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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Organization </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organization subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_and_popular_wing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_and_popular_wing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Political and popular wing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_and_popular_wing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Cultural branch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armed_wing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armed_wing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Armed wing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armed_wing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_armed_wing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_armed_wing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Women's armed wing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_armed_wing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Youth_wing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Youth_wing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Youth wing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Youth_wing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Training camps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Political representation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alleged_political_presentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_political_presentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.1 Alleged political presentation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_political_presentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reported_links_with_Turkish_intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reported_links_with_Turkish_intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Reported links with Turkish intelligence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reported_links_with_Turkish_intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_in_Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_in_Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Status in Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_in_Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_in_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_in_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Status in Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_in_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Tactics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tactics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Tactics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recruitment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recruitment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Recruitment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recruitment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Weapons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Resources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Resources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Resources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Funding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Involvement_in_drug_trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involvement_in_drug_trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Involvement in drug trafficking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involvement_in_drug_trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Human resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleged_international_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_international_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Alleged international support </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_international_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Designation_as_a_terrorist_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Designation_as_a_terrorist_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Designation as a terrorist group </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Designation_as_a_terrorist_group-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Designation as a terrorist group subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Designation_as_a_terrorist_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Refusal_to_designate_PKK_as_a_terrorist_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refusal_to_designate_PKK_as_a_terrorist_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Refusal to designate PKK as a terrorist group </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refusal_to_designate_PKK_as_a_terrorist_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Flags </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flags-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Flags subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Party_flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Party flags </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flags_of_wings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flags_of_wings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Flags of wings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flags_of_wings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 1970s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 1980s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 2000s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cease_fire_1999–2004" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cease_fire_1999–2004"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4.1 Cease fire 1999–2004 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cease_fire_1999–2004-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_insurgency_2004–2006" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_insurgency_2004–2006"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4.2 Second insurgency 2004–2006 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_insurgency_2004–2006-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cease-fire_and_renewed_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cease-fire_and_renewed_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4.3 Cease-fire and renewed conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cease-fire_and_renewed_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 2010s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2013–2015_peace_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2013–2015_peace_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5.1 2013–2015 peace process </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2013–2015_peace_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2014_action_against_Islamic_State_and_renewed_tensions_in_Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014_action_against_Islamic_State_and_renewed_tensions_in_Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5.2 2014 action against Islamic State and renewed tensions in Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014_action_against_Islamic_State_and_renewed_tensions_in_Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July_2015–present:_Third_insurgency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July_2015–present:_Third_insurgency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5.3 July 2015–present: Third insurgency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July_2015–present:_Third_insurgency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_and/or_associated_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_and/or_associated_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Related and/or associated organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_and/or_associated_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Kurdistan Workers' Party</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" > 68 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="حزب العمال الكردستاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حزب العمال الكردستاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քրտական Աշխատաւորական Կուսակցութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քրտական Աշխատաւորական Կուսակցութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCrd%C3%BCstan_F%C9%99hl%C9%99_Partiyas%C4%B1" title="Kürdüstan Fəhlə Partiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kürdüstan Fəhlə Partiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="کوردوستان ایشچی حیزبی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوردوستان ایشچی حیزبی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="কুর্দিস্তান ওয়ার্কার্স পার্টি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কুর্দিস্তান ওয়ার্কার্স পার্টি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рабочая партыя Курдыстана – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рабочая партыя Курдыстана" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Працоўная партыя Курдыстану – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Працоўная партыя Курдыстану" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Работническа партия на Кюрдистан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Работническа партия на Кюрдистан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistanska_radni%C4%8Dka_partija" title="Kurdistanska radnička partija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kurdistanska radnička partija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strollad_Labourerion_Kurdistan" title="Strollad Labourerion Kurdistan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Strollad Labourerion Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_dels_Treballadors_del_Kurdistan" title="Partit dels Treballadors del Kurdistan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partit dels Treballadors del Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strana_kurdsk%C3%BDch_pracuj%C3%ADc%C3%ADch" title="Strana kurdských pracujících – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Strana kurdských pracujících" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistans_Arbejderparti" title="Kurdistans Arbejderparti – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kurdistans Arbejderparti" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeiterpartei_Kurdistans" title="Arbeiterpartei Kurdistans – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arbeiterpartei Kurdistans" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistani_T%C3%B6%C3%B6lispartei" title="Kurdistani Töölispartei – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kurdistani Töölispartei" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Εργατικό Κόμμα του Κουρδιστάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εργατικό Κόμμα του Κουρδιστάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_de_los_Trabajadores_de_Kurdist%C3%A1n" title="Partido de los Trabajadores de Kurdistán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido de los Trabajadores de Kurdistán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistana_Laborista_Partio" title="Kurdistana Laborista Partio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kurdistana Laborista Partio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistango_Langileen_Alderdia" title="Kurdistango Langileen Alderdia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kurdistango Langileen Alderdia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حزب کارگران کردستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حزب کارگران کردستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_des_travailleurs_du_Kurdistan" title="Parti des travailleurs du Kurdistan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti des travailleurs du Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_dos_Traballadores_do_Kurdist%C3%A1n" title="Partido dos Traballadores do Kurdistán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Partido dos Traballadores do Kurdistán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8A%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%CB%87_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A4%D9%86%CB%87_%D8%AD%D8%A6%D8%B2%D8%A8" title="کۊردستانˇ کارگرؤنˇ حئزب – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="کۊردستانˇ کارگرؤنˇ حئزب" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%94%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84_%EB%85%B8%EB%8F%99%EC%9E%90%EB%8B%B9" title="쿠르디스탄 노동자당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿠르디스탄 노동자당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քրդական բանվորական կուսակցություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քրդական բանվորական կուսակցություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="कुर्दिस्तान वर्कर्स पार्टी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कुर्दिस्तान वर्कर्स पार्टी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistanska_radni%C4%8Dka_stranka" title="Kurdistanska radnička stranka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kurdistanska radnička stranka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Buruh_Kurdistan" title="Partai Buruh Kurdistan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partai Buruh Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkal%C3%BD%C3%B0sflokkur_K%C3%BArda" title="Verkalýðsflokkur Kúrda – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Verkalýðsflokkur Kúrda" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_dei_Lavoratori_del_Kurdistan" title="Partito dei Lavoratori del Kurdistan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito dei Lavoratori del Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F" title="מפלגת הפועלים של כורדיסטן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מפלגת הפועלים של כורדיסטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partidung_Talapagobra_ning_Kurdistan" title="Partidung Talapagobra ning Kurdistan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Partidung Talapagobra ning Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partiya_Karker%C3%AAn_Kurdistan%C3%AA" title="Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdist%C4%81nas_Str%C4%81dnieku_partija" title="Kurdistānas Strādnieku