded the Trebizond Empire as being no more than a <a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazian</a> border state. Thus from the point of view of the Byzantine writers connected with the <a href="/wiki/Laskaris" title="Laskaris">Lascaris</a> and later with the <a href="/wiki/Palaiologos" title="Palaiologos">Palaiologos</a>, the rulers of Trebizond were not emperors.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Sophia_Trabzon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hagia_Sophia_Trabzon.jpg/220px-Hagia_Sophia_Trabzon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hagia_Sophia_Trabzon.jpg/330px-Hagia_Sophia_Trabzon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hagia_Sophia_Trabzon.jpg/440px-Hagia_Sophia_Trabzon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Trabzon" title="Hagia Sophia, Trabzon">Hagia Sophia</a><br />(now Ayasofya mosque & museum)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagios_Eugenios_Trabzon_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hagios_Eugenios_Trabzon_2.JPG/220px-Hagios_Eugenios_Trabzon_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hagios_Eugenios_Trabzon_2.JPG/330px-Hagios_Eugenios_Trabzon_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hagios_Eugenios_Trabzon_2.JPG/440px-Hagios_Eugenios_Trabzon_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Hagios Eugenios<br />(now <a href="/wiki/New_Friday_Mosque" title="New Friday Mosque">Yeni Cuma Mosque</a>)</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The young empire required new buildings to honor its name. Their architectural style differs from previous Byzantine architecture, while still retaining many features. Caucasian and Eastern Anatolian influences are especially evident in Hagia Sophia.</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_of_Comneni_at_Agia_Theotokos,_Trebizond..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Fresco_of_Comneni_at_Agia_Theotokos%2C_Trebizond..jpg/220px-Fresco_of_Comneni_at_Agia_Theotokos%2C_Trebizond..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Fresco_of_Comneni_at_Agia_Theotokos%2C_Trebizond..jpg/330px-Fresco_of_Comneni_at_Agia_Theotokos%2C_Trebizond..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Fresco_of_Comneni_at_Agia_Theotokos%2C_Trebizond..jpg/440px-Fresco_of_Comneni_at_Agia_Theotokos%2C_Trebizond..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="945" /></a><figcaption>Fresco of Alexios III between his wife and mother at the <a href="/wiki/Panagia_Theoskepastos_Monastery" title="Panagia Theoskepastos Monastery">Panagia Theoskepastos Monastery</a>, as drawn by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Texier" title="Charles Texier">Charles Texier</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Geographically, the Empire of Trebizond consisted of little more than a narrow strip along the southern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, and not much further inland than the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Mountains" title="Pontic Mountains">Pontic Mountains</a>. However, the city gained great wealth from the taxes it levied on the goods traded between Persia and Europe via the Black Sea. The Mongol <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">siege of Baghdad</a> in 1258 diverted more trade caravans towards the city. Genoese and to a lesser extent Venetian traders regularly came to Trebizond. To secure their part of the Black Sea trade, the Genoese bought the coastal fortification "Leonkastron", just west of the winter harbour, in the year 1306. The Venetians likewise built a trading outpost in the city, a few hundred meters to the west of the Genoese. In between these two Italian colonies settled many other European traders, and it thus became known as the "European Quarter". Small groups of Italians continued to live in the city until the early decades of the 20th century. One of the most famous persons to have visited the city in this period was <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>, who ended his overland return journey at the port of Trebizond, and sailed to his hometown <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> with a ship; passing by <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (<a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>) on the way, which was retaken by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantines</a> in 1261. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisanello_-_St_George_and_the_Princess_of_Trebizond_(detail)_-_WGA17878.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pisanello_-_St_George_and_the_Princess_of_Trebizond_%28detail%29_-_WGA17878.jpg/220px-Pisanello_-_St_George_and_the_Princess_of_Trebizond_%28detail%29_-_WGA17878.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pisanello_-_St_George_and_the_Princess_of_Trebizond_%28detail%29_-_WGA17878.jpg/330px-Pisanello_-_St_George_and_the_Princess_of_Trebizond_%28detail%29_-_WGA17878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pisanello_-_St_George_and_the_Princess_of_Trebizond_%28detail%29_-_WGA17878.jpg/440px-Pisanello_-_St_George_and_the_Princess_of_Trebizond_%28detail%29_-_WGA17878.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Fantastical depiction of Trebizond by <a href="/wiki/Pisanello" title="Pisanello">Pisanello</a> in a fresco of the <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anastasia_(Verona)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant'Anastasia (Verona)">Sant'Anastasia</a> church in <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>, painted between 1436 and 1438</figcaption></figure> <p>Together with Persian goods, Italian traders brought stories about the city to Western Europe. Trebizond played a mythical role in European literature of the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance. <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais">François Rabelais</a> gave their protagonists the desire to possess the city.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Next to literature, the legendary history of the city – and that of the Pontus in general – also influenced the creation of <a href="/wiki/Paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Paintings">paintings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">theatre plays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operas" class="mw-redirect" title="Operas">operas</a> in Western Europe throughout the following centuries. </p><p>The city also played a role in the early <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>; the western takeover of Constantinople, which formalized Trebizond's political independence, also led Byzantine intellectuals to seek refuge in the city. Especially <a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios II of Trebizond">Alexios II of Trebizond</a> and his grandson <a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios III of Trebizond">Alexios III</a> were patrons of the arts and sciences. After the great city fire of 1310, the ruined university was reestablished. As part of the university <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Choniades" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Choniades">Gregory Choniades</a> opened a new academy of astronomy, which housed the best observatory outside Persia. Choniades brought with him the works of Shams al-Din al-Bukhari,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Khazini" title="Al-Khazini">Abd al-Rahman al-Khazini</a> from Tabriz, which he translated into Greek. These works later found their way to western Europe, together with the <a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">astrolabe</a>. The observatory Choniades built would become known for its accurate <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipse</a> predictions, but was probably used mostly for <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrological</a> purposes for the emperor and/or the church.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists and philosophers of Trebizond were among the first western thinkers to compare contemporaneous theories with classical Greek texts. <a href="/wiki/Basilios_Bessarion" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilios Bessarion">Basilios Bessarion</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_of_Trebizond" title="George of Trebizond">George of Trebizond</a> travelled to Italy and taught and published works on <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, starting a fierce debate and literary tradition that continues to this day on the topic of national identity and <a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship" title="Global citizenship">global citizenship</a>. They were so influential that Bessarion was considered for the position of <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>, and George could survive as an academic even after being defamed for his heavy criticism of Plato. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> arrived at the city in September 1347, probably via <a href="/wiki/Kaffa_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaffa (city)">Kaffa</a>. At that time the local aristocracy was engaged in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trapezuntine_Civil_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trapezuntine Civil War (page does not exist)">Trapezuntine Civil War</a>. </p><p>In 1340, Tur Ali Beg, an early ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a>, raided Trebizond. In 1348, he besieged Trebizond, however he failed and lifted the siege. Later on, <a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios III of Trebizond">Alexios III of Trebizond</a> gave his sister to <a href="/wiki/Qutlugh_bin_Tur_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutlugh bin Tur Ali">Kutlu Beg</a> son of Tur Ali Beg, and established a kinship with them.<sup id="cite_ref-faruk1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faruk1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Constantinople remained the Byzantine capital until it was <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">conquered</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> in 1453, who also <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trebizond_(1461)" title="Siege of Trebizond (1461)">conquered Trebizond</a> eight years later, in 1461. </p><p>Its demographic legacy endured for several centuries after the Ottoman conquest in 1461, as a substantial number of <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> inhabitants, usually referred to as <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a>, continued to live in the area during Ottoman rule, up until 1923, when they were deported to Greece. A few thousand <a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek Muslims</a> still live in the area, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%87aykara" title="Çaykara">Çaykara</a>-<a href="/wiki/Of,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Of, Turkey">Of</a> dialectical region to the southeast of Trabzon. Most are Sunni Muslim, while there are some recent converts in the city<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and possibly a few <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-Christians">Crypto-Christians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tonya,_Turkey" title="Tonya, Turkey">Tonya</a>/<a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fhane" title="Gümüşhane">Gümüşhane</a> area to the southwest of the city. Compared to most previously Greek cities in Turkey, a large amount of its Greek Byzantine architectural heritage survives as well. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:908px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cassone_Conquest_of_Trebizond_Apollonio_di_Giovanni_di_Tomaso.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Cassone with the 'Conquest of Trebizond' by Apollonio di Giovanni di Tomaso, on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Painted just after the fall of the city, it depicts Trebizond as being equal to Constantinople (at the far left). Even the battle displayed in between the two cities was mostly a fantasy. The city held a legendary place in Western European literature and thought throughout the late medieval period and the renaissance, with a lasting influence that can be felt even to present times."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cassone_Conquest_of_Trebizond_Apollonio_di_Giovanni_di_Tomaso.png/900px-Cassone_Conquest_of_Trebizond_Apollonio_di_Giovanni_di_Tomaso.png" decoding="async" width="900" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cassone_Conquest_of_Trebizond_Apollonio_di_Giovanni_di_Tomaso.png/1350px-Cassone_Conquest_of_Trebizond_Apollonio_di_Giovanni_di_Tomaso.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cassone_Conquest_of_Trebizond_Apollonio_di_Giovanni_di_Tomaso.png/1800px-Cassone_Conquest_of_Trebizond_Apollonio_di_Giovanni_di_Tomaso.png 2x" data-file-width="2055" data-file-height="628" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cassone_Conquest_of_Trebizond_Apollonio_di_Giovanni_di_Tomaso.png" title="File:Cassone Conquest of Trebizond Apollonio di Giovanni di Tomaso.png"> </a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Cassone" title="Cassone">Cassone</a> with the 'Conquest of Trebizond' by <a href="/wiki/Apollonio_di_Giovanni_di_Tomaso" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonio di Giovanni di Tomaso">Apollonio di Giovanni di Tomaso</a>, on display at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in New York. Painted just after the fall of the city, it depicts Trebizond as being equal to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (at the far left). Even the battle displayed in between the two cities was mostly a fantasy. The city held a legendary place in Western European literature and thought throughout the late medieval period and the renaissance, with a lasting influence that can be felt even to present times.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_era">Ottoman era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trabzon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ottoman era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Eyalet" title="Trebizond Eyalet">Trebizond Eyalet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Trebizond Vilayet">Trebizond Vilayet</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trebizond_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Trebizond_map.jpg/240px-Trebizond_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Trebizond_map.jpg/360px-Trebizond_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Trebizond_map.jpg/480px-Trebizond_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The first known plan of Trebizond, drawn around 1604–1610 by Julien Bordier. Many characteristics of the city can be recognized: the two streams dividing the central core, the separately walled quarters, the Genoese town next to the winter harbour, Haghia Sophia at the bottom right, and <a href="/wiki/Boztepe_hill,_Trabzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Boztepe hill, Trabzon">Boztepe hill</a> at the top left.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trebisonde_(Relation_d_un_voyage_du_Levant).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Trebisonde_%28Relation_d_un_voyage_du_Levant%29.jpg/240px-Trebisonde_%28Relation_d_un_voyage_du_Levant%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Trebisonde_%28Relation_d_un_voyage_du_Levant%29.jpg/360px-Trebisonde_%28Relation_d_un_voyage_du_Levant%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Trebisonde_%28Relation_d_un_voyage_du_Levant%29.jpg/480px-Trebisonde_%28Relation_d_un_voyage_du_Levant%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1811" data-file-height="1171" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The first city-view of Trebizond, published by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pitton_de_Tournefort" title="Joseph Pitton de Tournefort">Joseph Pitton de Tournefort</a> after a drawing by himself or his assistant <a href="/wiki/Claude_Aubriet" title="Claude Aubriet">Claude Aubriet</a> during a visit in 1701. The view shows the city from Haghia Sophia in the distance all the way to the winter harbour. The drawing was made from Boztepe, which is still the most popular place to view the city.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The last Emperor of Trebizond, <a href="/wiki/David_of_Trebizond" title="David of Trebizond">David</a>, surrendered the city to Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1461.<sup id="cite_ref-Prothero23_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prothero23-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this takeover, Mehmed II sent many Turkish settlers into the area, but the old ethnic <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Laz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> communities remained. According to the Ottoman tax books (<i><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_defterleri" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahrir defterleri">tahrir defterleri</a></i>), the total population of taxable adult males (only those with a household) in the city was 1,473 in the year 1523.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Times_page_27/28_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Times_page_27/28-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total population of the city was much higher. Approximately 85% of the population was Christian, and 15% Muslim. Thirteen percent of the adult males belonged to the Armenian community, while the vast majority of Christians were Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Times_page_27/28_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Times_page_27/28-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a significant portion of the local Christians were <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamized</a> by the end of the 17th century - especially those outside the city - according to a research by Prof. <a href="/wiki/Halil_%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k" title="Halil İnalcık">Halil İnalcık</a> on the Ottoman tax books (<i><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_defterleri" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahrir defterleri">tahrir defterleri</a></i>). Between 1461 and 1598 Trabzon remained the administrative center of the wider region; first as 'sanjac center' of <a href="/wiki/Rum_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum Eyalet">Rum Eyalet</a>, later of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erzincan-Bayburt_eyalet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erzincan-Bayburt eyalet (page does not exist)">Erzincan-Bayburt eyalet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anadolu_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Anadolu Eyalet">Anadolu Eyalet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Eyalet" title="Erzurum Eyalet">Erzurum Eyalet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1598 it became the capital of its own province - the <a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Eyalet" title="Trebizond Eyalet">Eyalet of Trebizond</a> - which in 1867 became the <a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Trebizond Vilayet">Vilayet of Trebizond</a>. During the reign of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a>, his son <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Prince Selim</a> (later Sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a>) was the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak-bey" title="Sanjak-bey">Sanjak-bey</a> of Trabzon, and Selim I's son <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> was born in Trabzon in 1494. The Ottoman government often appointed local <a href="/wiki/Chepni_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chepni people">Chepni Turks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Laz</a> <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">beys</a> as the regional <a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">beylerbey</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is also recorded that some <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a> were appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a> as the regional beylerbeys in Trabzon.