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id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria's_independence_and_rule_of_the_Ba'ath_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria's_independence_and_rule_of_the_Ba'ath_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Syria's independence and rule of the Ba'ath Party </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria's_independence_and_rule_of_the_Ba'ath_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_de_facto_autonomy_and_war_against_ISIL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_de_facto_autonomy_and_war_against_ISIL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Establishment of de facto autonomy and war against ISIL </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_de_facto_autonomy_and_war_against_ISIL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish_military_operations_and_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish_military_operations_and_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Turkish military operations and occupation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish_military_operations_and_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Legislature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education,_media,_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education,_media,_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Education, media, and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education,_media,_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education, media, and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education,_media,_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 School </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Higher education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 The arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-External_economic_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_economic_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 External economic relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_economic_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_policy_framework" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_policy_framework"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Economy policy framework </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_policy_framework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Law and security </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Law_and_security-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Law and security subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Law_and_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Legal system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policing_and_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policing_and_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Policing and security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policing_and_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Militias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Militias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Militias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Militias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_centres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_centres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Population centres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_centres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_Syrian_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_Syrian_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Relations with the Syrian government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_Syrian_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurdish_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurdish_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Kurdish issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurdish_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 International relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_crimes_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_crimes_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 War crimes and criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_crimes_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" > 68 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الإدارة الذاتية لشمال وشرق سوريا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإدارة الذاتية لشمال وشرق سوريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eimali_v%C9%99_%C5%9E%C9%99rqi_Suriya_Muxtar_%C4%B0dar%C9%99si" title="Şimali və Şərqi Suriya Muxtar İdarəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şimali və Şərqi Suriya Muxtar İdarəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="قوزئی و دوغو سوریه موختار ایداره‌ائتمه‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوزئی و دوغو سوریه موختار ایداره‌ائتمه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava" title="Rojava – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Rojava" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сірыйскі Курдыстан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сірыйскі Курдыстан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сырыйскі Курдыстан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сырыйскі Курдыстан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Демократична федерация на Северна Сирия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Демократична федерация на Северна Сирия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C5%BEava" title="Rožava – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rožava" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Siria" title="Kurdistan Siria – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kurdistan Siria" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administraci%C3%B3_Aut%C3%B2noma_del_Nord_i_Est_de_S%C3%ADria" title="Administració Autònoma del Nord i Est de Síria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Administració Autònoma del Nord i Est de Síria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava" title="Rojava – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Rojava" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava" title="Rojava – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rojava" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava" title="Rojava – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rojava" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava" title="Rojava – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rojava" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B1" title="Ροζάβα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ροζάβα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administraci%C3%B3n_Aut%C3%B3noma_del_Norte_y_Este_de_Siria" title="Administración Autónoma del Norte y Este de Siria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Administración Autónoma del Norte y Este de Siria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C4%B5avo" title="Roĵavo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Roĵavo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava" title="Rojava – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rojava" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%88_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87" title="اداره خودمختار شمال و شرق سوریه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اداره خودمختار شمال و شرق سوریه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava" title="Rojava – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rojava" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava" title="Rojava – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rojava" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A4%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="رؤژاوا – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="رؤژاوا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EC%9E%90%EB%B0%94" title="로자바 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로자바" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komohana_Kuludiskana" title="Komohana Kuludiskana – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Komohana Kuludiskana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%94%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Սիրիական Քուրդիստան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիրիական Քուրդիստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="रोजावा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोजावा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirijski_Kurdistan" title="Sirijski Kurdistan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sirijski Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava" title="Rojava – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rojava" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava" title="Rojava – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rojava" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amministrazione_Autonoma_della_Siria_del_Nord-Est" title="Amministrazione Autonoma della Siria del Nord-Est – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amministrazione Autonoma della Siria del Nord-Est" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="כורדיסטן הסורית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כורדיסטן הסורית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="როჟავა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="როჟავა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%AAveberiya_Xweser_a_Bakur_%C3%BB_Rojhilat%C3%AA_S%C3%BBriyey%C3%AA" title="Rêveberiya Xweser a Bakur û Rojhilatê Sûriyeyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rêveberiya Xweser a Bakur û Rojhilatê Sûriyeyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curdistania_Syriaca" title="Curdistania Syriaca – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Curdistania Syriaca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C5%BEava" title="Rožava – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rožava" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5" title="റൊജാവ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റൊജാവ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="روژاوا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="روژاوا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava" title="Rojava – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rojava" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1" title="ロジャヴァ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロジャヴァ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava_(syrisk_Kurdistan)" title="Rojava (syrisk Kurdistan) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rojava (syrisk Kurdistan)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrisk_Kurdistan" title="Syrisk Kurdistan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Syrisk Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administracion_Auton%C3%B2ma_del_N%C3%B2rd_e_%C3%88st_de_Siria" title="Administracion Autonòma del Nòrd e Èst de Siria – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Administracion Autonòma del Nòrd e Èst de Siria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%81" title="شمالی تے مشرقی شام دی خود مختار انتظامیہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شمالی تے مشرقی شام دی خود مختار انتظامیہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C5%BCawa" title="Rożawa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rożawa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curdist%C3%A3o_s%C3%ADrio" title="Curdistão sírio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Curdistão sírio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava" title="Rojava – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rojava" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Рожава – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рожава" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava" title="Rojava – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rojava" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrata_Autonome_e_Siris%C3%AB_Veriore_dhe_Lindore" title="Administrata Autonome e Sirisë Veriore dhe Lindore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Administrata Autonome e Sirisë Veriore dhe Lindore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Sirianu" title="Kurdistan Sirianu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Kurdistan Sirianu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="The Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="The Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auton%C3%B3mna_samospr%C3%A1va_Severnej_a_V%C3%BDchodnej_S%C3%BDrie" title="Autonómna samospráva Severnej a Východnej Sýrie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Autonómna samospráva Severnej a Východnej Sýrie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%86%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8E%D9%88%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%88_%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="خۆبەڕێوەبەریی باکوور و ڕۆژھەڵاتی سووریا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خۆبەڕێوەبەریی باکوور و ڕۆژھەڵاتی سووریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Западни Курдистан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Западни Курдистан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirijski_Kurdistan" title="Sirijski Kurdistan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sirijski Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syyrian_Kurdistan" title="Syyrian Kurdistan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Syyrian Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava" title="Rojava – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rojava" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE" title="ரோஜாவா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரோஜாவா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9D%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="ฝ่ายปกครองตนเองซีเรียเหนือและตะวันออก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฝ่ายปกครองตนเองซีเรียเหนือและตะวันออก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzey_ve_Do%C4%9Fu_Suriye_%C3%96zerk_Y%C3%B6netimi" title="Kuzey ve Doğu Suriye Özerk Yönetimi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuzey ve Doğu Suriye Özerk Yönetimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сирійський Курдистан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сирійський Курдистан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%81" title="شمالی اور مشرقی سوریہ کی خود مختار انتظامیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شمالی اور مشرقی سوریہ کی خود مختار انتظامیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava" title="Rojava – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rojava" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E8%B3%88%E7%93%A6" title="羅賈瓦 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" 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style="display:none">De facto autonomous region in Syria</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Rojava" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Kurdistan" title="Syrian Kurdistan">Syrian Kurdistan</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="font-size:65%;">Rêveberiya Xweser a Bakur û Rojhilatê Sûriyeyê (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>) الإدارة الذاتية لشمال وشرق سوريا (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>) ܡܕܰܒܪܳܢܘܬ݂ܳܐ ܝܳܬ݂ܰܝܬܳܐ ܠܓܰܪܒܝܳܐ ܘܡܰܕܢܚܳܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܰܐ (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>) Kuzey ve Doğu Suriye Özerk Yönetimi (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>)</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Self_Administration_of_Northern_and_Eastern_Syria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblema of North and East Syria"><img alt="Emblema of North and East Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Emblem_of_the_Self_Administration_of_Northern_and_Eastern_Syria.svg/85px-Emblem_of_the_Self_Administration_of_Northern_and_Eastern_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Emblem_of_the_Self_Administration_of_Northern_and_Eastern_Syria.svg/128px-Emblem_of_the_Self_Administration_of_Northern_and_Eastern_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Emblem_of_the_Self_Administration_of_Northern_and_Eastern_Syria.svg/170px-Emblem_of_the_Self_Administration_of_Northern_and_Eastern_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Symbols of North and East Syria">Emblem</a><a href="#endnote_symbols">a</a></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a>Territory controlled by Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria shown in dark green</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Rojava_cantons_march_22.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Map_of_Rojava_cantons_march_22.png/250px-Map_of_Rojava_cantons_march_22.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Map_of_Rojava_cantons_march_22.png/375px-Map_of_Rojava_cantons_march_22.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Map_of_Rojava_cantons_march_22.png/500px-Map_of_Rojava_cantons_march_22.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1653" /></a>Areas under the region's administration</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">De facto</a> <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Issa" title="Ayn Issa">Ayn Issa</a><a href="#cite_note-kurdistan24newadmin-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria&params=36_23_7_N_38_51_34_E_type:city">36°23′7″N 38°51′34″E / 36.38528°N 38.85944°E / 36.38528; 38.85944</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regional official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> (in the Jazira Region) <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> (in the Manbij Region) <a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a> (in the Manbij Region)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">Federated</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-direct_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-direct democracy">semi-direct democracy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_(North_and_East_Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Council (North and East Syria)">Co-Presidents</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Elham_Ehmed" title="Îlham Ehmed">Îlham Ehmed</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mansur_Selum" title="Mansur Selum">Mansur Selum</a><a href="#cite_note-recognition-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Council" title="Syrian Democratic Council">Co-Chairs</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Amina Omar <a href="/wiki/Riad_Darar" title="Riad Darar">Riad Darar</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Council" title="Syrian Democratic Council">Syrian Democratic Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Autonomous region</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Transitional administration declared </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2013</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Cantons declare autonomy </div></th><td class="infobox-data">January 2014</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Cantons declare federation </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 March 2016</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• New administration declared </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 September 2018</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2018 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">≈2,000,000<a href="#cite_note-washingtoninstitute1-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_pound" title="Syrian pound">Syrian pound</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">SYP</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (EET)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_symbols">^</a> Several symbols have been used to represent the entity in official settings. See <a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Symbols of North and East Syria">Symbols of North and East Syria</a> for more.</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES), also known as Rojava,<a href="#cite_note-12">[a]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201911,_95-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabad2017219,_228-14">[13]</a> It consists of self-governing <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of North and East Syria">sub-regions</a> in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Afrin_Region" title="Afrin Region">Afrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazira_Region" title="Jazira Region">Jazira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Region" title="Euphrates Region">Euphrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Thawrah" title="Al-Thawrah">Tabqa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate">Deir Ez-Zor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201997–98-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-electionsregions-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Second_conference_of_Shahba_region-17">[16]</a> The region gained its de facto autonomy in 2012 in the context of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a> and the wider <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>, in which its official military force, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> (SDF), has taken part.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> While entertaining <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of North and East Syria">some foreign relations</a>, the region is neither officially recognized as autonomous by the government of Syria, state or other governments institutions except for the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Catalonia" title="Parliament of Catalonia">Catalan Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-russia-mediates-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> The AANES has widespread support for its universal <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological">sustainable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autonomous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous">autonomous</a> <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">pluralist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">equal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">feminist</a> policies in dialogues with other <a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">parties</a> and organizations.<a href="#cite_note-tandfonline.com-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Northeastern Syria is <a href="/wiki/Polyethnicity" title="Polyethnicity">polyethnic</a> and home to sizeable ethnic <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> populations, with smaller communities of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Turkmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Syria" title="Armenians in Syria">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019xviii,_112-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabad2017219,_228–229-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> The supporters of the region's administration state that it is an officially <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a> <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019xviii,_66,_200-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-marriage-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dawronoye-32">[31]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democratic</a> ambitions based on <a href="/wiki/Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">democratic confederalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a><a href="#cite_note-ls1-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-ls2-34">[33]</a> promoting <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabad2017219-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019156–163-36">[35]</a> environmental <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>, social <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, and pluralistic tolerance for <a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">religious</a>, cultural, and political <a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">diversity</a>, and that these values are mirrored in its <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of North and East Syria">constitution</a>, society, and politics, stating it to be a model for a <a href="/wiki/Federalization_of_Syria" title="Federalization of Syria">federalized Syria</a> as a whole, rather than outright independence.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-utopia-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jongerden-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-MiddleEastEye-41">[40]</a> The region's administration has also been accused by <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(politics)" title="Partisan (politics)">partisan</a> and non-partisan sources of <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Media_censorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Media censorship">media censorship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearance" title="Enforced disappearance">forced disappearances</a>, support of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Syria" title="Government of Syria">Syrian government</a>,<a href="#cite_note-45">[b]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurdification" title="Kurdification">Kurdification</a>, and displacement.<a href="#cite_note-:4-46">[44]</a> At the same time, the AANES has also been described by partisan and non-partisan sources as the most democratic system in Syria, with direct open elections, <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">universal equality</a>, respecting <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> within the region, as well as defense of <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minority</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious rights">religious rights</a> within Syria.<a href="#cite_note-53">[c]</a> The region has implemented a new <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> approach which emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Occupational_rehabilitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational rehabilitation">rehabilitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">empowerment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Social care">social care</a> over <a href="/wiki/Retributive_justice" title="Retributive justice">retribution</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_capital_punishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolition of capital punishment">death penalty was abolished</a>. Prisons house mostly people charged with terrorist activity related to <a href="/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL">ISIL</a> and other extremist groups, and are a large strain on the region's <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Rojava">economy</a>. The autonomous region is ruled by a coalition pursuing a model of economy that blends co-operative and market enterprise, through a system of <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">local councils</a> in minority, cultural, and religious representation. Independent organizations providing healthcare in the region include the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Red_Crescent" title="Kurdish Red Crescent">Kurdish Red Crescent</a>,<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_American_Medical_Society" title="Syrian American Medical Society">Syrian American Medical Society</a>,<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Free_Burma_Rangers" title="Free Burma Rangers">Free Burma Rangers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doctors_Without_Borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctors Without Borders">Doctors Without Borders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> Since 2016, Turkish and Turkish-backed Syrian rebel forces <a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">have occupied parts of northern Syria</a> through a series of military operations against the SDF. AANES and its SDF have stated they will defend all regions of autonomous administration from any aggression.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polity_names_and_translations">Polity names and translations</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Rojava.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Rojava.svg/220px-Flag_of_Rojava.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Rojava.svg/330px-Flag_of_Rojava.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Rojava.svg/440px-Flag_of_Rojava.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tricolor_(flag)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricolor (flag)">Tricolor</a> flag of <a href="/wiki/TEV-DEM" class="mw-redirect" title="TEV-DEM">TEV-DEM</a>, adopted circa 2012, commonly used by Kurdish Syrians.</figcaption></figure> Parts of northern Syria are known as Western Kurdistan (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: Rojavayê Kurdistanê) or simply Rojava (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌroʊʒəˈvɑː/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ROH-zhə-VAH</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Kurdish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kurdish" title="Help:IPA/Kurdish">[roʒɑˈvɑ]</a> "the West") among Kurds,<a href="#cite_note-lister154-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201989-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> one of the four parts of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Kurdistan">Greater Kurdistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> The name "Rojava" was thus associated with a Kurdish identity of the administration. As the region expanded and increasingly included areas dominated by non-Kurdish groups, mostly Arabs, "Rojava" was used less and less by the administration in hopes of deethnicising its appearance and making it more acceptable to other ethnicities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201989,_151–152-63">[60]</a> Regardless, the polity continued to be called "Rojava" by locals and international observers,<a href="#cite_note-jazeera_turkey-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-gurcan-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> with journalist Metin Gurcan noting that "the concept of Rojava [had become] a brand gaining global recognition" by 2019.<a href="#cite_note-gurcan-64">[61]</a> The territory around Jazira province of northeastern Syria is called Gozarto (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: ܓܙܪܬܐ, romanized: Gozarto), part of the historical <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyrian homeland</a>, by Syriac-Assyrians.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> The area has also been nicknamed Federal Northern Syria, and the Democratic Confederalist Autonomous Areas of Northern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201989-9">[9]</a> The first name of the local government for the Kurdish-dominated areas in <a href="/wiki/Afrin_District" title="Afrin District">Afrin District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Arab_District" title="Ayn al-Arab District">Ayn al-Arab District</a> (Kobanî), and northern <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate">al-Hasakah Governorate</a> was "Interim Transitional Administration", adopted in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201989-9">[9]</a> After the three autonomous cantons were proclaimed in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201993–94-67">[64]</a> PYD-governed territories were also nicknamed "the Autonomous Regions"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201989-9">[9]</a> or "Democratic Autonomous Administration".<a href="#cite_note-omran2018-68">[65]</a> On 17 March 2016, northern Syria's administration self-declared the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Federal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal system">federal system</a> of government as the Democratic Federation of Rojava – Northern Syria (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: Federaliya Demokratîk a Rojava – Bakurê Sûriyê; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الفدرالية الديمقراطية لروج آفا – شمال سوريا, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-Fidirāliyya al-Dīmuqrāṭiyya li-Rūj ʾĀvā – Šamāl Suriyā; <a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: ܦܕܪܐܠܝܘܬ݂ܐ ܕܝܡܩܪܐܛܝܬܐ ܠܓܙܪܬܐ ܒܓܪܒܝܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܐ, romanized: Federaloyotho Demoqraṭoyto l'Gozarto b'Garbyo d'Suriya; sometimes abbreviated as NSR).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201989-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-AlJazeeraFederal-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> The updated December 2016 constitution of the polity uses the name Democratic Federation of Northern Syria (DFNS) (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: Federaliya Demokratîk a Bakûrê Sûriyê; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الفدرالية الديمقراطية لشمال سوريا, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-Fidirāliyya al-Dīmuqrāṭiyya li-Šamāl Suriyā; <a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: ܦܕܪܐܠܝܘܬ݂ܐ ܕܝܡܩܪܐܛܝܬܐ ܕܓܪܒܝ ܣܘܪܝܐ, romanized: Federaloyotho Demoqraṭoyto d'Garbay Suriya).<a href="#cite_note-en.hawarnews.com-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Northern_Syria_Social_Contract_in_Syriac-76">[73]</a> Since 6 September 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Council" title="Syrian Democratic Council">Syrian Democratic Council</a> has adopted a new name for the region, naming it the "Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria" (NES) (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: Rêveberiya Xweser a Bakur û Rojhilatê Sûriyeyê; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الإدارة الذاتية لشمال وشرق سوريا; <a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: ܡܕܰܒܪܳܢܘܬ݂ܳܐ ܝܳܬ݂ܰܝܬܳܐ ܠܓܰܪܒܝܳܐ ܘܡܰܕܢܚܳܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܰܐ, romanized: Mdabronuṯo Yoṯayto l-Garbyo w-Madnḥyo d-Suriya; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Kuzey ve Doğu Suriye Özerk Yönetimi) also sometimes translated into English as the "Self-Administration of North and East Syria", encompassing the Euphrates, Afrin, and Jazira regions as well as the local civil councils in the regions of Raqqa, Manbij, Tabqa, and Deir ez-Zor.<a href="#cite_note-hawarnewsANHA-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-kurdistan24newadmin-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-hawarnewsaminomar-78">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Afrin_Region" title="Afrin Region">Afrin Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazira_Region" title="Jazira Region">Jazira Region</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Region" title="Euphrates Region">Euphrates Region</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Syria" title="History of Syria">History of Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Syria" title="Modern history of Syria">Modern history of Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Syria" title="Kurds in Syria">Kurds in Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Syria" title="Assyrians in Syria">Assyrians in Syria</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TellHalaf,NE-palace1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/TellHalaf%2CNE-palace1.jpg/220px-TellHalaf%2CNE-palace1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/TellHalaf%2CNE-palace1.jpg/330px-TellHalaf%2CNE-palace1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/TellHalaf%2CNE-palace1.jpg/440px-TellHalaf%2CNE-palace1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1285" /></a><figcaption>Having been part of the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>, Northern Syria has several Neolithic sites such as <a href="/wiki/Tell_Halaf" title="Tell Halaf">Tell Halaf</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SchechHamad,RedHouse2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/SchechHamad%2CRedHouse2.jpg/220px-SchechHamad%2CRedHouse2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/SchechHamad%2CRedHouse2.jpg/330px-SchechHamad%2CRedHouse2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/SchechHamad%2CRedHouse2.jpg/440px-SchechHamad%2CRedHouse2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1285" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the "Red House" of the Assyrian site <a href="/wiki/Dur-Katlimmu" class="mw-redirect" title="Dur-Katlimmu">Dur-Katlimmu</a> exposed by excavations (6th century AD)</figcaption></figure> Northern Syria is part of the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>, and includes archaeological sites dating to the Neolithic, such as <a href="/wiki/Tell_Halaf" title="Tell Halaf">Tell Halaf</a>. In antiquity, the area was part of the <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> kingdom, its centre being the Khabur river valley in modern-day Jazira Region. It was then part of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, with the last surviving Assyrian imperial records, from between 604 BC and 599 BC, were found in and around the Assyrian city of <a href="/wiki/D%C5%ABr-Katlimmu" class="mw-redirect" title="Dūr-Katlimmu">Dūr-Katlimmu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> Later it was ruled by different dynasties and empires – the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenids</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic empires</a> who succeeded <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Artaxiad_dynasty" title="Artaxiad dynasty">Artaxiads</a> of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a>, the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a> and<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> then by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a> and successive Arab Islamic caliphates. In course of these regimes, different groups settled in northern Syria, often contributing to population shifts. Arabic tribes have been present in the area for millennia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeri200659-83">[80]</a> Under the Hellenistic <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> (312–63 BC), different tribal groups and mercenaries were settled in northern Syria as military colonists; these included Arabs<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERetso2003315–317-84">[81]</a> and possibly Kurds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanly1992116–117-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[d]</a> Jan Retso argued that Abai, an Arab settlement where the Seleucid king <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VI_Dionysus" title="Antiochus VI Dionysus">Antiochus VI Dionysus</a> was raised, was located in northern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERetso2003315–317-84">[81]</a> By the 3rd century, the Arab tribe of the Fahmids lived in northern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERetso2003480-88">[84]</a> By the 9th century, northern Syria was inhabited by a mixed population of Arabs, Assyrians, Kurds, Turkic groups, and others. Kurdish tribes in the area often operated as soldiers for hire,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeri2006445-86">[83]</a> and were still placed in specific military settlements in the northern Syrian mountains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanly1992114-89">[85]</a> There existed a Kurdish elite of which <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a> and the Emir of <a href="/wiki/Masyaf" title="Masyaf">Masyaf</a> in the 12th century were part of.