partija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kurdistānas Strādnieku partija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistano_darbinink%C5%B3_partija" title="Kurdistano darbininkų partija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kurdistano darbininkų partija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdiszt%C3%A1ni_Munk%C3%A1sp%C3%A1rt" title="Kurdisztáni Munkáspárt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kurdisztáni Munkáspárt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Курдска работничка партија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Курдска работничка партија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF" title="കുർദിസ്ഥാൻ വർക്കേഴ്സ് പാർട്ടി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കുർദിസ്ഥാൻ വർക്കേഴ്സ് പാർട്ടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="حزب العمال الكوردستانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حزب العمال الكوردستانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8" title="کوردستون کارگرون حزب – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کوردستون کارگرون حزب" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koerdische_Arbeiderspartij" title="Koerdische Arbeiderspartij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koerdische Arbeiderspartij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E8%80%85%E5%85%9A" title="クルディスタン労働者党 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クルディスタン労働者党" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistans_arbeiderparti" title="Kurdistans arbeiderparti – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kurdistans arbeiderparti" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_dels_Trabalhadors_de_Curdistan" title="Partit dels Trabalhadors de Curdistan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Partit dels Trabalhadors de Curdistan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurd_ishchilar_partiyasi" title="Kurd ishchilar partiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kurd ishchilar partiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partia_Pracuj%C4%85cych_Kurdystanu" title="Partia Pracujących Kurdystanu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Partia Pracujących Kurdystanu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_dos_Trabalhadores_do_Curdist%C3%A3o" title="Partido dos Trabalhadores do Curdistão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido dos Trabalhadores do Curdistão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeedrpartei_va_Kurdistan" title="Arbeedrpartei va Kurdistan – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Arbeedrpartei va Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partidul_Muncitorilor_din_Kurdistan" title="Partidul Muncitorilor din Kurdistan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Partidul Muncitorilor din Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рабочая партия Курдистана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рабочая партия Курдистана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Wirkers%27_Pairty" title="Kurdistan Wirkers' Pairty – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kurdistan Wirkers' Pairty" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partia_e_Pun%C3%ABtor%C3%ABve_t%C3%AB_Kurdistanit" title="Partia e Punëtorëve të Kurdistanit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Partia e Punëtorëve të Kurdistanit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kurdistan Workers' Party" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strana_kurdsk%C3%BDch_pracuj%C3%BAcich" title="Strana kurdských pracujúcich – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Strana kurdských pracujúcich" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پارتی کرێکارانی کوردستان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پارتی کرێکارانی کوردستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Радничка партија Курдистана – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Радничка партија Курдистана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistanska_radni%C4%8Dka_partija" title="Kurdistanska radnička partija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kurdistanska radnička partija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistanin_ty%C3%B6v%C3%A4enpuolue" title="Kurdistanin työväenpuolue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kurdistanin työväenpuolue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistans_arbetarparti" title="Kurdistans arbetarparti – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kurdistans arbetarparti" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="குர்திசுத்தான் தொழிலாளர் கட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குர்திசுத்தான் தொழிலாளர் கட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="พรรคแรงงานเคอร์ดิสถาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พรรคแรงงานเคอร์ดิสถาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKK" title="PKK – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="PKK" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Робітнича партія Курдистану – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Робітнича партія Курдистану" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_C%C3%B4ng_nh%C3%A2n_Kurd" title="Đảng Công nhân Kurd – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đảng Công nhân Kurd" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E5%85%9A" title="库尔德工人党 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="库尔德工人党" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E9%BB%A8" title="庫爾德工人黨 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="庫爾德工人黨" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partiya_Karkeran%C3%AA_Kurd%C4%B1stani" title="Partiya Karkeranê Kurdıstani – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Partiya Karkeranê Kurdıstani" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E5%85%9A" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Kurdish militant and political organization</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DEDFDE;">Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/200px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/300px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/400px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leaders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Abdullah Öcalan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Murat_Karay%C4%B1lan" title="Murat Karayılan">Murat Karayılan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cem%C3%AEl_Bayik" title="Cemîl Bayik">Cemîl Bayik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Duran_Kalkan" title="Duran Kalkan">Duran Kalkan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bes%C3%AA_Hozat" title="Besê Hozat">Besê Hozat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nuriye_Kesbir" title="Nuriye Kesbir">Sozdar Avesta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bahoz_Erdal" title="Bahoz Erdal">Bahoz Erdal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Karasu" title="Mustafa Karasu">Mustafa Karasu</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates of operation</th><td class="infobox-data">November 1978; 46 years ago (1978-11)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg/23px-Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg/35px-Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg/46px-Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defence_Forces" title="People's Defence Forces">People's Defence Forces</a> (HPG)</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg/23px-Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg/35px-Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg/46px-Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Free_Women%27s_Units" title="Free Women's Units">Free Women's Units</a> (YJA-STAR)</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Flag_of_the_YPS_-_Horizontal.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_YPS_-_Horizontal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Flag_of_the_YPS_-_Horizontal.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_YPS_-_Horizontal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Flag_of_the_YPS_-_Horizontal.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_YPS_-_Horizontal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Civil_Protection_Units" title="Civil Protection Units">Civil Defense Units</a> (YPS)</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Koma_Civak%C3%AAn_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/23px-Flag_of_Koma_Civak%C3%AAn_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Koma_Civak%C3%AAn_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/35px-Flag_of_Koma_Civak%C3%AAn_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Koma_Civak%C3%AAn_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/45px-Flag_of_Koma_Civak%C3%AAn_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Communities_Union" title="Kurdistan Communities Union">Kurdistan Communities Union</a> (KCK)</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Infobox_HBDH.png/23px-Infobox_HBDH.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Infobox_HBDH.png/35px-Infobox_HBDH.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Infobox_HBDH.png/45px-Infobox_HBDH.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="167" /> <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_United_Revolutionary_Movement" title="Peoples' United Revolutionary Movement">Peoples' United Revolutionary Movement</a> (HBDH)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Qandil_Mountains" title="Qandil Mountains">Qandil Mountains</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish nationalism</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> (disputed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">Democratic confederalism</a><a href="#cite_note-newold-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a><a href="#cite_note-newold-5">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Jineology</a></li></ul> </div>Historical:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">5,000 (estimate)<a href="#cite_note-11">[note 1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allies</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Union_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Union_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Union_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Union_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Union_Party.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Union_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">PYD</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg/23px-People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg/35px-People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg/46px-People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defense_Units" title="People's Defense Units">YPG</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/YPJ_Flag.png/23px-YPJ_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/YPJ_Flag.png/35px-YPJ_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/YPJ_Flag.png/46px-YPJ_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1186" /> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">YPJ</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/23px-Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/35px-Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/45px-Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Free_Life_Party" title="Kurdistan Free Life Party">PJAK</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_YB%C5%9E.svg/23px-Flag_of_YB%C5%9E.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_YB%C5%9E.svg/35px-Flag_of_YB%C5%9E.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_YB%C5%9E.svg/46px-Flag_of_YB%C5%9E.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="172" /> <a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Resistance_Units" title="Sinjar Resistance Units">YBŞ</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_Sinjar_Womens_Units.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sinjar_Womens_Units.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_Sinjar_Womens_Units.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sinjar_Womens_Units.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_Sinjar_Womens_Units.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sinjar_Womens_Units.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="172" /> <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Women%27s_Units" title="Êzîdxan Women's Units">YJÊ</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Dawronoye_Sun.svg/15px-Dawronoye_Sun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Dawronoye_Sun.svg/23px-Dawronoye_Sun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Dawronoye_Sun.svg/30px-Dawronoye_Sun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /> <a href="/wiki/Bethnahrin_National_Council" title="Bethnahrin National Council">MUB</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/International_Freedom_Battalion_original_banner.svg/23px-International_Freedom_Battalion_original_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/International_Freedom_Battalion_original_banner.svg/35px-International_Freedom_Battalion_original_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/International_Freedom_Battalion_original_banner.svg/45px-International_Freedom_Battalion_original_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/International_Freedom_Battalion" title="International Freedom Battalion">IFB</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Birle%C5%9Fik_%C3%96zg%C3%BCrl%C3%BCk_G%C3%BC%C3%A7leri_%28United_Freedom_Forces%29_flag.svg/23px-Birle%C5%9Fik_%C3%96zg%C3%BCrl%C3%BCk_G%C3%BC%C3%A7leri_%28United_Freedom_Forces%29_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Birle%C5%9Fik_%C3%96zg%C3%BCrl%C3%BCk_G%C3%BC%C3%A7leri_%28United_Freedom_Forces%29_flag.svg/35px-Birle%C5%9Fik_%C3%96zg%C3%BCrl%C3%BCk_G%C3%BC%C3%A7leri_%28United_Freedom_Forces%29_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Birle%C5%9Fik_%C3%96zg%C3%BCrl%C3%BCk_G%C3%BC%C3%A7leri_%28United_Freedom_Forces%29_flag.svg/45px-Birle%C5%9Fik_%C3%96zg%C3%BCrl%C3%BCk_G%C3%BC%C3%A7leri_%28United_Freedom_Forces%29_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Freedom_Forces" title="United Freedom Forces">BÖG</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/MLKP_Banner.svg/23px-MLKP_Banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/MLKP_Banner.svg/35px-MLKP_Banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/MLKP_Banner.svg/45px-MLKP_Banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Communist_Party_(Turkey)" title="Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (Turkey)">MLKP</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_TiKKO.svg/23px-Flag_of_TiKKO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_TiKKO.svg/35px-Flag_of_TiKKO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_TiKKO.svg/45px-Flag_of_TiKKO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkey/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" title="Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist">TİKKO</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/23px-Flag_of_PUK.