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Eyalet of Trabzon had always sent troops for the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Ottoman campaigns in Europe</a> during the 16th and 17th centuries. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meydan_Trebizond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Meydan_Trebizond.jpg/240px-Meydan_Trebizond.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Meydan_Trebizond.jpg/360px-Meydan_Trebizond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Meydan_Trebizond.jpg/480px-Meydan_Trebizond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="871" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Trebizond <i>Meydan</i> around 1868, <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Ivanovich_Yermakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitri Ivanovich Yermakov">Dmitri Ivanovich Yermakov</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Public_funeral_in_Trebizond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Public_funeral_in_Trebizond.jpg/240px-Public_funeral_in_Trebizond.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Public_funeral_in_Trebizond.jpg/360px-Public_funeral_in_Trebizond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Public_funeral_in_Trebizond.jpg/480px-Public_funeral_in_Trebizond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1155" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Men and woman gathered for the funeral of an Armenian cleric. Hatchik Tcholakian, 1892.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Trebizond had a wealthy merchant class during the late Ottoman period, and the local Christian minority had a substantial influence in terms of culture, economy and politics. A number of European consulates were opened in the city due to its importance in regional trade and commerce. In the first half of the 19th century, Trebizond even became the main port for Persian exports. The opening of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> greatly diminished the international trading position of the city, but did not halt the economic development of the region. In the last decades of the 19th century, the city saw some demographic changes. As the population of the province greatly expanded due to increased living standards, many families and young men - mostly <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, but also some Jews and Greek or Turkish speaking Muslims - chose to migrate to the Crimea and southern Ukraine, in search for farmland or employment in one of the cities which had been newly established there. Among these migrants were the grandparents of <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Greek politicians and artists. Many Christian and Muslim families from Trabzon also moved to Constantinople, where they established businesses or sought employment - such as the grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Erteg%C3%BCn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmet Ertegün">Ahmet Ertegün</a>. These migrants were active in a wide range of trades including baking, confection, tailoring, carpentry, education, advocacy, politics and administration. The influence of this diaspora has since continued, and can still be seen in the many restaurants and shops in cities around the Black Sea in the 21st century such as in Istanbul, <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a>. At the same time, thousands of Muslim refugees from the Caucasus arrived in the city, especially after 1864, in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a>. </p><p>Next to Constantinople, <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> (now <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>) and Salonika (now <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>), Trebizond was one of the cities where western cultural and technological innovations were first introduced to the Ottoman Empire. In 1835, the <a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions" title="American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions">American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions</a> opened the Trebizond Mission station that it occupied from 1835 to 1859 and from 1882 to at least 1892.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hundreds of schools were constructed in the province during the first half of the 19th century, giving the region one of the highest literacy rates of the empire. First, the Greek community set up their schools, but soon the Muslim and Armenian communities followed. International schools were also established in the city; An American school, five French schools, a Persian school and a number of Italian schools were opened in the second half of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city got a post office in 1845. New churches and mosques were built in the second half of the 19th century, as well as the first theater, public and private printing houses, multiple photo studios and banks. The oldest known photographs of the city center date from the 1860s and depict one of the last <a href="/wiki/Camel_train" title="Camel train">camel trains</a> from Persia. </p><p>Between one and two thousand Armenians are believed to have been killed in the Trebizond <a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">vilayet</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a> of 1895. While this number was low in comparison to other Ottoman provinces, its impact on the Armenian community in the city was large. Many prominent Armenian residents, among them scholars, musicians, photographers and painters, decided to migrate towards the Russian Empire or France. The large Greek population of the city was not affected by the massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Ivan Aivazovsky</a> made the painting <i>Massacre of the Armenians in Trebizond 1895</i> based on the events.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the high number of Western Europeans in the city, news from the region was being reported on in many European newspapers. These western newspapers were in turn also very popular among the residents of the city. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p><b>Ottoman era paintings and drawings of Trebizond</b> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_Aivazovsky_Trebizond_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trebizond from the sea by Ivan Aivazovsky"><img alt="Trebizond from the sea by Ivan Aivazovsky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ivan_Aivazovsky_Trebizond_1865.jpg/120px-Ivan_Aivazovsky_Trebizond_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ivan_Aivazovsky_Trebizond_1865.jpg/180px-Ivan_Aivazovsky_Trebizond_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ivan_Aivazovsky_Trebizond_1865.jpg/240px-Ivan_Aivazovsky_Trebizond_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="460" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trebizond from the sea by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Ivan Aivazovsky</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harbour_Trebizond_C._Lapante_HQ.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Engraving of the port at Çömlekçi by C. Lapante"><img alt="Engraving of the port at Çömlekçi by C. Lapante" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Harbour_Trebizond_C._Lapante_HQ.jpg/120px-Harbour_Trebizond_C._Lapante_HQ.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Harbour_Trebizond_C._Lapante_HQ.jpg/180px-Harbour_Trebizond_C._Lapante_HQ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Harbour_Trebizond_C._Lapante_HQ.jpg/240px-Harbour_Trebizond_C._Lapante_HQ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2492" data-file-height="1684" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Engraving of the port at Çömlekçi by C. Lapante</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Durand-Brager_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trebizond by Jean-Baptiste Henri Durand-Brager"><img alt="Trebizond by Jean-Baptiste Henri Durand-Brager" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Durand-Brager_3.jpg/120px-Durand-Brager_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Durand-Brager_3.jpg/180px-Durand-Brager_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Durand-Brager_3.jpg/240px-Durand-Brager_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="377" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trebizond by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Durand-Brager" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Durand-Brager">Jean-Baptiste Henri Durand-Brager</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_of_Trebizond_Y.M._Tadevossian.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trebizond from the sea by Yeghishe Tadevosyan"><img alt="Trebizond from the sea by Yeghishe Tadevosyan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Port_of_Trebizond_Y.M._Tadevossian.jpg/120px-Port_of_Trebizond_Y.M._Tadevossian.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Port_of_Trebizond_Y.M._Tadevossian.jpg/180px-Port_of_Trebizond_Y.M._Tadevossian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Port_of_Trebizond_Y.M._Tadevossian.jpg/240px-Port_of_Trebizond_Y.M._Tadevossian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="323" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trebizond from the sea by <a href="/wiki/Yeghishe_Tadevosyan" title="Yeghishe Tadevosyan">Yeghishe Tadevosyan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trebizond_Godfrey_Thomas_Vigne_(1833).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trebizond from the south by Godfrey Vigne"><img alt="Trebizond from the south by Godfrey Vigne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Trebizond_Godfrey_Thomas_Vigne_%281833%29.jpg/120px-Trebizond_Godfrey_Thomas_Vigne_%281833%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Trebizond_Godfrey_Thomas_Vigne_%281833%29.jpg/180px-Trebizond_Godfrey_Thomas_Vigne_%281833%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Trebizond_Godfrey_Thomas_Vigne_%281833%29.jpg/240px-Trebizond_Godfrey_Thomas_Vigne_%281833%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trebizond from the south by <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Vigne" title="Godfrey Vigne">Godfrey Vigne</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quarantine_station_at_Trebizond_by_Jules_Laurens.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The quarantine station by Jules Laurens"><img alt="The quarantine station by Jules Laurens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Quarantine_station_at_Trebizond_by_Jules_Laurens.jpg/120px-Quarantine_station_at_Trebizond_by_Jules_Laurens.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Quarantine_station_at_Trebizond_by_Jules_Laurens.jpg/180px-Quarantine_station_at_Trebizond_by_Jules_Laurens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Quarantine_station_at_Trebizond_by_Jules_Laurens.jpg/240px-Quarantine_station_at_Trebizond_by_Jules_Laurens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="794" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The quarantine station by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Laurens" title="Jules Laurens">Jules Laurens</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trebizond_%27East_town%27_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Street view by Nikolay Lanceray"><img alt="Street view by Nikolay Lanceray" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Trebizond_%27East_town%27_1922.jpg/98px-Trebizond_%27East_town%27_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Trebizond_%27East_town%27_1922.jpg/147px-Trebizond_%27East_town%27_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Trebizond_%27East_town%27_1922.jpg/196px-Trebizond_%27East_town%27_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="570" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Street view by <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Lanceray" title="Nikolay Lanceray">Nikolay Lanceray</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:908px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trebizond_lithograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lithograph of Trebizond from the sea by the Dickinson Brothers of London, 1853. It shows the city from 'Khonsi point' at the left to Platana (Akçaabat) at the right. This is the first impression most European travellers got of the city (in good weather) until the second half of the 20th century."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Trebizond_lithograph.jpg/900px-Trebizond_lithograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="900" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Trebizond_lithograph.jpg/1350px-Trebizond_lithograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Trebizond_lithograph.jpg/1800px-Trebizond_lithograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6090" data-file-height="1178" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Trebizond_lithograph.jpg" title="File:Trebizond lithograph.jpg"> </a></div>Lithograph of Trebizond from the sea by the <a href="/wiki/Lowes_Cato_Dickinson" title="Lowes Cato Dickinson">Dickinson Brothers</a> of London, 1853. It shows the city from 'Khonsi point' at the left to Platana (Akçaabat) at the right. This is the first impression most European travellers got of the city (in good weather) until the second half of the 20th century.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trabzon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scene_in_a_theatre_in_Trebizond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Scene_in_a_theatre_in_Trebizond.jpg/240px-Scene_in_a_theatre_in_Trebizond.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Scene_in_a_theatre_in_Trebizond.jpg/360px-Scene_in_a_theatre_in_Trebizond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Scene_in_a_theatre_in_Trebizond.jpg/480px-Scene_in_a_theatre_in_Trebizond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="473" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A theater performance in Trebizond c. 1900</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philharmonic_orchestra_of_Trebizond_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Philharmonic_orchestra_of_Trebizond_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Philharmonic_orchestra_of_Trebizond_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Philharmonic_orchestra_of_Trebizond_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Philharmonic_orchestra_of_Trebizond_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Philharmonic_orchestra_of_Trebizond_%28cropped%29.jpg/480px-Philharmonic_orchestra_of_Trebizond_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Philharmonic orchestra of Trebizond</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acriteon_Hospital_Trebizond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Acriteon_Hospital_Trebizond.jpg/240px-Acriteon_Hospital_Trebizond.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Acriteon_Hospital_Trebizond.jpg/360px-Acriteon_Hospital_Trebizond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Acriteon_Hospital_Trebizond.jpg/480px-Acriteon_Hospital_Trebizond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Operating room of the Acriteon Hospital</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In 1901 the harbour was equipped with cranes by <a href="/wiki/Stothert_%26_Pitt" title="Stothert & Pitt">Stothert & Pitt</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> in England. In 1912 the Sümer Opera House was opened on the central Meydan square, being one of the first in the empire. The start of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> brought an abrupt end to the relatively peaceful and prosperous period the city had seen during the previous century. First Trebizond would lose many of its young male citizens at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a> in the winter of 1914–15, while during those same months the Russian navy bombarded the city a total of five times, taking 1300<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lives. Especially the port quarter Çömlekçi and surrounding neighborhoods were targeted. </p><p>In July 1915 most of the adult male Armenians of the city were marched off south in five convoys, towards the mines of Gümüşhane, never to be seen again. Other victims of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> were reportedly taken out to sea in boats which were then capsized.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some areas of Trebizond province - such as the Karadere river valley in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Arakl%C4%B1" title="Araklı">Araklı</a>, 25 kilometers east of the city - the local Muslim population tried to protect the Christian Armenians.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coastal region between the city and the Russian frontier became the site of key battles between the Ottoman and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> armies during the <a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Campaign" title="Trebizond Campaign">Trebizond Campaign</a>, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasus Campaign">Caucasus Campaign</a> of World War I. The Russian army landed at <a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Atina</a>, east of Rize on March 4, 1916. <a href="/wiki/Lazistan_Sanjak" title="Lazistan Sanjak">Lazistan Sanjak</a> fell within two days. However, due to heavy guerrilla resistance around Of and Çaykara some 50 km to the east of Trabzon, it took a further 40 days for the Russian army to advance west.