<a href="#cite_note-:3-91">[87]</a> Under Saladin's rule, northern Syria experienced a mass immigration of Turkic groups who came into conflict with Kurdish tribes, resulting in clashes that wiped out several Kurdish communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton2020167-92">[88]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (1516–1922), large <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish-speaking</a> tribal groups both settled in and were deported to areas of northern Syria from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Travis2-93">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-R._S._Stafford_2006_25-94">[90]</a> By the 18th century, five Kurdish tribes existed in northeastern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanly1992114-89">[85]</a> The demographics of this area underwent a huge shift in the early part of the 20th century. Some Circassian, Kurdish and Chechen tribes cooperated with the Ottoman (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a>) authorities in the massacres of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian</a> Christians in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a>, between 1914 and 1920, with further attacks on unarmed fleeing civilians conducted by local Arab militias.<a href="#cite_note-Travis2-93">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-R._S._Stafford_2006_25-94">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> Many Assyrians fled to Syria during the genocide and settled mainly in the Jazira area.<a href="#cite_note-R._S._Stafford_2006_25-94">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> Starting in 1926, the region saw another immigration of Kurds following the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Said_rebellion" title="Sheikh Said rebellion">Sheikh Said rebellion</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish authorities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> While many of the Kurds in Syria have been there for centuries,<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-91">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> waves of Kurds fled their homes in Turkey and settled in Syrian <a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira_Province" title="Al-Jazira Province">Al-Jazira Province</a>, where they were granted citizenship by the <a href="/wiki/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">French Mandate authorities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chatty2010-101">[97]</a> The number of Turkish Kurds settled in al-Jazira province during the 1920s was estimated at 20,000 people, out of 100,000 inhabitants, with the remainder of the population being Christians (Syriac, Armenian, Assyrian) and Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-The_Refugee_Problem-102">[98]</a>: 458  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria's_independence_and_rule_of_the_Ba'ath_Party">Syria's independence and rule of the Ba'ath Party</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Syria" title="Modern history of Syria">Modern history of Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in North and East Syria">Human rights in North and East Syria</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hafez_al-Assad_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hafez_al-Assad_official_portrait.jpg/180px-Hafez_al-Assad_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hafez_al-Assad_official_portrait.jpg/270px-Hafez_al-Assad_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hafez_al-Assad_official_portrait.jpg/360px-Hafez_al-Assad_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'athist">Ba'athist</a> <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafez al-Assad Government">government of Syria</a> under <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> (pictured <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1987) implemented <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> policies in northern Syria.</figcaption></figure> Following <a href="/wiki/First_Syrian_Republic" title="First Syrian Republic">Syria's independence</a>, policies of <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> and attempts at forced <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> became widespread in the country's north, to a large part directed against the Kurdish population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201927-103">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW1996-104">[100]</a> The region received little investment or development from the central government and laws discriminated against Kurds owning property, driving cars, working in certain professions and forming political parties.<a href="#cite_note-marcus-105">[101]</a> Property was routinely confiscated by government loansharks. After the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a> seized power in the <a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a>, non-Arab languages were forbidden at Syrian public schools. This compromised the education of students belonging to minorities like Kurds, Turkmen, and Assyrians.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-syriasamer-107">[103]</a> Some groups like Armenians, Circassians, and Assyrians were able to compensate by establishing private schools, but Kurdish private schools were also banned.<a href="#cite_note-HRW1996-104">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-CSmonitor-2005-108">[104]</a> Northern Syrian hospitals lacked equipment for advanced treatment and instead patients had to be transferred outside the region. Numerous place names were arabized in the 1960s and 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-syriasamer-107">[103]</a> In his report for the 12th session of the UN <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Rights Council">Human Rights Council</a> titled Persecution and Discrimination against Kurdish Citizens in Syria, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> held that "Successive Syrian governments continued to adopt a policy of ethnic discrimination and national persecution against Kurds, completely depriving them of their national, democratic and human rights – an integral part of human existence. The government imposed ethnically-based programs, regulations and exclusionary measures on various aspects of Kurds' lives – political, economic, social and cultural."<a href="#cite_note-OHCHR-2009-109">[105]</a> Kurdish cultural festivals like <a href="/wiki/Newroz_as_celebrated_by_Kurds" title="Newroz as celebrated by Kurds">Newroz</a> were effectively banned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister201513-110">[106]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newroz_Gir%C3%AA_Terteb%C3%AA_1997.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Newroz_Gir%C3%AA_Terteb%C3%AA_1997.jpg/220px-Newroz_Gir%C3%AA_Terteb%C3%AA_1997.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Newroz_Gir%C3%AA_Terteb%C3%AA_1997.jpg/330px-Newroz_Gir%C3%AA_Terteb%C3%AA_1997.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Newroz_Gir%C3%AA_Terteb%C3%AA_1997.jpg/440px-Newroz_Gir%C3%AA_Terteb%C3%AA_1997.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4065" data-file-height="2665" /></a><figcaption>Kurds celebrating <a href="/wiki/Newroz" class="mw-redirect" title="Newroz">Newroz</a> in Girê Tertebê, near Qamishlo, in 1997</figcaption></figure> In many instances, the Syrian government arbitrarily deprived ethnic Kurdish citizens of their citizenship. The largest such instance was a consequence of a census in 1962, which was conducted for exactly this purpose. 120,000 ethnic Kurdish citizens saw their citizenship arbitrarily taken away and became <a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">stateless</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HRW1996-104">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister201513-110">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tejel-111">[107]</a> This status was passed to the children of a "stateless" Kurdish father.<a href="#cite_note-HRW1996-104">[100]</a> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> (HRW) estimated the number of such "stateless" Kurdish people in Syria at 300,000.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-2010-112">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister201514-113">[109]</a> In 1973, the Syrian authorities confiscated 750 square kilometres (290 square miles) of fertile agricultural land in <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate">Al-Hasakah Governorate</a>, which was owned and cultivated by tens of thousands of Kurdish citizens, and gave it to Arab families brought in from other provinces.<a href="#cite_note-OHCHR-2009-109">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-CSmonitor-2005-108">[104]</a> In 2007, in the Al-Hasakah Governorate, 600 square kilometres (230 square miles) around <a href="/wiki/Al-Malikiyah" title="Al-Malikiyah">Al-Malikiyah</a> were granted to Arab families, while tens of thousands of Kurdish inhabitants of the villages concerned were evicted.<a href="#cite_note-OHCHR-2009-109">[105]</a> These and other expropriations was part of the so-called "Arab Belt initiative" which aimed to change the demographic fabric of the resource-rich region.<a href="#cite_note-HRW1996-104">[100]</a> Accordingly, relations between the Syrian government and the Syrian Kurdish population were tense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister201513–14-114">[110]</a> The response of northern Syrian parties and movements to the policies of <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a>'s Ba'athist government varied greatly. Some parties opted for resistance, whereas others such as the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party">Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201953-115">[111]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Party_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Democratic Party (Syria)">Assyrian Democratic Party</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> attempted to work within the system, hoping to bring about changes through soft pressure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinclairKajjo2013180-117">[113]</a> In general, parties that openly represented certain ethnic and religious minorities were not allowed to participate in elections, but their politicians were occasionally allowed to run as Independents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201928-118">[114]</a> Some Kurdish politicians won seats during the <a href="/wiki/1990_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="1990 Syrian parliamentary election">Syrian elections in 1990</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETejel200967-119">[115]</a> The government also recruited Kurdish officials, in particular as mayors, to ease ethnic relations. Regardless, northern Syrian ethnic groups remained deliberately underrepresented in the bureaucracy, and many Kurdish majority areas were run by Arab officials from other parts of the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201928-118">[114]</a> Security and intelligence agencies worked hard to suppress dissidents, and most Kurdish parties remained underground movements. The government monitored, though generally allowed this "sub-state activity" because the northern minorities including the Kurds rarely caused unrest with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/2004_Qamishli_riots" title="2004 Qamishli riots">2004 Qamishli riots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201928-118">[114]</a> The situation improved after the death of Hafez al-Assad and the election of his son, <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>, under whom the number of Kurdish officials grew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister201530-120">[116]</a> Despite the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'athist">Ba'athist</a> internal policies which officially suppressed a Kurdish identity, the Syrian government allowed the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> (PKK) to set up training camps from 1980. The PKK was a militant Kurdish group led by <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Abdullah Öcalan</a> which was <a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">waging an insurgency against Turkey</a>. Syria and Turkey were hostile toward each other at the time, resulting in the use of the PKK as proxy group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201928-118">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-gurcan-64">[61]</a> The party began to deeply influence the Syrian Kurdish population in the <a href="/wiki/Afrin_District" title="Afrin District">Afrin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Arab_District" title="Ayn al-Arab District">Ayn al-Arab Districts</a>, where it promoted Kurdish identity through music, clothing, popular culture, and social activities. In contrast, the PKK remained much less popular among Kurds in <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate">al-Hasakah Governorate</a>, where other Kurdish parties maintained more influence. Many Syrian Kurds developed a long-lasting sympathy for the PKK, and a large number, possibly more than 10,000, joined its insurgency in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201928-118">[114]</a> A rapprochement between Syria and Turkey brought an end to this phase in 1998, when Öcalan and the PKK were formally expelled from northern Syria. Regardless, the PKK maintained a clandestine presence in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201928-118">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-gurcan-64">[61]</a> In 2002, the PKK and allied groups organized the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Communities_Union" title="Kurdistan Communities Union">Kurdistan Communities Union</a> (KCK) to implement Öcalan's ideas in various Middle Eastern countries. A KCK branch was also set up in Syria, led by Sofi Nureddin and known as "KCK-Rojava". In an attempt to outwardly distance the Syrian branch from the PKK,<a href="#cite_note-gurcan-64">[61]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a> (PYD) was established as de facto Syrian "successor" of the PKK in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201928-118">[114]</a> The "<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a>" (YPG), a paramilitary wing of the PYD, was also founded during this time, but remained dormant.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_de_facto_autonomy_and_war_against_ISIL">Establishment of de facto autonomy and war against ISIL</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/NES%E2%80%93Syria_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="NES–Syria relations">NES–Syria relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Kurdish%E2%80%93Islamist_conflict_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict (2013–present)">Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict (2013–present)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Afrin_Region" title="Afrin Region">Afrin Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazira_Region" title="Jazira Region">Jazira Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Region" title="Euphrates Region">Euphrates Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in North and East Syria">Human rights in North and East Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Federalization_of_Syria" title="Federalization of Syria">Federalization of Syria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demonstration_in_Qamishli_against_the_Syrian_government.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Demonstration_in_Qamishli_against_the_Syrian_government.jpg/220px-Demonstration_in_Qamishli_against_the_Syrian_government.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Demonstration_in_Qamishli_against_the_Syrian_government.jpg/330px-Demonstration_in_Qamishli_against_the_Syrian_government.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Demonstration_in_Qamishli_against_the_Syrian_government.jpg/440px-Demonstration_in_Qamishli_against_the_Syrian_government.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Kurds, Assyrians, and Arabs demonstrate against the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government">Syrian government</a> in <a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a>, 6 January 2012</figcaption></figure> In 2011, a <a href="/wiki/Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War">civil uprising</a> erupted in Syria, prompting hasty government reforms. One of the issues addressed during this time was the status of Syria's stateless Kurds, as President Bashar al-Assad granted about 220,000 Kurds citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister201530-120">[116]</a> In course of the next months, the crisis in Syria <a href="/wiki/Early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Early insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War">escalated into a civil war</a>. The armed <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a> seized control of several regions, while security forces were overstretched. In mid-2012 the government responded to this development by withdrawing its military from three mainly Kurdish areas<a href="#cite_note-nrc15Oct2019-122">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister201578-123">[119]</a> and leaving control to local militias. This has been described as an attempt by the Assad regime to keep the Kurdish population out of the initial civil uprising and civil war.<a href="#cite_note-nrc15Oct2019-122">[118]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Map of the territory of the region over time</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Rojava_february_2014.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Rojava_february_2014.png/180px-Rojava_february_2014.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Rojava_february_2014.png/270px-Rojava_february_2014.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Rojava_february_2014.png/360px-Rojava_february_2014.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="519" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Rojava_june_2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rojava_june_2015.png/180px-Rojava_june_2015.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rojava_june_2015.png/270px-Rojava_june_2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rojava_june_2015.png/360px-Rojava_june_2015.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="519" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Syria_-_Rojava_october_2016.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Northern_Syria_-_Rojava_october_2016.png/180px-Northern_Syria_-_Rojava_october_2016.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Northern_Syria_-_Rojava_october_2016.png/270px-Northern_Syria_-_Rojava_october_2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Northern_Syria_-_Rojava_october_2016.png/360px-Northern_Syria_-_Rojava_october_2016.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="519" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Rojava_April_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Rojava_April_2018.png/180px-Rojava_April_2018.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Rojava_April_2018.png/270px-Rojava_April_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Rojava_April_2018.png/360px-Rojava_April_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="519" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Rojava_March_2020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Rojava_March_2020.png/180px-Rojava_March_2020.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Rojava_March_2020.png/270px-Rojava_March_2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Rojava_March_2020.png/360px-Rojava_March_2020.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="519" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Map of the changing territory controlled by the region in February 2014, June 2015, October 2016, April 2018, and March 2020</div></div></div></div> Existing underground Kurdish political parties, namely the PYD and the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a> (KNC), joined to form the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Supreme_Committee" title="Kurdish Supreme Committee">Kurdish Supreme Committee</a> (KSC). The People's Protection Units (YPG) militia was reestablished to defend Kurdish-inhabited areas in northern Syria. In July 2012, the YPG established control in the towns of <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî">Kobanî</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amuda" title="Amuda">Amuda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afrin,_Syria" title="Afrin, Syria">Afrin</a>, and the Kurdish Supreme Committee established a joint leadership council to administer the towns. Soon YPG also gained control of the cities of <a href="/wiki/Al-Malikiyah" title="Al-Malikiyah">Al-Malikiyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Darbasiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Darbasiyah">al-Darbasiyah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Muabbada" title="Al-Muabbada">al-Muabbada</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">Hasakah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-casualties-124">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-girkelege-125">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister201595–96-126">[122]</a> Doing so, the YPG and its female wing, the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a> (YPJ), mostly battled factions of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a>, and Islamist militias like the <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">al-Nusra Front</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Ghuraba_al-Sham" title="Jabhat Ghuraba al-Sham">Jabhat Ghuraba al-Sham</a>. It also eclipsed rival Kurdish militias,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister201595–96,_153–154,_175-127">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-nrc15Oct2019-122">[118]</a> and absorbed some government loyalist groups.<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> According to researcher Charles R. Lister, the government's withdrawal and concurrent rise of the PYD "raised many eyebrows", as the relationship between the two entities was "highly contentious" at the time. The PYD was known to oppose certain government policies, but had also strongly criticised the Syrian opposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister201595–96-126">[122]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_civil_war_01_12_2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Syrian_civil_war_01_12_2015.png/230px-Syrian_civil_war_01_12_2015.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Syrian_civil_war_01_12_2015.png/345px-Syrian_civil_war_01_12_2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Syrian_civil_war_01_12_2015.png/460px-Syrian_civil_war_01_12_2015.png 2x" data-file-width="2502" data-file-height="2107" /></a><figcaption>Military situation in December 2015, the SDF would be successful in pushing ISIS out of northern Syria</figcaption></figure> Following a deadly PYD repression of opposition demonstrations in Amuda, the Kurdish National Council withdrew from the Kurdish Supreme Committee. Unopposed, the PYD's political coalition, <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Movement for a Democratic Society">Movement for a Democratic Society</a> (TEV-DEM), controlled the Kurdish Supreme Committee until the latter was dissolved by the cantonal Democratic Autonomous Administration.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> On 19 July 2013, the PYD announced that it had written a constitution for an "autonomous Syrian Kurdish region", and planned to hold referendum to approve the constitution in October 2013. Qamishli served as first de facto capital of the PYD-led governing body,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister2015154-8">[8]</a> which was official called the "Interim Transitional Administration".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201989-9">[9]</a> The announcement was widely denounced by both moderate as well as Islamist factions of the Syrian opposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister2015154-8">[8]</a> In January 2014, three areas declared their autonomy as cantons (now Afrin Region, Jazira Region and Euphrates Region) and an interim <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of North and East Syria">constitution</a> (also known as social contract) was approved.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> The Syrian opposition and the Kurdish parties belonging to the KNC condemned this move, regarding the canton system as illegal, authoritarian, and supportive of the Syrian government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201993–94-67">[64]</a> The PYD countered that the constitution was open to review and amendment, and that the KNC had been consulted on its drafting beforehand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201994-131">[127]</a> From September 2014 to spring 2015, the YPG forces in Kobanî Canton, supported by some Free Syrian Army militias and leftist international and <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> (PKK) volunteers, fought and finally repelled an assault by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIL) during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Siege of Kobanî</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister2015319-132">[128]</a> and in the YPG's <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">Tell Abyad offensive</a> of summer of 2015, the regions of Jazira and Kobanî were connected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister2015357–358-133">[129]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YPJ_-_Rojava.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/YPJ_-_Rojava.jpg/180px-YPJ_-_Rojava.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/YPJ_-_Rojava.jpg/270px-YPJ_-_Rojava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/YPJ_-_Rojava.jpg/360px-YPJ_-_Rojava.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/YPJ" class="mw-redirect" title="YPJ">YPJ</a> fighter, November 2014</figcaption></figure> After the YPG victory over ISIL in Kobanî in March 2015, an alliance between YPG and the United States was formed, which greatly worried Turkey, because Turkey stated the YPG was a clone of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> (PKK) which Turkey (and the U.S. and the E.U.) designate as <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nrc15Oct2019-122">[118]</a> In December 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Council" title="Syrian Democratic Council">Syrian Democratic Council</a> was created. On 17 March 2016, at a TEV-DEM-organized conference in <a href="/wiki/Rmelan" title="Rmelan">Rmelan</a> the establishment the Democratic Federation of Rojava – Northern Syria was declared in the areas they controlled in Northern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> The declaration was quickly denounced by both the Syrian government and the <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AlJazeeraFederal-69">[66]</a> In March 2016, <a href="/wiki/Hediya_Yousef" title="Hediya Yousef">Hediya Yousef</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mansur_Selum" title="Mansur Selum">Mansur Selum</a> were elected co-chairpersons for the executive committee to organise a constitution for the region, to replace the 2014 constitution.<a href="#cite_note-recognition-4">[4]</a> Yousef said the decision to set up a federal government was in large part driven by the expansion of territories captured from Islamic State: "Now, after the liberation of many areas, it requires us to go to a wider and more comprehensive system that can embrace all the developments in the area, that will also give rights to all the groups to represent themselves and to form their own administrations".<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> In July 2016, a draft for the new constitution was presented, based on the principles of the 2014 constitution, mentioning all ethnic groups living in Northern Syria and addressing their cultural, political and linguistic rights.<a href="#cite_note-qamishli-136">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-new-constitution-137">[133]</a> The main political opposition to the constitution have been <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish nationalist">Kurdish nationalists</a>, in particular the KNC, who have different ideological aspirations than the TEV-DEM coalition.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> On 28 December 2016, after a meeting of the 151-member Syrian Democratic Council in <a href="/wiki/Rmelan" title="Rmelan">Rmelan</a>, a new constitution was resolved; despite objections by 12 Kurdish parties, the region was renamed the "Democratic Federation of Northern Syria", removing the name "Rojava".<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkish_military_operations_and_occupation">Turkish military operations and occupation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YPG_sniper_(Afrin_February_2018).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/YPG_sniper_%28Afrin_February_2018%29.jpg/220px-YPG_sniper_%28Afrin_February_2018%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/YPG_sniper_%28Afrin_February_2018%29.jpg/330px-YPG_sniper_%28Afrin_February_2018%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/YPG_sniper_%28Afrin_February_2018%29.jpg/440px-YPG_sniper_%28Afrin_February_2018%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1231" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/YPG" class="mw-redirect" title="YPG">YPG</a> sniper in defense of Northern Syria from Turkey, <a href="/wiki/Afrin_District" title="Afrin District">Afrin</a></figcaption></figure> Since 2012, when the first YPG pockets appeared, Turkey had been alarmed by the presence of PKK-related forces at its southern border and grew concerned when the YPG entered into an alliance with the US to oppose ISIS forces in the region.<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> The Turkish government refused to allow aid to be sent to the YPG during the Siege of Kobanî. This led to the <a href="/wiki/2014_Kurdish_riots_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Kurdish riots in Turkey">Kurdish riots</a>, the breakdown of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_peace_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish peace process">2013–2015 peace process</a> in July 2015 and the renewal of <a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(2015%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)">armed conflict</a> between the PKK and Turkish forces. According to the Turkish pro-government newspaper Daily Sabah, the YPG's parent organisation, the PYD, provided the PKK with militants, explosives, arms and ammunition.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> In August 2016, Turkey launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a> to prevent the YPG-led <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> (SDF) from linking Afrin Canton (now Afrin Region) with the rest of Rojava and to capture <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a> from the SDF. Turkish and Turkish-backed Syrian rebel forces prevented the linking of Rojava's cantons and captured all settlements in <a href="/wiki/Jarabulus" title="Jarabulus">Jarabulus</a> previously under SDF control.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> The SDF handed over part of the region to the Syrian government to act as a buffer zone against Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> Manbij remained under SDF control. In early 2018, Turkey launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Turkish-backed_Free_Syrian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army">Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army</a> to capture the Kurdish-majority <a href="/wiki/Afrin,_Syria" title="Afrin, Syria">Afrin</a> and oust the YPG/SDF from the region.<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Afrin_Canton" title="Afrin Canton">Afrin Canton</a>, a subdivision of the region, was occupied and over 100,000 civilians were displaced and relocated to Afrin Region's <a href="/wiki/Shahba_Canton" title="Shahba Canton">Shahba Canton</a> which remained under SDF, then joint SDF-<a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Army">Syrian Arab Army</a> (SAA) control. The remaining SDF forces later launched an <a href="/wiki/SDF_insurgency_in_Northern_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="SDF insurgency in Northern Aleppo">ongoing insurgency</a> against the Turkish and Turkish-backed Syrian rebel forces.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_H%C3%A2rekat%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Resulayn_(Ser%C3%AAkan%C3%AE)_bombalan%C4%B1yor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_H%C3%A2rekat%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Resulayn_%28Ser%C3%AAkan%C3%AE%29_bombalan%C4%B1yor.jpg/220px-Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_H%C3%A2rekat%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Resulayn_%28Ser%C3%AAkan%C3%AE%29_bombalan%C4%B1yor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_H%C3%A2rekat%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Resulayn_%28Ser%C3%AAkan%C3%AE%29_bombalan%C4%B1yor.jpg/330px-Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_H%C3%A2rekat%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Resulayn_%28Ser%C3%AAkan%C3%AE%29_bombalan%C4%B1yor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_H%C3%A2rekat%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Resulayn_%28Ser%C3%AAkan%C3%AE%29_bombalan%C4%B1yor.jpg/440px-Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_H%C3%A2rekat%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Resulayn_%28Ser%C3%AAkan%C3%AE%29_bombalan%C4%B1yor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a> shelling during the <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 2019, Turkey launched <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Operation Peace Spring</a> against the SDF. On 9 October, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Turkish Air Force</a> launched airstrikes on border towns.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> On 6 October <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> had ordered United States troops to withdraw from northeastern Syria where they had been <a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War">providing support</a> to the SDF.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> Journalists called the withdrawal "a serious betrayal to the Kurds" and "a catastrophic blow to US credibility as an ally and Washington's standing on the world stage"; one journalist stated that "this was one of the worst US foreign policy disasters since the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>".<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> Turkish and Turkish-backed Syrian rebel forces captured 68 settlements, including <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad" title="Tell Abyad">Tell Abyad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suluk,_Syria" title="Suluk, Syria">Suluk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mabrouka" title="Mabrouka">Mabrouka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Manajir" title="Al-Manajir">Manajir</a> during the 9-day operation before a 120-hour ceasefire was announced.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> The operation was condemned by the international community,<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> and human rights violations by Turkish forces were reported.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> Media outlets labelled the attack "no surprise" because Turkish president <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> had for months warned that the presence of the YPG on the Turkish-Syrian border despite the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a> was unacceptable.<a href="#cite_note-nrc15Oct2019-122">[118]</a> An unintended consequence of the attack was that it raised the worldwide popularity and legitimacy of the northeastern Syrian administration, and several PYD and YPG representatives became internationally known to an unprecedented degree. However, these events caused tensions within the KCK, as differences emerged between the PKK and PYD leadership. The PYD was determined to maintain the regional autonomy and hoped for a continued alliance with the United States. In contrast, the PKK central command was now willing to restart negotiations with Turkey, distrusted the United States, and emphasized the international success of its leftist ideology over the survival of Rojava as administrative entity.