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/35px-Flag_of_PUK.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/46px-Flag_of_PUK.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="237" /> <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">PUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komal%C3%AAn_Ciwan" title="Komalên Ciwan">KNC</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponents</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State"><img alt="Islamic State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/20px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/31px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /> <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles and wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_insurgency" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency">Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93PKK_conflict" title="Israel–PKK conflict">Israel–PKK conflict</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region%E2%80%93PKK_conflict" title="Kurdistan Region–PKK conflict">Kurdistan Region–PKK conflict</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War">Iraqi Kurdish Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">Designated as a terrorist group</a> by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/20px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/31px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /> <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-Currently_listed_entities-19">[18]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><a href="#cite_note-aunsPKK-21">[20]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Kurdistan Workers' Party<a href="#cite_note-27">[a]</a> or PKK is a <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> <a href="/wiki/Militant" title="Militant">militant</a> political organization and armed <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_guerrilla_movements" title="List of guerrilla movements">movement</a> which historically operated throughout <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> but is now primarily based in the mountainous Kurdish-majority regions of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan" title="Turkish Kurdistan">southeastern Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">northern Iraq</a>. It was founded in <a href="/wiki/Ziyaret,_Lice" title="Ziyaret, Lice">Ziyaret, Lice</a> on 27 November 1978 and has been involved in asymmetric warfare in the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a> (with several ceasefires between <a href="/wiki/1993_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_ceasefire" title="1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire">1993</a> and <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932015_PKK%E2%80%93Turkey_peace_process" title="2013–2015 PKK–Turkey peace process">2013–2015</a>). Although the PKK initially sought an independent Kurdish state, in the 1990s its official platform changed to seeking <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> and increased <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_of_Kurdish_people_in_Turkey" title="Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey">political and cultural rights for Kurds</a> within Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-Stanton-28">[26]</a> The PKK is <a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">designated as a terrorist organization</a> by Turkey,<a href="#cite_note-RadioFrance-29">[27]</a> the United States,<a href="#cite_note-:9-30">[28]</a> the European Union,<a href="#cite_note-:10-31">[29]</a> and some other countries;<a href="#cite_note-:11-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Japan_ban-33">[31]</a> however, the labeling of the PKK as a terrorist organization is controversial to some analysts and organizations,<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> who believe that the PKK no longer engages in organized terrorist activities or systemically targets civilians.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> Turkey accused the PKK of terrorism in 2023 for killing 12 of its soldiers in Iraq. A suicide attack also occurred on the Ministry of Interior's headquarters in Ankara took place by the PKK on the same year. However, whether the Istanbul attack was an isolated incident or a general shift of strategy back to terror tactics remains unclear.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> Turkey has often characterized the demand for education in <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a> as supporting terrorist activities by the PKK.<a href="#cite_note-:142-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-:152-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-:162-45">[43]</a> Both in 2008 and 2018 the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a> ruled that the PKK was classified as a terror organization without due process.<a href="#cite_note-:6-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-47">[45]</a> Nevertheless, the EU has maintained the designation.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> The PKK's ideology was originally a fusion of <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">revolutionary socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish nationalism</a>, seeking the foundation of an independent <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:17-49">[47]</a> The PKK was formed as part of a growing discontent over the suppression of Turkey's Kurds, in an effort to establish linguistic, cultural, and political rights for the Kurdish minority.<a href="#cite_note-Palgrave_Macmillan-50">[48]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">military coup of 1980</a>, the Kurdish language was officially prohibited in public and private life.<a href="#cite_note-NYTK-51">[49]</a> Many who spoke, published, or sang in Kurdish were arrested and imprisoned.<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-52">[50]</a> The Turkish government <a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Kurds_by_Turkey" title="Denial of Kurds by Turkey">denied the existence of Kurds</a> and the PKK was portrayed trying to convince Turks of being Kurds.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> The PKK has been involved in armed clashes with Turkish security forces since 1979, but the full-scale insurgency did not begin until <a href="/wiki/1984_PKK_attacks" title="1984 PKK attacks">15 August 1984</a>, when the PKK announced a Kurdish uprising. Since the conflict began, more than 40,000 people have died, most of whom were Kurdish civilians.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> In 1999, PKK leader <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Abdullah Öcalan</a> was <a href="/wiki/Imprisonment_of_Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Imprisonment of Abdullah Öcalan">captured and imprisoned</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> In May 2007, serving and former members of the PKK set up the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Communities_Union" title="Kurdistan Communities Union">Kurdistan Communities Union</a> (KCK), an umbrella organisation of Kurdish organisations in Turkish, Iraqi, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Kurdistan" title="Syrian Kurdistan">Syrian Kurdistan</a>. In 2013, the PKK declared a <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a> and began slowly withdrawing its fighters to Iraqi Kurdistan as part of a <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932015_PKK%E2%80%93Turkey_peace_process" title="2013–2015 PKK–Turkey peace process">peace process</a> with the Turkish state. The ceasefire broke down in July 2015.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> Both the PKK and the Turkish state have been accused of engaging in <a href="/wiki/Tactics_of_terrorism" title="Tactics of terrorism">terror tactics</a> and targeting <a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilians</a>. The PKK has <a href="/wiki/Category:Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_attacks" title="Category:Kurdistan Workers' Party attacks">bombed city centres</a> and recruited <a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Child soldiers">child soldiers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-amnestysecurity-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-childsoldiers-60">[58]</a> and conducted several attacks that massacred civilians, with the most notorious incidents being the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%B1narc%C4%B1k_massacre" title="Pınarcık massacre">Pınarcık massacre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ortaba%C4%9F_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ortabağ Massacre">Ortabağ Massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-M._Aliza,_2007-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-satana-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> Turkey has depopulated and burned down <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_villages_depopulated_by_Turkey" title="Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey">thousands of Kurdish villages</a> and massacred Kurdish civilians in an attempt to root out PKK militants.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> As a result of the military <a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">coup of 1971</a>, many militants of the revolutionary left were deprived of a public appearance, movements like the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_of_Turkey" title="People's Liberation Army of Turkey">People's Liberation Army of Turkey</a> (THKO) or the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkey/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" title="Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist">Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist</a> (TKP-ML) were cracked down upon and forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-:17-49">[47]</a> Following, several of the resting political actors of the Turkish left organized away from the public in university dorms or in meetings in shared apartments.<a href="#cite_note-:17-49">[47]</a> In 1972–1973 the organization's core ideological group was made up largely of students led by <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Abdullah Öcalan</a> ("Apo") in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> who made themselves known as the Kurdistan Revolutionaries.<a href="#cite_note-:17-49">[47]</a> The new group focused on the oppressed Kurdish population of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan" title="Turkish Kurdistan">Turkish Kurdistan</a> in a capitalist world.<a href="#cite_note-:17-49">[47]</a> In 1973, several students who later would become founders of the PKK established the student organization <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara_Democratic_Association_of_Higher_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ankara Democratic Association of Higher Education (page does not exist)">Ankara Democratic Association of Higher Education</a> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara_Demokratik_Y%C3%BCksek_%C3%96%C4%9Frenim_Derne%C4%9Fi" class="extiw" title="tr:Ankara Demokratik Yüksek Öğrenim Derneği">tr</a>] (ADYÖD), which would be banned the next year.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> Then a group around Öcalan split from the Turkish left and held extensive discussions focusing on the <a href="/wiki/Internal_colonialism" title="Internal colonialism">colonization</a> of Kurdistan by Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">military coup of 1980</a>, the Kurdish language was officially prohibited in public and private life.<a href="#cite_note-NYTK-51">[49]</a> Many who spoke, published, or sang in Kurdish were arrested and imprisoned.<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-52">[50]</a> At this time, expressions of <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_culture" title="Kurdish culture">Kurdish culture</a>, including the use of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish language</a>, dress, <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, and names, were banned in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-hannum-72">[70]</a> In an attempt to deny their separate existence from <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a>, the Turkish government categorized <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> as "Mountain Turks" until 1991.<a href="#cite_note-hannum-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] The PKK was then formed, as part of a growing discontent over the suppression of <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Kurds in Turkey</a>, in an effort to establish linguistic, cultural, and political rights for Turkey's Kurdish minority.