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman administration of Trabzon foresaw the fall of the city and called for a meeting with community leaders, where they handed control of the city to Greek metropolitan bishop <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_Chrysanthus_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop Chrysanthus of Athens">Chrysantos Philippidis</a>. </p><p>Chrysantos promised to protect the Muslim population of the city. Ottoman forces retreated from Trabzon, and on April 15 the city was taken without a fight by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Caucasus_Army_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Caucasus Army (World War I)">Russian Caucasus Army</a> under command of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nikolai_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1856%E2%80%931929)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929)">Grand Duke Nicholas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Nikolaevich_Yudenich" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich">Nikolai Yudenich</a>. There was also a massacre of Armenians and Greeks in Trabzon just before the Russian takeover of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1917 Chrysantos tried to broker a peace between the Russians and the Ottomans, to no avail. During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution of 1917</a> Russian soldiers in the city turned to rioting and looting, with officers commandeering Trebizonian ships to flee the scene. Governor Chrysantos was able to calm the Russian soldiers down, and the Russian Army ultimately retreated from the city and the rest of eastern and northeastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. In March and April of 1918 the city hosted the <a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Peace_Conference" title="Trebizond Peace Conference">Trebizond Peace Conference</a>, where the Ottomans agreed to give up their military gains in the Caucasus in return for recognition of the eastern borders of the empire in Anatolia by the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Seim" title="Transcaucasian Seim">Transcaucasian Seim</a> (a short-lived transcaucasian government). </p><p>In December 1918 Trabzon deputy governor <a href="/wiki/Haf%C4%B1z_Mehmet" title="Hafız Mehmet">Hafız Mehmet</a> gave a speech at the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman parliament">Ottoman parliament</a> in which he blamed the former governor of <a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Trebizond Vilayet">Trebizond province</a> <a href="/wiki/Cemal_Azmi" title="Cemal Azmi">Cemal Azmi</a> – a non-native appointee who had fled to Germany after the Russian invasion – for orchestrating the Armenian genocide in the city in 1915, by means of drowning. Subsequently, a series of war crimes trials were held in Trebizond in early 1919 (see <a href="/wiki/Trebizond_during_the_Armenian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Trebizond during the Armenian genocide">Trebizond during the Armenian genocide</a>). Among others, Cemal Azmi was sentenced to death in absentia. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:151px;max-width:151px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:217px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chrysanthos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Chrysanthos.jpg/149px-Chrysanthos.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Chrysanthos.jpg/224px-Chrysanthos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Chrysanthos.jpg/298px-Chrysanthos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="1494" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Chrysanthos Philippidis, metropolitan and governor of Trabzon during part of the First World War. He protected the local population, regardless of religion or ethnicity.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:217px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Shukri_Bey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ali_Shukri_Bey.jpg/165px-Ali_Shukri_Bey.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Ali_Shukri_Bey.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="237" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ali Şükrü Bey, publisher and politician from Trabzon who opposed violence against ethnic minorities and paid the ultimate price for his criticism of Mustafa Kemal</div></div></div></div></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> several Christian <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greek</a> communities in the Trebizond province rebelled against the new army of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Kemal">Mustafa Kemal</a> (notably in <a href="/wiki/Bafra" title="Bafra">Bafra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dumanl%C4%B1" title="Dumanlı">Santa</a>), but when nationalist Greeks came to Trabzon to proclaim revolution, they were not received with open arms by the local Pontic Greek population of the city. At the same time the Muslim population of the city, remembering their protection under Greek governor Chrysantos, protested the arrest of prominent Christians. Liberal delegates of Trebizond opposed the election of Mustafa Kemal as the leader of the Turkish revolution at the <a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Congress" title="Erzurum Congress">Erzurum Congress</a>. </p><p>The governor and mayor of Trebizond were appalled by the violence against Ottoman Greek subjects,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the government of Trabzon thus refused arms to Mustafa Kemal's henchman <a href="/wiki/Topal_Osman" title="Topal Osman">Topal Osman</a>, who was responsible for mass murders in the western Pontus which were part of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a>. Osman was forced out of the city by armed Turkish port-workers.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governor Chrysantos travelled to the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a>, where he proposed the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pontus" title="Republic of Pontus">Republic of Pontus</a>, which would protect its different ethnic groups. For this he was condemned to death by the Turkish Nationalist forces, and he could not return to his post in Trebizond. Instead, the city was to be handed to '<a href="/wiki/Wilsonian_Armenia" title="Wilsonian Armenia">Wilsonian Armenia</a>', which likewise never materialized. Following the war, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> was annulled and replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> (1923). As part of this new treaty, Trebizond became part of the new <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish Republic</a>. The efforts of the pro-<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>, anti-nationalist population of Trebizond only postponed the inevitable, because the national governments of Turkey and Greece agreed to a mutual <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">forced population exchange</a>. This exchange included well over 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Greeks</a> from Trebizond and the vicinity, who moved to Greece (founding the new towns of <a href="/wiki/Nea_Trapezounta,_Pieria" title="Nea Trapezounta, Pieria">Nea Trapezounta, Pieria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nea_Trapezounta,_Grevena" title="Nea Trapezounta, Grevena">Nea Trapezounta, Grevena</a> amongst others).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the war Trebizond parliamentarian <a href="/wiki/Ali_%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Bey" title="Ali Şükrü Bey">Ali Şükrü Bey</a> had been one of the leading figures of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Group_(Turkey)" title="Second Group (Turkey)">first Turkish opposition party</a>. In his newspaper <i>Tan</i>, Şükrü and colleagues publicized critiques of the Kemalist government, such as towards the violence perpetrated against Greeks during the population exchange. Şükrü argued that recognition of ethnic diversity was not a threat to the Turkish nation. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uzun_Sokak_at_night.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Uzun_Sokak_at_night.JPG/240px-Uzun_Sokak_at_night.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Uzun_Sokak_at_night.JPG/360px-Uzun_Sokak_at_night.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Uzun_Sokak_at_night.JPG/480px-Uzun_Sokak_at_night.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Uzun Sokak, a pedestrianized shopping street</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trabzon,Atat%C3%BCrkAlani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Trabzon%2CAtat%C3%BCrkAlani.jpg/240px-Trabzon%2CAtat%C3%BCrkAlani.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Trabzon%2CAtat%C3%BCrkAlani.jpg/360px-Trabzon%2CAtat%C3%BCrkAlani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Trabzon%2CAtat%C3%BCrkAlani.jpg/480px-Trabzon%2CAtat%C3%BCrkAlani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Atatürk Alani at Meydan square in Taksim (central Trabzon)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Topal Osman's men would eventually murder parliamentarian Şükrü for his criticism of the nationalist government of Mustafa Kemal in March 1923. Topal Osman was later sentenced to death and killed while resisting arrest. After pressure from the opposition, his headless body was hanged by his foot in front of the Turkish parliament. Ali Şükrü Bey, who had studied in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deniz_Harp_Okulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deniz Harp Okulu (page does not exist)">Deniz Harp Okulu</a> (Turkish Naval Academy) and worked as a journalist in the United Kingdom, is seen as a hero by the people of Trabzon, while in neighboring Giresun there is a statue of his murderer Topal Osman. Three years later Trabzon deputy Hafız Mehmet – who had testified to his knowledge of, and opposition to, the Armenian Ggenocide – was also executed, for his alleged involvement in the <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_plot" title="İzmir plot">İzmir plot</a> to assassinate Mustafa Kemal. The literal decapitation of the Turkish political opposition – which was in large part based in the Trabzon region – decreased the city's national influence, and led to a long-standing animosity between the Kemalists and the population of Trabzon. A political and cultural divide between the Eastern Black Sea Region and the rest of Anatolia continued to exist throughout the 20th century, and still influences Turkish politics today. Even in the 21st century, politicians who hail from Trabzon are often faced with xenophobic attacks from both nationalist and conservative circles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During World War II shipping activity was limited because the Black Sea had again become a war zone. Hence, the most important export products, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hazelnuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazelnuts">hazelnuts</a>, could not be sold and living standards degraded. </p><p>As a result of the general development of the country, Trabzon has developed its economic and commercial life. The coastal highway and a new harbour have increased commercial relations with central Anatolia, which has led to some growth. However, progress has been slow in comparison to the western and the southwestern parts of Turkey. </p><p>Trabzon is famous throughout Turkey for its <a href="/wiki/Anchovies" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchovies">anchovies</a> called <i>hamsi</i>, which are the main meal in many restaurants in the city. Major exports from Trabzon include <a href="/wiki/Hazelnuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazelnuts">hazelnuts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>. </p><p>The city still has a sizable community of <a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims#Greek_Muslims_of_Pontus_and_the_Caucasus" title="Greek Muslims">Greek-speaking Muslims</a>, most of whom are originally from the vicinities of <a href="/wiki/Tonya,_Turkey" title="Tonya, Turkey">Tonya</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCrmene" title="Sürmene">Sürmene</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%87aykara" title="Çaykara">Çaykara</a>. However, the variety of the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek language</a> - known as "<i>Romeika</i>" in the local vernacular, <i>Pontiaka</i> in Greek, and <i>Rumca</i> in Turkish - is spoken mostly by the older generations.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trabzon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mansions_in_Trabzon_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mansions_in_Trabzon_2.jpg/220px-Mansions_in_Trabzon_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mansions_in_Trabzon_2.jpg/330px-Mansions_in_Trabzon_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mansions_in_Trabzon_2.jpg/440px-Mansions_in_Trabzon_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Historic mansions in <a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7aabat" title="Akçaabat">Akçaabat</a> (formerly Platana village)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Province" title="Trabzon Province">Trabzon Province</a> has a total area of 4,685 square kilometres (1,809 sq mi) and is bordered by the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Rize_Province" title="Rize Province">Rize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giresun_Province" title="Giresun Province">Giresun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fhane_Province" title="Gümüşhane Province">Gümüşhane</a>. The total area is 22.4% plateau and 77.6% hills. The <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Mountains" title="Pontic Mountains">Pontic Mountains</a> pass through the Trabzon Province. </p><p>Trabzon used to be an important <a href="/wiki/Pilotage" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilotage">reference point</a> for <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigators</a> in the Black Sea during harsh weather conditions. The popular expression "perdere la Trebisonda" (losing Trebizond) is still commonly used in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a> to describe situations in which the sense of direction is lost.<sup id="cite_ref-latorio_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latorio-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian maritime republics such as <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> and in particular <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a> were active in the Black Sea trade for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-latorio_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latorio-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trabzon has four lakes: <a href="/wiki/Uzung%C3%B6l" title="Uzungöl">Uzungöl</a>, Çakırgöl, Sera, and Haldizen Lakes. There are several streams, but no rivers in Trabzon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trabzon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trabzon has a climate typical of the eastern Black Sea region, a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Cfa,</i> <a href="/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification" title="Trewartha climate classification">Trewartha</a><i>: Cf</i>) near the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A very small percentage of the province can be classified as subtropical, however, as slightly elevated rural areas near the coast are <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic</a> (<i>Cfb/Do</i>), the mountainous offshores are <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental</a> (<i>Dfb/Dc</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic</a> (<i>Dfc/Eo</i>); and <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> (<i>ET/Ft</i>) can be found in the peaks of the Pontic Alps. Furthermore, during the time the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> was created, the city center had a borderline oceanic-humid subtropical climate, falling just under the 22 °C (72 °F) threshold for the hottest month of the year, yet <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and the city's <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heat island</a> contributed to its reclassification as humid subtropical in recent decades. This and the fact that the subtropical microclimate zone along the shore occupies a very narrow band due to the continuous parallel mountain range starting right at the coast is why local authorities still classify the city as oceanic, as this climate subtype is better representative of the entire coastal region of the province.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Summers are warm, the average maximum temperature is around 28 °C (82 °F) in August, while winters are generally cool, the lowest average minimum temperature is almost 5 °C (41 °F) in February. Precipitation is heaviest in autumn and winter, with a marked reduction in the summer months, a <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimatic</a> condition of the city center compared to the rest of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snowfall is somewhat common between the months of December and March, snowing for a week or two, and it can be heavy once it snows (this is due to the "<a href="/wiki/Lake-effect_snow" title="Lake-effect snow">lake-effect snow</a>"). </p><p>The water temperature, like in the rest of the Black Sea coast of Turkey, is generally mild, and fluctuates between 8 °C (46 °F) and 20 °C (68 °F) throughout the year. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Trabzon (1991–2020, extremes 1927–2023) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.1<br />(86.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2<br />(95.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.6<br />(99.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.2<br />(100.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7<br />(98.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0<br />(98.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.2<br />(100.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.9<br />(100.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.8<br />(92.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8<br />(91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4<br />(79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.2<br />(100.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3<br />(52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4<br />(52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0<br />(55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3<br />(61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5<br />(76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5<br />(81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1<br />(82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1<br />(77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5<br />(61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7<br />(45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5<br />(45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2<br />(48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4<br />(61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9<br />(69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8<br />(74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br />(63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7<br />(54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5<br />(49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.2<br />(59.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2<br />(43.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4<br />(56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6<br />(69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2<br />(70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1<br />(57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6<br />(49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8<br />(44.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.0<br />(19.4) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.4<br />(18.7) </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.8<br />(21.6) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.0<br />(28.4) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br />(39.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2<br />(48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5<br />(56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3<br />(45.1) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(38.1) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.6<br />(29.1) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3<br />(26.1) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−7.4<br />(18.