<a href="#cite_note-gurcan-64">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of North and East Syria">Constitution of North and East Syria</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in North and East Syria">List of political parties in North and East Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan#Democratic_confederalism" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Abdullah Öcalan § Democratic confederalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Jineology</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:18.5em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Politics of Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Self_Administration_of_Northern_and_Eastern_Syria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Emblem_of_the_Self_Administration_of_Northern_and_Eastern_Syria.svg/120px-Emblem_of_the_Self_Administration_of_Northern_and_Eastern_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Emblem_of_the_Self_Administration_of_Northern_and_Eastern_Syria.svg/180px-Emblem_of_the_Self_Administration_of_Northern_and_Eastern_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Emblem_of_the_Self_Administration_of_Northern_and_Eastern_Syria.svg/240px-Emblem_of_the_Self_Administration_of_Northern_and_Eastern_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 0 solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Rojava">Symbols</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Rojava">Symbols of Rojava</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Rojava">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Rojava">Human rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Legislature and <a href="/wiki/Rojava#Politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Council" title="Syrian Democratic Council">Syrian Democratic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_(Rojava)" title="Executive Council (Rojava)">Executive Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Elections</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_local_elections,_2015" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava local elections, 2015">March 2015 (Local)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Rojava_local_elections" title="2017 Rojava local elections">September 2017 (Local)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Rojava_regional_elections" title="2017 Rojava regional elections">December 2017 (Regional)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Rojava" title="List of political parties in Rojava">Political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;;text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a> (PYD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Syriac Union Party (Syria)">Syriac Union Party</a> (SUP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_Wave_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat Wave Movement">Wheat Wave Movement</a> (QMH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Democratic_Alliance" title="Syrian National Democratic Alliance">Syrian National Democratic Alliance</a> (SNDA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_and_Rights_Convention" title="Honor and Rights Convention">Honor and Rights Convention</a> (HRC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yek%C3%AEtiya_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Yekîtiya Star">Yekîtiya Star</a> (YS)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_National_Coalition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arab National Coalition (page does not exist)">Arab National Coalition</a> (ANC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_of_Syria" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria">Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria</a> (KDP-S)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Kurdish_Democratic_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syrian Kurdish Democratic Party (page does not exist)">Syrian Kurdish Democratic Party</a> (PDKS 1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Democratic_Unity_Party" title="Kurdish Democratic Unity Party">Kurdish Democratic Unity Party</a> (PYDKS or Yek-Dem)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Democratic_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syrian Democratic Society (page does not exist)">Syrian Democratic Society</a> (SDS)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Modernity_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democratic Modernity Party (page does not exist)">Democratic Modernity Party</a> (DM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Arab_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party">Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party</a> (PB-ASD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Left_Party_of_Syrian_Kurds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Left Party of Syrian Kurds (page does not exist)">Left Party of Syrian Kurds</a> (LPSK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party">Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party</a> (PDPKS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Organization" title="Assyrian Democratic Organization">Assyrian Democratic Party</a> (ADP)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Kurds%27_Democratic_Peace_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syrian Kurds' Democratic Peace Party (page does not exist)">Syrian Kurds' Democratic Peace Party</a> (PADKS)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Transformation_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democratic Transformation Party (page does not exist)">Democratic Transformation Party</a> (DT)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Liberal_Union_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurdistan Liberal Union Party (page does not exist)">Kurdistan Liberal Union Party</a> (PYLK)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_Democratic_Accord_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurdish Democratic Accord Party (page does not exist)">Kurdish Democratic Accord Party</a> (Wifaq)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Reform_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syrian Reform Movement (page does not exist)">Syrian Reform Movement</a> (Islah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_House" title="Yazidi House">Yazidi House</a> (Êzîdî)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Syriac Union Party (Syria)">Syriac National Council</a> (SNC)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriotic_Initiative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patriotic Initiative (page does not exist)">Patriotic Initiative</a> (PI)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Party alliances</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Nation_List&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democratic Nation List (page does not exist)">Democratic Nation List</a> (LND)/<a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Movement for a Democratic Society">Movement for a Democratic Society</a> (TEV-DEM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Alliance_in_Syria" title="Kurdish National Alliance in Syria">Kurdish National Alliance in Syria</a> (HNKS)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assembly_for_Democracy_and_the_Left&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assembly for Democracy and the Left (page does not exist)">Assembly for Democracy and the Left</a> (KDCK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a> (ENKS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%27s_Tomorrow_Movement" title="Syria's Tomorrow Movement">Syria's Tomorrow Movement</a> (TM)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Rojava">Administrative regions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jazira_Region" title="Jazira Region">Jazira Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Region" title="Euphrates Region">Euphrates Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrin_Region" title="Afrin Region">Afrin Region</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Rojava" title="Foreign relations of Rojava">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DFNS%E2%80%93Syrian_government_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="DFNS–Syrian government relations">Relations with the Syrian government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YPG%E2%80%93FSA_relations" title="YPG–FSA relations">YPG-FSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Kurdish%E2%80%93Islamist_conflict_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict (2013–present)">Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan%E2%80%93DFNS_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Kurdistan–DFNS relations">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Rojava" title="Template:Politics of Rojava"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Rojava" title="Template talk:Politics of Rojava"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Rojava" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Rojava"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_Civil_War_map_(November_24,_2023).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28November_24%2C_2023%29.svg/200px-Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28November_24%2C_2023%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28November_24%2C_2023%29.svg/300px-Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28November_24%2C_2023%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28November_24%2C_2023%29.svg/400px-Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28November_24%2C_2023%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Location in the Syrian civil war as of 2024.</figcaption></figure> The political system of the region is based on its adopted constitution, officially titled "Charter of the Social Contract".<a href="#cite_note-utopia-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-charter-159">[155]</a> The constitution was ratified on 9 January 2014 and provides that all residents of the region shall enjoy fundamental rights such as <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-utopia-38">[37]</a> It also provides for <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">property rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Glioti-160">[156]</a> The region's system of community government has <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democratic</a> aspirations.<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> The Former diplomat <a href="/wiki/Carne_Ross" title="Carne Ross">Carne Ross</a> observed in September 2015 in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>:<a href="#cite_note-utopia-38">[37]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"For a former diplomat like me, I found it confusing: I kept looking for a hierarchy, the singular leader, or signs of a government line, when, in fact, there was none; there were just groups. There was none of that stifling obedience to the party, or the obsequious deference to the "big man"—a form of government all too evident just across the borders, in Turkey to the north, and the Kurdish regional government of Iraq to the south. The confident assertiveness of young people was striking.</blockquote> However, a 2016 paper from <a href="/wiki/Chatham_House" title="Chatham House">Chatham House</a> stated that power is heavily centralized in the hands of the Democratic Union Party (PYD).<a href="#cite_note-Khalaf-162">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Abdullah Öcalan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> (PKK) leader <a href="/wiki/Imprisonment_of_Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Imprisonment of Abdullah Öcalan">imprisoned</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0mral%C4%B1_prison" title="İmralı prison">İmralı</a>, Turkey, has become an iconic figure in the region whose ideology of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">democratic confederalism</a> has shaped the region's society and politics.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> Besides the parties represented in TEV-DEM and the KNC, several other political groups operate in northern Syria. Several of these, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Alliance_in_Syria" title="Kurdish National Alliance in Syria">Kurdish National Alliance in Syria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Conservative_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Conservative Party (Syria)">Democratic Conservative Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Party_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Democratic Party (Syria)">Assyrian Democratic Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> and others actively participate in governing the region. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdish_YPG_Fighters_(22017659974).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kurdish_YPG_Fighters_%2822017659974%29.jpg/220px-Kurdish_YPG_Fighters_%2822017659974%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kurdish_YPG_Fighters_%2822017659974%29.jpg/330px-Kurdish_YPG_Fighters_%2822017659974%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kurdish_YPG_Fighters_%2822017659974%29.jpg/440px-Kurdish_YPG_Fighters_%2822017659974%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>YPJ members in a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouse</a> farm, for <a href="/wiki/Ecological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological">ecological</a> cooperative farming</figcaption></figure> The politics of the region has been described as having "libertarian transnational aspirations" influenced by the PKK's shift toward <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, but also includes various "tribal, ethno-sectarian, capitalist and patriarchal structures."<a href="#cite_note-Glioti-160">[156]</a> The region has a "co-governance" policy in which each position at each level of government in the region includes a "female equivalent of equal authority" to a male.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> Similarly, there are aspirations for equal political representation of all ethno-religious components – Arabs, Kurds and Assyrians being the most sizeable ones. This has been compared this to the <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanese</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Pact" title="National Pact">confessionalist</a> system, which is based on that country's major religions.<a href="#cite_note-Glioti-160">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-syriahr2015-169">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-opendem-170">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-Janes360-171">[167]</a> The PYD-led rule has triggered protests in various areas since they first captured territory. In 2019, residents of tens of villages in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate">Deir ez-Zor Governorate</a> demonstrated for two weeks, regarding the new regional leadership as Kurdish-dominated and non-inclusive, citing arrests of suspected ISIL members, looting of oil, lack of infrastructure as well as forced conscription into the SDF as reasons. The protests resulted in deaths and injuries.<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> It has been stated that the new political structures created in the region have been based on top-down structures, which have placed obstacles for the return of refugees, created dissent as well as a lack of trust between the SDF and the local population.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> Qamishli initially served as the de facto capital of the administration,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister2015154-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-qamishli-136">[132]</a> but the area's governing body later relocated to <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Issa" title="Ayn Issa">Ayn Issa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kurdistan24newadmin-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of North and East Syria">Regions of North and East Syria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantonal_reagonal_government_building,_Amude.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cantonal_reagonal_government_building%2C_Amude.jpg/220px-Cantonal_reagonal_government_building%2C_Amude.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cantonal_reagonal_government_building%2C_Amude.jpg/330px-Cantonal_reagonal_government_building%2C_Amude.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cantonal_reagonal_government_building%2C_Amude.jpg/440px-Cantonal_reagonal_government_building%2C_Amude.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jazira_Canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazira Canton">Jazira Canton</a> regional building, in <a href="/wiki/Amude" class="mw-redirect" title="Amude">Amude</a></figcaption></figure> Article 8 of the 2014 constitution stipulates that "All Cantons in the autonomous regions are founded on the principle of local self-government. Cantons may freely elect their representatives and representative bodies, and may pursue their rights insofar as it does not contravene the articles of the Charter."<a href="#cite_note-charter-159">[155]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Syria_Haskahka_Canal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Northern_Syria_Haskahka_Canal.jpg/220px-Northern_Syria_Haskahka_Canal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Northern_Syria_Haskahka_Canal.jpg/330px-Northern_Syria_Haskahka_Canal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Northern_Syria_Haskahka_Canal.jpg/440px-Northern_Syria_Haskahka_Canal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Canals" class="mw-redirect" title="Canals">Canals</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jazira_Canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazira Canton">Jazira Canton</a>, canals are used for reliable source of water and travel between <a href="/wiki/Cantons" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantons">cantons</a></figcaption></figure> The cantons were later reorganized into regions with subordinate cantons/provinces, areas, districts and communes. The first <a href="/wiki/2017_Northern_Syria_local_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Northern Syria local elections">communal elections</a> in the region were held on 22 September 2017. 12,421 candidates competed for around 3,700 communal positions during the elections, which were organized by the region's High Electoral Commission.<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> Elections for the councils of the Jazira Region, Euphrates Region and Afrin Region were held in <a href="/wiki/2017_Northern_Syria_regional_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Northern Syria regional elections">December 2017</a>.<a href="#cite_note-electionsregions-16">[15]</a> Most of Afrin Region was occupied by Turkish-led forces in early 2018, though the administrative division continued to operate from <a href="/wiki/Tell_Rifaat" title="Tell Rifaat">Tell Rifaat</a> which is under joint YPG-Syrian Army control.<a href="#cite_note-hawarnewsANHA-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> On 6 September 2018, during a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Council" title="Syrian Democratic Council">Syrian Democratic Council</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Issa" title="Ayn Issa">Ayn Issa</a>, a new name for the region was adopted, the "Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria", encompassing the Euphrates, Afrin, and Jazira regions as well as the local civil councils in the regions of Raqqa, Manbij, Tabqa, and Deir ez-Zor. During the meeting, a 70-member "General Council for the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria" was formed.<a href="#cite_note-hawarnewsANHA-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-kurdistan24newadmin-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-hawarnewsaminomar-78">[75]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of North and East Syria">Regions</a> </th> <th>Official name (languages) </th> <th>Prime Ministers </th> <th>Deputy Prime Ministers </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jazira_Region" title="Jazira Region">Jazira Region</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>إقليم الجزيرة (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</li><li>Herêma Cizîrê (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>)</li><li>ܦܢܝܬܐ ܕܓܙܪܬܐ (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>)</li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akram_Hesso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akram Hesso (page does not exist)">Akram Hesso</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Gawrie" title="Elizabeth Gawrie">Elizabeth Gawrie</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hussein_Taza_Al_Azam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hussein Taza Al Azam (page does not exist)">Hussein Taza Al Azam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Region" title="Euphrates Region">Euphrates Region</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>إقليم الفرات (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</li><li>Herêma Firatê (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>)</li><li>ܦܢܝܬܐ ܕܦܪܬ (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>)</li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Muslim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enver Muslim (page does not exist)">Enver Muslim</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%AAr%C3%AEvan_Hesen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bêrîvan Hesen (page does not exist)">Bêrîvan Hesen</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xalid_Birgil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xalid Birgil (page does not exist)">Xalid Birgil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Afrin_Region" title="Afrin Region">Afrin Region</a> (in exile) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>إقليم عفرين (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</li><li>Herêma Efrînê (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>)</li><li>ܦܢܝܬܐ ܕܥܦܪܝܢ (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>)</li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C3%AAv%C3%AE_%C3%8Ebrah%C3%AEm" title="Hêvî Îbrahîm">Hêvî Îbrahîm</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remzi_%C5%9E%C3%AAxmus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Remzi Şêxmus (page does not exist)">Remzi Şêxmus</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebdil_Hemid_Mistefa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebdil Hemid Mistefa (page does not exist)">Ebdil Hemid Mistefa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Raqqa Region </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>إقليم الرقة (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</li><li>Herêma Reqayê (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>)</li><li>ܦܢܝܬܐ ܕܪܩܗ (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>)</li></ul></div> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Tabqa Region </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>إقليم الطبقة (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</li><li>Herêma Tebqayê (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>)</li><li>ܦܢܝܬܐ ܕܛܒܩܗ (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>)</li></ul></div> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Manbij Region </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>إقليم منبج (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</li><li>Herêma Minbicê (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>)</li><li>ܦܢܝܬܐ ܕܡܒܘܓ (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>)</li></ul></div> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Deir ez-Zor Region </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>إقليم دير الزور (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</li><li>Herêma Dêra Zorê (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>)</li><li>ܦܢܝܬܐ ܕܕܝܪ ܐܠ ܙܘܪ (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>)</li></ul></div> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>N/A </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislature">Legislature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Council" title="Syrian Democratic Council">Syrian Democratic Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_(North_and_East_Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Council (North and East Syria)">Executive Council (North and East Syria)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_MSD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Seal_of_MSD.png/120px-Seal_of_MSD.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Seal_of_MSD.png/180px-Seal_of_MSD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Seal_of_MSD.png/240px-Seal_of_MSD.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>Seal of the Syrian Democratic Council</figcaption></figure> In December 2015, during a meeting of the region's representatives in <a href="/wiki/Al-Malikiyah" title="Al-Malikiyah">Al-Malikiyah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Council" title="Syrian Democratic Council">Syrian Democratic Council</a> (SDC) was established to serve as the political representative of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Congress-178">[174]</a> The co-leaders selected to lead the SDC at its founding were prominent human rights activist <a href="/wiki/Haytham_Manna" title="Haytham Manna">Haytham Manna</a> and <a href="/wiki/TEV-DEM" class="mw-redirect" title="TEV-DEM">TEV-DEM</a> Executive Board member Îlham Ehmed.<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-assembly-180">[176]</a> The SDC appoints an Executive Council which deal with the economy, agriculture, natural resources, and foreign affairs.<a href="#cite_note-Econ1-181">[177]</a> General elections were planned for 2014 and 2018,<a href="#cite_note-Econ1-181">[177]</a> but this was postponed due to fighting. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education,_media,_and_culture">Education, media, and culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="School">School</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Syria" title="Education in Syria">Education in Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_and_East_Syria#Ethnic_minority_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in North and East Syria">Human rights in North and East Syria § Ethnic minority rights</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:At_the_culture_center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/At_the_culture_center.jpg/220px-At_the_culture_center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/At_the_culture_center.jpg/330px-At_the_culture_center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/At_the_culture_center.jpg/440px-At_the_culture_center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Theater center in Rojava in Kobani 2014</figcaption></figure> Under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Ba'ath Party</a>, school education consisted of only <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> language public schools, supplemented by Assyrian private confessional schools.<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> In 2015, the region's administration introduced primary education in the <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">native language</a> (either <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> or Arabic) and mandatory <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">bilingual</a> education (Kurdish and Arabic) for public schools,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019109–110-183">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> with English as a mandatory third language.<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> There are ongoing disagreements and negotiations over curriculums with the Syrian central government,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019111-187">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-syriaclanguage-188">[184]</a> which generally still pays the teachers in public schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019109–110-183">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tev-Cand,_Tirbespi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tev-Cand%2C_Tirbespi.jpg/220px-Tev-Cand%2C_Tirbespi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tev-Cand%2C_Tirbespi.jpg/330px-Tev-Cand%2C_Tirbespi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tev-Cand%2C_Tirbespi.jpg/440px-Tev-Cand%2C_Tirbespi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>High school students in Tev-Cand in a classroom, dancing during a class on Syrian culture</figcaption></figure> In August 2016, the Ourhi Centre was founded by the Assyrian community in the city of Qamishli, to educate teachers in order to make <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac-Aramaic</a> an additional language in public schools in Jazira Region,<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> which then started in the 2016/17 academic year.<a href="#cite_note-syriaclanguage-188">[184]</a> According to the region's Education Committee, in 2016/2017 "three curriculums have replaced the old one, to include teaching in three languages: Kurdish, Arabic and Syriac."<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> In August 2017 Galenos Yousef Issa of the Ourhi Centre announced that the Syriac curriculum would be expanded to grade 6, which earlier had been limited to grade 3, with teachers being assigned to Syriac schools in <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">Al-Hasakah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qahtaniyah,_al-Hasakah_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qahtaniyah, al-Hasakah Governorate">Al-Qahtaniyah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Malikiyah" title="Al-Malikiyah">Al-Malikiyah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> At the start of the academic year 2018–2019, the curricula in Kurdish and Arabic had been expanded to grades 1–12 and Syriac to grades 1–9. "<a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Jineology</a>" classes had also been introduced.<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a> In general, schools are encouraged to teach the administration's "uptopian doctrine" which promotes diversity, democracy, and the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Abdullah Öcalan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabad2017219-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019110–111-197">[193]</a> Local reactions to the changes to the school system and curriculum were mixed. While many praised the new system because it encouraged tolerance and allowed Kurds and other minorities to be taught in their own languages,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabad2017219-35">[34]</a> others have criticised it as de facto compulsory indoctrination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019111–112-198">[194]</a> The federal, regional and local administrations in the region put much emphasis on promoting libraries and educational centers, to facilitate learning and social and artistic activities. Examples are the Nahawand Center for Developing Children's Talents in <a href="/wiki/Amuda" title="Amuda">Amuda</a> (est. 2015) and the Rodî û Perwîn Library in <a href="/wiki/Kobani" title="Kobani">Kobani</a> (May 2016).<a href="#cite_note-k24education-199">[195]</a> For Assyrian private confessional schools there had at first been no changes.<a href="#cite_note-syriaclanguage-188">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> However, in August 2018 it was reported that the region's authorities was trying to implement its own Syriac curriculum in private Christian schools that have been continuing to use an Arabic curriculum with limited Syriac classes approved by the Assad regime and originally developed by Syrian Education Ministry in cooperation with Christian clergy in the 1950s. The threatening of the closure of schools not complying with this resulted in protests erupting in Qamishli.<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> A deal was later reached in September 2018 between the region's authorities and the local Syriac Orthodox archbishopric, where the two first grades in these schools would learn the region's Syriac curriculum and grades three to six would continue to learn the Damascus approved curriculum.<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Syria" title="Education in Syria">Education in Syria</a></div> While there was no institution of tertiary education on the territory of the region at the onset of the Syrian Civil War, an increasing number of such institutions have been established by the regional administrations in the region since. <ul><li>In September 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Social_Sciences_Academy" title="Mesopotamian Social Sciences Academy">Mesopotamian Social Sciences Academy</a> in Qamishli started classes.<a href="#cite_note-utopia-38">[37]</a> More such academies designed under a non-traditional academic philosophy and concept are in the process of founding or planning.<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a></li> <li>In August 2015, the traditionally-designed <a href="/wiki/University_of_Afrin" title="University of Afrin">University of Afrin</a> in Afrin started teaching, with initial programs in literature, engineering and economics, including institutes for medicine, topographic engineering, music and theater, business administration and the Kurdish language.<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> After the Turkish army invaded Afrin in 2018, several of it students were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rojava" title="University of Rojava">University of Rojava</a> in Qamishli.<a href="#cite_note-:5-208">[204]</a></li> <li>In July 2016, Jazira Canton Board of Education started the University of Rojava in Qamishli, with faculties for Medicine, Engineering, Sciences, and Arts and Humanities. Programs taught include health, computer and agricultural engineering; physics, chemistry, history, psychology, geography, mathematics and primary school teaching and Kurdish literature.<a href="#cite_note-k24education-199">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a> There is an additional Faculty for Petroleum and Pharmacology in <a href="/wiki/Rmelan" title="Rmelan">Rmelan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-208">[204]</a> Its language of instruction is Kurdish, and with an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Paris_8_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris 8 University">Paris 8 University</a> in France for cooperation, the university opened registration for students in the academic year 2016–2017.<a href="#cite_note-ARA_News-210">[206]</a></li> <li>In August 2016 <a href="/wiki/Jazira_Canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazira Canton">Jazira Canton</a> police forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2016)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2016)">took control</a> of the remaining parts of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">Hasakah</a> city, which included the Hasakah campus of the Arabic-language <a href="/wiki/Al-Furat_University" title="Al-Furat University">Al-Furat University</a>, and with mutual agreement the institution continues to be operated under the authority of the Damascus government's Ministry of Higher Education.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Syria">Media of Syria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tev-Cand,_Tirbespi2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tev-Cand%2C_Tirbespi2.jpg/220px-Tev-Cand%2C_Tirbespi2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tev-Cand%2C_Tirbespi2.jpg/330px-Tev-Cand%2C_Tirbespi2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tev-Cand%2C_Tirbespi2.jpg/440px-Tev-Cand%2C_Tirbespi2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Public performance in the AANES (Rojava) in administration Tev Cand</figcaption></figure> Incorporating the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a>, as well as other internationally recognized human rights conventions, the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of North and East Syria">Constitution of North and East Syria</a> guarantees <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>. As a result, a diverse media landscape has developed in the region,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201999,_113-211">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-FreedomHouse2015-212">[208]</a> in each of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic_languages" title="Eastern Aramaic languages">Syriac-Aramaic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> languages of the land, as well as in English, and media outlets frequently use more than one language. Among the most prominent media in the region are <a href="/wiki/Hawar_News_Agency" title="Hawar News Agency">Hawar News Agency</a> and <a href="/wiki/ARA_News" title="ARA News">ARA News</a> agencies and websites as well as TV outlets Rojava Kurdistan TV, <a href="/wiki/Ronah%C3%AE_TV" title="Ronahî TV">Ronahî TV</a>, and the bimonthly magazine Nudem. A landscape of local newspapers and radio stations has developed. However, media agencies often face economic pressure, as was demonstrated by the closure of news website Welati in May 2016.<a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a> In addition, the autonomous regions have imposed some limits on press freedom, for example forcing the press to get work permits. These can be cancelled, thereby curtailing the ability of certain press agencies to operate. However, the extent of these restrictions differed greatly from area to area. By 2016, Kobani Canton was the least restrictive, followed by Jazira Canton which closely monitored and occasionally regulated press activity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201999-214">[210]</a> Afrin Canton was the most restrictive, and many local reporters operated anonymously.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019114-215">[211]</a> Political extremism in the context of the Syrian Civil War can put media outlets under pressure; for example in April 2016 the premises of <a href="/wiki/Arta_FM" title="Arta FM">Arta FM</a> ("the first, and only, independent radio station staffed and broadcast by Syrians inside Syria") in <a href="/wiki/Amuda" title="Amuda">Amuda</a> was threatened and burned down by unidentified assailants.<a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> In December 2018 the Rojava Information Center was established.<a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Afrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish military operation in Afrin">Turkish military operation in Afrin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">KDP</a>-affiliated Iraqi Kurdish <a href="/wiki/Rudaw_Media_Network" title="Rudaw Media Network">Rudaw Media Network</a> was also banned from reporting in the region.<a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a> On 2 September 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_24" title="Kurdistan 24">Kurdistan 24</a> network had its license to work in the region withdrawn and had its offices confiscated by Rojava authorities.<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> International media and journalists operate with few restrictions in the region, one of the only regions in Syria where they can operate with some degree of freedom.<a href="#cite_note-FreedomHouse2015-212">[208]</a> Internet connections in the region are often slow due to inadequate infrastructure. Internet lines are operated by <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Telecom" title="Syrian Telecom">Syrian Telecom</a>, which as of January 2017 is working on a major extension of the fibre optic cable network in southern Jazira Region.<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_arts">The arts</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tev-Cand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tev-Cand.jpg/220px-Tev-Cand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tev-Cand.jpg/330px-Tev-Cand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tev-Cand.jpg/440px-Tev-Cand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Children in (AANES) school curriculum children learning to play <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">instruments</a> and arts</figcaption></figure> After the establishment of the de facto autonomous region, the Center of Art and Democratic Culture, located in Jazira Region, has become a venue for aspiring artists who showcase their work.<a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[219]</a> Among major cultural events in the region is the annual Festival of Theater in March/April as well as the Rojava Short Story Festival in June, both in the city of Qamishli, and the Afrin Short Film Festival in April.<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Syria" title="Economy of Syria">Economy of Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrin_Region#Economy" title="Afrin Region">Afrin Region § Economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazira_Region#Economy" title="Jazira Region">Jazira Region § Economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Region#Economy" title="Euphrates Region">Euphrates Region § Economy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">Democratic confederalism</a></div> The Jazira Region is a major wheat and cotton producer and has a considerable oil industry. The Euphrates Region suffered most destruction of the three regions and has huge challenges in reconstruction, and has recently seen some <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouse</a> agriculture construction. The Afrin Region has had a traditional specialization on olive oil including <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_soap" title="Aleppo soap">Aleppo soap</a> made from it, and had drawn much industrial production from the nearby city of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">fighting in Aleppo city</a> from 2012 to 2016. <a href="/wiki/Price_controls" title="Price controls">Price controls</a> are managed by local committees, which can set the price of basic goods such as food and medical goods.