<a href="#cite_note-Palgrave_Macmillan-50">[48]</a> Following several years of preparation, the Kurdistan Workers Party was established during a foundation congress on 26 and 27 November 1978 in the rural village of <a href="/wiki/Ziyaret,_Lice" title="Ziyaret, Lice">Fîs</a>, Lice, Diyarbakır. On 27 November 1978,<a href="#cite_note-:62-76">[74]</a> a central committee consisting of seven people was elected, with Abdullah Öcalan as its head. Other members were: Şahin Dönmez, <a href="/wiki/Mazlum_Do%C4%9Fan" title="Mazlum Doğan">Mazlûm Dogan</a>, Baki Karer, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmet_Hayri_Durmu%C5%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmet Hayri Durmuş (page does not exist)">Mehmet Hayri Durmuş</a> [<a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_Hayri_Durmu%C5%9F" class="extiw" title="ku:Mehmet Hayri Durmuş">ku</a>], <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmet_Karasungur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmet Karasungur (page does not exist)">Mehmet Karasungur</a> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_Karasungur" class="extiw" title="tr:Mehmet Karasungur">tr</a>], Cemil Bayık.<a href="#cite_note-:62-76">[74]</a> The party program Kürdistan Devrimci Yolu drew on Marxism<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> and saw Kurdistan as a colonized entity.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> Initially the PKK concealed its existence and only announced their existence in a propaganda stunt when they attempted to assassinate a politician of the <a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice Party (Turkey)">Justice Party</a>, Mehmet Celal Bucak,<a href="#cite_note-:62-76">[74]</a> in July 1979. Bucak was a Kurdish tribal leader accused by the PKK of exploiting peasants and collaborating with the Turkish state to oppress Kurds.<a href="#cite_note-:62-76">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology_and_aims">Ideology and aims</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PKK_Verbot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PKK_Verbot.jpg/220px-PKK_Verbot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PKK_Verbot.jpg/330px-PKK_Verbot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PKK_Verbot.jpg/440px-PKK_Verbot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>Protest for freedom of <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Ocalan</a> in Germany, January 21, 2016</figcaption></figure> The organization originated in the early 1970s from the radical left and drew its membership from other existing leftist groups, mainly <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Youth_Federation_of_Turkey" title="Revolutionary Youth Federation of Turkey">Dev-Genç</a>.<a href="#cite_note-joost-79">[77]</a>: 127  During the 1980s, the movement included and cooperated with other ethnic groups, including ethnic Turks, who were following the radical left.<a href="#cite_note-joost-79">[77]</a>: 127 <a href="#cite_note-joost-79">[77]</a>: 129  The organization initially presented itself as part of the <a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">worldwide communist revolution</a>. Its aims and objectives have evolved over time towards the goals of national autonomy<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> a federation similar the one of Switzerland, Germany or the United States<a href="#cite_note-Stanton-28">[26]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">democratic confederalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Around 1995, the PKK ostensibly changed its aim from independence to a demand for equal rights and Kurdish autonomy within the Turkish state,<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stanton-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> though all the while hardly suspending their military attacks on the Turkish state except for ceasefires in 1999–2004 and 2013–2015. In 1995, Öcalan said: "We are not insisting on a separate state under any condition. What we are calling for very openly is a state model where a people's basic economic, cultural, social, and political rights are guaranteed".<a href="#cite_note-Stanton-28">[26]</a> Whilst this shift in the mid-nineties has been interpreted as one from a call for independence to an autonomous republic,<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> some scholars have concluded that the PKK still maintains independence as the ultimate goal, but through society-building rather than state-building.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> The PKK has in March 2016 also vowed to overthrow the Turkish government of <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>, through the '<a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_United_Revolutionary_Movement" title="Peoples' United Revolutionary Movement">Peoples' United Revolutionary Movement</a>'.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The organization has adapted the new <a href="/wiki/Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">democratic confederalist</a> views of its arrested leader, which aim to replace the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a> with the democratic confederalism which is described as a system of popularly elected administrative councils, allowing local communities to exercise autonomous control over their assets while linking to other communities via a network of confederal councils.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> Followers of Öcalan and members of the PKK are known, after his honorary name, as Apocu (Apo-ites) under his movement, Apoculuk (Apoism).<a href="#cite_note-Mango2005-90">[88]</a> The slogan <a href="/wiki/Bij%C3%AE_Serok_Apo" title="Bijî Serok Apo">Bijî Serok Apo</a>, which translates into Long Live leader Apo, is often chanted by his sympathizers.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> While the PKK has no known Islamist or practicing religious member among its leadership, it has supported the creation of religious organizations.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> It has also supported <a href="/wiki/Friday_prayer" title="Friday prayer">Friday prayers</a> to be in Kurdish instead of the Turkish language.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> Öcalans early writings did not have a positive view of Islam, but later works had a more favorable tone, specifically regarding the revolutionary activity of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> against an established order, as well as the role Islam can play in reconciliation between Kurds and Turks.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> The PKK was accused of having a presence in mosques in Germany to attract religious Muslim Kurds into their ranks.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> Öcalan had respect for <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> and saw it as the first religion of the Kurds.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2></div> Even though the PKK has several prominent representatives in various countries such as Iraq, Iran, Syria, Russia, and Europe,<a href="#cite_note-frank2006-99">[97]</a> Abdullah Öcalan stayed the unchallenged leader of the organization. Today, though serving life imprisonment, Öcalan is still considered the honorary leader and figurehead of the organization.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Murat_Karay%C4%B1lan" title="Murat Karayılan">Murat Karayılan</a> led the organization from 1999 to 2013. In 2013 Cemil Bayik and Besê Hozat assumed as the first joint leadership.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> Cemil Bayik was one of the core leaders since its foundation. The organization appointed "Doctor Bahoz", <a href="/wiki/Nom-de-guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nom-de-guerre">nom de guerre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bahoz_Erdal" title="Bahoz Erdal">Fehman Huseyin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Syria" title="Kurds in Syria">Syrian Kurd</a>, in charge of the movement's military operations signifying the long-standing solidarity among Kurds from all parts of Kurdistan.<a href="#cite_note-Brandon2007-102">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_and_popular_wing">Political and popular wing</h3></div> In 1985, the National Liberation Front of Kurdistan (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: Eniye Rizgariye Navata Kurdistan, ERNK) was established by the PKK as its <a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">popular front</a> wing, with the role of both creating propaganda for the party, and as an <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_organization" title="Umbrella organization">umbrella organization</a> for PKK organizations in different segments of the Kurdish population, such as the <a href="/wiki/Peasantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasantry">peasantry</a>, workers, youth, and women. It was dissolved in 1999, after the <a href="/wiki/Imprisonment_of_Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Imprisonment of Abdullah Öcalan">capture of Abdullah Öcalan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PRIF-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_branch">Cultural branch</h3></div> In 1983, the Association of Artists (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunerkom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunerkom (page does not exist)">Hunerkom</a> [<a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunerkom" class="extiw" title="ku:Hunerkom">ku</a>]) was established in Germany under the lead of the music group <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koma_Berxwedan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koma Berxwedan (page does not exist)">Koma Berxwedan</a> [<a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koma_Berxwedan" class="extiw" title="ku:Koma Berxwedan">ku</a>]. Its activities spread over Kurdish community centers in <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_France" title="Kurds in France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Germany" title="Kurds in Germany">Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_the_Netherlands" title="Kurds in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. In 1994 the Hunerkom was renamed into the 'Kurdish Academy of Culture and Arts'. Koma Berxwedans songs, which often were about the PKK resistance, were forbidden in Turkey and had to be smuggled over the border.<a href="#cite_note-:18-105">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armed_wing">Armed wing</h3></div> The PKK has an armed wing, originally formed in 1984 as the Kurdistan Freedom Brigades (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: Hêzên Rizgariya Kurdistan, HRK),<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> renamed to the People's Liberation Army of Kurdistan (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: Arteşa Rizgariya Gelî Kurdistan, ARGK) in 1986,<a href="#cite_note-PRIF-103">[101]</a> and again renamed to the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defense_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Defense Forces">People's Defense Forces</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: Hêzên Parastina Gel, HPG) in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_armed_wing">Women's armed wing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdish_PKK_Guerillas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kurdish_PKK_Guerillas.jpg/220px-Kurdish_PKK_Guerillas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kurdish_PKK_Guerillas.jpg/330px-Kurdish_PKK_Guerillas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kurdish_PKK_Guerillas.jpg/440px-Kurdish_PKK_Guerillas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2850" data-file-height="1755" /></a><figcaption>Female PKK guerrillas of <a href="/wiki/YJA-STAR" class="mw-redirect" title="YJA-STAR">YJA-STAR</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Free_Women%27s_Units" title="Free Women's Units">Free Women's Units</a> of Star (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: Yekîneyên Jinên Azad ên Star,<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> YJA-STAR) was established in 2004 as the women's armed wing of the PKK, emphasizing the issue of women's liberation.<a href="#cite_note-ARMYOFWOMEN-109">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth_wing">Youth wing</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Civil_Protection_Units" title="Civil Protection Units">Civil Protections Units</a> (YPS) is the successor of the <a href="/wiki/YDG-H" title="YDG-H">Patriotic Revolutionary Youth Movement</a> (YDG-H), the youth wing of the PKK.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> In February 2016 the <a href="/wiki/Firat_News_Agency" title="Firat News Agency">ANF</a> news agency reported the establishment of the women's branch of the YPS, the <a href="/wiki/YPS-Jin" class="mw-redirect" title="YPS-Jin">YPS-Jin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Training_camps">Training camps</h3></div> The first training camps were established in 1982 in Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Iran and also in <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a> with the support of the Syrian government.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simon-113">[111]</a> In the third party congress of October 1986, the PKK established the <a href="/wiki/Mahsum_Korkmaz_Academy" title="Mahsum Korkmaz Academy">Mahsum Korkmaz Academy</a> in the Beqaa Valley.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> After Turkey pressured Syria to enforce its closure in 1992, the academy moved to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:03-115">[113]</a> After the Iran-Iraq War and the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War">Kurdish Civil War</a>, the PKK moved all its camps to Northern Iraq in 1998. The PKK had also completely moved to <a href="/wiki/Qandil_Mountains" title="Qandil Mountains">Qandil Mountains</a> from Beqaa Valley, under intensive pressure, after Syria expelled Öcalan and shut down all camps established in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Simon-113">[111]</a> At the time, Northern Iraq was experiencing a vacuum of control after the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>-related <a href="/wiki/Operation_Provide_Comfort" title="Operation Provide Comfort">Operation Provide Comfort</a>. Instead of a single training camp that could be easily destroyed, the organization created many small camps. During this period the organization set up a fully functioning enclave with training camps, storage facilities, and reconnaissance and communications centers. In 2007, the organization was reported to have camps strung out through the mountains that straddle the border between Turkey and Iraq, including in Sinaht, Haftanin, Kanimasi and Zap.