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #7AFF7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.8<br />(3.50) </td> <td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.1<br />(2.48) </td> <td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.3<br />(2.73) </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.8<br />(2.47) </td> <td style="background: #ACFFAC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.5<br />(2.19) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.3<br />(2.06) </td> <td style="background: #CBFFCB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.7<br />(1.37) </td> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.4<br />(2.34) </td> <td style="background: #7BFF7B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.4<br />(3.36) </td> <td style="background: #37FF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">134.1<br />(5.28) </td> <td style="background: #60FF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">103.2<br />(4.06) </td> <td style="background: #73FF73; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.5<br />(3.68) </td> <td style="background: #8CFF8C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">902.1<br />(35.52) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days </th> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.32 </td> <td style="background: #5D5DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11.91 </td> <td style="background: #5050FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.18 </td> <td style="background: #4B4BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.09 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.32 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.73 </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.86 </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.91 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.09 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.36 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.68 </td> <td style="background: #5D5DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.05 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">145.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">72 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #828282; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.3 </td> <td style="background: #AAAAA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.8 </td> <td style="background: #ACAC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99.2 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">135.0 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">170.5 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">192.0 </td> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">176.7 </td> <td style="background: #C4C408; color:#000000;" class="notheme">151.9 </td> <td style="background: #C4C408; color:#000000;" class="notheme">147.0 </td> <td style="background: #B9B94C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">127.1 </td> <td style="background: #B1B17F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">105.0 </td> <td style="background: #767676; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.1 </td> <td style="background: #BABA45; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,525.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #848484; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2.3 </td> <td style="background: #AAAAA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 </td> <td style="background: #ADAD95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2 </td> <td style="background: #C0C024; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 </td> <td style="background: #C5C502; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 </td> <td style="background: #C5C502; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 </td> <td style="background: #BABA47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 </td> <td style="background: #B1B17B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 </td> <td style="background: #787878; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2.1 </td> <td style="background: #BBBB3E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_State_Meteorological_Service" title="Turkish State Meteorological Service">Turkish State Meteorological Service</a><sup id="cite_ref-TSMS_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSMS-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Weatherbase<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trabzon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trebizond_theatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Trebizond_theatre.jpg/220px-Trebizond_theatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Trebizond_theatre.jpg/330px-Trebizond_theatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Trebizond_theatre.jpg/440px-Trebizond_theatre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1048" data-file-height="1612" /></a><figcaption>Postcard of the <a href="/wiki/Art_nouveau" class="mw-redirect" title="Art nouveau">art nouveau</a> style theatre/cinema in Trabzon</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 1920, the port at Trabzon was considered "the most important of the Turkish Black Sea ports" by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a>. It traded as far as <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>. As of 1911, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey">Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey</a> signed an agreement to develop a <a href="/wiki/Harbor" title="Harbor">harbor</a> at the port. When the Russians occupied Trabzon, a <a href="/wiki/Mole_(architecture)" title="Mole (architecture)">mole</a> was built.<sup id="cite_ref-Prothero51_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prothero51-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They built a <a href="/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)" title="Breakwater (structure)">breakwater</a> and were responsible for creating an extended pier, making loading and unloading easier. In 1920, Trabzon produced <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> cloth, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> <a href="/wiki/Filagree" class="mw-redirect" title="Filagree">filagree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tanning</a> and small amounts of <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">hazelnuts</a> were exported.<sup id="cite_ref-Prothero52_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prothero52-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tobacco produced in Trabzon was called <i>Trebizond-Platana</i>. It was described as having "large leaves and a bright colour."<sup id="cite_ref-Prothero61_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prothero61-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trabzon was known for producing poor quality <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a>, mostly for local use.<sup id="cite_ref-Prothero60_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prothero60-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trabzon produced a white <a href="/wiki/Green_bean" title="Green bean">green bean</a>, which was sold in Europe. It was, as of 1920, the only vegetable exported out of the province.<sup id="cite_ref-Prothero61_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prothero61-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a> was also popular in Trabzon. <a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">Sericulture</a> was seen in the area before 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-Prothero64_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prothero64-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area produced <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>. Copper was kept for local use by <a href="/wiki/Coppersmith" title="Coppersmith">coppersmiths</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> production ceased due to poor exportation and fuel supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-Prothero73_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prothero73-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Airport" title="Trabzon Airport">Trabzon Airport</a> opened in 1957. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trabzon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trabzon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Trebizond was an overwhelmingly <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> city at the time of its fall to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> in 1461. The Greek Christians slowly lost their majority through the end of that century. Initially, the Muslims were mainly immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> with a minority of local converts, but this quickly changed with the emergence of an active missionary spirit in the 16th century, as mosques and <a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">dervish</a> lodges were built in predominantly Christian neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Bessarion_aport012.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Johannes_Bessarion_aport012.png/220px-Johannes_Bessarion_aport012.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Johannes_Bessarion_aport012.png/330px-Johannes_Bessarion_aport012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Johannes_Bessarion_aport012.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bessarion" title="Bessarion">Bessarion</a> was born in Trebizond on January 2, 1403. He was one of the illustrious Greek scholars who contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> in the 15th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EmperorSuleiman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EmperorSuleiman.jpg/220px-EmperorSuleiman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EmperorSuleiman.jpg/330px-EmperorSuleiman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EmperorSuleiman.jpg/440px-EmperorSuleiman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="2117" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> was born in Trebizond on November 6, 1494. He was one of the greatest emperors in history and vastly enlarged the territories of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, which became one of the world's leading <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpowers</a> in the 16th century, together with its arch-rival in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>. Portrait after <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a>, Vienna.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Laz people</a> also live in Trabzon. Numerous villages inside and out of Trabzon of the Laz date back as early as the period of <a href="/wiki/Tamar_of_Georgia" title="Tamar of Georgia">Queen Tamar</a>'s rule (Georgian: თამარი, also transliterated as T'amar or Thamar; c. 1160 – 18 January 1213) in the newly unified <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a>. During the Queen's rule, sizeable groups of immigrating Georgians moved to Trabzon where they continue to preserve their native tongue. There was an Armenian community in Trebizond as early as the 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-sae_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sae-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 13th and 14th centuries, numerous <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> families migrated there from <a href="/wiki/Ani" title="Ani">Ani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sae_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sae-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert W. Edwards published part of an early 15th-century diary from the Castilian ambassador who visited Trabzon and compared the churches of the Greek and Armenian communities.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was stated by the ambassador that the Armenians, who were not well-liked by the Greeks, had a population large enough to support a resident bishop. According to Ronald C. Jennings, in the early 16th century, Armenians made up approximately 13 percent<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the city's population.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At present, Trabzon does not have an Armenian-speaking community. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chepni" class="mw-redirect" title="Chepni">Chepni</a> people, a tribe of <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a> who played an important role in the history of the eastern Black Sea area in the 13th and 14th centuries, live in the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ealpazar%C4%B1" title="Şalpazarı">Şalpazarı</a> (Ağasar valley) region of the Trabzon Province.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very little has been written on the <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> of the area. There are no historical records of any considerable Turkish-speaking groups in the Trabzon area until the late 15th century, with the exception of the Chepnis. The original <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Greek</a> (and in some regions <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>) speakers imposed features from their mother language into the Turkish spoken in the region. <a href="/wiki/Heath_W._Lowry" title="Heath W. Lowry">Heath W. Lowry</a>'s<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> work with Halil İnalcık on Ottoman tax books (<i>Tahrir Defteri</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides detailed demographic statistics for the city of Trabzon and its surrounding areas during the Ottoman period. </p><p>It is possible that the majority of the population of Trabzon and <a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rize</a> (another ancient Greek colony in the Pontus region) — except up to the time of the Chepni Turk immigration waves — consisted of indigenous Caucasian tribes (the <a href="/wiki/Colchians" class="mw-redirect" title="Colchians">Colchians</a> and the Laz) who had been partly <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenized</a> religiously and linguistically.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael Meeker stresses the cultural resemblances (e.g. in village structure, house types, and pastoral techniques) between the Eastern Black Sea coast and the areas in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> proper.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urbanization">Urbanization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trabzon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Urbanization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Population</th> <th>2007</th> <th>2008</th> <th>2009</th> <th>2010</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2012</th> <th>2013</th> <th>2014</th> <th>2015 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td>740,569</td> <td>748,982</td> <td>765,127</td> <td>763,714</td> <td>757,353</td> <td>757,898</td> <td>758,237</td> <td>766,782</td> <td>768,417 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Urban</td> <td>396,646</td> <td>390,797</td> <td>408,103</td> <td>415,652</td> <td>757,353</td> <td>757,898</td> <td>758,237</td> <td>766,782</td> <td>768,417 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_sights">Main sights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trabzon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Main sights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumela_Showing_Location.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sumela_Showing_Location.JPG/240px-Sumela_Showing_Location.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sumela_Showing_Location.JPG/360px-Sumela_Showing_Location.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sumela_Showing_Location.JPG/480px-Sumela_Showing_Location.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCmela_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sümela Monastery">Sümela Monastery</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trabzon_-_panoramio_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Trabzon_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/240px-Trabzon_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Trabzon_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/360px-Trabzon_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Trabzon_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/480px-Trabzon_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2663" data-file-height="1327" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Zağnos bridge and central Ortahisar neighborhood</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trabzon_mansions.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Trabzon_mansions.JPG/240px-Trabzon_mansions.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Trabzon_mansions.JPG/360px-Trabzon_mansions.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Trabzon_mansions.JPG/480px-Trabzon_mansions.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Vernacular architecture in masonry</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trabzon_Museum_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Trabzon_Museum_2.jpg/240px-Trabzon_Museum_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Trabzon_Museum_2.jpg/360px-Trabzon_Museum_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Trabzon_Museum_2.jpg/480px-Trabzon_Museum_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Museum" title="Trabzon Museum">Trabzon Museum</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Trabzon has a number of tourist attractions, some of them dating back to the times of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient">ancient</a> <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empires</a> that once existed in the region. In the city itself, one can find a hub of shops, stalls and restaurants surrounding the <i><a href="/wiki/Meydan_(park)" title="Meydan (park)">Meydan</a></i>, a square in the center of the city, which includes a tea garden. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Trabzon" title="Hagia Sophia, Trabzon">Hagia Sophia</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Ayasofya Müzesi</i>, now a mosque), a stunning Byzantine church, is probably the town's most important tourist attraction.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Trabzon Castle">Trabzon Castle</a> ruins are visible in the town but cannot be visited as they fall in a military zone. The outside wall of the castle now serves as the back wall of a military building.</li> <li>The "Atatürk Köşkü" is a villa built in 1890 by a local Greek merchant. In 1924 <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> stayed in the villa during his visit to Trabzon. He stayed there again in 1937. It houses period rooms and serves as a monument to the memory of the founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boztepe_hill,_Trabzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Boztepe hill, Trabzon">Boztepe Park</a> is a small park and tea garden on the hills above Trabzon that has a panoramic view of nearly the entire city. The terrain in Trabzon is ascending in such a way that although the view is far above that of the buildings below, it is still close enough to be able to observe the flow of traffic and the people moving about in the city.</li> <li>Uzun Sokak is one of the most crowded streets of Trabzon.