<a href="#cite_note-diclenews.com-225">[221]</a> It has been theorized that the Assad government had deliberately underdeveloped parts of Northern Syria in order to Arabize the region and make secession attempts less likely.<a href="#cite_note-pkk-226">[222]</a> During the Syrian Civil War, the infrastructure of the region on average experienced less destruction than other parts of Syria. In May 2016, Ahmed Yousef, head of the Economic Body and chairman of Afrin University, stated that at the time, the economic output of the region (including agriculture, industry and oil) accounted for about 55% of Syria's gross domestic product.<a href="#cite_note-Will_Syria's_Kurds_succeed_at_self-sufficiency?-227">[223]</a> In 2014, the Syrian government was still paying some state employees,<a href="#cite_note-ICG1-228">[224]</a> but fewer than before.<a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a> However, the administration of the region stated that "none of our projects are financed by the regime".<a href="#cite_note-Efrîn_Economy_Minister_interview-230">[226]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sustaniable_Micro_irrigation_in_Northern_Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sustaniable_Micro_irrigation_in_Northern_Syria.jpg/220px-Sustaniable_Micro_irrigation_in_Northern_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sustaniable_Micro_irrigation_in_Northern_Syria.jpg/330px-Sustaniable_Micro_irrigation_in_Northern_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sustaniable_Micro_irrigation_in_Northern_Syria.jpg/440px-Sustaniable_Micro_irrigation_in_Northern_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Sustainable <a href="/wiki/Micro-irrigation" title="Micro-irrigation">micro-irrigation</a> system in Syria created by the AANES in southern Afrin.</figcaption></figure> At first, there were no <a href="/wiki/Direct_tax" title="Direct tax">direct</a> or <a href="/wiki/Indirect_tax" title="Indirect tax">indirect taxes</a> on people or businesses in the region; instead, the administration raised money mainly through <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> and selling oil and other natural resources.<a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-diclenews.com-225">[221]</a> However, in July 2017, it was reported that the administration in the Jazira Region had started to collect <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> to provide for public services in the region.<a href="#cite_note-232">[228]</a> In May 2016, The <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a> reported that traders in Syria experience the region as "the one place where they aren't forced to pay bribes."<a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a> The highest amount of energy is produced by the <a href="/wiki/Tabqa_Dam" title="Tabqa Dam">Tabqa Dam</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> river, Syrians largest.<a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a> The main sources of revenue for the autonomous region have been presented as: 1. Public properties such as grain silos and oil and gas in the Jazira Region, 2. Local taxation and customs fees taken at the border crossings, 3. Service delivery, 4. Remittances from Iraq and Turkey, and 5. Local donations. In 2015, the autonomous administration shared information about the region's finances where its 2014 revenue was about LS 3 billion (≈US$5.8 million) of which 50% was spent on "self-defense and protection", 18% for the Jazira Canton (now Jazira Region), 8.5% for the Kobani Canton (now Euphrates Region), 8.5% for the Afrin Canton (now Afrin Region), 15% for the "Internal Committee" and any remainder was a reserve for the next year.<a href="#cite_note-omran2018-68">[65]</a> The AANES has by far the highest average <a href="/wiki/Salaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Salaries">salaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> throughout Syria, with salaries being twice as large as in regime-controlled Syria, following the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_pound" title="Syrian pound">Syrian pound</a> the AANES doubled salaries to maintain <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>, and allow for good wages.<a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a> The AANES still faces challenges with distribution, <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">healthcare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_economic_relations">External economic relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of North and East Syria">Foreign relations of North and East Syria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_pontoon_bridge_at_Semalka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_pontoon_bridge_at_Semalka.jpg/220px-The_pontoon_bridge_at_Semalka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_pontoon_bridge_at_Semalka.jpg/330px-The_pontoon_bridge_at_Semalka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_pontoon_bridge_at_Semalka.jpg/440px-The_pontoon_bridge_at_Semalka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Border_crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Border crossing">Border crossing</a> at <a href="/wiki/Semalka_Border_Crossing" title="Semalka Border Crossing">Semalka</a> between <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Kurdistan government">Iraqi Kurdistan government</a> and the AANES on the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> river.</figcaption></figure> Oil and food production is substantial,<a href="#cite_note-Econ1-181">[177]</a> so they are important exports. Agricultural products include sheep, grain and cotton. Important imports are consumer goods and auto parts.<a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a> Trade with Turkey and access to humanitarian and military aid is difficult due to a blockade by Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a> Turkey does not allow business people or goods to cross its border.<a href="#cite_note-240">[236]</a> The blockade from adjacent territories held by Turkey and ISIL, and partially also the KRG, temporarily caused heavy distortions of relative prices in Jazira Region and Euphrates Region (while separate, Afrin Region borders government-controlled territory since February 2016); for example in Jazira Region and Euphrates Region, through 2016 petrol cost only half as much as bottled water.<a href="#cite_note-241">[237]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Semalka_Border_Crossing" title="Semalka Border Crossing">Semalka Border Crossing</a> with <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> had been intermittently closed by the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a> (KRG), but has been open permanently since June 2016,<a href="#cite_note-open-242">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[239]</a> and along with the establishment of a corridor to Syrian government controlled territory in April 2017,<a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a> economic exchange has increasingly normalized. Further, in May 2017 in northern Iraq, the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a> fighting ISIL cleared a corridor connecting the autonomous region and Iraqi government-controlled territory.<a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy_policy_framework">Economy policy framework</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">Collective farming</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rojava_Sewing_Cooperative.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Rojava_Sewing_Cooperative.jpg/220px-Rojava_Sewing_Cooperative.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Rojava_Sewing_Cooperative.jpg/330px-Rojava_Sewing_Cooperative.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Rojava_Sewing_Cooperative.jpg/440px-Rojava_Sewing_Cooperative.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3085" data-file-height="2314" /></a><figcaption>The autonomous administration is supporting efforts for workers to form cooperatives, such as this sewing cooperative in Derik.</figcaption></figure> The autonomous region is ruled by a coalition which have been described as pursuing a model of economy that blends co-operative and private enterprise.<a href="#cite_note-vancouver-248">[244]</a> In 2012, the PYD launched what it called the "Social Economy Plan", later renamed the "People's Economy Plan" (PEP).<a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a> <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a> and entrepreneurship are protected under the principle of "ownership by use". Dr. Dara Kurdaxi, a regional official, has stated: "The method in Rojava is not so much against private property, but rather has the goal of putting private property in the service of all the peoples who live in Rojava."<a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a> Communes and co-operatives have been established to provide essentials.<a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a> Co-operatives account for a large proportion of agricultural production and are active in construction, factories, energy production, livestock, pistachio and roasted seeds, and public markets.<a href="#cite_note-vancouver-248">[244]</a> Several hundred instances of <a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">collective farming</a> occurred across towns and villages in the region, with communes consisting of approximately 20–35 people.<a href="#cite_note-252">[248]</a> According to the region's "Ministry of Economics", approximately three-quarters of all property has been placed under community ownership and a third of production has been transferred to direct management by <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">workers' councils</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_and_security">Law and security</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of North and East Syria">Constitution of North and East Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in North and East Syria">Human rights in North and East Syria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claimed_and_de_facto_territory_of_Rojava.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Claimed_and_de_facto_territory_of_Rojava.png/220px-Claimed_and_de_facto_territory_of_Rojava.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Claimed_and_de_facto_territory_of_Rojava.png/330px-Claimed_and_de_facto_territory_of_Rojava.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Claimed_and_de_facto_territory_of_Rojava.png/440px-Claimed_and_de_facto_territory_of_Rojava.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1653" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">SDF</a>-controlled territory (green) and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish-occupied territory</a> (red) in October 2019</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_system">Legal system</h3></div> Syrian civil laws are valid in the region if they do not conflict with the Constitution of the autonomous region. One example for amendment is personal status law, which in Syria is based on <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[250]</a> and applied by <a href="/wiki/Sharia#Court_procedures" title="Sharia">Sharia Courts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-255">[251]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a> autonomous region proclaims absolute equality of women under the law, allowing <a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">civil marriage</a> and banning <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">forced marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabad2017156–163-256">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-jolie-257">[253]</a> and underage marriage.<a href="#cite_note-underage-258">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[255]</a> A new criminal justice approach was implemented that emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">restoration</a> over retribution.<a href="#cite_note-Financial_Times-260">[256]</a> The death penalty was abolished.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_Justice_System_in_Rojava-261">[257]</a> Prisons house mostly people charged with terrorist activity related to ISIL and other extremist groups.<a href="#cite_note-262">[258]</a> A September 2015 report of <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> stated that 400 people were incarcerated by the region's authorities and criticized deficiencies in <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a> of the judicial system of the region.<a href="#cite_note-AI-prisonreport-263">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-utopia-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[260]</a> At the local level, citizens create Peace and Consensus Committees, which make group decisions on minor criminal cases and disputes as well as in separate committees resolve issues of specific concern to women's rights like domestic violence and marriage. At the regional level, citizens (who need not be trained jurists) are elected by the regional People's Councils to serve on seven-member People's Courts. At the next level are four Appeals Courts, composed of trained jurists. The court of last resort is the Regional Court, which serves the region as a whole. Separate from this system, the Constitutional Court renders decisions on compatibility of acts of government and legal proceedings with the constitution of the region (called the Social Contract).<a href="#cite_note-The_New_Justice_System_in_Rojava-261">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policing_and_security">Policing and security</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Asayish_(NES_regions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asayish (NES regions)">Asayish (NES regions)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutoro" title="Sutoro">Sutoro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-Defense_Forces_(NES_regions)" title="Self-Defense Forces (NES regions)">Self-Defense Forces (NES regions)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Raqqa_Internal_Security_Forces" title="Raqqa Internal Security Forces">Raqqa Internal Security Forces</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Members_of_the_Raqqa_internal_security_forces.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Members_of_the_Raqqa_internal_security_forces.png/250px-Members_of_the_Raqqa_internal_security_forces.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Members_of_the_Raqqa_internal_security_forces.png/375px-Members_of_the_Raqqa_internal_security_forces.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Members_of_the_Raqqa_internal_security_forces.png/500px-Members_of_the_Raqqa_internal_security_forces.png 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Raqqa_Internal_Security_Forces" title="Raqqa Internal Security Forces">Raqqa Internal Security Forces</a> (RISF) in <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Issa" title="Ayn Issa">Ayn Issa</a>.</figcaption></figure> Policing in the region is performed by the <a href="/wiki/Asayish_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asayish (Syria)">Asayish</a> armed formation. Asayish was established on 25 July 2013 to fill the gap of security when the Syrian security forces withdrew.<a href="#cite_note-asayish-265">[261]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of North and East Syria">Constitution of North and East Syria</a>, policing is a competence of the regions. The Asayish forces of the regions are composed of 26 official bureaus that aim to provide security and solutions to social problems. The six main units of Asayish are Checkpoints Administration, Anti-Terror Forces Command (HAT), Intelligence Directorate, Organized Crime Directorate, Traffic Directorate and Treasury Directorate. 218 Asayish centers were established and 385 checkpoints with 10 Asayish members in each checkpoint were set up. 105 Asayish offices provide security against ISIL on the frontlines across Northern Syria. Larger cities have general directorates responsible for all aspects of security including road controls. Each region has a HAT command, and each Asayish center organizes itself autonomously.<a href="#cite_note-asayish-265">[261]</a> Throughout the region, the municipal Civilian Defense Forces (HPC)<a href="#cite_note-266">[262]</a> and the regional <a href="/wiki/Self-Defense_Forces_(NES_regions)" title="Self-Defense Forces (NES regions)">Self-Defense Forces</a> (HXP)<a href="#cite_note-267">[263]</a> also serve local-level security. In Jazira Region, the Asayish are further complemented by the Assyrian <a href="/wiki/Sutoro" title="Sutoro">Sutoro</a> police force, which is organized in every area with Assyrian population, provides security and solutions to social problems in collaboration with other Asayish units.<a href="#cite_note-asayish-265">[261]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Khabour_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="Khabour Guards">Khabour Guards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nattoreh" title="Nattoreh">Nattoreh</a>, though not police units, also have a presence in the area, providing security in towns along the <a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates)" title="Khabur (Euphrates)">Khabur River</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bethnahrain_Women%27s_Protection_Forces" title="Bethnahrain Women's Protection Forces">Bethnahrain Women's Protection Forces</a> also maintain a police branch. In the areas taken from ISIL during the <a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–present)">Raqqa campaign</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Raqqa_Internal_Security_Forces" title="Raqqa Internal Security Forces">Raqqa Internal Security Forces</a> and Manbij Internal Security Forces operate as police forces. Deir ez-Zor also maintain an Internal Security Forces unit. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Militias">Militias</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-Defense_Forces_(NES_regions)" title="Self-Defense Forces (NES regions)">Self-Defense Forces (NES regions)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Kurdish%E2%80%93Islamist_conflict_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict (2013–present)">Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict (2013–present)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_small_group_of_YPJ_fighters_relaxing_together.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/A_small_group_of_YPJ_fighters_relaxing_together.jpg/220px-A_small_group_of_YPJ_fighters_relaxing_together.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/A_small_group_of_YPJ_fighters_relaxing_together.jpg/330px-A_small_group_of_YPJ_fighters_relaxing_together.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/A_small_group_of_YPJ_fighters_relaxing_together.jpg/440px-A_small_group_of_YPJ_fighters_relaxing_together.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2526" data-file-height="1649" /></a><figcaption>Female fighters of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">YPJ</a> play a significant combat role in the region.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HXP_in_2016_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/HXP_in_2016_%283%29.jpg/220px-HXP_in_2016_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/HXP_in_2016_%283%29.jpg/330px-HXP_in_2016_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/HXP_in_2016_%283%29.jpg/440px-HXP_in_2016_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>HXP militiamen on parade in 2016.</figcaption></figure> The main military force of the region is the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a>, an alliance of Syrian rebel groups formed in 2015. The SDF is led by the Kurdish majority <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> (Yekîneyên Parastina Gel, YPG). The YPG was founded by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">PYD</a> after the <a href="/wiki/2004_Qamishli_riots" title="2004 Qamishli riots">2004 Qamishli clashes</a>, but was first active in the Syrian Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-Vice-268">[264]</a> There is also the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a> (MFS), an Assyrian militia associated with the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Syriac Union Party (Syria)">Syriac Union Party</a>. There are also <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> groups in the alliance such as <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Thuwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaysh al-Thuwar">Jaysh al-Thuwar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Democratic_Brigade" title="Northern Democratic Brigade">Northern Democratic Brigade</a>, tribal militias like the Arab <a href="/wiki/Al-Sanadid_Forces" title="Al-Sanadid Forces">Al-Sanadid Forces</a>, and municipal military councils in the <a href="/wiki/Shahba_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahba region">Shahba region</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Manbij_Military_Council" title="Manbij Military Council">Manbij Military Council</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Al-Bab_Military_Council" title="Al-Bab Military Council">Al-Bab Military Council</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Jarablus_Military_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarablus Military Council">Jarablus Military Council</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Self-Defense_Forces_(NES_regions)" title="Self-Defense Forces (NES regions)">Self-Defence Forces</a> (HXP) is a territorial defense militia and the only conscript armed force in the region.<a href="#cite_note-269">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in North and East Syria">Human rights in North and East Syria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Husseiniya_village.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Husseiniya_village.png/180px-Husseiniya_village.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Husseiniya_village.png/270px-Husseiniya_village.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Husseiniya_village.png/360px-Husseiniya_village.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="1110" /></a><figcaption>Satellite images of the village of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Husseiniya,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Husseiniya, Syria (page does not exist)">Husseiniya</a> in 2014 and 2015, reportedly leveled by the YPG. </figcaption></figure> In the course of the Syrian Civil War, including the years 2014 and 2015, reports by <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> (HRW) and <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> stated that <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_and_East_Syria#NES-associated_militias" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in North and East Syria">militias associated with the autonomous region</a> were committing war crimes, in particular members of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> (YPG).<a href="#cite_note-270">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[267]</a> The reports from 2014 include reports of arbitrary arrests and torture, other reports include the use of <a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Child soldiers">child soldiers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-272">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[270]</a> After the report, the YPG publicly accepted the deficiencies<a href="#cite_note-:1-272">[268]</a> and in October 2015 the YPG demobilized 21 minors from the military service in its ranks.<a href="#cite_note-275">[271]</a> Reports have been comprehensively debated and contested by both the YPG and other human rights organizations.<a href="#cite_note-276">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[273]</a> In 2018, HRW again accused the YPG of recruiting minors. The YPG responded that if 16- and 17-year-olds are hired, the relatives are notified, but do not have to consent, and the minors are kept away from combat zones.<a href="#cite_note-:2-278">[274]</a> Since September 2015, the YPG have received human rights training from <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Call" title="Geneva Call">Geneva Call</a> and other international organizations.<a href="#cite_note-perry-279">[275]</a> A September 2020 article from <a href="/wiki/Syria_Direct" title="Syria Direct">Syria Direct</a> found that the SDF was continuing to recruit child soldiers, despite signing an action plan on July 1, 2019, with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> to "end and prevent the recruitment and use of child soldiers."<a href="#cite_note-280">[276]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yezidi_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Yezidi_House.jpg/220px-Yezidi_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Yezidi_House.jpg/330px-Yezidi_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Yezidi_House.jpg/440px-Yezidi_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>SDF <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a> praying in a Yazidi temple, with a mural of the holy <a href="/wiki/Melek_Taus" class="mw-redirect" title="Melek Taus">Melek Taus</a>, in AANES (Rojava) following the expulsion of <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a></figcaption></figure> The region's civil government has been hailed in international media for human rights advancement in particular <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_and_East_Syria#Human_rights_development_in_the_legal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in North and East Syria">in the legal system</a>, concerning <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_and_East_Syria#Women's_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in North and East Syria">women's rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_and_East_Syria#Ethnic_minority_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in North and East Syria">ethnic minority rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_and_East_Syria#Freedom_of_Speech_and_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in North and East Syria">freedom of Speech and Press</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_and_East_Syria#Hosting_inbound_refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in North and East Syria">hosting inbound refugees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-Financial_Times-260">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-meredith-282">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sheppard-283">[279]</a> The political agenda of "trying to break the honor-based religious and tribal rules that confine women" is controversial in conservative quarters of society.<a href="#cite_note-underage-258">[254]</a> Conscription into the <a href="/wiki/Self-Defense_Forces_(NES_regions)" title="Self-Defense Forces (NES regions)">Self-Defence Forces</a> (HXP) has been called a human rights violation by those who call the region's institutions illegitimate, whilst extra-legal abduction into military service has been reported, such as in 2014 when a 15-year-old girl was kidnapped and recruited into the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">YPJ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-assyrian-accuses-284">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[281]</a> Some persistent issues in the region concern <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_and_East_Syria#Ethnic_minority_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in North and East Syria">ethnic minority rights</a>. One issue of contention is the consequence of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_and_East_Syria#Confiscation_of_Kurdish_land_and_settlement_by_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in North and East Syria">Baathist Syrian government's expropriation</a> of land from Kurdish owners and settling of tribal Arabs there in 1973 and 2007.<a href="#cite_note-OHCHR-2009-109">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW1996-104">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-CSmonitor-2005-108">[104]</a> There have been calls to expel the settlers and return the land to its previous owners, which has led the political leadership of the region to press the Syrian government for a comprehensive solution.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Monitor-286">[282]</a> During the ongoing Syrian Civil War, organizations such as the Turkish government,<a href="#cite_note-287">[283]</a> Amnesty International<a href="#cite_note-288">[284]</a> and the Middle East Observer<a href="#cite_note-289">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[286]</a> have stated that SDF was forcibly displacing inhabitants of captured areas with predominantly Arab population such as Tell Abyad. These displacements were considered attempts at <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[287]</a> However, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights">Syrian Observatory for Human Rights</a> rebutted these reports<a href="#cite_note-Gesellschaft_für_bedrohte_Völker-292">[288]</a> and the UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry find no evidence of YPG or SDF forces committing ethnic cleansing in order to change the demographic composition of territories under their control.<a href="#cite_note-:4-46">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Syria" title="Demographics of Syria">Demographics of Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira_Province" title="Al-Jazira Province">Al-Jazira Province</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdish_YPG_Fighter_(23306158716).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kurdish_YPG_Fighter_%2823306158716%29.jpg/220px-Kurdish_YPG_Fighter_%2823306158716%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kurdish_YPG_Fighter_%2823306158716%29.jpg/330px-Kurdish_YPG_Fighter_%2823306158716%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kurdish_YPG_Fighter_%2823306158716%29.jpg/440px-Kurdish_YPG_Fighter_%2823306158716%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1397" data-file-height="1364" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/YPJ" class="mw-redirect" title="YPJ">YPJ</a> soldier next to a large <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoir</a> in Northern Syria</figcaption></figure> The demographics of the region have historically been highly diverse, with several major shifts in regard to which groups form majorities or minorities in the last centuries.<a href="#cite_note-297">[e]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate">Al-Hasakah Governorate</a> historically been the domain of nomad and sedentary Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-fevret-298">[293]</a> Most of the Kurdish population in the area have immigrated from Turkey during the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Storm-299">[294]</a> One major shift in modern times was in the early part of the 20th century due to the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocides</a>, when many Assyrians and Armenians fled to Syria from Turkey. In the 1920s after the failed <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish rebellions">Kurdish rebellions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Single-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Kemalist Turkey</a>, there was a large influx of Kurds to Syria's northeast, called "Jazira province" at the time. It is estimated that 25,000 Kurds fled at this time to Syria, under <a href="/wiki/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">French Mandate authorities</a>, who encouraged their immigration,<a href="#cite_note-McDowell-300">[295]</a> and granted them Syrian citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-Kreyenbroek1-301">[296]</a> Consequently, the French official reports show the existence of at most 45 Kurdish villages in Jazira prior to 1927. A new wave of refugees arrived in 1929.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETejel2009144-302">[297]</a> The mandatory authorities continued to encourage Kurdish immigration into Syria, and by 1939, the villages numbered between 700 and 800.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETejel2009144-302">[297]</a> Another account by Sir John Hope Simpson estimated the number of Kurds in Jazira province at 20,000 out of 100,000 people at the end of 1930.<a href="#cite_note-The_Refugee_Problem-102">[98]</a>: 556  The number of Kurds continued to grow and the French geographers Fevret and Gibert estimated that in 1953 out of the total 146,000 inhabitants of Jazira, agriculturalist Kurds made up 60,000 (41%), nomad Arabs 50,000 (34%), and a quarter of the population were Christians.<a href="#cite_note-fevret-298">[293]</a> Under the French Mandate of Syria, newly arriving Kurds were granted citizenship by <a href="/wiki/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">French Mandate authorities</a><a href="#cite_note-Chatty2010-101">[97]</a> and enjoyed considerable rights as the French Mandate authority encouraged minority autonomy as part of a <a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">divide and rule</a> strategy and recruited heavily from the Kurds and other minority groups, such as <a href="/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>, for its local armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-Yildiz25-303">[298]</a> The last significant wave of Kurdish incoming migration from Turkey happened between 1945 and 1961 which strongly contributed to the growth of al-Hasakah Governorate's population from 240,000 to 305,000 between 1954 and 1961.<a href="#cite_note-304">[299]</a> In addition to the demographic changes brought about by the Kurdish immigration from Turkey, the Syrian government initiated Arabization policy. Therefore, 4000 Arab families from areas flooded by the Tabqa Dam in Raqqa and Aleppo were resettled in new village in al-Hasakah Governorate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201927-103">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW1996-104">[100]</a> Another shift in modern times was the Baath policy of settling additional Arab population in northern Syria, while displacing local Kurds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201927-103">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW1996-104">[100]</a> Most recently, during the Syrian Civil War, many refugees have fled to the north of the country. Some ethnic Arab citizens from Iraq have fled to northern Syria as well.<a href="#cite_note-Sheppard-283">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[301]</a> However, as of January 2018, only two million people are estimated to remain in the area under the region's administration with estimates of around half a million people emigrating since the beginning of the civil war, to a large degree because of the economic hardships the region has faced during the war.<a href="#cite_note-washingtoninstitute1-7">[7]</a> As result of the civil war, estimates as to the ethnic composition of northern Syria vary widely, ranging from claims about a Kurdish majority and Arab minority to claims about Kurds being a small minority;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg20197–16-307">[302]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a> stated in October 2019 that just 10 percent of the 4.5 million inhabitants of northern and northeastern Syria were Kurds.<a href="#cite_note-308">[303]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Syria" title="Kurds in Syria">Kurds in Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Syria" title="Assyrians in Syria">Assyrians in Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syrian Turkmen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yazidis_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazidis in Syria">Yazidis in Syria</a></div> Two ethnic groups have a significant presence throughout Northern Syria: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[304]</a> living in northeastern and northwestern Syria, culturally and linguistically classified among the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-310">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[306]</a> Many Kurds consider themselves descended from the ancient Iranian people of the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-312">[307]</a> using a calendar dating from 612 BC, when the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> capital of <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> was conquered by the Medes.<a href="#cite_note-Iranica_Frye-313">[308]</a> Kurds formed 55% of the 2010 population of what now is both Jazira Region and Euphrates Region.<a href="#cite_note-pkk-226">[222]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[312]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">ethnolinguistic group</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[315]</a> living throughout Northern Syria, mainly defined by <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> as their <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a>. They encompass <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> tribes who trace their ancestry to the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">arabized</a> indigenous peoples and preexisting Arab groups.<a href="#cite_note-ethno1-321">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-ethno2-322">[317]</a> Arabs form the majority or plurality in some parts of Northern Syria, in particular in the southern parts of the Jazira Region, in <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_District" title="Tell Abyad District">Tell Abyad District</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Azaz_District" title="Azaz District">Azaz District</a>. While in <a href="/wiki/Shahba_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahba region">Shahba region</a> the term Arab is mainly used to denote arabized Kurds<a href="#cite_note-pkk-226">[222]</a> and arabized <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ethno1-321">[316]</a> in Euphrates Region and in Jazira Region it mainly denotes ethnic Arab Bedouin populations.<a href="#cite_note-ethno2-322">[317]</a></li></ul> Two ethnic groups have a significant presence in certain regions of Northern Syria: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qamishli_in_winter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Qamishli_in_winter.jpg/220px-Qamishli_in_winter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Qamishli_in_winter.jpg/330px-Qamishli_in_winter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Qamishli_in_winter.jpg/440px-Qamishli_in_winter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>The streets of Qamishli during Christmas</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-323">[318]</a> Their presence in Syria is in the <a href="/wiki/Jazira_Region" title="Jazira Region">Jazira Region</a> of the autonomous region, particularly in the urban areas (<a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">al-Hasakah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Malikiyah" title="Al-Malikiyah">Al-Malikiyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qahtaniyah,_al-Hasakah_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qahtaniyah, al-Hasakah Governorate">Al-Qahtaniyah</a>), in the northeastern corner and in villages along the <a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates)" title="Khabur (Euphrates)">Khabur River</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tell_Tamer" title="Tell Tamer">Tell Tamer</a> area. They traditionally speak varieties of <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Neo-Aramaic" title="Northeastern Neo-Aramaic">Northeastern Neo-Aramaic</a>, a Semitic language.