<a href="#cite_note-gareth-116">[114]</a> The organization developed two types of camps. The mountain camps, located in Turkey, Iraq and Iran, are used as forward bases from which militants carry out attacks against Turkish military bases. The units deployed there are highly mobile and the camps have only minimal infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-gareth-116">[114]</a> The other permanent camps, in the Qandil Mountains of Iraq, have more developed infrastructure—including a field hospital, electricity generators and a large proportion of the PKK's lethal and non-lethal supplies.<a href="#cite_note-gareth-116">[114]</a> The organization is also using the Qandil mountain camps for its political activities. It was reported in 2004 that there was another political training camp in Belgium, evidence that the organization had used training camps in Europe for political and ideological training.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_representation">Political representation</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hdp2015secim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hdp2015secim.png/275px-Hdp2015secim.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hdp2015secim.png/413px-Hdp2015secim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hdp2015secim.png/550px-Hdp2015secim.png 2x" data-file-width="1012" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of the popular vote won by the pro-Kurdish <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP)</a> in the <a href="/wiki/June_2015_Turkish_general_election" title="June 2015 Turkish general election">2015 Turkish general election</a>. According to Egemen Bezci and Nicholas Borroz, "[t]he HDP's elections results . . . are a proxy indicator of popular support for the PKK".<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a></figcaption></figure>The PKK could count on support from protests and <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(protest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (protest)">demonstrations</a> often directed against policies of the Turkish government.<a href="#cite_note-:13-119">[117]</a> The PKK also fought a turf war against other radical Islamist Kurdish and Turkish organizations in Turkey. Turkish newspapers said that the PKK effectively used the prison force to gain appeal among the population which PKK has denied.<a href="#cite_note-:4-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-121">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alleged_political_presentation">Alleged political presentation</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Political_Movement_in_Turkey" title="Kurdish Political Movement in Turkey">Kurdish Political Movement in Turkey</a></div> The organization had sympathizer parties in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly of Turkey</a> since the beginning of the early 1990s. The existence of direct links between the parties and the PKK have several times been a question in Turkish politics but also in Turkish and European courts.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-119">[117]</a> In sequence <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Labor Party">HEP</a>/<a href="/wiki/Democracy_Party_(Turkey)" title="Democracy Party (Turkey)">DEP</a>/<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democracy_Party" title="People's Democracy Party">HADEP</a>/<a href="/wiki/Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Turkey)" title="Democratic People's Party (Turkey)">DEHAP</a>/<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Society_Party" title="Democratic Society Party">DTP</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Democracy_Party_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace and Democracy Party (Turkey)">BDP</a>, which later changed its name to <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Regions_Party" title="Democratic Regions Party">Democratic Regions Party</a> (DBP) on 11 July 2014,<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">HDP</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Equality_and_Democracy_Party" title="Peoples' Equality and Democracy Party">DEM</a> have been criticized of sympathizing with the PKK, since they have refused to brand it as a terrorist group. Political organizations established in Turkey are banned from propagating or supporting separatism. Several political parties supporting Kurdish rights have been reportedly banned on this pretext. The constitutional court stated to find direct links between the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Labor Party">HEP</a>/<a href="/wiki/Democracy_Party_(Turkey)" title="Democracy Party (Turkey)">DEP</a>/<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democracy_Party" title="People's Democracy Party">HADEP</a> and the PKK. In 2007 against the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Society_Party_closure_case" title="Democratic Society Party closure case">DTP was initiated a closure case</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">constitutional court</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-124">[122]</a> which resulted in its closure on 11 December 2009.<a href="#cite_note-:52-125">[123]</a> In 2021, against the <a href="/wiki/2021_Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_closure_case" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Peoples' Democratic Party closure case">HDP was also initiated a closure case</a> during which the HDP is accused of being linked to the PKK.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> It is reported that Turkey has used the PKK as an excuse to close Kurdish political parties. Senior DTP leaders maintained that they support a unified Turkey within a democratic framework. In May 2007, the co-president of DTP <a href="/wiki/Aysel_Tu%C4%9Fluk" title="Aysel Tuğluk">Aysel Tuğluk</a>, published an article in <a href="/wiki/Radikal" title="Radikal">Radikal</a> in support of this policy.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> Several parliamentarians and other elected representatives have been jailed for speaking in Kurdish, carrying Kurdish colors or otherwise allegedly "promoting separatism", most famous among them being <a href="/wiki/Leyla_Zana" title="Leyla Zana">Leyla Zana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> has condemned Turkey for arresting and executing Kurdish writers, journalists and politicians in numerous occasions. Between 1990 and 2006 Turkey was condemned to pay €33 million in damages in 567 cases. The majority of the cases were related to events that took place in southeastern Anatolia.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> In Iraq the political party Tevgera Azadî is said to have close to the PKK.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reported_links_with_Turkish_intelligence">Reported links with Turkish intelligence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ergenekon_trials" title="Ergenekon trials">Ergenekon trials</a></div> During the controversial <a href="/wiki/Ergenekon_trials" title="Ergenekon trials">Ergenekon trials</a> in Turkey, allegations have been made that the PKK is linked to elements of the Turkish intelligence community.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eamil_Tayyar" title="Şamil Tayyar">Şamil Tayyar</a>, author and member of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">AK Party</a>, said that Öcalan was released in 1972 after just three months' detention on the initiative of the <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Intelligence Organization (Turkey)">National Intelligence Organization</a> (Millî İstihbarat Teşkilatı, MİT), and that his 1979 escape to Syria was aided by elements in MİT.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> Öcalan has admitted making use of money given by the MIT to the PKK, which he says was provided as part of MIT efforts to control him.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> Former police special forces member <a href="/wiki/Ayhan_%C3%87ark%C4%B1n" title="Ayhan Çarkın">Ayhan Çarkın</a> said that the state, using the clandestine <a href="/wiki/Ergenekon_(allegation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergenekon (allegation)">Ergenekon network</a>, colluded with militant groups such as the PKK, <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_People%27s_Liberation_Party/Front" title="Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front">Dev-Sol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Hezbollah" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Hezbollah">Turkish Hezbollah</a>, with the goal of profiting from the war.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Secret_witness" title="Secret witness">secret witness</a> "First Step" testified that General <a href="/wiki/Levent_Ers%C3%B6z" title="Levent Ersöz">Levent Ersöz</a>, former head of <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_Intelligence_Organization" title="Gendarmerie Intelligence Organization">JITEM</a>, had frequent contact with PKK commander <a href="/wiki/Cem%C3%AEl_Bayik" title="Cemîl Bayik">Cemîl Bayik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_in_Turkey">Status in Turkey</h2></div> In Turkey, anything which could be perceived as a support of the PKK is deemed unsuitable to be shown to the public. Turkey views the demand for education in <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish language</a> or the teaching of the Kurdish language as supporting terrorist activities by the PKK.<a href="#cite_note-:142-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-:152-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-:162-45">[43]</a> The fact that both the HDP and the PKK support education in Kurdish language was included in the indictment in the <a href="/wiki/2021_Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_closure_case" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Peoples' Democratic Party closure case">Peoples' Democratic closure case</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:142-43">[41]</a> In January 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Academics_for_Peace" title="Academics for Peace">Academics for Peace</a> who signed a declaration in support of peace in the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(2015%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a> were labelled and prosecuted for "spreading terrorist propaganda" on behalf of the PKK.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> In November 2020, a playground for children in Istanbul was dismantled after the municipality decided its design too closely resembled the symbol of the PKK.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> Politicians of pro-Kurdish like the <a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Democracy_Party" title="Peace and Democracy Party">Peace and Democracy Party</a> (BDP)<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> or the HDP were often prosecuted and sentenced to prison term for their alleged support of the PKK.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> The possession of <a href="/wiki/Devran_(book)" title="Devran (book)">Devran</a>, a book authored by the political prisoner <a href="/wiki/Selahattin_Demirta%C5%9F" title="Selahattin Demirtaş">Selahattin Demirtaş</a>, was viewed as an evidence for a membership in a terrorist organization in 2019 because according to the prosecution it described events involving the PKK.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_in_Germany">Status in Germany</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:DSC00241_PKK_Logo_noch_nicht_%C3%BCberklebt_Demo_2016_FFM_ed01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Before: PKK logo visible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/DSC00241_PKK_Logo_noch_nicht_%C3%BCberklebt_Demo_2016_FFM_ed01.jpg/200px-DSC00241_PKK_Logo_noch_nicht_%C3%BCberklebt_Demo_2016_FFM_ed01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/DSC00241_PKK_Logo_noch_nicht_%C3%BCberklebt_Demo_2016_FFM_ed01.jpg/300px-DSC00241_PKK_Logo_noch_nicht_%C3%BCberklebt_Demo_2016_FFM_ed01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/DSC00241_PKK_Logo_noch_nicht_%C3%BCberklebt_Demo_2016_FFM_ed01.jpg/400px-DSC00241_PKK_Logo_noch_nicht_%C3%BCberklebt_Demo_2016_FFM_ed01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3496" data-file-height="3048" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:PKK_Logo_abgeklebt_Demo_Frankfurt_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="After: PKK logo pasted over" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/PKK_Logo_abgeklebt_Demo_Frankfurt_2016.jpg/200px-PKK_Logo_abgeklebt_Demo_Frankfurt_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/PKK_Logo_abgeklebt_Demo_Frankfurt_2016.jpg/300px-PKK_Logo_abgeklebt_Demo_Frankfurt_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/PKK_Logo_abgeklebt_Demo_Frankfurt_2016.jpg/400px-PKK_Logo_abgeklebt_Demo_Frankfurt_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="1088" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Since the PKK is forbidden in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, its logo isn't allowed to be shown there. At a political demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> in April 2016 it had to be pasted over by police order.</div></div></div></div> The PKK could count with a strong support from the <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Germany" title="Kurds in Germany">diaspora in Germany</a> where the Hunerkom, its cultural branch was based.<a href="#cite_note-:18-105">[103]</a> During the 1990s, the PKK was able to organize blockades of highways and its sympathizers <a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">self-immolated</a> for which the PKK official <a href="/wiki/Cem%C3%AEl_Bayik" title="Cemîl Bayik">Cemil Bayik</a> apologized in 2015 <a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> after sympathizers of the PKK launched several waves of attacks against Turkish institutions in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> The PKK's activities were banned by the Minister of the Interior <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Kanther" title="Manfred Kanther">Manfred Kanther</a> in November 1993.