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Museum" title="Trabzon Museum">Trabzon Museum</a> is located in the town centre and offers interesting exhibits on the history of the region, including an impressive collection of Byzantine artifacts.</li> <li>Trabzon's Bazaar District offers interesting shopping opportunities on ancient narrow streets, continuing from Kunduracılar Street from the Meydan (town square).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne_Church,_Trabzon" title="Saint Anne Church, Trabzon">Saint Anne Church, Trabzon</a>, is located in the city centre of Trabzon, and one of the oldest in the city.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostaki_Mansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kostaki Mansion">Kostaki Mansion</a> is located to the north of <a href="/wiki/Zeytinlik,_Artvin" title="Zeytinlik, Artvin">Zeytinlik</a>, near Uzun Sokak.</li> <li>Uzungöl Dursun Ali İnan Museum An ethnographic museum in <a href="/wiki/Uzungol" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzungol">Uzungol</a> that tells the history of Trabzon and the region.</li></ul> <p>Other sites of the city include: <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Mosque_of_Trabzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatih Mosque of Trabzon">Fatih Mosque</a> (originally the Panagia Khrysokephalos Church), <a href="/wiki/Yeni_Cuma_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeni Cuma Mosque">Yeni Cuma Mosque</a> (originally the Agios Eugenios Church), <a href="/wiki/Nakip_Mosque" title="Nakip Mosque">Nakip Mosque</a> (originally the Agios Andreas Church), Hüsnü Köktuğ Mosque (originally the Agios Elevtherios Church), <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skender_Pasha_Mosque,_Trabzon" title="İskender Pasha Mosque, Trabzon">İskender Pasha Mosque</a>, Semerciler Mosque, Çarşı Mosque, Gülbahar Hatun Mosque and Türbe (commissioned by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Kalepark" title="Kalepark">Kalepark</a> (originally Leonkastron). </p><p>Within <a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Province" title="Trabzon Province">Trabzon Province</a>, the main attractions are the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCmela_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sümela Monastery">Sümela Monastery</a> (i. e. the Monastery of the Panagia Soumelá) and the <a href="/wiki/Uzung%C3%B6l" title="Uzungöl">Uzungöl</a> lake. The monastery is built on the side of a very steep mountain overlooking the green forests below and is about 50 kilometres (31 miles) south of the city. Uzungöl is known for its natural environment and scenery. Other sites of interest in the broader region include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaymakl%C4%B1_Monastery" title="Kaymaklı Monastery">Kaymaklı Monastery</a>, a formerly Armenian Monastery of the All-Saviour (arm. Ամենափրկիչ Վանք, Amenaprgič Vank);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1zlar_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Kızlar Monastery">Kızlar Monastery</a> of Panagia Theoskepastos (the God-veiled Virgin);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku%C5%9Ftul_Monastery" title="Kuştul Monastery">Kuştul Monastery</a> of Gregorios Peristereotas (gr. Ιερά Μονή του Αγίου Γεωργίου Περιστερεώτα, Ierá Moní tou Agíou Georgíou Peristereóta);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazelon_Monastery" title="Vazelon Monastery">Vazelon Monastery</a> of Agios Savvas (Maşatlık);</li> <li>Cave churches of Agia Anna (Little Ayvasıl), Sotha (St. John), Agios Theodoros, Agios Konstantinos, Agios Christophoros, Agia Kyriakí, Agios Michail, and Panagia Tzita churches.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trabzon_City_Centre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Trabzon_City_Centre.jpg/1000px-Trabzon_City_Centre.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="448" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Trabzon_City_Centre.jpg/1500px-Trabzon_City_Centre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Trabzon_City_Centre.jpg/2000px-Trabzon_City_Centre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1433" /></a></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trabzon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trebizonde_-_National_dance_of_Laz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Trebizonde_-_National_dance_of_Laz.jpg/220px-Trebizonde_-_National_dance_of_Laz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Trebizonde_-_National_dance_of_Laz.jpg/330px-Trebizonde_-_National_dance_of_Laz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Trebizonde_-_National_dance_of_Laz.jpg/440px-Trebizonde_-_National_dance_of_Laz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption>Postcard of Trabzon showing the national dance Horon</figcaption></figure> <p>Folk dancing is still very much in evidence in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea Region">Black Sea Region</a>. The "<a href="/wiki/Horon_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horon (dance)">Horon</a>" is a famous dance that is indigenous to the city and its surrounding area. It is performed by men, women, the young and elderly alike; in festivities, local weddings and <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvest</a> times.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While similar to Russian <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossack</a> dances in terms of vividness, the Trabzon folk dance is probably indigenous to the eastern Black Sea region, which has an impressive variety of folk music. </p><p>The people of Trabzon have a reputation for being religiously conservative and nationalist. Many Trabzonites generally show a strong sense of loyalty to their family, friends, religion and country. Atatürk selected his presidential guards from Trabzon and the neighbouring city of <a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Giresun</a> because of their fierce fighting ability and their loyalty. </p><p>Outside of the relatively urban space of Trabzon proper, and within parts of it as well, rural traditions from the Black Sea village life are still thriving. These include traditional gender roles, <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">social conservatism</a>, hospitality, and a willingness to help strangers; and all aspects, both positive and negative, of an agrarian lifestyle, such as hard work, poverty, strong family ties, and a closeness to nature. </p><p>The people of the eastern Black Sea region are also known for their wit and sense of humour; many jokes in Turkey are told about the natives of the Black Sea region <i>Karadeniz fıkraları</i> (Black Sea jokes). The character <i>Temel</i>, a universal buffoon figure found in many cultures, forms an important part of the Turkish oral tradition. </p><p>The city's profile was raised somewhat in the English-speaking world by <a href="/wiki/Rose_Macaulay" title="Rose Macaulay">Dame Rose Macaulay</a>'s last novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Towers_of_Trebizond" title="The Towers of Trebizond">The Towers of Trebizond</a></i> (1956), which is still in print.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trabzon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karadeniz_Teknik_%C3%9Cniversitesi_01_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Karadeniz_Teknik_%C3%9Cniversitesi_01_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83.jpg/220px-Karadeniz_Teknik_%C3%9Cniversitesi_01_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Karadeniz_Teknik_%C3%9Cniversitesi_01_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83.jpg/330px-Karadeniz_Teknik_%C3%9Cniversitesi_01_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Karadeniz_Teknik_%C3%9Cniversitesi_01_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83.jpg/440px-Karadeniz_Teknik_%C3%9Cniversitesi_01_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4160" /></a><figcaption>A view from the Karadeniz Technical University campus</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Karadeniz_Technical_University" title="Karadeniz Technical University">Karadeniz Technical University</a> in Trabzon hosts students from all over Turkey, especially from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea Region">Black Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Anatolia_Region,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="East Anatolia Region, Turkey">East Anatolian</a> regions, as well as students from the Turkic states in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. </p><p>Historically the city was a center of Greek culture and education and from 1683 to 1921, a teachers' college operated known as <a href="/wiki/Phrontisterion_of_Trapezous" title="Phrontisterion of Trapezous">Phrontisterion of Trapezous</a>, which provided a major impetus for the rapid expansion of Greek education throughout the region.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building of this institution (built in 1902) still remains the most impressive <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greek</a> monument in the city and today hosts the Turkish school <i>Anadolu Lisesi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trabzon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Trabzon" title="Special:EditPage/Trabzon">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Trabzon's regional cuisine is traditionally reliant on fish, especially <i>hamsi</i> (fresh <a href="/wiki/European_Anchovy" class="mw-redirect" title="European Anchovy">European Anchovy</a> similar to the British Sprat or American Smelt). Trabzon meets 20% of the total fish production in Turkey. Regional dishes include the <i><a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7aabat" title="Akçaabat">Akçaabat</a> <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6fte" class="mw-redirect" title="Köfte">köfte</a></i> (spicy lamb meatball from the Akçaabat district), <i>Karadeniz pidesi</i> (canoe shaped <a href="/wiki/Pita" title="Pita">pita</a> bread, often filled with ground beef, cheese and eggs), <i>kuymak</i> (a Turkish fondue made with cornmeal, fresh butter and cheese), <i>Vakfıkebir ekmeği</i> (large country-style bread), <i>Tonya tereyağı</i> (Tonya butter), <i>tava mısır ekmeği</i> (deep-dish corn bread) and <i>kara lahana çorbası</i> (bean and cabbage soup). <i>Taflan kavurması</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Prunus_laurocerasus" title="Prunus laurocerasus">cherry laurel</a> dish served with onions and <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>. Trabzon is also famous for its <a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">hazelnuts</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_region" title="Black Sea region">Black Sea region</a> of Turkey is the world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">hazelnut</a>; and a large production area of <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>; all of which play an important role in the local cuisine.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trabzon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trabzon_FC_1920s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Trabzon_FC_1920s.jpg/220px-Trabzon_FC_1920s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Trabzon_FC_1920s.jpg/330px-Trabzon_FC_1920s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Trabzon_FC_1920s.jpg/440px-Trabzon_FC_1920s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of a football team of Trabzonspor in 1920–1925</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular sport in Trabzon. The city's top sports club, <a href="/wiki/Trabzonspor" title="Trabzonspor">Trabzonspor</a>, was until <a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_S%C3%BCper_Lig" title="2009–10 Süper Lig">2010</a> the only Turkish football club outside İstanbul to win the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCper_Lig" title="Süper Lig">Süper Lig</a> (six times), which was previously (until Trabzonspor's first championship title in the <a href="/wiki/1975%E2%80%9376_1.Lig" title="1975–76 1.Lig">1975–76 season</a>) won only by the "Big Three" clubs of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Galatasaray_S.K._(football)" title="Galatasaray S.K. (football)">Galatasaray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_S.K._(football)" title="Fenerbahçe S.K. (football)">Fenerbahçe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F_J.K." title="Beşiktaş J.K.">Beşiktaş</a>. Due to Trabzonspor's success, the decades-old term "Big Three" which defined the most successful football clubs in Turkey had to be modified into the "Big Four". Trabzonspor is also one of the most successful Turkish clubs in the <a href="/wiki/UEFA" title="UEFA">European Cups</a>, managing to beat numerous prominent teams such as <a href="/wiki/FC_Barcelona" title="FC Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inter_Milan" title="Inter Milan">Inter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_F.C." title="Liverpool F.C.">Liverpool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C." title="Aston Villa F.C.">Aston Villa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olympique_Lyonnais" title="Olympique Lyonnais">Olympique Lyonnais</a>. Renowned former players of Trabzonspor include <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eenol_G%C3%BCne%C5%9F" title="Şenol Güneş">Şenol Güneş</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lars_Olsen" title="Lars Olsen">Lars Olsen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shota_Arveladze" title="Shota Arveladze">Shota Arveladze</a>. In the 2021–2022 season, Trabzonspor left their Istanbul competition far behind, securing an early championship and ending a 38-year dry streak. Hundreds of thousands Trabzonite expatriates and fans from around the globe made their way to the city to participate in one of the first mass gatherings in the country for nearly two years, marking the end of the Corona pandemic. Officially the pandemic-measures had not been fully lifted, which led to some criticism towards the city's municipal government for allowing the festivities to continue for hours into the night, long past curfew. </p><p>Trabzon hosted the first edition of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Games" title="Black Sea Games">Black Sea Games</a> in July 2007 and the <a href="/wiki/2011_European_Youth_Summer_Olympic_Festival" title="2011 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival">2011 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mayors_of_Trabzon_Metropolitan_Municipality">Mayors of Trabzon Metropolitan Municipality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trabzon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mayors of Trabzon Metropolitan Municipality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Turkish_local_elections" title="1984 Turkish local elections">1984</a>-<a href="/wiki/1989_Turkish_local_elections" title="1989 Turkish local elections">1989</a> Orhan Karakullukçu <a href="/wiki/Anavatan_Partisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anavatan Partisi">Anavatan Partisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Turkish_local_elections" title="1989 Turkish local elections">1989</a>-<a href="/wiki/1994_Turkish_local_elections" title="1994 Turkish local elections">1994</a> <a href="/wiki/Atay_Aktu%C4%9F" title="Atay Aktuğ">Atay Aktuğ</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Populist_Party_(Turkey)" title="Social Democratic Populist Party (Turkey)">SHP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">CHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Turkish_local_elections" title="1994 Turkish local elections">1994</a>-<a href="/wiki/2002_Turkish_general_election" title="2002 Turkish general election">2002</a> <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C4%B1m_Aykan" class="extiw" title="tr:Asım Aykan">Asım Aykan</a> <a href="/wiki/Refah_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Refah Party">Refah Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fazilet_Partisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fazilet Partisi">Fazilet Partisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/AK_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="AK Party">AK Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Turkish_general_election" title="2002 Turkish general election">2002</a>-<a href="/wiki/2004_Turkish_local_elections" title="2004 Turkish local elections">2004</a> <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niyazi_S%C3%BCrmen" class="extiw" title="tr:Niyazi Sürmen">Niyazi Sürmen</a> <a href="/wiki/AK_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="AK Party">AK Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Turkish_local_elections" title="2004 Turkish local elections">2004</a>-<a href="/wiki/2009_Turkish_local_elections" title="2009 Turkish local elections">2009</a> <a href="/wiki/Volkan_Canalio%C4%9Flu" title="Volkan Canalioğlu">Volkan Canalioğlu</a> <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">CHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Turkish_local_elections" title="2009 Turkish local elections">2009</a>-<a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_local_elections" title="2019 Turkish local elections">2019</a> <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orhan_Fevzi_G%C3%BCmr%C3%BCk%C3%A7%C3%BCo%C4%9Flu" class="extiw" title="tr:Orhan Fevzi Gümrükçüoğlu">Orhan Fevzi Gümrükçüoğlu</a> <a href="/wiki/AK_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="AK Party">AK Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_local_elections" title="2019 Turkish local elections">2019</a>-<a href="/wiki/2024_Turkish_local_elections" title="2024 Turkish local elections">2024</a> <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murat_Zorluo%C4%9Flu" class="extiw" title="tr:Murat Zorluoğlu">Murat Zorluoğlu</a> <a href="/wiki/AK_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="AK Party">AK Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Turkish_local_elections" title="2024 Turkish local elections">2024</a>-<a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">present</a> <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet_Metin_Gen%C3%A7" class="extiw" title="tr:Ahmet Metin Genç">tr:Ahmet Metin Genç</a> <a href="/wiki/AK_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="AK Party">AK Party</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_residents">Notable residents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trabzon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notable residents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Trabzon" title="Category:People from Trabzon">Category:People from Trabzon</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trabzon&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Turkey" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey">List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_-_sister_cities">Twin towns - sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trabzon&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Twin towns - sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trabzon is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a>, Georgia, since 2000</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a>, Germany, since 2013</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan"><img alt="Kyrgyzstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a>, Kyrgyzstan, since 2014</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"><img alt="Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gab%C3%A8s" title="Gabès">Gabès</a>, Tunisia, since 2013</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rasht" title="Rasht">Rasht</a>, Iran, since 2000</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rizhao" title="Rizhao">Rizhao</a>, China, since 1997</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a>, Russia, since 1993</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Szigetv%C3%A1r" title="Szigetvár">Szigetvár</a>, Hungary, since 1998</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zanjan,_Iran" title="Zanjan, Iran">Zanjan</a>, Iran, since 2001</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trabzon&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amasya" title="Amasya">Amasya</a> (ancient <a href="/wiki/Amaseia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaseia">Amaseia</a>, capital of the Pontic Greeks during classical antiquity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Tigers" title="Anatolian Tigers">Anatolian Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Region,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea Region, Turkey">Black Sea Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemen%C3%A7e_of_the_Black_Sea" title="Kemençe of the Black Sea">Kemençe of the Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolbast%C4%B1" title="Kolbastı">Kolbastı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_Trabzon" title="World Trade Center Trabzon">World Trade Center Trabzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Trabzon_(1918)" title="Capture of Trabzon (1918)">Capture of Trabzon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trabzon&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-citypop-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-citypop_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/turkey/trabzon/ortahisar/1962__trabzon/">"Trabzon"</a>. <i>citypopulation.