<a href="#cite_note-324">[319]</a> There are many Assyrians among recent refugees to Northern Syria, fleeing Islamist violence elsewhere in Syria back to their traditional lands.<a href="#cite_note-325">[320]</a> In the secular polyethnic political climate of the region, the <a href="/wiki/Dawronoye" title="Dawronoye">Dawronoye</a> modernization movement has a growing influence on Assyrian identity in the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-Dawronoye-32">[31]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Turkmen</a> are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> with a major presence in the area between Afrin Region and Euphrates Region, where they form regional majorities in the countryside from <a href="/wiki/Azaz" title="Azaz">Azaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mare%27" title="Mare'">Mare'</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jarabulus" title="Jarabulus">Jarabulus</a>, and a minor presence in Afrin Region and Euphrates Region.</li></ul> There are also smaller minorities of <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Syria" title="Armenians in Syria">Armenians</a> throughout Northern Syria as well as <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raqqa,center2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Raqqa%2Ccenter2.jpg/220px-Raqqa%2Ccenter2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Raqqa%2Ccenter2.jpg/330px-Raqqa%2Ccenter2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Raqqa%2Ccenter2.jpg/440px-Raqqa%2Ccenter2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1285" /></a><figcaption>Town center of Raqqa, 2009</figcaption></figure> Regarding the status of different languages in the autonomous region, its "Social Contract" stipulates that "all languages in Northern Syria are equal in all areas of life, including social, educational, cultural, and administrative dealings. Every people shall organize its life and manage its affairs using its mother tongue."<a href="#cite_note-326">[321]</a> In practice, Arabic and Kurmanji are predominantly used across all areas and for most official documents, with Syriac being mainly used in the Jazira Region with some usage across all areas while Turkish and Circassian are also used in the region of Manbij. The four main languages spoken in Northern Syria are the following, and are from three different language families: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Kurdish" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Kurdish">Northern Kurdish</a> dialect), a <a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">Northwestern Iranian language</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[323]</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="North Mesopotamian Arabic">North Mesopotamian Arabic</a> dialect (<a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a> in education and writing), a <a href="/wiki/Central_Semitic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Semitic language">Central Semitic language</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic language family</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic_languages" title="Eastern Aramaic languages">Eastern Aramaic languages</a> mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Turoyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Turoyo">Turoyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Assyrian Neo-Aramaic</a> varieties (mainly <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> in education and writing), <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_languages" title="Northwest Semitic languages">Northwest Semitic languages</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic language family</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_dialects#Syrian_Turkmen_dialect" title="Turkish dialects">Syrian Turkmen</a> dialect), from the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic language family</a>.</li></ul> For these four languages, three different scripts are in use in Northern Syria: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> for Kurdish, Turkish and Turoyo</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet (abjad)</a> for Arabic</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac alphabet</a> for Syriac, Turoyo and Assyrian Neo-Aramaic</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Raqqa,_Moderne_Moschee_unweit_des_Bagdhdad_Tores_(Bab_Baghdad)_(38651064386).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Raqqa%2C_Moderne_Moschee_unweit_des_Bagdhdad_Tores_%28Bab_Baghdad%29_%2838651064386%29.jpg/200px-Raqqa%2C_Moderne_Moschee_unweit_des_Bagdhdad_Tores_%28Bab_Baghdad%29_%2838651064386%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Raqqa%2C_Moderne_Moschee_unweit_des_Bagdhdad_Tores_%28Bab_Baghdad%29_%2838651064386%29.jpg/300px-Raqqa%2C_Moderne_Moschee_unweit_des_Bagdhdad_Tores_%28Bab_Baghdad%29_%2838651064386%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Raqqa%2C_Moderne_Moschee_unweit_des_Bagdhdad_Tores_%28Bab_Baghdad%29_%2838651064386%29.jpg/400px-Raqqa%2C_Moderne_Moschee_unweit_des_Bagdhdad_Tores_%28Bab_Baghdad%29_%2838651064386%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1632" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Uwais_al-Qarni_Mosque" title="Uwais al-Qarni Mosque">Uwais al-Qarni</a> <a href="/wiki/Shi%27ite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ite">Shi'ite</a> mosque in Raqqa (destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL</a> in 2014)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Hasakah,armen.church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Hasakah%2Carmen.church.jpg/200px-Hasakah%2Carmen.church.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Hasakah%2Carmen.church.jpg/300px-Hasakah%2Carmen.church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Hasakah%2Carmen.church.jpg/400px-Hasakah%2Carmen.church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1285" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Assyrian</a> cathedral in Al-Hasakah</div></div></div></div></div> Most ethnic Kurdish and Arab people in Northern Syria adhere to <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, while ethnic Assyrian people generally are <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic</a> or adherents of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>. There are also adherents to other religions, such as <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-329">[324]</a> The dominant PYD party and the political administration in the region are decidedly <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dawronoye-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Enz-nyt-2015-330">[325]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_centres">Population centres</h3></div> This list includes all cities and towns in the region with more than 10,000 inhabitants. The population figures are given according to the 2004 Syrian census.<a href="#cite_note-331">[326]</a> Cities highlighted in light grey are partially under the civil control of the Syrian government.<a href="#cite_note-332">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salim_Muslim_interview-333">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rudaw2017-07-28-335">[330]</a> <table class="toccolours sortable" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:lavender;"> <th>English Name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Northern_Kurdish" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Kurdish">Kurdish</a> Name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> Name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> Name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> Name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a> </th> <th>Region </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a> </td> <td>Reqa </td> <td>الرقة </td> <td>ܪܩܗ </td> <td>Rakka </td> <td>220,488 </td> <td><a href="#Administrative_divisions">Raqqa</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#dcdddd;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">Al-Hasakah</a> </td> <td>Hesîçe </td> <td>الحسكة </td> <td>ܚܣܟܗ </td> <td>Haseke </td> <td>188,160 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jazira_Region" title="Jazira Region">Jazira</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#dcdddd;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a> </td> <td>Qamişlo </td> <td>القامشلي </td> <td>ܩܡܫܠܐ </td> <td>Kamışlı </td> <td>184,231 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jazira_Region" title="Jazira Region">Jazira</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a> </td> <td>Menbîç </td> <td>منبج </td> <td>ܡܒܘܓ </td> <td>Münbiç </td> <td>99,497 </td> <td><a href="#Administrative_divisions">Manbij</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Thawrah" title="Al-Thawrah">Tabqa</a> </td> <td>Tebqa </td> <td>الطبقة </td> <td>ܛܒܩܗ </td> <td>Tabka </td> <td>69,425 </td> <td><a href="#Administrative_divisions">Tabqa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kobani" title="Kobani">Kobani</a> </td> <td>Kobanî </td> <td>عين العرب </td> <td>ܟܘܒܐܢܝ </td> <td>Arappınar </td> <td>44,821 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Region" title="Euphrates Region">Euphrates</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hajin" title="Hajin">Hajin</a> </td> <td>Hecîn </td> <td>هجين‎ </td> <td>ܗܓܝܢ </td> <td> </td> <td>37,935 </td> <td><a href="#Administrative_divisions">Deir Ez-Zor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amuda" title="Amuda">Amuda</a> </td> <td>Amûdê </td> <td>عامودا </td> <td>ܥܐܡܘܕܐ </td> <td>Amudiye </td> <td>26,821 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jazira_Region" title="Jazira Region">Jazira</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Malikiyah" title="Al-Malikiyah">Al-Malikiyah</a> </td> <td>Dêrika Hemko </td> <td>المالكية </td> <td>ܕܪܝܟ </td> <td>Deyrik </td> <td>26,311 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jazira_Region" title="Jazira Region">Jazira</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gharanij" title="Gharanij">Gharanij</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>غرانيج </td> <td>ܓܪܐܢܝܓ </td> <td> </td> <td>23,009 </td> <td><a href="#Administrative_divisions">Deir Ez-Zor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamam" title="Abu Hamam">Abu Hamam</a> </td> <td>Ebû Hemam </td> <td>أبو حمام‎ </td> <td>ܐܒܘ ܚܡܐܡ </td> <td> </td> <td>21,947 </td> <td><a href="#Administrative_divisions">Deir Ez-Zor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tell_Rifaat" title="Tell Rifaat">Tell Rifaat</a> </td> <td>Arfêd </td> <td>تل رفعت </td> <td>ܬܠ ܪܦܥܬ </td> <td>Tel Rıfat </td> <td>20,514 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Afrin_Region" title="Afrin Region">Afrin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaafah" title="Al-Shaafah">Al-Shaafah</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>الشعفة </td> <td>ܫܥܦܗ </td> <td> </td> <td>18,956 </td> <td><a href="#Administrative_divisions">Deir Ez-Zor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Qahtaniyah,_al-Hasakah_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qahtaniyah, al-Hasakah Governorate">Al-Qahtaniyah</a> </td> <td>Tirbespî </td> <td>القحطانية </td> <td>ܩܒܪ̈ܐ ܚܘܪ̈ܐ </td> <td>Kubur el Bid </td> <td>16,946 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jazira_Region" title="Jazira Region">Jazira</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansurah,_Raqqa_Governorate" title="Al-Mansurah, Raqqa Governorate">Al-Mansurah</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>المنصورة‎ </td> <td>ܡܢܨܘܪܗ </td> <td> </td> <td>16,158 </td> <td><a href="#Administrative_divisions">Tabqa</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[331]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadah" title="Al-Shaddadah">Al-Shaddadah</a> </td> <td>Şeddadê </td> <td>الشدادي </td> <td>ܫܕܐܕܝ </td> <td>Şaddadi </td> <td>15,806 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jazira_Region" title="Jazira Region">Jazira</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Muabbada" title="Al-Muabbada">Al-Muabbada</a> </td> <td>Girkê Legê </td> <td>المعبدة </td> <td>ܡܥܒܕܗ </td> <td>Muabbada </td> <td>15,759 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jazira_Region" title="Jazira Region">Jazira</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Kishkiyah" title="Al-Kishkiyah">Al-Kishkiyah</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>الكشكية </td> <td>ܟܫܟܝܗ </td> <td> </td> <td>14,979 </td> <td><a href="#Administrative_divisions">Deir Ez-Zor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Sabaa_wa_Arbain" title="Al-Sabaa wa Arbain">Al-Sabaa wa Arbain</a> </td> <td>Seba û Erbîyn </td> <td>السبعة وأربعين </td> <td>ܣܒܥܗ ܘܐܪܒܥܝܢ </td> <td>El Seba ve Arbayn </td> <td>14,177 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jazira_Region" title="Jazira Region">Jazira</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rmelan" title="Rmelan">Rmelan</a> </td> <td>Rimêlan </td> <td>رميلان </td> <td>ܪܡܝܠܐܢ </td> <td>Rimelan </td> <td>11,500 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jazira_Region" title="Jazira Region">Jazira</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Al-Baghuz Fawqani">Al-Baghuz Fawqani</a> </td> <td>Baxoz </td> <td>الباغوز فوقاني‎ </td> <td>ܒܐܓܘܙ ܦܘܩܐܢܝ </td> <td> </td> <td>10,649 </td> <td><a href="#Administrative_divisions">Deir Ez-Zor</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> Healthcare is organized through the region's "Health and Environment Authority" and through sub-region and canton-level Health Committees.<a href="#cite_note-337">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[335]</a> Independent organizations providing healthcare in the region include the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Red_Crescent" title="Kurdish Red Crescent">Kurdish Red Crescent</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_American_Medical_Society" title="Syrian American Medical Society">Syrian American Medical Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Free_Burma_Rangers" title="Free Burma Rangers">Free Burma Rangers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doctors_Without_Borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctors Without Borders">Doctors Without Borders</a>. The <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">2019 Turkish offensive</a> left thousands of people in the region without access to basic necessities as the majority of international aid groups withdrew during the violence.<a href="#cite_note-341">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[337]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_relations">External relations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_the_Syrian_government">Relations with the Syrian government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rojava%E2%80%93Syria_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava–Syria relations">Rojava–Syria relations</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Federalization_of_Syria" title="Federalization of Syria">Federalization of Syria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg/220px-Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg/330px-Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg/440px-Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a></figcaption></figure> Currently, the relations of the region to the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government">Damascus government</a> are determined by the context of the Syrian civil war. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Syria" title="Constitution of Syria">Constitution of Syria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of North and East Syria">Constitution of North and East Syria</a> are legally incompatible with respect to legislative and executive authority. In the military realm, combat between the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> (YPG) and Syrian government forces has been rare, in the most instances some of the territory still controlled by the Syrian government in Qamishli and al-Hasakah has been lost to the YPG. In some military campaigns, in particular in northern Aleppo governate and in al-Hasakah, YPG and Syrian government forces have tacitly cooperated against Islamist forces, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and others.<a href="#cite_note-russia-mediates-20">[19]</a> The region does not state to pursue full independence but rather autonomy within a federal and democratic Syria.<a href="#cite_note-MiddleEastEye-41">[40]</a> In March 2015, the Syrian Information Minister announced that his government considered recognizing the Kurdish autonomy "within the law and constitution".<a href="#cite_note-343">[338]</a> While the region's administration is not invited to the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_peace_talks_on_Syria_(2016)" title="Geneva peace talks on Syria (2016)">Geneva III peace talks on Syria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-344">[339]</a> or any of the earlier talks, Russia in particular calls for the region's inclusion and does to some degree carry the region's positions into the talks, as documented in Russia's May 2016 draft for a new constitution for Syria.<a href="#cite_note-Now.MMedia/Al-Akhbar-345">[340]</a> In October 2016, there were reports of a Russian initiative for federalization with a focus on northern Syria, which at its core called to turn the existing institutions of the region into legitimate institutions of Syria; also reported was its rejection for the time being by the Syrian government.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Monitor-286">[282]</a> The Damascus ruling elite is split over the question whether the new model in the region can work in parallel and converge with the Syrian government, for the benefit of both, or if the agenda should be to centralize again all power at the end of the civil war, necessitating preparation for ultimate confrontation with the region's institutions.<a href="#cite_note-chatham-346">[341]</a> An analysis released in June 2017 described the region's "relationship with the regime fraught but functional" and a "semi-cooperative dynamic".<a href="#cite_note-347">[342]</a> In late September 2017, Syria's Foreign Minister said that Damascus would consider granting Kurds more autonomy in the region once ISIL is defeated.<a href="#cite_note-348">[343]</a> On 13 October 2019, the SDF announced that it had reached an agreement with the Syrian Army which allowed the latter to enter the SDF-held cities of Manbij and Kobani in order to dissuade a Turkish attack on those cities as part of the cross-border offensive by Turkish and Turkish-backed Syrian rebels.<a href="#cite_note-349">[344]</a> The Syrian Army also deployed in the north of Syria together with the SDF along the Syrian-Turkish border and entered into several SDF-held cities such as Ayn Issa and Tell Tamer.<a href="#cite_note-350">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[346]</a> Following the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a> the SDF stated that it was ready to merge with the Syrian Army if or when a political settlement between the Syrian government and the SDF is achieved.<a href="#cite_note-352">[347]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kurdish_issues">Kurdish issues</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish nationalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdish-inhabited_area_by_CIA_(1992).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kurdish-inhabited_area_by_CIA_%281992%29.jpg/220px-Kurdish-inhabited_area_by_CIA_%281992%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kurdish-inhabited_area_by_CIA_%281992%29.jpg/330px-Kurdish-inhabited_area_by_CIA_%281992%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kurdish-inhabited_area_by_CIA_%281992%29.jpg/440px-Kurdish-inhabited_area_by_CIA_%281992%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="802" /></a><figcaption>Kurdish-inhabited areas in 1992 according to the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> </figcaption></figure> The region's dominant political party, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a> (PYD), is a member organisation of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Communities_Union" title="Kurdistan Communities Union">Kurdistan Communities Union</a> (KCK) organization; however, the other KCK member organisations in the neighbouring states (Turkey, Iran and Iraq) with Kurdish minorities are either outlawed (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan" title="Turkish Kurdistan">Turkish Kurdistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a>) or politically marginal with respect to other Kurdish parties (Iraq). Expressions of sympathy for Syrian Kurds have been numerous among <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Kurds in Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-353">[348]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Siege of Kobanî</a>, some ethnic Kurdish citizens of Turkey crossed the border and volunteered in the defense of the town.<a href="#cite_note-354">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[350]</a> The region's relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a> in Iraq is complicated. One context is that the governing party there, the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> (KDP), views itself and its affiliated Kurdish parties in other countries as a more conservative and nationalist alternative and competitor to the KCK political agenda and blueprint in general.<a href="#cite_note-MiddleEastEye-41">[40]</a> The political system of Iraqi Kurdistan<a href="#cite_note-356">[351]</a> stands in stark contrast to the region's system. Like the KCK umbrella organization, the PYD has some anti-nationalist ideological leanings while having Kurdish nationalist factions as well.<a href="#cite_note-musliminterview-357">[352]</a> They have traditionally been opposed by the Iraqi-Kurdish KDP-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a> in Syria with more clear Kurdish nationalist leanings.<a href="#cite_note-358">[353]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_relations">International relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of North and East Syria">Foreign relations of North and East Syria</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces#Support_by_the_United_States,_France_and_other_Western_nations" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces § Support by the United States, France and other Western nations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salih_Muslim_%26_Ulla_Jelpke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Salih_Muslim_%26_Ulla_Jelpke.jpg/220px-Salih_Muslim_%26_Ulla_Jelpke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Salih_Muslim_%26_Ulla_Jelpke.jpg/330px-Salih_Muslim_%26_Ulla_Jelpke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Salih_Muslim_%26_Ulla_Jelpke.jpg/440px-Salih_Muslim_%26_Ulla_Jelpke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Salih_Muslim" title="Salih Muslim">Salih Muslim</a>, co-chairman of the region's leading Democratic Union Party (PYD) with <a href="/wiki/Ulla_Jelpke" title="Ulla Jelpke">Ulla Jelpke</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg_Foundation" title="Rosa Luxemburg Foundation">Rosa Luxemburg Foundation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></figcaption></figure> Aside of the representation offices the AANES has established in France, Sweden, Germany and Switzerland<a href="#cite_note-359">[354]</a> the region's role in the international arena is comprehensive military cooperation of its militias under the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> (SDF) umbrella with the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Military_intervention_against_ISIL#3_December_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intervention against ISIL">international (US-led) coalition against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-360">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-361">[356]</a> In a public statement in March 2016, the day after the declaration of the regions autonomy, U.S. Defense Secretary Ashton Carter praised the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> (YPG) militia as having "proven to be excellent partners of ours on the ground in fighting ISIL. We are grateful for that, and we intend to continue to do that, recognizing the complexities of their regional role."<a href="#cite_note-362">[357]</a> Late October 2016, U.S. Army Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Townsend" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Townsend">Stephen Townsend</a>, the commander of the international Anti-ISIL-coalition, said that the SDF would lead the impending <a href="/wiki/Raqqa_offensive_(2016%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqqa offensive (2016–present)">assault on Raqqa</a>, ISIL's stronghold and capital, and that SDF commanders would plan the operation with advice from American and coalition troops.<a href="#cite_note-363">[358]</a> At various times, the U.S. deployed U.S. troops embedded with the SDF to the border between the region and Turkey, in order to deter Turkish aggressions against the SDF.<a href="#cite_note-364">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-367">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-protection-368">[363]</a> In February 2018, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> released a budget blueprint for 2019 with respect to the region, which included $300 million for the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> (SDF) and $250 million for border security.<a href="#cite_note-369">[364]</a> In April 2018, the President of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> dispatched troops to <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rmelan" title="Rmelan">Rmelan</a> in a bid to assist <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> (SDF) militias and in order to defuse tensions with Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-370">[365]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demonstration_in_Afrin_against_Turkish_military_operation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Demonstration_in_Afrin_against_Turkish_military_operation.png/220px-Demonstration_in_Afrin_against_Turkish_military_operation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Demonstration_in_Afrin_against_Turkish_military_operation.png/330px-Demonstration_in_Afrin_against_Turkish_military_operation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Demonstration_in_Afrin_against_Turkish_military_operation.png/440px-Demonstration_in_Afrin_against_Turkish_military_operation.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>A demonstration in the city of <a href="/wiki/Afrin,_Syria" title="Afrin, Syria">Afrin</a> in support of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">YPG</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Turkish invasion of Afrin</a>, 19 January 2018</figcaption></figure> In the diplomatic field, the de facto autonomous region lacks any formal recognition. While there is comprehensive activity of reception of the region's representatives<a href="#cite_note-371">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-373">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[369]</a> and appreciation<a href="#cite_note-375">[370]</a> with a broad range of countries, only <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> has on occasion openly supported the region's political ambition of <a href="/wiki/Federalization_of_Syria" title="Federalization of Syria">federalization of Syria</a> in the international arena,<a href="#cite_note-Al-Monitor-286">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-Now.MMedia/Al-Akhbar-345">[340]</a> while the U.S. does not.<a href="#cite_note-376">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[372]</a> After peace talks between Syrian civil war parties in Astana in January 2017, Russia offered a draft for a future constitution of Syria, which would, among other things, change the "Syrian Arab Republic" into the "Republic of Syria", introduce decentralized authorities as well as elements of <a href="/wiki/Federalization_of_Syria" title="Federalization of Syria">federalism</a> like "association areas", strengthen the parliament at the cost of the presidency, and realize <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">secularism</a> by abolishing Islamic jurisprudence as a source of legislation.<a href="#cite_note-378">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-379">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-380">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-381">[376]</a> The region opened official representation offices in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> during 2016,<a href="#cite_note-382">[377]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-383">[378]</a> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-384">[379]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>,<a href="#cite_note-385">[380]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>.<a href="#cite_note-386">[381]</a> A broad range of public voices in the U.S. and Europe have called for more formal recognition of the region.<a href="#cite_note-meredith-282">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sheppard-283">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[383]</a> International cooperation has been in the field of educational and cultural institutions, like the cooperation agreement of <a href="/wiki/Paris_8_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris 8 University">Paris 8 University</a> with the newly founded <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rojava" title="University of Rojava">University of Rojava</a> in <a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ARA_News-210">[206]</a> or planning for a <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> cultural centre in <a href="/wiki/Amuda" title="Amuda">Amuda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-389">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-390">[385]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[386]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:250px;max-width:250px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:165px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_(7).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%287%29.jpg/248px-Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%287%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%287%29.jpg/372px-Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%287%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%287%29.jpg/496px-Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%287%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="682" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:81px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%284%29.jpg/122px-Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%284%29.jpg/183px-Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%284%29.jpg/244px-Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="682" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:81px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%282%29.jpg/122px-Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%282%29.jpg/183px-Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%282%29.jpg/244px-Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="682" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Kobani martyr's <a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">cemetery</a></div></div></div></div> Neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> is consistently hostile, which has been attributed to a perceived threat from the region's emergence, in that it would encourage activism for autonomy among <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Kurds in Turkey</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a>. In this context, in particular the region's leading <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a> (PYD) and the YPG militia being members of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Communities_Union" title="Kurdistan Communities Union">Kurdistan Communities Union</a> (KCK) network of organisations, which also includes both political and military Kurdish organizations in Turkey itself, including the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> (PKK). Turkey's policy towards the region is based on an economic blockade,<a href="#cite_note-meredith-282">[278]</a> persistent attempts of international isolation,<a href="#cite_note-OIC-392">[387]</a> opposition to the cooperation between the American-led anti-ISIL coalition and the Syrian Democratic Forces,<a href="#cite_note-393">[388]</a> and support of <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> opposition fighters hostile to the autonomous region,<a href="#cite_note-394">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-menafn-395">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-396">[391]</a> with some reports even including ISIL among these.<a href="#cite_note-397">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-398">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-399">[394]</a> Turkey has on several occasions militarily attacked the region's territory and defence forces.<a href="#cite_note-400">[395]</a><a href="#cite_note-401">[396]</a><a href="#cite_note-402">[397]</a> This has resulted in some expressions of international solidarity with the region.<a href="#cite_note-406">[f]</a> On 9 October 2019, Turkey launched an <a href="/wiki/2019_Rojava_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Rojava offensive">attack on northern Syria</a> "to destroy the terror corridor" on the Turkish southern border, as president Erdogan put it, after US President Donald Trump abandoned his support. Subsequent media reports have speculated that the offensive would lead to the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people.<a href="#cite_note-407">[401]</a> In December 2019, an international conference hosted by the International Alliance for the Defence of Rights and Freedoms (AIDL) was held at the European Parliament which condemned the Turkish invasion of northeastern Syria, and called for the self-declared Autonomous Administration of North East Syria to be recognized and to be included in UN-led Constitutional Committee tasked to draft a new constitution for Syria. The official position of the European Union remained the same however, that the Autonomous Administration should be "respected" and included in talks while rejecting "any recognition in the national sense of the word" and that "the territorial integrity of Syria is fundamental".<a href="#cite_note-408">[402]</a><a href="#cite_note-409">[403]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_crimes_and_criticism">War crimes and criticism</h2></div> Accusations of human rights violations, war crimes and <a href="/wiki/Kurdification" title="Kurdification">ethnic cleansing</a> have been made against the YPG since the beginning of the Syrian civil war, such as in the take-over of the border town of Tal Abyad from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and other operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabad2017219,_228–229-28">[27]</a> Some of the accusations have come from Turkey and Turkish-backed Syrian militias and opposition groups in the region, while others have come from numerous human rights organizations, as well as Western and regional journalists.<a href="#cite_note-410">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-411">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-warcrime-412">[406]</a><a href="#cite_note-413">[407]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> have gone on fact-finding missions, stating that: <blockquote> "By deliberately demolishing civilian homes, in some cases razing and burning entire villages, displacing their inhabitants with no justifiable military grounds, the Autonomous Administration is abusing its authority and brazenly flouting international humanitarian law, in attacks that amount to war crimes."</blockquote> and: <blockquote>"In its fight against IS, the Autonomous Administration appears to be trampling all over the rights of civilians who are caught in the middle. We saw extensive displacement and destruction that did not occur as a result of fighting. This report uncovers clear evidence of a deliberate, co-ordinated campaign of collective punishment of civilians in villages previously captured by IS, or where a small minority were suspected of supporting the group."<a href="#cite_note-414">[408]</a></blockquote> In March 2017 the "United Nations Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Syria" was unable to find evidence to substantiate claims about ethnic cleansing, stating:<blockquote> "Though allegations of 'ethnic cleansing' continued to be received during the period under review, the Commission found no evidence to substantiate claims that YPG or SDF forces ever targeted Arab communities on the basis of ethnicity, nor that YPG cantonal authorities systematically sought to change the demographic composition of territories under their control through the commission of violations directed against any particular ethnic group,"<a href="#cite_note-415">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-416">[410]</a><a href="#cite_note-417">[411]</a></blockquote> The region has also been criticized extensively by various partisan and non-partisan sides over political <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201994-131">[127]</a> A KDP-S politician accused the PYD of delivering him to the Assad regime.<a href="#cite_note-418">[412]</a> It has also been criticized for banning journalists, media outlets and political parties that are critical of the YPG narrative in areas under its control.<a href="#cite_note-419">[413]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201999,_114-420">[414]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebel_Zapatista_Autonomous_Municipalities" title="Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities">Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> The name "Rojava" ("The West") was initially used by the region's <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">PYD</a>-led government, before its usage was dropped in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister2015154-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201989-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Since then, the name is still used by locals and international observers.<a href="#cite_note-jazeera_turkey-11">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Sources:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201994,_130–131,_184-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Sources:<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-tandfonline.com-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> It is difficult to properly define early Kurds, as "Kurdish" was often used as a catch-all word for nomadic tribal groups west of Iran during antiquity and medieval times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeri2006445-86">[83]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> Since at least the early Middle Ages, northern Syria has been settled by a mixed population of Arabs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERetso2003480-88">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton2020167-92">[88]</a> Turkmen,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton2020167-92">[88]</a> Kurds,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton2020167-92">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanly1992116-293">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeri2006445-86">[83]</a> and Christian ethnoreligious groups including <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton2020122–123,_167-294">[290]</a> Arab nomads came to dominate the region after the <a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidid dynasty</a>'s decline in the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeri2006445-86">[83]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (1516–1922), large <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish-speaking</a> tribal groups both settled in and were deported to areas of northern Syria from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETejel2009123-295">[291]</a> In addition, Cherkessians farmers migrated to northern Syria in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeri2006713-296">[292]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> Concerns over Turkish actions were expressed by US, Russian, and German officials.