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> In a meeting between German MP <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Lummer" title="Heinrich Lummer">Heinrich Lummer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a> (CDU) and Abdullah Öcalan in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> in 1996, Öcalan assured Lummer that it was the PKKs aim to find a peaceful solution for their activities in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-:22-145">[143]</a> The PKK also demanded that it should be recognized as a legitimate entity and not as a terrorist organization in Germany,<a href="#cite_note-:02-146">[144]</a> a demand to which Germany did not accede to. In Germany several Kurdish entities such as the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Students_from_Kurdistan" title="Association of Students from Kurdistan">Association of Students from Kurdistan</a> (YXK),<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> the Mesopotamia publishing house or the Mir Multimedia music label were deemed to be close to the PKK.<a href="#cite_note-:0-148">[146]</a> The latter two were eventually closed down by Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/Horst_Seehofer" title="Horst Seehofer">Horst Seehofer</a> who accused them of acting as a forefront of the PKK<a href="#cite_note-:0-148">[146]</a> and to support the PKKs activities in Europe with its revenue.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> The Kurdish satellite channel <a href="/wiki/Roj_TV" title="Roj TV">Roj TV</a> was also accused of being a branch of the PKK by Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a> and had to end its activities in Germany in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> The PKK has received political support for a lift of its prohibition by the <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">Die Linke</a> and its party leader <a href="/wiki/Bernd_Riexinger" title="Bernd Riexinger">Bernd Riexinger</a> in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tactics">Tactics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demonstration_in_Paris_for_slain_PKK_workers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Demonstration_in_Paris_for_slain_PKK_workers.jpg/220px-Demonstration_in_Paris_for_slain_PKK_workers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Demonstration_in_Paris_for_slain_PKK_workers.jpg/330px-Demonstration_in_Paris_for_slain_PKK_workers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Demonstration_in_Paris_for_slain_PKK_workers.jpg/440px-Demonstration_in_Paris_for_slain_PKK_workers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration in Paris for <a href="/wiki/Triple_murder_of_Kurdish_activists_in_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple murder of Kurdish activists in Paris">slain PKK founder and activists</a></figcaption></figure> The organization said that its violent actions against the government forces were used by "the need to defend Kurds in the context of what it calls as the massive cultural suppression of Kurdish identity (including the 1983 Turkish Language Act Ban) and cultural rights carried out by other governments of the region".<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> The areas in which the group operates are generally mountainous rural areas and dense urban areas. The mountainous terrain offers an advantage to members of the PKK by allowing them to hide in a network of caves.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1995 the PKK declared that it would comply with <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a> of 1949 and also its <a href="/wiki/Protocol_I" title="Protocol I">amendment of 1977</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> The PKK divides the combat area within Turkey into several regions which comprise a number of <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey" title="Provinces of Turkey">Turkish provinces</a>, of which each one is headed by its commander.<a href="#cite_note-:19-154">[152]</a> A province is further also divided into several sub regions, in which a number of fighting battalions of between 100 and 170 militants are stationed.<a href="#cite_note-:19-154">[152]</a> The battalions are again divided into companies of 60 to 70 fighters of which at least one needs to constituted by female and two by male militants.<a href="#cite_note-:19-154">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3></div> The PKK has faced condemnation by some countries and human rights organizations for the killing of teachers and civil servants,<a href="#cite_note-amnestysecurity-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> using <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide bombers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> and recruiting child soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-childsoldiers-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRWCS-158">[156]</a> According to the TEPAV, an Ankara-based think tank, a survey conducted using data from 1,362 PKK fighters who lost their lives between 2001 and 2011 estimated that 42% of the militants were recruited under 18, with roughly 9% under 15 at the time of recruitment.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] In 2013 the PKK stated it would prohibit the recruitment of children under the age of 16 as well as keep 16–18 year olds away from combat.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> has documented 29 cases of children being recruited into the HPG (the PKK's armed wing) and the <a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Resistance_Units" title="Sinjar Resistance Units">YBŞ</a> since 2013. Some children were recruited under the age of 15, constituting a war crime according to international law.<a href="#cite_note-HRWCS-158">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recruitment">Recruitment</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PKK_female_figher%CC%A002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/PKK_female_figher%CC%A002.jpg/230px-PKK_female_figher%CC%A002.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/PKK_female_figher%CC%A002.jpg/345px-PKK_female_figher%CC%A002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/PKK_female_figher%CC%A002.jpg/460px-PKK_female_figher%CC%A002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1951" data-file-height="1234" /></a><figcaption>PKK female fighters.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pkk-peshmerga-fighters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pkk-peshmerga-fighters.jpg/220px-Pkk-peshmerga-fighters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pkk-peshmerga-fighters.jpg/330px-Pkk-peshmerga-fighters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pkk-peshmerga-fighters.jpg/440px-Pkk-peshmerga-fighters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>PKK and <a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a> fighters, 11 August 2015</figcaption></figure> Since its foundation, the PKK has recruited new fighters mainly from Turkey, but also from Syria, Iraq, Iran, and Western countries[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] using various recruitment methods, such as using nationalist propaganda and its gender equality ideology. At its establishment, it included a small number of female fighters but over time the number increased significantly and by the early 1990s, 30 percent of its 17,000 armed fighting forces were women.<a href="#cite_note-gender-162">[160]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] While in 1989 the PKKs armed wing issued a so-called "Compulsory Military Service Law", the PKK had to temporarily suspend recruitment several times since the early 1990s, as the PKK had difficulties to provide training to the large number of volunteers, which wanted to join their ranks.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> By 2020, 40% of the fighting force were women.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> In much of rural Turkey, where male-dominated tribal structures, and conservative <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> norms were commonplace, the organization increased its number of members through the recruitment of women from different social structures and environments, also from families that migrated to several European countries after 1960 as <a href="/wiki/Foreign_worker" title="Foreign worker">guest workers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gender-162">[160]</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] It was reported by a Turkish university that 88% of the subjects initially reported that equality was a key objective, and that they joined the organization based on this statement.<a href="#cite_note-Hurriyet_DeceivedChild-165">[163]</a> In 2007, approximately 1,100 of 4,500–5,000 total members were women.<a href="#cite_note-gender-162">[160]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] According to the <a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Foundation" title="Jamestown Foundation">Jamestown Foundation</a>, in the early years of the PKK existence, it recruited young women by abducting them.<a href="#cite_note-gender-162">[160]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Families would also encourage family members to join the PKK in order to avenge relatives killed by the Turkish army.<a href="#cite_note-gender-162">[160]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weapons">Weapons</h3></div> In July 2007, the weapons captured between 1984 and 2007 from the PKK operatives and their origins published by the Turkish General Staff indicates that the operatives erased some of the serial numbers from their weapons. The total number of weapons and the origins for traceable ones were:<a href="#cite_note-waponsandorigins-166">[164]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">The choice and origin of the traceable weapons (July 2007)<a href="#cite_note-waponsandorigins-166">[164]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Type </th> <th>Quantity </th> <th>Sources </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47 Kalashnikovs</a> </td> <td>4,500 </td> <td>71.6% from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>, 14.7% from China, 3.6% from Hungary, 3.6% from Bulgaria </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rifles<a href="#cite_note-167">[note 2]</a> </td> <td>5,713 (959 traceable) </td> <td>45.2% from Russia, 13.2% from United Kingdom, and 9.4% from United States. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rocket_launcher" title="Rocket launcher">Rocket launchers</a> </td> <td>1,610 (313 traceable) </td> <td>85% from Russia, 5.4% from Iraq, and 2.5% from China in origin. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">Pistols</a> </td> <td>2,885 (2,208 traceable) </td> <td>21.9% from <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, 20.2% from Spain, 19.8% from Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">Grenades</a> </td> <td>3,490 (136 traceable) </td> <td>72% from Russia, 19.8% from United States, 8% from Germany, </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">Land mines</a> </td> <td>11,568 (8,015 traceable) </td> <td>60.8% from Italy, 28.3% from Russia, 6.2% from Germany </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resources">Resources</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding">Funding</h3></div> Parties and concerts are organized by branch groups.<a href="#cite_note-organizedcrime-168">[165]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/EUROPOL" class="mw-redirect" title="EUROPOL">European Police Office (EUROPOL)</a>, the organization collects money from its members, using labels like 'donations' and 'membership fees' which are seen as a fact extortion and illegal taxation by the authorities. There are also indications that the organization is actively involving in money laundering, illicit drugs and human trafficking, as well as illegal immigration inside and outside the EU for funding and running its activities.<a href="#cite_note-europa.eu-169">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Involvement_in_drug_trafficking">Involvement in drug trafficking</h4></div> PKK's involvement in <a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug trafficking">drug trafficking</a> has been documented since the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> A report by Interpol published in 1992 states that the PKK, along with nearly 178 Kurdish organizations were suspected of illegal drug trade involvement. Members of the PKK have been designated narcotics traffickers by the U.S. Department of the Treasury.<a href="#cite_note-Narcotics2-172">[169]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution">Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution</a>, Germany's domestic security agency, echoed this report in its 2011 <a href="/wiki/Annual_Report_on_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="Annual Report on the Protection of the Constitution">Annual Report on the Protection of the Constitution</a>, stating that despite the U.S. Department of Treasury designation, there was "no evidence that the organizational structures of the PKK are directly involved in drug trafficking".