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=Trabzon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fturkey%2Ftrabzon%2Fortahisar%2F1962__trabzon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rRgYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA217">Campbell, Lawrence Dundas, <i>The Asiatic annual register, or, A View of the history of Hindustan, and of the Politics, Commerce, Literature of Asia</i>, London 1802 Page 3, Google books link</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KNwuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA96">Malte-Brun, Conrad, <i>Universal geography: or a description of all parts of the world ...</i>, Volume 2 Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_53iqKU0A5gC&pg=PA92">"The modern traveller, a popular description geographical, historical, and topographical of the varieus countries of the globe"</a>. J. Dunkan. 14 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2018</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+modern+traveller%2C+a+popular+description+geographical%2C+historical%2C+and+topographical+of+the+varieus+countries+of+the+globe&rft.pub=J.+Dunkan&rft.date=2018-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_53iqKU0A5gC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitter2018" class="citation book cs1">Ritter, Carl (14 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DwNAQAAIAAJ&pg=PR23"><i>Die Erdkunde im Verhältniss zur Natur und zur Geschichte des Menschen: oder Allgemeine, vergleichende Geographie, als sichere Grundlage des Studiums und Unterrichts in physikalischen und historischen Wissenschaften</i></a>. G. Reimer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783111959979" title="Special:BookSources/9783111959979"><bdi>9783111959979</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2018</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Erdkunde+im+Verh%C3%A4ltniss+zur+Natur+und+zur+Geschichte+des+Menschen%3A+oder+Allgemeine%2C+vergleichende+Geographie%2C+als+sichere+Grundlage+des+Studiums+und+Unterrichts+in+physikalischen+und+historischen+Wissenschaften&rft.pub=G.+Reimer&rft.date=2018-01-14&rft.isbn=9783111959979&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7DwNAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPR23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFY.Dutxuri" class="citation web cs1">Y.Dutxuri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lazuri.com/lazuri_ceviri/index.php">"Türkçe Lazca sözlük / Çeviri / Online Çeviri / Lazuri.Com"</a>. <i>www.Lazuri.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.Lazuri.com&rft.atitle=T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e+Lazca+s%C3%B6zl%C3%BCk+%2F+%C3%87eviri+%2F+Online+%C3%87eviri+%2F+Lazuri.Com&rft.au=Y.Dutxuri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lazuri.com%2Flazuri_ceviri%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Özhan Öztürk claims that Ozinis means "flat place" in Laz language and Hurşidabat means "City of the Sun" in Persian/Ottoman language. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yeniansiklopedi.com/pontus-anticag%e2%80%99dan-gunumuze-karadeniz%e2%80%99in-etnik-ve-siyasi-tarihi/">Pontus: Antik Çağ’dan Günümüze Karadeniz’in Etnik ve Siyasi Tarihi Genesis Yayınları. Ankara, 2011</a>. pp. 547–549 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-54-1017-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-54-1017-9">978-605-54-1017-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DCECH-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DCECH_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorominasPascual1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1991). <i>Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico</i> (in Spanish). Vol. <span class="nowrap">RI–</span>X (3rd reprint ed.). Madrid: Gredos. p. 592. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-249-0879-1" title="Special:BookSources/84-249-0879-1"><bdi>84-249-0879-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionario+cr%C3%ADtico+etimol%C3%B3gico+castellano+e+hisp%C3%A1nico&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=592&rft.edition=3rd+reprint&rft.pub=Gredos&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=84-249-0879-1&rft.aulast=Corominas&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft.au=Pascual%2C+Jos%C3%A9+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RAE-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RAE_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dle.rae.es/trapisonda"><i>trapisonda en Diccionario de la Real Academia Española</i></a> (in Spanish) (23rd ed.). 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=trapisonda+en+Diccionario+de+la+Real+Academia+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft.edition=23rd&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdle.rae.es%2Ftrapisonda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Phoenix: The Peoples of the Hills: Ancient Ararat and Caucasus</i> by Charles Burney, David Marshall Lang, Phoenix Press; New Ed edition (December 31, 2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald Grigor Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation: 2nd edition (December 1994), Indiana University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20915-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-20915-3">0-253-20915-3</a>, page 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timothygrove.blogspot.ro/2012_07_01_archive.html">"A Star in the East"</a>. <i>TimothyGrove.Blogspot.ro</i>. 23 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TimothyGrove.Blogspot.ro&rft.atitle=A+Star+in+the+East&rft.date=2012-07-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimothygrove.blogspot.ro%2F2012_07_01_archive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bosneagu2022-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bosneagu2022_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomeo_Bosneagu2022" class="citation book cs1">Romeo Bosneagu (22 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lr9gEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Black Sea from Paleogeography to Modern Navigation: Applied Maritime Geography and Oceanography</i></a>. Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03-088762-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03-088762-9"><bdi>978-3-03-088762-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1299382109">1299382109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Sea+from+Paleogeography+to+Modern+Navigation%3A+Applied+Maritime+Geography+and+Oceanography&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2022-02-22&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1299382109&rft.isbn=978-3-03-088762-9&rft.au=Romeo+Bosneagu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlr9gEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller-9-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller-9_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller-9_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_Miller_(historian)" title="William Miller (historian)">William Miller</a>, <i>Trebizond: The Last Greek Empire</i>, 1926, (Chicago: Argonaut Publishers, 1968), p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, <i>Trebizond</i>, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hewsen46-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hewsen46_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hewsen46_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hewsen46_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hewsen, 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller-11-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller-11_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller-11_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, <i>Trebizond</i>, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calzolari, V. "The Armenian translation of the Greek Neoplatonic Works" in <i>Greek Texts and Armenian Traditions: An Interdisciplinary Approach</i>, 2016, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> History of Trebizond, Virtual Genocide Memorial <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://virtual-genocide-memorial.de/region/the-black-sea-marmara-and-aegean-littorals-eastern-thrace-and-central-anatolia/trabzon-trapezounta-trebizond-vilayet-province/">[1]</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.B. Serjeant, <i>Islamic Textiles: material for a history up to the Mongol conquest</i>, 1972, pp 63, 213, noted by David Jacoby, "Silk Economics and Cross-Cultural Artistic Interaction: Byzantium, the Muslim World, and the Christian West", <i>Dumbarton Oaks Papers</i> <b>58</b> (2004:197–240) p. 219 note 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latorio-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-latorio_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-latorio_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-latorio_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Miller2009" class="citation book cs1">William Miller (2009). <i>The Latin Orient</i>. Bibliobazaar LLC. pp. <span class="nowrap">51–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-110-86390-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-110-86390-7"><bdi>978-1-110-86390-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Latin+Orient&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.pub=Bibliobazaar+LLC&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-110-86390-7&rft.au=William+Miller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Speros Vryonis, <i>The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century</i> (Berkeley: University of California, 1971), p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert W. Edwards, "The Garrison Forts of the Pontos: A Case for the Diffusion of the Armenian Paradigm", <i>Revue des Études Arméniennes</i> 19, 1985, pp.181–284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, <i>Trebizond</i>, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bendall, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42666585">"The Mint of Trebizond under Alexius I and the Gabrades"</a>, <i>Numismatic Chronicle</i>, Seventh Series, <b>17</b> (1977), pp. 126–136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. A. Vasiliev, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2846872">"The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond (1204–1222)"</a>, <i>Speculum</i>, <b>11</b> (1936), pp. 18f</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finlay, George. The History Of Greece From Its Conquest By The Crusaders To Its Conquest By The Turks And Of The Empire Of Trebizond, 1204–1461, By George Finlay. 1st ed. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood and sons, 1851. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vasilev, A. A. The Foundation Of The Empire Of Trebizond 1204–1222. 1st ed. Cambridge, Mass.: Medieval Academy of America, 1936. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'The lure of Trebizond' by <a href="/wiki/Antony_Eastmond" title="Antony Eastmond">Antony Eastmond</a>, in <i>Byzantium's Other Empire: Trebizond</i>, p. 22, 2016, Istanbul</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Shams_al-Din_al-Bukhari_BEA.htm">"Shams al‐Dīn al‐Bukhārī"</a>. Thomas Hockey et al. (eds.). <i>The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers</i>. New York: Springer, 2007, pp. 1047–1048. Retrieved 12 January 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/29570856/Astronomy_in_the_Trebizond_Empire">Astronomy in the Trebizond Empire</a> Ahmet M. Zehiroğlu (trans. by Paula Darwish). from Trabzon İmparatorluğu 2016, Trabzon.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faruk1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-faruk1_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaruk_Sümer1988–2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Faruk Sümer (1988–2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/akkoyunlular">"AKKOYUNLULAR XV. yüzyılda Doğu Anadolu, Azerbaycan ve Irak'ta hüküm süren Türkmen hânedanı (1340-1514)."</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TDV_Encyclopedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="TDV Encyclopedia of Islam">TDV Encyclopedia of Islam</a> (44+2 vols.)</i> (in Turkish). Istanbul: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Religious_Affairs" title="Presidency of Religious Affairs">Turkiye Diyanet Foundation</a>, Centre for Islamic Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=AKKOYUNLULAR+XV.+y%C3%BCzy%C4%B1lda+Do%C4%9Fu+Anadolu%2C+Azerbaycan+ve+Irak%E2%80%99ta+h%C3%BCk%C3%BCm+s%C3%BCren+T%C3%BCrkmen+h%C3%A2nedan%C4%B1+%281340-1514%29.&rft.btitle=TDV+Encyclopedia+of+Islam+%2844%2B2+vols.%29&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=Turkiye+Diyanet+Foundation%2C+Centre+for+Islamic+Studies&rft.date=1988%2F2016&rft.au=Faruk+S%C3%BCmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamansiklopedisi.org.tr%2Fakkoyunlular&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prothero23-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prothero23_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProthero1920" class="citation book cs1">Prothero, G.W. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11766/view/1/23/"><i>Anatolia</i></a>. London: H.M. Stationery Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatolia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Prothero&rft.aufirst=G.W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F11766%2Fview%2F1%2F23%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modern_Times_page_27/28-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Times_page_27/28_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Times_page_27/28_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times</i>, Richard G. Hovannisian, page 27/28, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ofhayrat.com/news_print.php?id=4895">"Haber Yazdır : Trabzon'un fethi araştırmaları ve 15 ağustos 1461 – Of hayrat haberleri"</a>. <i>www.OfHayrat.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.OfHayrat.com&rft.atitle=Haber+Yazd%C4%B1r+%3A+Trabzon%27un+fethi+ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%C4%B1+ve+15+a%C4%9Fustos+1461+%E2%80%93+Of+hayrat+haberleri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ofhayrat.com%2Fnews_print.php%3Fid%3D4895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSounes2001" class="citation book cs1">Sounes, Howard (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/downhighwaylifeo0000soun"><i>Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan</i></a>. Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1686-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1686-4"><bdi>978-0-8021-1686-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Down+The+Highway%3A+The+Life+Of+Bob+Dylan&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-1686-4&rft.aulast=Sounes&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdownhighwaylifeo0000soun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span> At pages 12-13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRev._M._P._Parmalee1892" class="citation book cs1">Rev. M. P. Parmalee (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z8sWAQAAIAAJ&q=%22P.+O.+Powers%22+%22G.+W.+Wood%22&pg=PA229"><i>Proceedings of the ABCFM for the year 1892</i></a>. Boston: Samuel Usher. p. 229<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2017</span>. <q>Trebizond was occupied as a missionary station in 1835... The following is a list of missionaries who have been connected with the station for at least one year: ... Rev. <a href="/wiki/George_Warren_Wood" title="George Warren Wood">G. W. Wood</a>, 1842 – 1843"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+ABCFM+for+the+year+1892&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Samuel+Usher&rft.date=1892&rft.au=Rev.+M.+P.+Parmalee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz8sWAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522P.%2BO.%2BPowers%2522%2B%2522G.%2BW.%2BWood%2522%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/68645/03.pdf">The constitutional revolution of 1908 and its aftermath in Trabzon</a> Ahmetoglu, S., 2019, p.127-128, Doctoral Thesis, Leiden University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rev. Edwin Munsell Blis on the Hamidian Massacres in 'Modern Genocide: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection', 2014, p. 147, Paul R. Bartrop & Steven Leonard Jacobs (eds)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidian,_Vazken_Khatchig2018" class="citation journal cs1">Davidian, Vazken Khatchig (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/eac/1815">"Image of an Atrocity: Ivan (Hovhannes) Aivazovsky's <i>Massacre of the Armenians in Trebizond 1895</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tudes_Arm%C3%A9niennes_Contemporaines" class="mw-redirect" title="Études Arméniennes Contemporaines">Études Arméniennes Contemporaines</a></i> (11): <span class="nowrap">40–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Feac.1815">10.4000/eac.1815</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+Arm%C3%A9niennes+Contemporaines&rft.atitle=Image+of+an+Atrocity%3A+Ivan+%28Hovhannes%29+Aivazovsky%27s+Massacre+of+the+Armenians+in+Trebizond+1895&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Feac.1815&rft.au=Davidian%2C+Vazken+Khatchig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Feac%2F1815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Maldonado in 'Historic Cities of the Islamic World', 2007, p. 525, C. Edmund Bosworth (ed)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Toronto Globe</i>, August 26, 1915.