<a href="#cite_note-protection-368">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tastekin-403">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-404">[399]</a><a href="#cite_note-405">[400]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-kurdistan24newadmin-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kurdistan24newadmin_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kurdistan24newadmin_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kurdistan24newadmin_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kurdistan24newadmin_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited 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The Battle for the Mountain of the Kurds. Translated by Schiffmann, Thomas. 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Retrieved 7 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=al-Monitor&rft.atitle=Is+the+PKK+worried+by+the+YPG%27s+growing+popularity%3F&rft.date=2019-11-07&rft.au=Metin+Gurcan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2019%2F11%2Fturkey-syria-pkk-worried-by-growing-popularity-of-ypg-kurds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191101164522/https://www.ardmediathek.de/ard/player/Y3JpZDovL25kci5kZS81YmI0NzU0OC0zNGI3LTRlMTYtYWI2MC03YWM3ZDA5YmRhNDQ/">"Nordsyrien: Warum ein Deutscher sein Leben für die Kurden riskiert"</a> [Northern Syria: Why a German risks his life for the Kurds]. 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Kurdistan24. 31 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180625115433/http://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/51940fb9-3aff-4e51-bcf8-b1629af00299/-rojava--no-longer-exists---northern-syria--adopted-instead-">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Rojava%27+no+longer+exists%2C+%27Northern+Syria%27+adopted+instead&rft.date=2016-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kurdistan24.net%2Fen%2Fnews%2F51940fb9-3aff-4e51-bcf8-b1629af00299%2F-Rojava--no-longer-exists---Northern-Syria--adopted-instead-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Northern_Syria_Social_Contract_in_Syriac-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Northern_Syria_Social_Contract_in_Syriac_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002150844/https://fdr-bs.com/sur/2017/02/03/%DC%A9%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%90-%DC%9F%DC%A2%DC%98%DC%AB%DC%9D%DC%9D%DC%90-%DC%95%DC%A6%DC%95%DC%AA%DC%90%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%AC%DD%82%DC%90-%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%A9%DC%AA%DC%90%DC%9B%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90/">"ܩܝܡܐ ܟܢܘܫܝܝܐ ܕܦܕܪܐܠܝܘܬ݂ܐ ܕܝܡܩܪܐܛܝܬܐ ܕܓܪܒܝ ܣܘܪܝܐ"</a>. Fdr-bs.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fdr-bs.com/sur/2017/02/03/%DC%A9%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%90-%DC%9F%DC%A2%DC%98%DC%AB%DC%9D%DC%9D%DC%90-%DC%95%DC%A6%DC%95%DC%AA%DC%90%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%AC%DD%82%DC%90-%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%A9%DC%AA%DC%90%DC%9B%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90/">the original</a> on 2 October 2022. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 230–232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48693-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48693-4"><bdi>978-1-139-48693-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240515063518/https://books.google.com/books?id=8OsgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA230#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Displacement+and+Dispossession+in+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=230-232&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-48693-4&rft.au=Dawn+Chatty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8OsgAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Refugee_Problem-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Refugee_Problem_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Refugee_Problem_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson1939" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, John Hope (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SxR8uwEACAAJ">The Refugee Problem: Report of a Survey</a> (First ed.). London: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006AOLOA">B0006AOLOA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240515063519/https://books.google.com/books?id=SxR8uwEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 22 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Refugee+Problem%3A+Report+of+a+Survey&rft.place=London&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0006AOLOA%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=John+Hope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSxR8uwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201927-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201927_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201927_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201927_103-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019">Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019)</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW1996-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HRW1996_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW1996_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW1996_104-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW1996_104-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW1996_104-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW1996_104-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW1996_104-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW1996_104-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/Syria.htm">"The Silenced Kurds"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=The+Silenced+Kurds&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1996-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F1996%2FSyria.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-marcus-105"><a href="#cite_ref-marcus_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus2009" class="citation book cs1">Marcus, Aliza (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6rcUCgAAQBAJ">Blood and belief: the PKK and the Kurdish fight for independence</a> (1. publ. in paperback. ed.). New York: New York University Press. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814795873" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814795873"><bdi>978-0814795873</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240515063500/https://books.google.com/books?id=6rcUCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2024. 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Al-Monitor. 6 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20161111055911/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/11/syria-kurdistan-self-governance-teach-kurdish-language.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=After+52-year+ban%2C+Syrian+Kurds+now+taught+Kurdish+in+schools&rft.date=2015-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2015%2F11%2Fsyria-kurdistan-self-governance-teach-kurdish-language.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-syriasamer-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-syriasamer_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-syriasamer_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbboud2015" class="citation book cs1">Abboud, Samer N. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BPbrCgAAQBAJ">Syria</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745698014" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745698014"><bdi>978-0745698014</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0745698014&rft.aulast=Abboud&rft.aufirst=Samer+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBPbrCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSmonitor-2005-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CSmonitor-2005_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSmonitor-2005_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSmonitor-2005_108-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0616/p01s03-wome.html">"A murder stirs Kurds in Syria"</a>. The Christian Science Monitor. 16 June 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150904192036/http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0616/p01s03-wome.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=A+murder+stirs+Kurds+in+Syria&rft.date=2005-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2005%2F0616%2Fp01s03-wome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OHCHR-2009-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OHCHR-2009_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OHCHR-2009_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OHCHR-2009_109-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OHCHR-2009_109-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161025095237/http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/session12/SY/KIS-KurdsinSyria-eng.pdf">"Persecution and Discrimination against Kurdish Citizens in Syria, Report for the 12th session of the UN Human Rights Council"</a> (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/session12/SY/KIS-KurdsinSyria-eng.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Persecution+and+Discrimination+against+Kurdish+Citizens+in+Syria%2C+Report+for+the+12th+session+of+the+UN+Human+Rights+Council&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.ohchr.org%2FHRBodies%2FUPR%2FDocuments%2Fsession12%2FSY%2FKIS-KurdsinSyria-eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELister201513-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister201513_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister201513_110-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLister2015">Lister (2015)</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tejel-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Tejel_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTejelWelle,_Jane2009" class="citation book cs1">Tejel, Jordi; Welle, Jane (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001038/http://www.kurdipedia.org/books/74488.pdf">Syria's kurds history, politics and society</a> (PDF) (1. publ. ed.). London: Routledge. pp. X–X. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-89211-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-89211-4"><bdi>978-0-203-89211-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kurdipedia.org/books/74488.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria%27s+kurds+history%2C+politics+and+society&rft.place=London&rft.pages=X-X&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-203-89211-4&rft.aulast=Tejel&rft.aufirst=Jordi&rft.au=Welle%2C+Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kurdipedia.org%2Fbooks%2F74488.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW-2010-112"><a href="#cite_ref-HRW-2010_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2010">"HRW World Report 2010"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171122204734/https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2010">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=HRW+World+Report+2010&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fworld-report-2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELister201514-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister201514_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLister2015">Lister (2015)</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELister201513–14-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister201513–14_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLister2015">Lister (2015)</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201953-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201953_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019">Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019)</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMardean_Isaac2015" class="citation web cs1">Mardean Isaac (20 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617144704/https://www.joshualandis.com/blog/the-assyrians-of-syria-history-and-prospets-by-mardean-isaac/">"The Assyrians of Syria: History and Prospects"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syria+Comment&rft.atitle=The+Assyrians+of+Syria%3A+History+and+Prospects&rft.date=2015-12-20&rft.au=Mardean+Isaac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.joshualandis.com%2Fblog%2Fthe-assyrians-of-syria-history-and-prospets-by-mardean-isaac%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinclairKajjo2013180-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinclairKajjo2013180_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSinclairKajjo2013">Sinclair & Kajjo (2013)</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201928-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201928_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201928_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201928_118-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201928_118-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201928_118-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201928_118-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201928_118-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019">Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019)</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETejel200967-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETejel200967_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTejel2009">Tejel (2009)</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELister201530-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister201530_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister201530_120-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLister2015">Lister (2015)</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGold2012" class="citation news cs1">Gold, Danny (31 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/read/meet-the-ypg">"Meet the YPG, the Kurdish militia that doesn't want help from anyone"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vice_(magazine)" title="Vice (magazine)">VICE</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160413210952/http://www.vice.com/read/meet-the-ypg">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2014. <q>A member of YPG's central command ... said that the YPG formed in 2004 shortly after the Qamishlo riots, when a number of Kurdish youth realized that they needed to be able to defend themselves more efficiently. They did not officially declare themselves until the revolution started in 2011.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VICE&rft.atitle=Meet+the+YPG%2C+the+Kurdish+militia+that+doesn%27t+want+help+from+anyone&rft.date=2012-10-31&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fread%2Fmeet-the-ypg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nrc15Oct2019-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nrc15Oct2019_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrc15Oct2019_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrc15Oct2019_122-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrc15Oct2019_122-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrc15Oct2019_122-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoelants2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Roelants, Carolien (15 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2019/10/15/koerden-zijn-al-vele-malen-verraden-a3976826#/handelsblad/2019/10/16/">"Koerden zitten van alle kanten klem"</a> [Kurds stuck in a scrape from all sides]. <a href="/wiki/NRC_Handelsblad" class="mw-redirect" title="NRC Handelsblad">NRC Handelsblad</a> (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200719162629/https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2019/10/15/koerden-zijn-al-vele-malen-verraden-a3976826#/handelsblad/2019/10/16/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2020. 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Retrieved 25 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France24&rft.atitle=Terrified+children%2C+empty+streets+in+Syria%27s+Afrin+as+Turkey+attacks&rft.date=2018-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20180120-terrified-children-empty-streets-syrias-afrin-turkey-attacks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIddon2019" class="citation web cs1">Iddon, Paul (19 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudaw.net/english/analysis/19022019">"The significance of the Shahba Canton for the YPG"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rudaw_Media_Network" title="Rudaw Media Network">Rudaw Media Network</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324070801/http://www.rudaw.net/english/analysis/19022019">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2023. 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The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015081703/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/09/turkey-launches-military-operation-in-northern-syria-erdogan">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Turkey+launches+military+operation+in+northern+Syria&rft.date=2019-10-09&rft.aulast=McKernan&rft.aufirst=Bethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Foct%2F09%2Fturkey-launches-military-operation-in-northern-syria-erdogan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-49956698?intlink_from_url=https://www.bbc.com/news/topics/cp7r8vgl2y7t/kurds&link_location=live-reporting-story">"Trump makes way for Turkey operation against Kurds in Syria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 7 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191220053236/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-49956698?intlink_from_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Ftopics%2Fcp7r8vgl2y7t%2Fkurds&link_location=live-reporting-story">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Trump+makes+way+for+Turkey+operation+against+Kurds+in+Syria&rft.date=2019-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-49956698%3Fintlink_from_url%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Ftopics%2Fcp7r8vgl2y7t%2Fkurds%26link_location%3Dlive-reporting-story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/us-betrayal-of-kurds-destroys-the-wests-credibility-for-years-to-come-11835611">"US betrayal of Kurds destroys the West's credibility for years to come"</a>. Sky News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022080228/https://news.sky.com/story/us-betrayal-of-kurds-destroys-the-wests-credibility-for-years-to-come-11835611">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sky+News&rft.atitle=US+betrayal+of+Kurds+destroys+the+West%27s+credibility+for+years+to+come&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fus-betrayal-of-kurds-destroys-the-wests-credibility-for-years-to-come-11835611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/trump-syria-move-delivers-blow-credibility-worldwide-191008232132422.html">"Trump's Syria move 'delivers a blow to US credibility worldwide'"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+Syria+move+%27delivers+a+blow+to+US+credibility+worldwide%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F10%2Ftrump-syria-move-delivers-blow-credibility-worldwide-191008232132422.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2019" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Roger (19 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/18/opinion/trump-kurds-syria.html">"Trump's Gut, and the Gutting of American Credibility"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+Gut%2C+and+the+Gutting+of+American+Credibility&rft.date=2019-10-19&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F10%2F18%2Fopinion%2Ftrump-kurds-syria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/meet-the-press/trump-s-decision-syria-has-already-turned-foreign-policy-disaster-n1065691">"Trump's decision on Syria has already turned into a foreign policy disaster"</a>. 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Retrieved 20 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Business+booming+in+Rojava+after+outlet+opened+with+Kurdistan+Region&rft.pub=Kurdistan24&rft.date=2017-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kurdistan24.net%2Fen%2Feconomy%2F1b332ce0-5791-4ca1-9bc1-1603fb830879%2FBusiness-booming-in-Rojava-after-outlet-opened-with-Kurdistan-Region&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170628070501/http://aranews.net/2017/06/first-aid-convoy-arrives-rojava-new-land-corridor/">"First aid convoy arrives in Rojava through new land corridor"</a>. ARA News. 26 June 2017. 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Retrieved 1 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Iran-backed+Iraqi+force+says+takes+Islamic+State+villages+near+Syria&rft.date=2017-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-iraq-syria-idUSKBN18P1C0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/iraq-paramilitaries-move-key-town-syrian-border-47700766">"Iraq paramilitaries reach Iraq's border with Syria"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Iraq+paramilitaries+reach+Iraq%27s+border+with+Syria&rft.date=2017-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%2Firaq-paramilitaries-move-key-town-syrian-border-47700766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iraqinews.com/arab-world-news/pkk-planning-open-trade-route-rojava-iraq/">"PKK planning to open trade route between Rojava and Iraq"</a>. 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Retrieved 19 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rojava%2C+Syria%3A+A+revolution+of+hope+and+healing&rft.pub=Vancouver+Observer&rft.date=2017-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vancouverobserver.com%2Fopinion%2Frojava-syria-revolution-hope-and-healing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">A Small Key Can Open a Large Door: The Rojava Revolution (1st ed.). Strangers in a Tangled Wilderness. 4 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Small+Key+Can+Open+a+Large+Door%3A+The+Rojava+Revolution&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Strangers+in+a+Tangled+Wilderness&rft.date=2015-03-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> Michael Knapp, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mesopotamia.coop/rojava-the-formation-of-an-economic-alternative-private-property-in-the-service-of-all/">'Rojava – the formation of an economic alternative: Private property in the service of all'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416181451/https://mesopotamia.coop/rojava-the-formation-of-an-economic-alternative-private-property-in-the-service-of-all/">Archived</a> 16 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cooperativeeconomy.info/how-do-cooperatives-work-in-rojava/">"How do cooperatives work in Rojava?"</a>. cooperativeeconomy.info. 19 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118035058/https://cooperativeeconomy.info/how-do-cooperatives-work-in-rojava/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cooperativeeconomy.info&rft.atitle=How+do+cooperatives+work+in+Rojava%3F&rft.date=2016-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcooperativeeconomy.info%2Fhow-do-cooperatives-work-in-rojava%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Ahmad_Yousef" class="citation web cs1">Dr. Ahmad Yousef. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sange.fi/kvsolidaarisuustyo/wp-content/uploads/Dr.-Ahmad-Yousef-Social-economy-in-Rojava.pdf">"Rojava experience of the social economy : reality and prospects"</a> (PDF). Sange.fi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009203955/http://sange.fi/kvsolidaarisuustyo/wp-content/uploads/Dr.-Ahmad-Yousef-Social-economy-in-Rojava.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sange.fi&rft.atitle=Rojava+experience+of+the+social+economy+%3A+reality+and+prospects&rft.au=Dr.+Ahmad+Yousef&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsange.fi%2Fkvsolidaarisuustyo%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FDr.-Ahmad-Yousef-Social-economy-in-Rojava.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">A Small Key Can Open a Large Door: The Rojava Revolution (1st ed.). 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Retrieved 16 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carnegieendowment.org%2Ffiles%2FSyria_APS.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/islamic-family-law/home/research/legal-profiles/syria-syrian-arab-republic/">"Islamic Family Law: Syria (Syrian Arab Republic)"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+Family+Law%3A+Syria+%28Syrian+Arab+Republic%29&rft.pub=Law.emory.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarblogs.emory.edu%2Fislamic-family-law%2Fhome%2Fresearch%2Flegal-profiles%2Fsyria-syrian-arab-republic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabad2017156–163-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZabad2017156–163_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZabad2017">Zabad (2017)</a>, pp. 156–163. </li> <li id="cite_note-jolie-257"><a href="#cite_ref-jolie_257-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37337908">"Kurdish 'Angelina Jolie' devalued by media hype"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Kurdish+%27Angelina+Jolie%27+devalued+by+media+hype&rft.date=2016-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-37337908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-underage-258">^ <a href="#cite_ref-underage_258-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-underage_258-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161116150435/http://aranews.net/2016/11/syrian-kurds-tackle-underage-marriages-polygamy/">"Syrian Kurds tackle conscription, underage marriages and polygamy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ARA_News" title="ARA News">ARA News</a>. 15 November 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aranews.net/2016/11/syrian-kurds-tackle-underage-marriages-polygamy/">the original</a> on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syrian+Kurds+tackle+conscription%2C+underage+marriages+and+polygamy&rft.pub=ARA+News&rft.date=2016-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faranews.net%2F2016%2F11%2Fsyrian-kurds-tackle-underage-marriages-polygamy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagpie" class="citation web cs1">Magpie, Jo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/north-africa-west-asia/regaining-hope-in-rojava/">"Regaining hope in Rojava"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Democracy">Open Democracy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190910000045/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/north-africa-west-asia/regaining-hope-in-rojava/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Democracy&rft.atitle=Regaining+hope+in+Rojava&rft.aulast=Magpie&rft.aufirst=Jo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Fen%2Fnorth-africa-west-asia%2Fregaining-hope-in-rojava%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Financial_Times-260">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Financial_Times_260-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Financial_Times_260-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/50102294-77fd-11e5-a95a-27d368e1ddf7.html">"Power to the people: a Syrian experiment in democracy"</a>. 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Juni 2015"</a>. GFBV.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190424045725/https://www.gfbv.de/en/news/theres-no-ethnic-cleansing-in-til-abyad-against-the-turkmen-and-arabic-population-7568/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GFBV.de&rft.atitle=%22There%27s+no+%27ethnic+cleansing%27+in+Til+Abyad+against+the+Turkmen+and+Arabic+population.%22%2C+Gesellschaft+f%C3%BCr+bedrohte+V%C3%B6lker%2C+26.+Juni+2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gfbv.de%2Fen%2Fnews%2Ftheres-no-ethnic-cleansing-in-til-abyad-against-the-turkmen-and-arabic-population-7568%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanly1992116-293"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanly1992116_293-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVanly1992">Vanly (1992)</a>, p. 116: "To the east of Kurd-Dagh and separated from it by the Afrin valley lies the western and mountainous part of the Syrian district of Azaz which is also inhabited by Kurds, and a Kurdish minority lives in the northern counties of Idlib and Jerablos. There is reason to believe that the establishment of Kurds in these areas, a defensive site commanding the path to Antioch, goes back to the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> era." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton2020122–123,_167-294"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton2020122–123,_167_294-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorton2020">Morton (2020)</a>, pp. 122–123, 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETejel2009123-295"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETejel2009123_295-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTejel2009">Tejel (2009)</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeri2006713-296"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeri2006713_296-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeri2006">Meri (2006)</a>, p. 713. </li> <li id="cite_note-fevret-298">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fevret_298-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fevret_298-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFevretGibert,_André1953" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fevret, Maurice; Gibert, André (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/geoca_0035-113x_1953_num_28_1_1294">"La Djezireh syrienne et son réveil économique"</a>. Revue de géographie de Lyon (in French). 28 (28): 1–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fgeoca.1953.1294">10.3406/geoca.1953.1294</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924194716/http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/geoca_0035-113x_1953_num_28_1_1294">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+de+g%C3%A9ographie+de+Lyon&rft.atitle=La+Djezireh+syrienne+et+son+r%C3%A9veil+%C3%A9conomique&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=1-15&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fgeoca.1953.1294&rft.aulast=Fevret&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft.au=Gibert%2C+Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fweb%2Frevues%2Fhome%2Fprescript%2Farticle%2Fgeoca_0035-113x_1953_num_28_1_1294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Storm-299"><a href="#cite_ref-Storm_299-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorm2005" class="citation book cs1">Storm, Lise (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qgKE_-HtfoAC&q=kurds+in+Syria&pg=PA475">"Ethnonational Minorities in the Middle East Berbers, Kurds, and Palestinians"</a>. A Companion to the History of the Middle East. Utrecht: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 475. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-0681-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-0681-6"><bdi>1-4051-0681-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240515063811/https://books.google.com/books?id=qgKE_-HtfoAC&q=kurds+in+Syria&pg=PA475">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnonational+Minorities+in+the+Middle+East+Berbers%2C+Kurds%2C+and+Palestinians&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+History+of+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Utrecht&rft.pages=475&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-4051-0681-6&rft.aulast=Storm&rft.aufirst=Lise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqgKE_-HtfoAC%26q%3Dkurds%2Bin%2BSyria%26pg%3DPA475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDowell-300"><a href="#cite_ref-McDowell_300-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowell2005" class="citation book cs1">McDowell, David (2005). A Modern History of the Kurds (3. revised and updated. ed., repr. ed.). London [u.a.]: Tauris. p. 469. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-416-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-416-6"><bdi>1-85043-416-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+the+Kurds&rft.place=London+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=469&rft.edition=3.+revised+and+updated.+ed.%2C+repr.&rft.pub=Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-85043-416-6&rft.aulast=McDowell&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kreyenbroek1-301"><a href="#cite_ref-Kreyenbroek1_301-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreyenbroekSperl,_Stefan1992" class="citation book cs1">Kreyenbroek, Philip G.; Sperl, Stefan (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kurds00pkre/page/147">The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview</a>. London: Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kurds00pkre/page/147">147</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-07265-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-07265-4"><bdi>0-415-07265-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurds%3A+A+Contemporary+Overview&rft.place=London&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-415-07265-4&rft.aulast=Kreyenbroek&rft.aufirst=Philip+G.&rft.au=Sperl%2C+Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkurds00pkre%2Fpage%2F147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETejel2009144-302">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETejel2009144_302-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETejel2009144_302-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTejel2009">Tejel (2009)</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-Yildiz25-303"><a href="#cite_ref-Yildiz25_303-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYildiz2005" class="citation book cs1">Yildiz, Kerim (2005). The Kurds in Syria : the forgotten people (1. publ. ed.). London [etc.]: Pluto Press, in association with Kurdish Human Rights Project. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0745324991" title="Special:BookSources/0745324991"><bdi>0745324991</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurds+in+Syria+%3A+the+forgotten+people&rft.place=London+%5Betc.%5D&rft.pages=25&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=Pluto+Press%2C+in+association+with+Kurdish+Human+Rights+Project&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0745324991&rft.aulast=Yildiz&rft.aufirst=Kerim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> McDowall, David. Modern History of the Kurds, I. B. Tauris & Company, Limited, 2004. pp. 473–474. </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019170008/http://aranews.net/2016/07/syrian-kurds-provide-safe-haven-thousands-iraqis-fleeing-isis/">"Syrian Kurds provide safe haven for thousands of Iraqis fleeing ISIS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ARA_News" title="ARA News">ARA News</a>. 3 July 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aranews.net/2016/07/syrian-kurds-provide-safe-haven-thousands-iraqis-fleeing-isis/">the original</a> on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syrian+Kurds+provide+safe+haven+for+thousands+of+Iraqis+fleeing+ISIS&rft.date=2016-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faranews.net%2F2016%2F07%2Fsyrian-kurds-provide-safe-haven-thousands-iraqis-fleeing-isis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161021073557/http://aranews.net/2016/10/rojava-hosts-thousands-of-displaced-iraqi-civilians-as-war-on-isis-intensifies/">"Rojava hosts thousands of displaced Iraqi civilians as war on ISIS intensifies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ARA_News" title="ARA News">ARA News</a>. 17 October 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aranews.net/2016/10/rojava-hosts-thousands-of-displaced-iraqi-civilians-as-war-on-isis-intensifies/">the original</a> on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rojava+hosts+thousands+of+displaced+Iraqi+civilians+as+war+on+ISIS+intensifies&rft.date=2016-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faranews.net%2F2016%2F10%2Frojava-hosts-thousands-of-displaced-iraqi-civilians-as-war-on-isis-intensifies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg20197–16-307"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg20197–16_307-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019">Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019)</a>, pp. 7–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/arabs-kurds-syrian-kurds-call-unity-191016203957105.html">"'We're Arabs just as much as Kurds': Syrian Kurds call for unity"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200703144415/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/arabs-kurds-syrian-kurds-call-unity-191016203957105.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=%27We%27re+Arabs+just+as+much+as+Kurds%27%3A+Syrian+Kurds+call+for+unity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F10%2Farabs-kurds-syrian-kurds-call-unity-191016203957105.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4555000.stm">Killing of Iraq Kurds 'genocide'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728132055/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4555000.stm">Archived</a> 28 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, "The Dutch court said it considered "legally and convincingly proven that the Kurdish population meets requirement under Genocide Conventions as an ethnic group"." </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Kurds.html">"Kurds"</a>. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Encyclopedia.com. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080927221638/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Kurds.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kurds&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia%2C+6th+ed.&rft.pub=Encyclopedia.com&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1E1-Kurds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoisMinorskyMacKenzie2009" class="citation book cs1">Bois, T.; Minorsky, V.; MacKenzie, D.N. (2009). "Kurds, Kurdistan". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, T.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Brill. <q>The Kurds, an Iranian people of the Near East, live at the junction of more or less laicised Turkey. ... We thus find that about the period of the Arab conquest a single ethnic term Kurd (plur. Akrād) was beginning to be applied to an amalgamation of Iranian or iranicised tribes. ... The classification of the Kurds among the Iranian nations is based mainly on linguistic and historical data and does not prejudice the fact there is a complexity of ethnical elements incorporated in them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kurds%2C+Kurdistan&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Islamica&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Bois&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Minorsky%2C+V.&rft.au=MacKenzie%2C+D.