<a href="#cite_note-auto-173">[170]</a> On 14 October 2009, the U.S. Department of the Treasury's <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Foreign_Assets_Control" title="Office of Foreign Assets Control">Office of Foreign Assets Control</a> (OFAC) targeted the senior leadership of the PKK, designating Murat Karayılan, the head of the PKK, and high-ranking members Ali Riza Altun and <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCbeyir_Aydar" title="Zübeyir Aydar">Zübeyir Aydar</a> as foreign narcotics traffickers at the request of Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-Narcotics2-172">[169]</a> On 20 April 2011, the U.S. Department of the Treasury announced the designation of PKK founders <a href="/wiki/Cem%C3%AEl_Bayik" title="Cemîl Bayik">Cemîl Bayik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duran_Kalkan" title="Duran Kalkan">Duran Kalkan</a> and other high-ranking members as Specially Designated Narcotics Traffickers (SDNT) pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Narcotics_Kingpin_Designation_Act" title="Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act">Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act</a> (Kingpin Act). Pursuant to the Kingpin Act, the designation freezes any assets the designees may have under <a href="/wiki/Federal_jurisdiction_(United_States)" title="Federal jurisdiction (United States)">U.S. jurisdiction</a> and prohibits U.S. persons from conducting financial or commercial transactions with these individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Narcotics-174">[171]</a> On 1 January 2012, the U.S. Department of the Treasury's <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Foreign_Assets_Control" title="Office of Foreign Assets Control">Office of Foreign Assets Control</a> (OFAC) announced the designation of Moldovan-based individuals Zeyneddin Geleri, Cerkez Akbulut, and Omer Boztepe as specially designated narcotics traffickers for drug trafficking on behalf of the PKK in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. According to the OFAC, Zeynedding Geleri was identified as a high-ranking member of the PKK while two others were activists. The OFAC stated that the drug trafficking is still one of the organization's criminal activities it uses to obtain weapons and materials.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> According to research conducted by journalist Aliza Marcus, the PKK accepted the support of smugglers in the region. Aliza Marcus stated that some of those Kurdish smugglers who were involved in the drug trade, either because they truly believed in the PKK—or because they thought it a good business practice (avoid conflicts)—frequently donated money to the PKK rebels. However, according to Aliza Marcus, it does not seem that the PKK, as an organization, directly produced or traded in narcotics.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raqqa_Syrian_Democratic_Forces_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Raqqa_Syrian_Democratic_Forces_1.jpg/230px-Raqqa_Syrian_Democratic_Forces_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Raqqa_Syrian_Democratic_Forces_1.jpg/345px-Raqqa_Syrian_Democratic_Forces_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Raqqa_Syrian_Democratic_Forces_1.jpg/460px-Raqqa_Syrian_Democratic_Forces_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Following the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">SDF</a> capture of <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a>, YPJ and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">YPG</a> troops raised a large banner of Abdullah Öcalan in the city centre.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/EUROPOL" class="mw-redirect" title="EUROPOL">EUROPOL</a> which has monitored the organization's activities inside the EU has also claimed the organization's involvement in the trafficking of drugs.<a href="#cite_note-europa.eu-169">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_resources">Human resources</h3></div> In 2008, according to information provided by the Intelligence Resource Program of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists" title="Federation of American Scientists">Federation of American Scientists</a> the strength of the organization in terms of human resources consists of approximately 4,000 to 5,000 militants of whom 3,000 to 3,500 are located in northern Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> With the new wave of fighting from 2015 onwards, observers said that active support for the PKK had become a "mass phenomenon" in majority ethnic Kurdish cities in the southeast of the Republic of Turkey, with large numbers of local youth joining PKK-affiliated local militant groups.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alleged_international_support">Alleged international support</h3></div> At the height of its campaign, it is alleged that the organization received support from a range of countries. According to Turkey, those countries the PKK previously or currently received support from include: Greece,<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> Cyprus,<a href="#cite_note-Faucompret-182">[179]</a> Iran,<a href="#cite_note-telegraph-183">[180]</a> Iraq,<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> Russia,<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> Syria,<a href="#cite_note-telegraph-183">[180]</a> Finland,<a href="#cite_note-cnbc-186">[183]</a> Sweden<a href="#cite_note-cnbc-186">[183]</a> and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> The level of support given has changed throughout this period. Between the PKK and the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Secret_Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Armenia" title="Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia">Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia</a> (ASALA) a cooperation has been agreed on in April 1980 in <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>, Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-:32-188">[185]</a> <dl><dt>Greece</dt> <dd>According to Ali Külebi, president of an Ankara-based nationalist think tank TUSAM, "It is obvious that the PKK is supported by Greece, considering the PKK's historical development with major support from Greece." Külebi said in 2007 that PKK militants received training at a base in <a href="/wiki/Laurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurium">Lavrion</a>, near Athens.<a href="#cite_note-Külebi-189">[186]</a> Retired Greek L.T. General Dimitris Matafias and retired Greek Navy Admiral Antonis Naxakis had visited the organization's Mahsun Korkmaz base camp in Lebanon's <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a> in October 1988 along with parliamentarians from the center-left <a href="/wiki/PASOK" title="PASOK">PASOK</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gunter110-190">[187]</a> At the time it was reported that the general had assumed responsibility for training. Greeks also dispatched arms through the Republic of Cyprus.<a href="#cite_note-gunter110-190">[187]</a> During his trial, Öcalan admitted, as quoted in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet" title="Hürriyet">Hürriyet</a>, that "Greece has for years supported the PKK movement. They even gave us arms and rockets. Greek officers gave guerrilla training and explosives training to our militants" at a camp in Lavrion, Greece.<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Republic of Cyprus</dt> <dd>The Republic of Cyprus has been instrumental in helping Greece supply arms to the PKK.<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> Further suspicion of support was stated when <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Abdullah Öcalan</a> was caught with a diplomatic Cypriot passport issued under the name of Mavros Lazaros, a nationalist reporter.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Syria</dt> <dd>From early 1979 to 1999, Syria had provided valuable safe havens to PKK in the region of <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a>. However, after <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party#The_undeclared_war" title="History of the Kurdistan Workers' Party">the undeclared war</a> between Turkey and Syria, Syria placed restrictions on PKK activity on its soil such as not allowing the PKK to establish camps and other facilities for training and shelter or to have commercial activities on its territory. Syria recognized the PKK as a terrorist organization in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-mfa.gov.tr-195">[192]</a> Turkey was expecting positive developments in its cooperation with Syria in the long term, but even during the course of 2005, there were PKK operatives of Syrian nationality operating in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-organizedcrime-168">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Libya</dt> <dd>In the 1990s Abdullah Öcalan appreciated the support for the "Kurdish Cause" by <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and Russia</dt> <dd>Former <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>-<a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">FSB</a> officer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Litvinenko" title="Alexander Litvinenko">Alexander Litvinenko</a> said that PKK's leader Abdullah Öcalan was trained by <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>-<a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Security Service (Russia)">FSB</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> As of 2024, Russia is still not among the states that list PKK as a terrorist group despite intense Turkish pressure.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Support of various European states</dt> <dd>The Dutch police reportedly raided the 'PKK paramilitary camp' in the Dutch village of <a href="/wiki/Liempde" title="Liempde">Liempde</a> and arrested 29 people in November 2004, but all were soon released.<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a>:</dd> <dd>Various PKK leaders, including Hidir Yalcin, Riza Altun, Zubeyir Aydar, and Ali Haydar Kaytan all lived in Europe and moved freely. The free movement was achieved by strong ties with influential persons. <a href="/wiki/Danielle_Mitterrand" title="Danielle Mitterrand">Danielle Mitterrand</a>, the wife of the former President of France <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a>, had active connections during the 1990s with elements of the organization's leadership that forced a downgrade in relationships between the two states.<a href="#cite_note-olson-200">[197]</a> After harboring Ali Riza Altun, Austria arranged a flight to Iraq for him, a suspected key figure with an <a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a> arrest warrant on his name. Turkish foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_G%C3%BCl" title="Abdullah Gül">Abdullah Gül</a> summoned the Austrian ambassador and condemned Austria's action.<a href="#cite_note-Austria_Ali_riza_altun-201">[198]</a> On 30 September 1995, while Öcalan was in Syria, <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> initiated contact with high-ranking German <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> MP <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Lummer" title="Heinrich Lummer">Heinrich Lummer</a> and German intelligence officials. <a href="/wiki/Sedat_La%C3%A7iner" title="Sedat Laçiner">Sedat Laçiner</a>, of the Turkish think tank <a href="/wiki/International_Strategic_Research_Organization" title="International Strategic Research Organization">ISRO</a>, says that US support of the PKK undermines the US <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Designation_as_a_terrorist_group">Designation as a terrorist group</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welsh_independence_march_Cardiff_May_11_2019_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Welsh_independence_march_Cardiff_May_11_2019_13.jpg/220px-Welsh_independence_march_Cardiff_May_11_2019_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Welsh_independence_march_Cardiff_May_11_2019_13.jpg/330px-Welsh_independence_march_Cardiff_May_11_2019_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Welsh_independence_march_Cardiff_May_11_2019_13.jpg/440px-Welsh_independence_march_Cardiff_May_11_2019_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>The PKK flag at a march in Cardiff for <a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a> in May 2019</figcaption></figure> The PKK has been designated as a terrorist group by a number of governments and organizations.<a href="#cite_note-RadioFrance-29">[27]</a> It is often referred as "separatist terrorist organization" (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Bölücü terör örgütü) by the Turkish authorities.<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> In the 1980s, the PKK was labeled as a terror organization by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sweden" title="Government of Sweden">Swedish government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Olof Palme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Olof_Palme" title="Assassination of Olof Palme">Palme was murdered</a> in 1986, the PKK was considered a potential suspect – however, this theory was soon abandoned and in September 2020, the state prosecutor Krister Petersson announced he believed he had found the murderer<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> and closed the case as that person was no longer alive.<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> In 1994, Germany prohibited the activities of the PKK.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> The PKK has been designated as a <a href="/wiki/United_States_State_Department_list_of_Foreign_Terrorist_Organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations">Foreign Terrorist Organization</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">US State Department</a> since 1997.<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> In 2016, US Vice-president <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> called the PKK a terrorist group "plain and simple" and compared it to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> In 2018, the United States also offered a $12 million reward for information on three PKK leaders.<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a> First designated as a terror organization by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in 2002, the PKK was ordered to be removed from the EU terror list on 3 April 2008 by the <a href="/wiki/General_Court_(European_Union)" title="General Court (European Union)">Court of First Instance</a> on the grounds that the EU had failed to give a proper justification for listing it in the first place.<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> However, EU officials dismissed the ruling, stating that the PKK would remain on the list regardless of the legal decision.