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Takvimi Vekdyi</i>, No. 3616, August 6, 1919, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://virtual-genocide-memorial.de/region/the-black-sea-marmara-and-aegean-littorals-eastern-thrace-and-central-anatolia/trabzon-trapezounta-trebizond-vilayet-province/sancak-lazistan-rizounta-%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1-rize/kaza-hemsin-hamshen/">KAZA HEMŞIN / ՀԱՄՇԷՆ – HAMSHEN</a> Virtual genocide memorial</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Infographic by the newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sphere_(newspaper)" title="The Sphere (newspaper)">The Sphere</a></i> showing the advance of the Russian front on Trebizond, The Sphere, April 29, 1916</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/124874666">"Massacre of Christians before Evacuation of Trebizond"</a>. Adelaide, Australia: The Daily Herald. April 21, 1916. p. 5. <q>Frightful scenes were witnessed in the Christian quarter...hundreds of civilians were killed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Massacre+of+Christians+before+Evacuation+of+Trebizond&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1916-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F124874666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenationalherald.com/176214/seattle-city-council-asia-minor">Seattle City Council and Asia Minor – The articles of Herbert Adams Gibbons in the Christian Science Monitor</a> Stavros T. Stavridis in <i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Herald" title="The National Herald">The National Herald</a></i>, September 26, 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2006" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Bruce (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kVZ3sLBEPEcC&q=1921&pg=PA112"><i>Twice a Stranger: The Mass Expulsions that Forged Modern Greece and Turkey</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">112–</span>116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674023680" title="Special:BookSources/9780674023680"><bdi>9780674023680</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2018</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twice+a+Stranger%3A+The+Mass+Expulsions+that+Forged+Modern+Greece+and+Turkey&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E112-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780674023680&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkVZ3sLBEPEcC%26q%3D1921%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baum, Wilhelm (2006). <i>The Christian minorities in Turkey</i>. Kitab. p. 162. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-902005-62-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-902005-62-5">978-3-902005-62-5</a>. "On October 11, 1922, Turkey concluded an armistice with the allied forces, but not with the Greeks. The Greeks in the other settlement areas of Asia Minor were also expelled at that time, like e.g. the Kappadocian Greeks in the Goreme area and the other Greeks in Pontus, in the Trebizond area and on the west coast."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zhan_%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk" title="Özhan Öztürk">Özhan Öztürk</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yeniansiklopedi.com/pontus-anticag%e2%80%99dan-gunumuze-karadeniz%e2%80%99in-etnik-ve-siyasi-tarihi/"><i>Pontus: Antik Çağ’dan Günümüze Karadeniz’in Etnik ve Siyasi Tarihi</i>, Genesis Yayınları, Ankara, 2011</a>, pp. 417–421, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-54-1017-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-54-1017-9">978-605-54-1017-9</a>; Peter Mackridge: <i>Greek-Speaking Muslims of North-East Turkey: Prolegomena to a study of the Ophitic sub-dialect of Pontic</i>, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, Oxford University Press, 1987, pp. 115–137; <a href="/wiki/%C3%96mer_Asan" title="Ömer Asan">Ömer Asan</a>: <i>Pontus Kültürü</i>, Belge Yayınları, Istanbul, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeelFinlaysonMcMahon2007" class="citation journal cs1">Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00298818/file/hessd-4-439-2007.pdf">"Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hydrology and Earth System Sciences</i>. <b>4</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">439–</span>473. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007HESSD...4..439P">2007HESSD...4..439P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhessd-4-439-2007">10.5194/hessd-4-439-2007</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrology+and+Earth+System+Sciences&rft.atitle=Updated+world+map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger+climate+classification&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E439-%3C%2Fspan%3E473&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fhessd-4-439-2007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007HESSD...4..439P&rft.aulast=Peel&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rft.au=Finlayson%2C+B.+L.&rft.au=McMahon%2C+T.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-00298818%2Ffile%2Fhessd-4-439-2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mgm.gov.tr/iklim/iklim.aspx?key=C">"Türkiye İklimi"</a>. <i>Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü</i>. 27 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Meteoroloji+Genel+M%C3%BCd%C3%BCrl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC&rft.atitle=T%C3%BCrkiye+%C4%B0klimi&rft.date=2021-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mgm.gov.tr%2Fiklim%2Fiklim.aspx%3Fkey%3DC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present.svg">"File:Koppen-Geiger Map TUR present.svg - Wikipedia"</a>. <i>commons.wikimedia.org</i>. 6 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Stationery Office. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia+and+Kurdistan&rft.place=London&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Prothero&rft.aufirst=W.G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F11768%2Fview%2F1%2F51%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prothero52-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prothero52_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProthero1920" class="citation book cs1">Prothero, W.G. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/52/"><i>Armenia and Kurdistan</i></a>. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia+and+Kurdistan&rft.place=London&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Prothero&rft.aufirst=W.G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F11768%2Fview%2F1%2F52%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prothero61-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prothero61_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prothero61_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProthero1920" class="citation book cs1">Prothero, W.G. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/61/"><i>Armenia and Kurdistan</i></a>. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia+and+Kurdistan&rft.place=London&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Prothero&rft.aufirst=W.G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F11768%2Fview%2F1%2F61%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prothero60-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prothero60_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProthero1920" class="citation book cs1">Prothero, W.G. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/60/"><i>Armenia and Kurdistan</i></a>. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia+and+Kurdistan&rft.place=London&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Prothero&rft.aufirst=W.G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F11768%2Fview%2F1%2F60%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prothero64-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prothero64_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProthero1920" class="citation book cs1">Prothero, W.G. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/64/"><i>Armenia and Kurdistan</i></a>. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia+and+Kurdistan&rft.place=London&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Prothero&rft.aufirst=W.G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F11768%2Fview%2F1%2F64%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prothero73-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prothero73_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProthero1920" class="citation book cs1">Prothero, W.G. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/73/"><i>Armenia and Kurdistan</i></a>. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia+and+Kurdistan&rft.place=London&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Prothero&rft.aufirst=W.G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F11768%2Fview%2F1%2F73%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2015" class="citation book cs1">Greene, Molly (23 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0DwkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA77"><i>Edinburgh History of the Greeks, 1453 to 1768: The Ottoman Empire</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">75–</span>79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748694006" title="Special:BookSources/9780748694006"><bdi>9780748694006</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edinburgh+History+of+the+Greeks%2C+1453+to+1768%3A+The+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2015-07-23&rft.isbn=9780748694006&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Molly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0DwkDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sae-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sae_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sae_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor_Amazaspovich_AmbartsumianAbel_Poghosi_SimonyanMakich_Vahani_Arzumanyan1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Victor Amazaspovich Ambartsumian; Abel Poghosi Simonyan; Makich Vahani Arzumanyan (1986). "Yerevan". <i>Haykakan sovetakan hanragitaran ["<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armenian_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia">Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia</a>"]</i> (in Armenian). Vol. 12. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10431241">10431241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yerevan&rft.btitle=Haykakan+sovetakan+hanragitaran+%5B%22Soviet+Armenian+Encyclopedia%22%5D&rft.pages=87&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10431241&rft.au=Victor+Amazaspovich+Ambartsumian&rft.au=Abel+Poghosi+Simonyan&rft.au=Makich+Vahani+Arzumanyan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert W. Edwards, "Armenian and Byzantine Religious Practices in Early Fifteenth-Century Trabzon: A Spanish Viewpoint", <i>Revue des Études Arméniennes</i> 23, 1992, pp. 81–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">15.5% of 85%</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennings, Ronald C. (Jan. 1976) <i>Urban Population in Anatolia in the 16th Century</i>: International Journal of MiddleEast Studies, Vol. 7, No. 1 pp. 21–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernt Brendemoen, <i>The Turkish dialects of Trabzon</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a>, 2002 p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Professor. Department of Near Eastern Studies. Princeton University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080222063342/http://www.e-bogazici.com/pinfo.asp?pid=224">Trabzon Şehrinin İslamlaşması ve Türkleşmesi 1461–1583</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-518-116-4" title="Special:BookSources/975-518-116-4">975-518-116-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Meeker, "The Black Sea Turks: some aspects of their ethnic and cultural background", <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i> (1971) <b>2</b>:318–345</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meeker, 1971: p. 326 "<i>As the mentioned, the villages along the Black Sea coast from Ordu to Artvin are composed of many hamlets, each dominating a hilltop or mountainside on which its own crops are separately planted. This type of settlement pattern is in sharp contrast with the typical nucleated Anatolian village, but its characteristic of many rural settlements of the Western Caucasus notably those of Abkhaz, Circassians, Georgians, Mingrelians, and Ossetes...</i>"<br />For similar ideas See: Karl Koch, Reise duch Russland nach dem Kaukasis chen Istmus in den Jahren, 1836. vol1. p. 378; W.E.D. Allen, <i>A History of the Georgian People</i>, London 1932. pp. 54–5; Özhan Öztürk, Karadeniz. 2005. p. 35, 757–68. For linguistic influence see: Bernt Brendomoen, <i>Laz influence on the Black Sea Turkish Dialects</i>, 1990 (Proceedings from 32nd meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karalahana.com/english.html">Karalahana.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611152026/http://www.karalahana.com/english.html">Archived</a> 2008-06-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karalahana.com/english/archive/people.html">People and culture of Trabzon and Black sea region</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100210010135/http://karalahana.com/english/archive/people.html">Archived</a> 2010-02-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rose_Macaulay" title="Rose Macaulay">Macaulay, Rose</a>: <i>The Towers of Trebizond</i> (Collins, London, 1956)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzdalga2005" class="citation book cs1">Özdalga, Elisabeth (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sRtTyyGIgXsC&pg=PA261"><i>Late Ottoman society: the intellectual legacy</i></a>. Routledge. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34164-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34164-6"><bdi>978-0-415-34164-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ottoman+society%3A+the+intellectual+legacy&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-34164-6&rft.aulast=%C3%96zdalga&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsRtTyyGIgXsC%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryer2002" class="citation book cs1">Bryer, Anthony (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gmfqAAAAMAAJ&q=phrontisterion"><i>The post-Byzantine monuments of Pontos</i></a>. Ashgate. p. xxxiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86078-864-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86078-864-5"><bdi>978-0-86078-864-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+post-Byzantine+monuments+of+Pontos&rft.pages=xxxiii&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-86078-864-5&rft.aulast=Bryer&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgmfqAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dphrontisterion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.exploretrabzon.com">"Explore Trabzon The Official Travel Guide of Trabzon"</a>. <i>www.exploretrabzon.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-02-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.exploretrabzon.com&rft.atitle=Explore+Trabzon+The+Official+Travel+Guide+of+Trabzon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.exploretrabzon.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFhungrytwotravel2023" class="citation web cs1">hungrytwotravel (2023-03-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hungrytwotravel.com/traditional-foods-of-trabzon-gooey-kuymak-and-black-sea-hamsi/">"Traditional Foods of Trabzon: Gooey Kuymak and Black Sea Hamsi"</a>. <i>Hungry Two Travel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-02-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hungry+Two+Travel&rft.atitle=Traditional+Foods+of+Trabzon%3A+Gooey+Kuymak+and+Black+Sea+Hamsi&rft.date=2023-03-15&rft.au=hungrytwotravel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhungrytwotravel.com%2Ftraditional-foods-of-trabzon-gooey-kuymak-and-black-sea-hamsi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trabzon.bel.tr/fck-sayfalar.aspx?id=4485">"Kardeş Şehirler"</a>. <i>trabzon.bel.tr</i> (in Turkish). Trabzon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=trabzon.bel.tr&rft.atitle=Karde%C5%9F+%C5%9Eehirler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trabzon.bel.tr%2Ffck-sayfalar.aspx%3Fid%3D4485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trabzon&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryerDavid_Winfield1985" class="citation book cs1">Bryer, Anthony; David Winfield (March 1985). <i>Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos (Dumbarton Oaks Studies,20) Two Volume Set</i>. Dumbarton Oaks Pub Service. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88402-122-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-88402-122-X"><bdi>0-88402-122-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Monuments+and+Topography+of+the+Pontos+%28Dumbarton+Oaks+Studies%2C20%29+Two+Volume+Set&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks+Pub+Service&rft.date=1985-03&rft.isbn=0-88402-122-X&rft.aulast=Bryer&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=David+Winfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNystazopoulou,_Marie1964" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nystazopoulou, Marie (1964). "La dernière reconquête de Sinope par les Grecs de Trébizonde (1254–1265)". <i><a href="/wiki/Revue_des_%C3%A9tudes_byzantines" title="Revue des études byzantines">Revue des études byzantines</a></i> (in French). <b>22</b> (22): <span class="nowrap">241–</span>249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frebyz.1964.1329">10.3406/rebyz.1964.1329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+%C3%A9tudes+byzantines&rft.atitle=La+derni%C3%A8re+reconqu%C3%AAte+de+Sinope+par+les+Grecs+de+Tr%C3%A9bizonde+%281254%E2%80%931265%29&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E241-%3C%2Fspan%3E249&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frebyz.1964.1329&rft.au=Nystazopoulou%2C+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchliefer,_Yigal2007" class="citation news cs1">Schliefer, Yigal (2007-01-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0126/p06s01-woeu.html">"Turkish city grapples with violent record"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Science Monitor">Christian Science Monitor</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Turkish+city+grapples+with+violent+record&rft.date=2007-01-26&rft.au=Schliefer%2C+Yigal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2007%2F0126%2Fp06s01-woeu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArsu,_Sebnem2007" class="citation web cs1">Arsu, Sebnem (2007-02-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/08/world/europe/08turkey.html?ex=1328590800&en=b1c4ebf924e99da2&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss">"Suspects in Journalist's Killing Came From a Hotbed of Turkish Ultranationalist Sentiment"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Suspects+in+Journalist%27s+Killing+Came+From+a+Hotbed+of+Turkish+Ultranationalist+Sentiment&rft.date=2007-02-08&rft.au=Arsu%2C+Sebnem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F02%2F08%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F08turkey.html%3Fex%3D1328590800%26en%3Db1c4ebf924e99da2%26ei%3D5088%26partner%3Drssnyt%26emc%3Drss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zhan_%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk" title="Özhan Öztürk">Özhan Öztürk</a> (2005). Karadeniz (<a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>): Ansiklopedik Sözlük. 