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_A._West2009" class="citation book cs1">Barbara A. West (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA518">Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 518. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1913-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1913-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-1913-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.pages=518&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7&rft.au=Barbara+A.+West&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpCiNqFj3MQsC%26pg%3DPA518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica_Frye-313"><a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_Frye_313-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrye" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Frye" title="Richard N. Frye">Frye</a>, Richard Nelson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-v1-peoples-survey">"IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN (1) A General Survey"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190517075943/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-v1-peoples-survey">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IRAN+v.+PEOPLES+OF+IRAN+%281%29+A+General+Survey&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=Richard+Nelson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firan-v1-peoples-survey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913230624/http://www.socialworkers.org/pressroom/events/911/alkrenawi.asp">"Culturally Sensitive Social Work Practice with Arab Clients in Mental Health Settings"</a>. Socialworkers.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialworkers.org/pressroom/events/911/alkrenawi.asp">the original</a> on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Socialworkers.org&rft.atitle=Culturally+Sensitive+Social+Work+Practice+with+Arab+Clients+in+Mental+Health+Settings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialworkers.org%2Fpressroom%2Fevents%2F911%2Falkrenawi.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoup2011" class="citation book cs1">Shoup, John A. (31 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC">Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598843620" title="Special:BookSources/9781598843620"><bdi>9781598843620</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230110222117/https://books.google.com/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+Africa+and+the+Middle+East%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011-10-31&rft.isbn=9781598843620&rft.aulast=Shoup&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSPBfnT_E1mgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoup2011" class="citation book cs1">Shoup, John A. (31 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA16">Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia</a>. Abc-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598843620" title="Special:BookSources/9781598843620"><bdi>9781598843620</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231117054121/https://books.google.com/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA16">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+Africa+and+the+Middle+East%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2011-10-31&rft.isbn=9781598843620&rft.aulast=Shoup&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSPBfnT_E1mgC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarakat1993" class="citation book cs1">Barakat, Halim (1993). The Arab world society, culture, and state. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520914422" title="Special:BookSources/0520914422"><bdi>0520914422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+world+society%2C+culture%2C+and+state&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0520914422&rft.aulast=Barakat&rft.aufirst=Halim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDona_J._Stewart2008" class="citation book cs1">Dona J. Stewart (22 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XV2SAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT49">The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives</a>. Routledge. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-98078-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-98078-8"><bdi>978-1-135-98078-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240515063833/https://books.google.com/books?id=XV2SAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT49#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+Today%3A+Political%2C+Geographical+and+Cultural+Perspectives&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008-12-22&rft.isbn=978-1-135-98078-8&rft.au=Dona+J.+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXV2SAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_GormanAndrew_Newman2009" class="citation book cs1">Anthony Gorman; Andrew Newman (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA32">Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2676-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2676-0"><bdi>978-1-4381-2676-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Africa+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0&rft.au=Anthony+Gorman&rft.au=Andrew+Newman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dstl97FdyRswC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Montgomery_WattPierre_Cachia1976" class="citation book cs1">W. Montgomery Watt; Pierre Cachia (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldview.carnegiecouncil.org/archive/worldview/1976/01/2630.html/_res/id=File1/">Who Is an Arab?</a>. Carnegie Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009204817/https://worldview.carnegiecouncil.org/archive/worldview/1976/01/2630.html/_res/id=File1/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Is+an+Arab%3F&rft.pub=Carnegie+Council&rft.date=1976&rft.au=W.+Montgomery+Watt&rft.au=Pierre+Cachia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldview.carnegiecouncil.org%2Farchive%2Fworldview%2F1976%2F01%2F2630.html%2F_res%2Fid%3DFile1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethno1-321">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ethno1_321-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethno1_321-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargaret_Nydell2012" class="citation book cs1">Margaret Nydell (23 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i46Brt0bFucC&pg=PA169">Understanding Arabs, Fifth Edition: A Contemporary Guide to Arab Society</a>. Nicholas Brealey. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780983955801" title="Special:BookSources/9780983955801"><bdi>9780983955801</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240515063837/https://books.google.com/books?id=i46Brt0bFucC&pg=PA169">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Arabs%2C+Fifth+Edition%3A+A+Contemporary+Guide+to+Arab+Society&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Nicholas+Brealey&rft.date=2012-03-23&rft.isbn=9780983955801&rft.au=Margaret+Nydell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di46Brt0bFucC%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethno2-322">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ethno2_322-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethno2_322-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Joseph2000" class="citation book cs1">John Joseph (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=79wj2hj4wKUC&pg=PA30">The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East</a>. BRILL. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004116419" title="Special:BookSources/9004116419"><bdi>9004116419</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240218163525/https://books.google.com/books?id=79wj2hj4wKUC&pg=PA30#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Assyrians+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9004116419&rft.au=John+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D79wj2hj4wKUC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> For Assyrians as indigenous to the Middle East, see <ul><li>Mordechai Nisan, Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression, p. 180</li> <li>Carl Skutsch, Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities, p. 149</li> <li>Steven L. Danver, Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues, p. 517</li> <li>UNPO Assyria</li> <li>Richard T. Schaefer, Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, p. 107</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> For Assyrians speaking a Neo-Aramaic language, see <ul><li>The British Survey, By British Society for International Understanding, 1968, p. 3</li> <li>Carl Skutsch, Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities, p. 149</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farzad_Sharifian" title="Farzad Sharifian">Farzad Sharifian</a>, René Dirven, Ning Yu, Susanne Niemeier, Culture, Body, and Language: Conceptualizations of Internal Body Organs across Cultures and Languages, p. 268</li> <li>UNPO Assyria</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/columnists/iraq-and-syria-too-little-too-late">"Glavin: In Iraq and Syria, it's too little, too late"</a>. Ottawa Citizen. 14 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617110929/https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/columnists/iraq-and-syria-too-little-too-late">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Citizen&rft.atitle=Glavin%3A+In+Iraq+and+Syria%2C+it%27s+too+little%2C+too+late&rft.date=2014-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fottawacitizen.com%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2Firaq-and-syria-too-little-too-late&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181209113945/http://rojavabenelux.nl/?page_id=1862">"Social Contract – Democratic Federation of North Syria"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rojavabenelux.nl/?page_id=1862">the original</a> on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Social+Contract+%E2%80%93+Democratic+Federation+of+North+Syria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frojavabenelux.nl%2F%3Fpage_id%3D1862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoundation" class="citation news cs1">Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kurdish-language-i">"HISTORY OF THE KURDISH LANGUAGE"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111117044331/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kurdish-language-i">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=HISTORY+OF+THE+KURDISH+LANGUAGE&rft.aulast=Foundation&rft.aufirst=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fkurdish-language-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._N._MacKenzie1961" class="citation journal cs1">D. N. MacKenzie (1961). "The Origins of Kurdish". Transactions of the Philological Society. 60: 68–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-968X.1961.tb00987.x">10.1111/j.1467-968X.1961.tb00987.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Philological+Society&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Kurdish&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=68-86&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-968X.1961.tb00987.x&rft.au=D.+N.+MacKenzie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-32287806">"Could Christianity be driven from Middle East?"</a>. BBC. 15 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190526161551/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-32287806">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Could+Christianity+be+driven+from+Middle+East%3F&rft.date=2015-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-32287806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enz-nyt-2015-330"><a href="#cite_ref-Enz-nyt-2015_330-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnzinna2015" class="citation news cs1">Enzinna, Wes (24 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/magazine/a-dream-of-utopia-in-hell.html">"A Dream of Secular Utopia in ISIS' Backyard"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151204025745/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/magazine/a-dream-of-utopia-in-hell.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Dream+of+Secular+Utopia+in+ISIS%27+Backyard&rft.date=2015-11-24&rft.aulast=Enzinna&rft.aufirst=Wes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F11%2F29%2Fmagazine%2Fa-dream-of-utopia-in-hell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310211017/http://www.cbssyr.org/General%20census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf">"2004 Syrian Census"</a> (PDF). Cbssyr.org. 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbssyr.org/General%20census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cbssyr.org&rft.atitle=2004+Syrian+Census&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbssyr.org%2FGeneral%2520census%2Fcensus%25202004%2Fpop-man.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRojava_authorities" class="citation web cs1">Rojava authorities. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/29072017">"Announce elections"</a>. Rudaw. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228222704/http://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/29072017">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2021. 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Volume 2: Governance, Diversity and Conflicts</a>. London; New York City; etc.: <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8386-0445-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8386-0445-5"><bdi>978-1-8386-0445-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurds+of+Northern+Syria.+Volume+2%3A+Governance%2C+Diversity+and+Conflicts&rft.place=London%3B+New+York+City%3B+etc.&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-8386-0445-5&rft.aulast=Allsopp&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rft.au=van+Wilgenburg%2C+Wladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9vWlDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLister2015" class="citation book cs1">Lister, Charles R. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CharlesR.ListerTheSyrianJihadAlQaedaTheIslamicStateAndTheEvolutionOfAnInsurgency.">The Syrian Jihad: Al-Qaeda, the Islamic State and the Evolution of an Insurgency</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190462475" title="Special:BookSources/9780190462475"><bdi>9780190462475</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Syrian+Jihad%3A+Al-Qaeda%2C+the+Islamic+State+and+the+Evolution+of+an+Insurgency&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780190462475&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCharlesR.ListerTheSyrianJihadAlQaedaTheIslamicStateAndTheEvolutionOfAnInsurgency.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeri2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josef_Meri" class="mw-redirect" title="Josef Meri">Meri, Josef W.</a>, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC">Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Volume 1: A - K</a>. Routledge encyclopedias of Middle Edges. New York City & London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96691-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96691-7"><bdi>978-0-415-96691-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+An+Encyclopedia.+Volume+1%3A+A+-+K&rft.place=New+York+City+%26+London&rft.series=Routledge+encyclopedias+of+Middle+Edges&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96691-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH-k9oc9xsuAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton2020" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Nicholas (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kMnhDwAAQBAJ">The Crusader States and their Neighbours: A Military History, 1099-1187</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198824541" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198824541"><bdi>978-0198824541</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusader+States+and+their+Neighbours%3A+A+Military+History%2C+1099-1187&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0198824541&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkMnhDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRetso2003" class="citation book cs1">Retso, Jan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a9RN6gE8z40C">The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads</a>. London; New York City: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1679-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1679-3"><bdi>0-7007-1679-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabs+in+Antiquity%3A+Their+History+from+the+Assyrians+to+the+Umayyads&rft.place=London%3B+New+York+City&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7007-1679-3&rft.aulast=Retso&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da9RN6gE8z40C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinclairKajjo2013" class="citation book cs1">Sinclair, Christian; Kajjo, Sirwan (2013). "The Evolution of Kurdish Politics in Syria". In David A. McMurray; Amanda Ufheil-Somers (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RQIXtU-EYN4C">The Arab Revolts. Dispatches on Militant Democracy in the Middle East</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington, Indiana</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. pp. 177–187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00975-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00975-3"><bdi>978-0-253-00975-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Kurdish+Politics+in+Syria&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Revolts.+Dispatches+on+Militant+Democracy+in+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=177-187&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-253-00975-3&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Kajjo%2C+Sirwan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRQIXtU-EYN4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTejel2009" class="citation book cs1">Tejel, Jordi (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g4f54qsU618C">Syria's Kurds: History, Politics and Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames" title="Abingdon-on-Thames">Abingdon-on-Thames</a>, New York City: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-42440-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-42440-0"><bdi>978-0-415-42440-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria%27s+Kurds%3A+History%2C+Politics+and+Society&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+New+York+City&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-42440-0&rft.aulast=Tejel&rft.aufirst=Jordi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg4f54qsU618C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanly1992" class="citation book cs1">Vanly, Ismet Chériff (1992). "The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon". In Philip G. Kreyenbroek; Stefan Sperl (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JZ6JAgAAQBAJ">The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview</a>. New York City, London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 112–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96691-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96691-7"><bdi>978-0-415-96691-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Kurds+in+Syria+and+Lebanon&rft.btitle=The+Kurds%3A+A+Contemporary+Overview&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+London&rft.pages=112-134&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96691-7&rft.aulast=Vanly&rft.aufirst=Ismet+Ch%C3%A9riff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJZ6JAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZabad2017" class="citation book cs1">Zabad, Ibrahim (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XiAlDwAAQBAJ">Middle Eastern Minorities: The Impact of the Arab Spring</a>. London; New York City: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-472-47441-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-472-47441-4"><bdi>978-1-472-47441-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Eastern+Minorities%3A+The+Impact+of+the+Arab+Spring&rft.place=London%3B+New+York+City&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-472-47441-4&rft.aulast=Zabad&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXiAlDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2024" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Amy Austin (2024). Statelet of Survivors: The Making of a Semi-Autonomous Region in Northeast Syria. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-762103-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-762103-5"><bdi>978-0-19-762103-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statelet+of+Survivors%3A+The+Making+of+a+Semi-Autonomous+Region+in+Northeast+Syria&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-0-19-762103-5&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Amy+Austin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Administration+of+North+and+East+Syria" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Constitution of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Constitution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Politics">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_AANES" title="Human rights in the AANES">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Rojava" title="Foreign relations of Rojava">Foreign Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Council" title="Syrian Democratic Council">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Rojava" title="List of political parties in Rojava">Political parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Policing_and_security">Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asayish_(North_and_East_Syria)" title="Asayish (North and East Syria)">Asayish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutoro" title="Sutoro">Sutoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Defense_Forces_(NES_regions)" title="Self-Defense Forces (NES regions)">Self-Defense Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defense_Units" title="People's Defense Units">People's Defense Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_military_councils" title="Syrian Democratic Forces military councils">SDF military councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sanadid_Forces" title="Al-Sanadid Forces">Al-Sanadid Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Revolutionaries" title="Army of Revolutionaries">Army of Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Front" title="Kurdish Front">Kurdish Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrin_Liberation_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrin Liberation Forces">Afrin Liberation Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Economy">Economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Symbols of North and East Syria">Symbols</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Demographics">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_AANES" title="Regions of the AANES">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jazira_Region" title="Jazira Region">Jazira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Region" title="Euphrates Region">Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrin_Region" title="Afrin Region">Afrin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raqqa Region (page does not exist)">Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabqa_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabqa Region (page does not exist)">Tabqa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manbij_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manbij Region (page does not exist)">Manbij</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_ez-Zor_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deir ez-Zor Region (page does not exist)">Deir ez-Zor</a></li></ul></li> <li>People <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Syria" title="Kurds in Syria">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Syria" title="Assyrians in Syria">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Syria" title="Armenians in Syria">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Syria" title="Circassians in Syria">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism_in_Syria" title="Yazidism in Syria">Yazidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin#Syria" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Northern Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="North Mesopotamian Arabic">North Mesopotamian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Turoyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Assyrian Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_dialects#Syrian_Turkmen_dialect" title="Turkish dialects">Syrian Turkmen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Category:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syrian_civil_war" style="wide;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syrian_civil_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Overviews" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overviews</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Main overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War">Background and causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syrian government reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belligerents_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Belligerents in the Syrian civil war">Belligerents </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_cities_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Control of cities during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)">Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Effects and ongoing concerns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Phases and processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">Syrian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war">Early insurgency phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="2012–2013 escalation of the Syrian civil war">2012–2013 escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_ceasefires" title="Syrian civil war ceasefires">Ceasefires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">World reaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions to the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Specific groups and countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention in the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_attacks_on_U.S._bases_in_Iraq_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria">2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Area_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Area in Syria">Kurdish Area in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve">U.S. task force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Agreements and dialogues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian-Turkish_agreement_on_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria">Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AANES%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="AANES–Syria relations">Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Timeline" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamist uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Latakia_protests" title="1999 Latakia protests">Latakia protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Spring" title="Damascus Spring">Damascus Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Qamishli_riots" title="2004 Qamishli riots">Qamishli riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Declaration" title="Damascus Declaration">Damascus Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_Syria_political_history" title="2010s in Syria political history">2010s in Syria political history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2011 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2011)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2011)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2011)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war">Syrian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daraa" title="Siege of Daraa">Siege of Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baniyas" title="Siege of Baniyas">Siege of Baniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Talkalakh_(May_2011)" title="Siege of Talkalakh (May 2011)">May Talkalakh siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rastan_and_Talbiseh" title="Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh">Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2011_Jisr_ash-Shughur_clashes" title="June 2011 Jisr ash-Shughur clashes">June Jisr ash-Shughur operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hama_(2011)" title="Siege of Hama (2011)">Siege of Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Homs" title="Siege of Homs">Siege of Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_operation" title="Summer 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya operation">Jabal al-Zawiya operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Latakia" title="Siege of Latakia">Siege of Latakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)">Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_clashes_(November_2011%E2%80%93March_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq clashes (November 2011–March 2012)">Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zabadani_(2012)" title="Battle of Zabadani (2012)">Battle of Zabadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Douma" title="Battle of Douma">Battle of Douma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Daraa Governorate clashes (2011–2013)">Daraa Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(2011)" title="Battle of Rastan (2011)">Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayrat_and_Tiyas_airbase_ambush" title="Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush">Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(September_2011_%E2%80%93_March_2012)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (September 2011 – March 2012)">Idlib Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_massacres" title="December 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya massacres">December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2012 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2012)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2012)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2012)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2012_al-Midan_bombing" title="January 2012 al-Midan bombing">January al-Midan bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(January%E2%80%93February_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (January–February 2012)">Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2012)" title="Battle of Idlib (2012)">First Battle of Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2012)">Battle of al-Qusayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2012_Idlib_Governorate_Operation" title="April 2012 Idlib Governorate Operation">Idlib Governorate operation (Apr)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taftanaz" title="Battle of Taftanaz">Battle of Taftanaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(May_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (May 2012)">May Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houla_massacre" title="Houla massacre">Houla massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Haffah" title="Battle of al-Haffah">Battle of al-Haffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qubeir_massacre" title="Al-Qubeir massacre">Al-Qubeir massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tremseh" title="Battle of Tremseh">Battle of Tremseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)" title="Battle of Damascus (2012)">Battle of Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18_July_2012_Damascus_bombing" title="18 July 2012 Damascus bombing">18 July 2012 Damascus bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Battle of Aleppo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anadan" title="Battle of Anadan">Battle of Anadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Base_46" title="Siege of Base 46">Siege of Base 46</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)">Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93October_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darayya_massacre" title="Darayya massacre">Darayya massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khirbet_Al-Joz" title="Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz">Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2012)">Battle of Maarrat al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2012–2013)">First siege of Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harem" title="Battle of Harem">Battle of Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (November 2012–February 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">Battle of Darayya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqrab_massacre" title="Aqrab massacre">Aqrab massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Hama_offensive" title="2012 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Halfaya massacre">Halfaya massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">Battle of Darayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_Governorate_clashes_(2012%E2%80%932014)" title="Quneitra Governorate clashes (2012–2014)">Quneitra Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbiseh_bakery_massacre" title="Talbiseh bakery massacre">Talbiseh bakery massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2013 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2013)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–December 2013)">May–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Safira" title="Battle of Safira">Battle of Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaddadi_(2013)" title="Battle of Shaddadi (2013)">Battle of Shadadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_offensive_(2013)" title="Damascus offensive (2013)">Damascus offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)">Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2013)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2013)">Battle of Raqqa (Mar)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Daraa_offensive" title="2013 Daraa offensive">Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(March%E2%80%93August_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (March–August 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jdaidet_al-Fadl" title="Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl">Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">Ghouta chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive" title="Al-Qusayr offensive">Al-Qusayr offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)">Battle of al-Qusayr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayda_and_Baniyas_massacres" title="Bayda and Baniyas massacres">Bayda and Baniyas massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Hama_offensive" title="2013 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatla_massacre" title="Hatla massacre">Hatla massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_chemical_attack" title="Khan al-Assal chemical attack">Khan al-Assal chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_massacre" title="Khan al-Assal massacre">Khan al-Assal massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adra_massacre" title="Adra massacre">Adra massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2012%E2%80%9313)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)">Battle of Ras al-Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2013)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)">Battle of Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September–November 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Yaarubiyah" title="Battle of al-Yaarubiyah">Battle of al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Hamis_and_Tell_Brak_(December_2013%E2%80%93January_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (December 2013–January 2014)">Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2014 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2014)">Jan–Jul</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2014)">Aug–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">First Inter-rebel conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Markada" title="Battle of Markada">Battle of Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(April%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (April–July 2014)">Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morek" title="Battle of Morek">Battle of Morek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93May_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (February–May 2014)">Daraa offensive (Feb–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maan_massacre" title="Maan massacre">Maan massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Otaiba_ambush" title="Al-Otaiba ambush">Al-Otaiba ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Idlib_offensive" title="2014 Idlib offensive">Idlib offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hosn" title="Battle of Hosn">Battle of Hosn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Latakia_offensive" title="2014 Latakia offensive">Latakia Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Malihah" title="Battle of Al-Malihah">Battle of Al-Malihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kafr_Zita_chemical_attack" title="2014 Kafr Zita chemical attack">Kafr Zita chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2014)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2014)">Second siege of Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2014)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2014)">Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsal_(2014)" title="Battle of Arsal (2014)">Battle of Arsal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(July_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (July 2014)">First Battle of the Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Eastern_Syria_offensive" title="2014 Eastern Syria offensive">Eastern Syria offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa_Airbase" title="Battle of Tabqa Airbase">Battle of Tabqa Airbase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hama_offensive" title="2014 Hama offensive">Hama Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Quneitra_offensive" title="2014 Quneitra offensive">Quneitra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–November 2014)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Siege of Kobanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_school_bombing" title="Homs school bombing">Homs school bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(October_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (October 2014)">Daraa offensive (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Al-Safira_offensive" title="2014 Al-Safira offensive">Al-Safira offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_raid_on_Idlib_city" title="2014 raid on Idlib city">Idlib Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front%E2%80%93SRF/Hazzm_Movement_conflict" title="Al-Nusra Front–SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict">Second Inter-Rebel Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(October%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (October–November 2014)">Second Battle of the Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2014)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2014)">Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(December_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (December 2014)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2015 