2 Cilt. Heyamola Yayıncılık. Istanbul. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-6121-00-9" title="Special:BookSources/975-6121-00-9">975-6121-00-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_StillwellWilliam_L._MacDonaldMarian_Holland_McAllister" class="citation book cs1">Richard Stillwell; William L. MacDonald; Marian Holland McAllister (eds.). "Trapezus". <i>Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trapezus&rft.btitle=Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Classical+Sites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrabzon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trabzon&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Trabzon" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Trabzon">Trabzon</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Trabzon#Q45301" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Trabzon">Trabzon</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trabzon.net.tr/">Trabzon Travel Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trabzon.gov.tr/">Governorship of Trabzon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turkey-foto.com/thumbnails.php?album=32">Photos of Trabzon city</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601083455/http://www.karalahana.com/english/archive/history.html">History of Trabzon in Karalahana.com</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Giresun</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Trabzon</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rize</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fhane" title="Gümüşhane">Gümüşhane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bayburt" title="Bayburt">Bayburt</a></td> <td></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Trabzon69" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:paleturquoise"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Trabzon" title="Template:Trabzon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Trabzon" title="Template talk:Trabzon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Trabzon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Trabzon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Trabzon69" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trabzon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:paleturquoise;width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boztepe_Hill,_Trabzon" title="Boztepe Hill, Trabzon">Boztepe Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatih_Mosque,_Trabzon" title="Fatih Mosque, Trabzon">Fatih Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Trabzon" title="Hagia Sophia, Trabzon">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Friday_Mosque" title="New Friday Mosque">New Friday Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne_Church,_Trabzon" title="Saint Anne Church, Trabzon">Saint Anne Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Museum" title="Trabzon Museum">Trabzon Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Trabzon" title="Walls of Trabzon">Walls of Trabzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_Trabzon" title="World Trade Center Trabzon">World Trade Center Trabzon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:paleturquoise;width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Airport" title="Trabzon Airport">Trabzon Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:paleturquoise;width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karadeniz_Technical_University" title="Karadeniz Technical University">Karadeniz Technical University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:paleturquoise;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trebizond_(1205%E2%80%9306)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Trebizond (1205–06)">Siege of Trebizond (1205–06)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trebizond_(1222%E2%80%9323)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Trebizond (1222–23)">Siege of Trebizond (1222–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trebizond_(1282)" title="Siege of Trebizond (1282)">Siege of Trebizond (1282)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trebizond_(1461)" title="Siege of Trebizond (1461)">Siege of Trebizond (1461)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_in_Trebizond" title="Armenian genocide in Trebizond">Trebizond during the Armenian Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Campaign" title="Trebizond Campaign">Trebizond Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Peace_Conference" title="Trebizond Peace Conference">Trebizond Peace Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:paleturquoise"><div>This list is incomplete.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Trabzon_in_Trabzon_Province_of_Turkey150" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Turkey" title="Template:Districts of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Districts_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Districts of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Districts of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Trabzon_in_Trabzon_Province_of_Turkey150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Trabzon in <a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Province" title="Trabzon Province">Trabzon Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7aabat" title="Akçaabat">Akçaabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arakl%C4%B1" title="Araklı">Araklı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsin,_Turkey" title="Arsin, Turkey">Arsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C5%9Fikd%C3%BCz%C3%BC" title="Beşikdüzü">Beşikdüzü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ar%C5%9F%C4%B1ba%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Çarşıbaşı">Çarşıbaşı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87aykara" title="Çaykara">Çaykara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dernekpazar%C4%B1" title="Dernekpazarı">Dernekpazarı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCzk%C3%B6y" title="Düzköy">Düzköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayrat" title="Hayrat">Hayrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCba%C5%9F%C4%B1,_Trabzon" title="Köprübaşı, Trabzon">Köprübaşı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%A7ka" title="Maçka">Maçka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Of,_Trabzon" title="Of, Trabzon">Of</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortahisar" title="Ortahisar">Ortahisar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ealpazar%C4%B1" title="Şalpazarı">Şalpazarı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCrmene" title="Sürmene">Sürmene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonya,_Turkey" title="Tonya, Turkey">Tonya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakf%C4%B1kebir" title="Vakfıkebir">Vakfıkebir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yomra" title="Yomra">Yomra</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png/100px-NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png/150px-NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png/200px-NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br /><br /><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trabzon_districts.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Districts of Trabzon"><img alt="Districts of Trabzon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Trabzon_districts.png/100px-Trabzon_districts.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Trabzon_districts.png/150px-Trabzon_districts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Trabzon_districts.png/200px-Trabzon_districts.png 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="773" /></a><figcaption>Districts of Trabzon</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_provinces_by_region724"><b>List of <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey" title="Provinces of Turkey">provinces</a> by <a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Turkey" title="NUTS statistical regions of Turkey">region</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Region_(statistical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul Region (statistical)">Istanbul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Marmara_Region_(statistical)" class="mw-redirect" title="West Marmara Region (statistical)">West Marmara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1kesir_Province" title="Balıkesir Province">Balıkesir</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87anakkale_Province" title="Çanakkale Province">Çanakkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edirne_Province" title="Edirne Province">Edirne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1rklareli_Province" title="Kırklareli Province">Kırklareli</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tekirda%C4%9F_Province" title="Tekirdağ Province">Tekirdağ</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Region_(statistical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean Region (statistical)">Aegean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afyonkarahisar_Province" title="Afyonkarahisar Province">Afyonkarahisar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n_Province" title="Aydın Province">Aydın</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Denizli_Province" title="Denizli Province">Denizli</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_Province" title="İzmir Province">İzmir</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCtahya_Province" title="Kütahya Province">Kütahya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manisa_Province" title="Manisa Province">Manisa</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mu%C4%9Fla_Province" title="Muğla Province">Muğla</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C5%9Fak_Province" title="Uşak Province">Uşak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Marmara_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="East Marmara Region">East Marmara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilecik_Province" title="Bilecik Province">Bilecik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolu_Province" title="Bolu Province">Bolu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bursa_Province" title="Bursa Province">Bursa</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCzce_Province" title="Düzce Province">Düzce</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Eskişehir Province">Eskişehir</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kocaeli_Province" title="Kocaeli Province">Kocaeli</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sakarya_Province" title="Sakarya Province">Sakarya</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalova_Province" title="Yalova Province">Yalova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" class="mw-redirect" title="West Anatolia Region (statistical)">West Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Province" title="Ankara Province">Ankara</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaman_Province" title="Karaman Province">Karaman</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Konya_Province" title="Konya Province">Konya</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region_(statistical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Region (statistical)">Mediterranean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Adana_Province" title="Adana Province">Adana</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Antalya_Province" title="Antalya Province">Antalya</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdur_Province" title="Burdur Province">Burdur</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isparta_Province" title="Isparta Province">Isparta</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F_Province" title="Kahramanmaraş Province">Kahramanmaraş</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mersin_Province" title="Mersin Province">Mersin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmaniye_Province" title="Osmaniye Province">Osmaniye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia Region (statistical)">Central Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksaray_Province" title="Aksaray Province">Aksaray</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kayseri_Province" title="Kayseri Province">Kayseri</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C4%B1kkale_Province" title="Kırıkkale Province">Kırıkkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Kırşehir Province">Kırşehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nev%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Nevşehir Province">Nevşehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C4%9Fde_Province" title="Niğde Province">Niğde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivas_Province" title="Sivas Province">Sivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yozgat_Province" title="Yozgat Province">Yozgat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Black_Sea_Region_(statistical)" class="mw-redirect" title="West Black Sea Region (statistical)">West Black Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amasya_Province" title="Amasya Province">Amasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart%C4%B1n_Province" title="Bartın Province">Bartın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ank%C4%B1r%C4%B1_Province" title="Çankırı Province">Çankırı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87orum_Province" title="Çorum Province">Çorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karab%C3%BCk_Province" title="Karabük Province">Karabük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastamonu_Province" title="Kastamonu Province">Kastamonu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Samsun_Province" title="Samsun Province">Samsun</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop_Province" title="Sinop Province">Sinop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokat_Province" title="Tokat Province">Tokat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonguldak_Province" title="Zonguldak Province">Zonguldak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Black_Sea_Region_(statistical)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Black Sea Region (statistical)">East Black Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artvin_Province" title="Artvin Province">Artvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun_Province" title="Giresun Province">Giresun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fhane_Province" title="Gümüşhane Province">Gümüşhane</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ordu_Province" title="Ordu Province">Ordu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize_Province" title="Rize Province">Rize</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Province" title="Trabzon Province">Trabzon</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anatolia Region (statistical)">Northeast Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1_Province" title="Ağrı Province">Ağrı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardahan_Province" title="Ardahan Province">Ardahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayburt_Province" title="Bayburt Province">Bayburt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzincan_Province" title="Erzincan Province">Erzincan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Province" title="Erzurum Province">Erzurum</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Province" title="Iğdır Province">Iğdır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kars_Province" title="Kars Province">Kars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_East_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central East Anatolia Region (statistical)">Central East Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bing%C3%B6l_Province" title="Bingöl Province">Bingöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitlis_Province" title="Bitlis Province">Bitlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_Province" title="Elazığ Province">Elazığ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C3%A2ri_Province" title="Hakkâri Province">Hakkâri</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Malatya_Province" title="Malatya Province">Malatya</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%9F_Province" title="Muş Province">Muş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunceli_Province" title="Tunceli Province">Tunceli</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Van_Province" title="Van Province">Van</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Anatolia Region (statistical)">Southeast Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C4%B1yaman_Province" title="Adıyaman Province">Adıyaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_Province" title="Batman Province">Batman</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r_Province" title="Diyarbakır Province">Diyarbakır</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gaziantep_Province" title="Gaziantep Province">Gaziantep</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilis_Province" title="Kilis Province">Kilis</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mardin_Province" title="Mardin Province">Mardin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siirt_Province" title="Siirt Province">Siirt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province" title="Şanlıurfa Province">Şanlıurfa</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_Province" title="Şırnak Province">Şırnak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><small><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey">Metropolitan municipalities</a> are bolded.</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greece390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greece390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Timeline of ancient Greece">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="HistoryGeography390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks183"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_deities" title="List of Greek deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45301#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2161" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45301#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2161" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45301#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/124419765">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1235826/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJp9mCRGF7H8R4xTwTy68C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4106551-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86098997">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12408973r">France</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15342525d">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12408973r">BnF data</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15342525d">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Trabzon (Turecko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge291172&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=11647">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/2809">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007562581305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/15991161-05b8-4346-95bb-2561be6b358e">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/857359">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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