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2015)">Jan–Jul</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2015)">Aug–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Syrian_Air_Force_An-26_crash" title="2015 Syrian Air Force An-26 crash">Air Force An-26 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(January_2015)" title="Daraa offensive (January 2015)">Daraa Offensive (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2015 Southern Syria offensive">Southern Syria Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Eastern al-Hasakah offensive">Eastern al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra_(2015)" title="Battle of Bosra (2015)">Battle of Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Idlib_offensive" title="2015 Idlib offensive">Idlib Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2015)" title="Battle of Idlib (2015)">Second Battle of Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nasib_Border_Crossing" title="Battle of Nasib Border Crossing">Battle of Nasib Border Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(2015)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015)">Battle of Yarmouk Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Western al-Hasakah offensive">Western al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">Palmyra offensive (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">Qamishli bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">Tell Abyad offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">Kobanî massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2015)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2015)">Quneitra offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)">Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September_2015)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September 2015)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (October–November 2015)">Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015)">Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_al-Hawl_offensive" title="2015 al-Hawl offensive">Al-Hawl offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Homs offensive (November–December 2015)">Homs offensive (Nov-Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)">East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Latakia_offensive" title="2015–2016 Latakia offensive">2015–2016 Latakia offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2016 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2016)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2016)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2015–2016)">Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2016)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2016)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#January" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93March_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">Al-Shaddadi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Homs_bombings" title="February 2016 Homs bombings">February Homs bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#February" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Khanasir_offensive" title="2016 Khanasir offensive">Khanasir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2016)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2016)">Battle of Tel Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2016)">Battle of Maarrat al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2016)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2016)">Battle of Qamishli (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(March%E2%80%93June_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (March 2016)">Palmyra offensive (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2016)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (April–May 2016)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive" title="Northern Raqqa offensive">Northern Raqqa offensive (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Jableh_and_Tartous_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="May 2016 Jableh and Tartous bombings">May Jableh & Tartous bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(June_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(June%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (June–October 2016)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive" title="Manbij offensive">Manbij offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokhar_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokhar massacre">Tokhar massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Southern_Aleppo_campaign" title="2016 Southern Aleppo campaign">Southern Aleppo campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Rai_(August_2016)" title="Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)">Battle of al-Rai (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aleppo_summer_campaign" title="2016 Aleppo summer campaign">Aleppo summer campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_September_2016_Syria_bombings" title="5 September 2016 Syria bombings">5 September bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Deir_ez-Zor_air_raid" title="September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid">September Deir ez-Zor air raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Urum_al-Kubra_aid_convoy_attack" title="September 2016 Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack">September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)">Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dabiq_offensive" title="2016 Dabiq offensive">Dabiq offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Shih_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Khan al-Shih offensive (October–November 2016)">Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">Raqqa campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">Battle of al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(December_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (December 2016)">Palmyra offensive (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2017 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2017)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2017)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2017)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Barada_offensive_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)">Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2017_Azaz_bombing" title="January 2017 Azaz bombing">January Azaz bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2016%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)">Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(January%E2%80%93March_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)">Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (February–June 2017)">Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Daraa_offensive_(February_2017)" title="Southwestern Daraa offensive (February 2017)">Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaboun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qaboun offensive (2017)">Qaboun offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(2017)" title="Palmyra offensive (2017)">Palmyra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2017)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2017)">East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Damascus_bombings" title="March 2017 Damascus bombings">March Damascus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_al-Jinah_airstrike" title="2017 al-Jinah airstrike">Al-Jinah airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Hama offensive (March–April 2017)">Hama offensive (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa" title="Battle of Tabqa">Battle of Tabqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack" title="Khan Shaykhun chemical attack">Khan Shaykhun chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">Shayrat missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Aleppo_suicide_car_bombing" title="2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing">Aleppo bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">April Turkish airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2017)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2017)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(May%E2%80%93July_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017)">Desert campaign (May–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah_Plains_offensive" title="Maskanah Plains offensive">Maskanah Plains offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hama_offensive_(2017)" title="East Hama offensive (2017)">East Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Battle of Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (June 2017)">Daraa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Southern_Raqqa_offensive" title="2017 Southern Raqqa offensive">Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Jobar_offensive" title="2017 Jobar offensive">Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2017)">Quneitra offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(July_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017)">Idlib clashes (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Syria_campaign" title="Central Syria campaign">Central campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">Qalamoun (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(September_2017)" title="Hama offensive (September 2017)">Hama offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)">Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harasta_(2017%E2%80%932018)" title="Battle of Harasta (2017–2018)">Battle of Harasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_campaign_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)">Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Euphrates_Crossing_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Euphrates Crossing offensive">Euphrates Crossing offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Mayadin_offensive" title="2017 Mayadin offensive">Mayadin offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (September–November 2017)">Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2017 Abu Kamal offensive">Abu Kamal offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Jinn_offensive" title="Beit Jinn offensive">Beit Jinn offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2018 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2018)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2018)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2018)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khasham" title="Battle of Khasham">Battle of Khasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (January–February 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Liberation_Front%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(March_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (March 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douma_chemical_attack" title="Douma chemical attack">Douma chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" title="April 2018 missile strikes against Syria">Missile strikes (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Homs_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Northern Homs offensive (April–May 2018)">Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qalamoun_offensive_(April_2018)" title="Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018)">Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (April–May 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate_clashes" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate clashes">Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2018)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2018)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(June_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (June 2018)">As-Suwayda offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2018 Southern Syria offensive">Southern offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_As-Suwayda_attacks" title="2018 As-Suwayda attacks">As-Suwayda attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (August–November 2018)">As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli_clashes_(2018)" title="Qamishli clashes (2018)">Qamishli clashes (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">Missile strikes (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian-Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Syrian-Turkish border clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2019 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2019)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2019)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2019)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Manbij_bombing" title="2019 Manbij bombing">Manbij bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Battle of Baghuz Fawqani">Battle of Baghuz Fawqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIL_insurgency_in_Deir_ez-Zor_(2019)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL insurgency in Deir ez-Zor (2019)">ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AArik_prison_escape_attempt" title="Dêrik prison escape attempt">Dêrik prison escape attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Tell_Rifaat_clashes" title="2019 Tell Rifaat clashes">Tell Rifaat clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2019_Syria_bombings" title="June 2019 Syria bombings">June bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hass_refugee_camp_bombing" title="Hass refugee camp bombing">Hass refugee camp bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(August_2019)" title="Syria missile strikes (August 2019)">Missile strikes (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Turkish offensive into northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Barisha raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Syria_bombings" title="November 2019 Syria bombings">November bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Israeli_missile_strikes_in_Syria" title="November 2019 Israeli missile strikes in Syria">Israeli missile strikes (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qah_missile_strike" title="Qah missile strike">Qah missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">US airstrikes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2020 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2020%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2020–present)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Syria">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Afrin_bombing" title="2020 Afrin bombing">Afrin bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2020)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2020)">Idlib Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kafr_Takharim_airstrike" title="2020 Kafr Takharim airstrike">Kafr-Takharim airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Ayn_Issa_clashes" title="2020–2021 Ayn Issa clashes">Ayn Issa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Deir_ez-Zor_ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Deir ez-Zor ambush">Deir ez-Zor ambush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2021 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2021)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2021)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Qamishli_and_Al-Hasakah" title="Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah">Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(January_2021)" title="Syria missile strikes (January 2021)">Missile strikes (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">US airstrike (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2021)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2021)">Battle of Qamishli (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">US airstrike (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Daraa_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Daraa clashes">Daraa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham%E2%80%93Junud_al-Sham_conflict" title="Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict">Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2022 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2022)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2022)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)">Battle of al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ahrar_al-Sham%E2%80%93Levant_Front_clashes" title="2022 Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes">Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jabal_al-Bishr%C4%AB_clashes" title="2022 Jabal al-Bishrī clashes">Jabal al-Bishrī clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jarqli_airstrikes" title="2022 Jarqli airstrikes">Jarqli airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_clashes_(October_2022)" title="Northern Aleppo clashes (October 2022)">Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">Operation Claw-Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_clashes_(December_2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Northwestern Syria clashes (December 2022–present)">Northwest clashes (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2023 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2023)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2023)">Jan-Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Al-Sukhnah_attack" title="2023 Al-Sukhnah attack">Al-Sukhnah attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Damascus_airstrike" title="2023 Damascus airstrike">Damascus airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hama_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hama attack">Hama attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Northern_Syria_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Northern Syria clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war">Israel and Golan Heights</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="March 2017 Israel–Syria incident">March 2017 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)" title="Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)">Iraq</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashat_ambush" title="Akashat ambush">Akashat ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_al-Shabah" title="Operation al-Shabah">Operation al-Shabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)#April" title="Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)">April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">Jordanian border incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war#2014" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Syria_border_clashes" title="Lebanon–Syria border clashes">Lebanese border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sidon_clash" title="2013 Sidon clash">Battle of Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut">Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lebanon_clashes_(2014)" title="North Lebanon clashes (2014)">North Lebanon clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war">Turkey</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clash" title="December 2011 Syrian–Turkish border clash">December 2011 Turkish border clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Turkish_F-4_Phantom_shootdown" title="2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown">2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Syrian–Turkish border clashes">2012 Turkish border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Reyhanl%C4%B1_car_bombings" title="2013 Reyhanlı car bombings">2013 Reyhanlı car bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2014_Turkish_attack_in_Syria" title="January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria">January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Andrei_Karlov" title="Assassination of Andrei Karlov">Assassination of Andrei Karlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Russian_Air_Force_Al-Bab_incident" title="2017 Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident">Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">2020 Balyun airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Shield" title="Operation Spring Shield">Operation Spring Shield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;">Elsewhere:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Deir_ez-Zor_missile_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike">Deir ez-Zor missile strike</a> (Iran)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Belligerents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Belligerents</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics of Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement" title="Arab Socialist Movement">Arab Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Bakdash)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)">Syrian Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Military and militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Resistance" title="Syrian Resistance">Syrian Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_%E2%80%93_General_Command" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command">PFLP-GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Quds" title="Liwa al-Quds">al-Quds Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Army" title="Palestine Liberation Army">Palestine Liberation Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun" title="Liwa Fatemiyoun">Liwa Fatemiyoun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93Syrian_hospital_bombing_campaign" title="Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign">medical facility targeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Interim government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_of_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" title="National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">National Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_Coordination_Committees_of_Syria" title="Local Coordination Committees of Syria">Local Coordination Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Syrian_Revolution" title="Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution">Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coordination_Committee_for_Democratic_Change" title="National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change">National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Revolution_General_Commission" title="Syrian Revolution General Commission">Syrian Revolution General Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Support_Group" title="Syrian Support Group">Syrian Support Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adopt_a_Revolution" title="Adopt a Revolution">Adopt a Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council#Syrian_Patriotic_Group" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian Patriotic Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Opposition militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation" title="National Front for Liberation">National Front for Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Izza" title="Jaysh al-Izza">Army of Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_and_Development_Front" title="Authenticity and Development Front">Authenticity and Development Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Free_Tribes" title="Army of Free Tribes">Army of Free Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Commando_Army" title="Revolutionary Commando Army">Revolutionary Commando Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">Muslim Brotherhood in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Jordanian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Qatari involvement in the Syrian civil war">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Movement for a Democratic Society">DFNS Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Rojava" title="List of political parties in Rojava">Smaller political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">SDF militias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defense_Units" title="People's Defense Units">People's Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Terror_Units" title="Anti-Terror Units">Anti-Terror Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sanadid_Forces" title="Al-Sanadid Forces">Al-Sanadid Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Revolutionaries" title="Army of Revolutionaries">Army of Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_military_councils" title="Syrian Democratic Forces military councils">SDF military councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Thuwar_al-Raqqa" title="Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa">Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Democratic_Brigade" title="Northern Democratic Brigade">Northern Democratic Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Freedom_Battalion" title="International Freedom Battalion">International Freedom Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Resistance_Units" title="Sinjar Resistance Units">Sinjar Resistance Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Women%27s_Units" title="Êzîdxan Women's Units">Êzîdxan Women's Units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Military of the Islamic State">Military activity of ISIL</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Barakah_(Islamic_State_administrative_district)" title="Al-Barakah (Islamic State administrative district)">Al-Barakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokumac%C4%B1lar" title="Dokumacılar">Dokumacılar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Army" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid Army">Khalid ibn al-Walid Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_Martyrs_Brigade" title="Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade">Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Muthanna_Movement" title="Islamic Muthanna Movement">Islamic Muthanna Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Jihad" title="Jaysh al-Jihad">Jaysh al-Jihad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Aqsa" title="Jund al-Aqsa">Liwa al-Aqsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_the_One_and_Only" title="Group of the One and Only">Group of the One and Only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Dawud" title="Liwa Dawud">Liwa Dawud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Aqab_al-Islami" title="Liwa Aqab al-Islami">Liwa Aqab al-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katibah_Nusantara" title="Katibah Nusantara">Katibah Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katiba_al-Bittar_al-Libi" title="Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi">Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khansaa_Brigade" title="Al-Khansaa Brigade">Al-Khansaa Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_the_One_and_Only" title="Group of the One and Only">Group of the One and Only</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Fatah al-Sham">Jabhat Fatah al-Sham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khorasan_group" title="Khorasan group">Khorasan group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suqour_al-Ezz" title="Suqour al-Ezz">Suqour al-Ezz</a>) <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_Muhammad_in_Bilad_al-Sham" title="Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham">Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Tahrir al-Sham">Tahrir al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria" title="Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria">Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate" title="Caucasus Emirate">Caucasus Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajnad_al-Kavkaz" title="Ajnad al-Kavkaz">Ajnad al-Kavkaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junud_al-Makhdi" title="Junud al-Makhdi">Junud al-Makhdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouse_the_Believers_Operations_Room" title="Rouse the Believers Operations Room">Rouse the Believers Operations Room</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Tawhid_(Syria)" title="Ansar al-Tawhid (Syria)">Ansar al-Tawhid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Firqat_al-Ghuraba" title="Firqat al-Ghuraba">Firqat al-Ghuraba</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hurras_al-Din" title="Hurras al-Din">Hurras al-Din</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Din_Front" title="Ansar al-Din Front">Ansar al-Din Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Harakat_Sham_al-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat Sham al-Islam">Harakat Sham al-Islam</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Haramoun" title="Jaish al-Haramoun">Jaish al-Haramoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Sunna" title="Jaysh al-Sunna">Jaysh al-Sunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Muhajireen_wal-Ansar" title="Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar">Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Green_Battalion" title="Green Battalion">Green Battalion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Shura_Council_(Syria)" title="Mujahideen Shura Council (Syria)">Mujahideen Shura Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malhama_Tactical" title="Malhama Tactical">Malhama Tactical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katibat_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Ansar_al-Furqan_in_Bilad_al_Sham" title="Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham">Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghuraba_al-Sham" title="Ghuraba al-Sham">Ghuraba al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Taliban" title="Pakistani Taliban">Pakistani Taliban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imam_Bukhari_Jamaat" title="Imam Bukhari Jamaat">Imam Bukhari Jamaat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirin_wa-Ansar_Alliance" title="Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance">Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liwaa_al-Umma" title="Liwaa al-Umma">Liwaa al-Umma</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_Abdulhamid" title="Ammar Abdulhamid">Ammar Abdulhamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Abdallah" title="Ali al-Abdallah">Ali al-Abdallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_al-Aroor" title="Adnan al-Aroor">Adnan al-Aroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_family" title="Al-Assad family">al-Assad family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifaat_al-Assad" title="Rifaat al-Assad">Rifaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Makhlouf" title="Rami Makhlouf">Rami Makhlouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_Makhlouf" title="Hafez Makhlouf">Hafez Makhlouf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Asaad" title="Riad al-Asaad">Riad al-Asaad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Bunni" title="Anwar al-Bunni">Anwar al-Bunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahd_Jassem_al-Freij" title="Fahd Jassem al-Freij">Fahd Jassem al-Freij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheil_al-Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suheil al-Hassan">Suheil al-Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitham_al-Maleh" title="Haitham al-Maleh">Haitham al-Maleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaz_al-Khatib" title="Moaz al-Khatib">Moaz al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_al-Labwani" title="Kamal al-Labwani">Kamal al-Labwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Hamza al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_al-Mallohi" title="Tal al-Mallohi">Tal al-Mallohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fida_al-Sayed" title="Fida al-Sayed">Fida al-Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Turk" title="Riad al-Turk">Riad al-Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Khoja" title="Khaled Khoja">Khaled Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_al-Qurabi" title="Ammar al-Qurabi">Ammar al-Qurabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheir_Atassi" title="Suheir Atassi">Suheir Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sadreddine_Al-Bayanouni" title="Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni">Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aref_Dalila" title="Aref Dalila">Aref Dalila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farid_Ghadry" title="Farid Ghadry">Farid Ghadry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Ghalioun" title="Burhan Ghalioun">Burhan Ghalioun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razan_Ghazzawi" title="Razan Ghazzawi">Razan Ghazzawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassan_Hitto" title="Ghassan Hitto">Ghassan Hitto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Idris" title="Salim Idris">Salim Idris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randa_Kassis" title="Randa Kassis">Randa Kassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Khaddam" title="Abdul Halim Khaddam">Abdul Halim Khaddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Kilo" title="Michel Kilo">Michel Kilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassma_Kodmani" title="Bassma Kodmani">Bassma Kodmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Habib_Mahmud" title="Ali Habib Mahmud">Ali Habib Mahmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mahmoud_Othman" title="Ali Mahmoud Othman">Ali Mahmoud Othman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Qashoush" title="Ibrahim Qashoush">Ibrahim Qashoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoud_Rajiha" title="Dawoud Rajiha">Dawoud Rajiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassin_al-Haj_Saleh" title="Yassin al-Haj Saleh">Yassin al-Haj Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouthaina_Shaaban" title="Bouthaina Shaaban">Bouthaina Shaaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulbaset_Sieda" title="Abdulbaset Sieda">Abdulbaset Sieda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_Seif" title="Riad Seif">Riad Seif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadwa_Souleimane" title="Fadwa Souleimane">Fadwa Souleimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamad_Anas_Haitham_Soueid" title="Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid">Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaser_Tabbara" title="Yaser Tabbara">Yaser Tabbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razan_Zaitouneh" title="Razan Zaitouneh">Razan Zaitouneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Jarrah" title="Rami Jarrah">Rami Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Mustafa" title="Abdurrahman Mustafa">Abdurrahman Mustafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadlallah_al-Haji" title="Fadlallah al-Haji">Fadlallah al-Haji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Syrian_local_elections" title="2011 Syrian local elections">2011 local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2012 Syrian parliamentary election">2012 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2014 Syrian presidential election">2014 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Rojava_local_elections" title="2015 Rojava local elections">2015 Northern local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2016 Syrian parliamentary election">2016 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Rojava_local_elections" title="2017 Rojava local elections">2017 Northern local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Rojava_regional_elections" title="2017 Rojava regional elections">2017 Northern regional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian_local_elections" title="2018 Syrian local elections">2018 local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Syrian parliamentary election">2020 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2021 Syrian presidential election">2021 presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities and towns during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_chemical_weapons_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_damaged_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of heritage sites damaged during the Syrian civil war">Damaged heritage sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_demonstrations_and_protests_relating_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International demonstrations and protests relating to the Syrian civil war">International demonstrations and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of massacres during the Syrian civil war">Massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Golan_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of the Golan Heights">Status of the Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syrian government reactions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Peace process</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Syria_Group" title="Friends of Syria Group">Friends of Syria Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">Kofi Annan peace plan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Supervision_Mission_in_Syria" title="United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria">UN supervision mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhdar_Brahimi_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Lakhdar Brahimi Syrian peace plan">Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria" title="U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria">U.S.–Russia peace proposals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_G8_summit" title="39th G8 summit">39th G8 summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2118" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118">UN Security Council Resolution 2118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_II_Conference_on_Syria" title="Geneva II Conference on Syria">Geneva II conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Zabadani_cease-fire_agreement" title="2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement">2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_peace_talks_for_Syria" title="Vienna peace talks for Syria">Vienna talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_peace_talks_on_Syria_(2016)" title="Geneva peace talks on Syria (2016)">2016 Geneva talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarization (2018–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Constitutional_Committee" title="Syrian Constitutional Committee">Syrian Constitutional Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War crimes trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkerstrafgesetzbuch#Syrian_civil_war" title="Völkerstrafgesetzbuch">Universal jurisdiction trials in Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_mandate" title="Exclusive mandate">Exclusive mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Syrian_National_Council" title="International recognition of the Syrian National Council">International recognition of the Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Files" title="Syria Files">Syria Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_detainee_report" title="2014 Syrian detainee report">Syrian detainee report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Media coverage of the Syrian civil war">Syrian media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 European migrant crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian civil war in popular culture">Syrian civil war in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Syrian_civil_war" title="Category:Syrian civil war">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q619829#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse 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