<a href="#cite_note-:6-46">[44]</a> The EU in 2011 renewed its official listing of the PKK as group or entity subject to "specific [EU] measures to combat terrorism" under its <a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Common Foreign and Security Policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> In 2018, Prakken d'Oliveira Human Rights Lawyers reported that the PKK won another case against its listing as a terror organization by the EU, but the PKK was kept on the list as the ruling only concerned the years from 2014 until 2017.<a href="#cite_note-:7-47">[45]</a> The PKK is also a Proscribed Organisation in the United Kingdom under the <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_Act_2000" title="Terrorism Act 2000">Terrorism Act 2000</a>;<a href="#cite_note-gov.uk-215">[212]</a> the then <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">British Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> used the phrase "Kurdish terrorism" in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-T.May-216">[213]</a> France prosecutes Kurdish-French activists and bans organizations connected to the PKK on terrorism-related charges,<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> having listed the group as a terrorist organization since 1993.<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> However, French courts often refuse to extradite captured individuals criticized of PKK connections to Turkey due to technicalities in French law, frustrating Turkish authorities.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>]<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> The following other countries and organizations have listed or otherwise labelled the PKK in an official capacity as a terrorist organization: Australia,<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> Austria,<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> Azerbaijan,<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a> Canada,<a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> Czech Republic,<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a> Iran,<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> Japan,<a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> Kazakhstan,<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> Kyrgyzstan,<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> New Zealand,<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> Spain,<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> Syria<a href="#cite_note-mfa.gov.tr-195">[192]</a> and Iraq. <a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> In May 2022, Finland and Sweden submitted applications to join the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> alliance as a response to the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">invasion of Ukraine</a>, Turkey has opposed their admission to the alliance unless they crack down on local PKK, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party (Syria)</a> (PYD) and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defense_Units" title="People's Defense Units">People's Defense Units</a> (YPG) networks. On 28 June, the first day of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Madrid_summit" title="2022 Madrid summit">2022 NATO summit</a> in Madrid, the Turkish delegation softened their opposition to Finland and Sweden's NATO membership applications and signed a tripartite memorandum addressing Turkey's concerns regarding arms exports and Kurdish relations. Finland and Sweden affirmed that the PKK is "a terrorist organization".<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> On 30 June 2022, Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> said that Sweden made a "promise" to extradite "73 terrorists" wanted by Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refusal_to_designate_PKK_as_a_terrorist_group">Refusal to designate PKK as a terrorist group</h3></div> Russia has long ignored Turkish pressure to ban the PKK.<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">government of Switzerland</a> has also rejected Turkish demands to blacklist the PKK.<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> Switzerland does not have a list of terrorist organizations,<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a> but it has taken its own measures to monitor and restrict the group's activities on Swiss soil, including banning the collection of funds for the group in November 2008.<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> In 2020, the supreme court of Belgium ruled that the PKK was not a terrorist organization, instead labeling the group as an actor in an internal armed conflict.<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a> Following this, the Belgian Government announced that the ruling would not affect the current designation of the PKK as a terrorist organization.<a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flags">Flags</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_flags">Party flags</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:820px;max-width:820px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_(1978-1995).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_%281978-1995%29.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_%281978-1995%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_%281978-1995%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_%281978-1995%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_%281978-1995%29.svg/320px-Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_%281978-1995%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Flag of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) (1978–1995)<a href="#cite_note-Symbole-242">[239]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_(1995-2002).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_%281995-2002%29.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_%281995-2002%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_%281995-2002%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_%281995-2002%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_%281995-2002%29.svg/320px-Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_%281995-2002%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Flag of the PKK (1995–2000)<a href="#cite_note-Symbole-242">[239]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kongreya_Azad%C3%AE_%C3%BB_Demokrasiya_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Kongreya_Azad%C3%AE_%C3%BB_Demokrasiya_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/160px-Flag_of_Kongreya_Azad%C3%AE_%C3%BB_Demokrasiya_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Kongreya_Azad%C3%AE_%C3%BB_Demokrasiya_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/240px-Flag_of_Kongreya_Azad%C3%AE_%C3%BB_Demokrasiya_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Kongreya_Azad%C3%AE_%C3%BB_Demokrasiya_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/320px-Flag_of_Kongreya_Azad%C3%AE_%C3%BB_Demokrasiya_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Flag of the PKK (2000–2002)</li><li>Flag of the KADEK (2002–2003)<a href="#cite_note-Symbole-242">[239]</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kongreya_Gel%C3%AA_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Flag_of_Kongreya_Gel%C3%AA_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/160px-Flag_of_Kongreya_Gel%C3%AA_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Flag_of_Kongreya_Gel%C3%AA_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/240px-Flag_of_Kongreya_Gel%C3%AA_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Flag_of_Kongreya_Gel%C3%AA_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/320px-Flag_of_Kongreya_Gel%C3%AA_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Flag of the Kongra-Gel (KGK) (2003–present)<a href="#cite_note-Symbole-242">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/160px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/240px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/320px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Flag of the PKK (2005–present)<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flags_of_wings">Flags of wings</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:820px;max-width:820px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg/160px-Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg/240px-Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg/320px-Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Flag of the People's Defense Forces (HPG, Formerly HRK and ARGK)<a href="#cite_note-Bayraklar-245">[242]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Art%C3%AA%C5%9Fa_Rizgariye_G%C3%AAle_Kurdistan_(ARGK).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Art%C3%AA%C5%9Fa_Rizgariye_G%C3%AAle_Kurdistan_%28ARGK%29.svg/160px-Flag_of_Art%C3%AA%C5%9Fa_Rizgariye_G%C3%AAle_Kurdistan_%28ARGK%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Art%C3%AA%C5%9Fa_Rizgariye_G%C3%AAle_Kurdistan_%28ARGK%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_Art%C3%AA%C5%9Fa_Rizgariye_G%C3%AAle_Kurdistan_%28ARGK%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Art%C3%AA%C5%9Fa_Rizgariye_G%C3%AAle_Kurdistan_%28ARGK%29.svg/320px-Flag_of_Art%C3%AA%C5%9Fa_Rizgariye_G%C3%AAle_Kurdistan_%28ARGK%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="562" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Variant of the flag of the People's Liberation Army of Kurdistan (ARGK), inscribed with the group's acronym (1986–1999)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/160px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/240px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/320px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Flag of the National Liberation Front of Kurdistan (ERNK) (1985–2000)<a href="#cite_note-Symbole-242">[239]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:First_flag_of_the_YJA-STAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/First_flag_of_the_YJA-STAR.svg/160px-First_flag_of_the_YJA-STAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/First_flag_of_the_YJA-STAR.svg/240px-First_flag_of_the_YJA-STAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/First_flag_of_the_YJA-STAR.svg/320px-First_flag_of_the_YJA-STAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Former flag of the Free Women's Units of Star (YJA-STAR)<a href="#cite_note-Bayraklar-245">[242]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg/160px-Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg/240px-Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg/320px-Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Current flag of the YJA-STAR<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="History of the Kurdistan Workers' Party">History of the Kurdistan Workers' Party</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s">1970s</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pkk_supporters_london_april_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Pkk_supporters_london_april_2003.jpg/220px-Pkk_supporters_london_april_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Pkk_supporters_london_april_2003.jpg/330px-Pkk_supporters_london_april_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Pkk_supporters_london_april_2003.jpg/440px-Pkk_supporters_london_april_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>PKK supporters at 2003 march opposing the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, London</figcaption></figure> During the 1970s, the PKK was involved in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party#Urban_War_(1978–1980)" title="History of the Kurdistan Workers' Party">urban warfare</a>. PKK tactics were based on <a href="/wiki/Ambush" title="Ambush">ambush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a>, riots, protests, and <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(protest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (protest)">demonstrations</a> against the Turkish government. During these years, the PKK also fought a turf war against Kurdish and Turkish radical Islamist organisations in Turkey. Turkish newspapers said that the PKK effectively used the prison force to appeal to the general population, which the PKK has denied.<a href="#cite_note-:4-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-121">[119]</a> In Turkey, this period was characterized by violent clashes that culminated in the <a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 military coup</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s">1980s</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a> brought a difficult environment for the PKK, with members being executed, or being jailed. Other fled to Syria, where they were allowed to establish bases by <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> The PKK also managed to come to agreements with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a> (DFLP),<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yassir Arafat</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Popular_Struggle_Front" title="Palestinian Popular Struggle Front">Palestinian Popular Struggle Front</a> (PPSF) of <a href="/wiki/Samir_Ghawshah" title="Samir Ghawshah">Samir Ghawshah</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-249">[246]</a> and also with <a href="/wiki/Masoud_Barzani" title="Masoud Barzani">Masoud Barzani</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> (KDP) in Iraqi Kurdistan<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> which would facilitate their activities. In a second phase, which followed the return of civilian rule in 1983, escalating attacks were made on the government's military and vital institutions all over the country. The objective was to destabilize the Turkish authority through a long, low-intensity confrontation. The establishment of the Kurdistan Liberation Force (Hêzên Rizgariya Kurdistan – HRK) was announced on 15 August 1984.<a href="#cite_note-:1-251">[248]</a> From 1984, the PKK became a paramilitary group with training camps in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan" title="Turkish Kurdistan">Turkish Kurdistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a>, Syria, Lebanon and France. The PKK received significant support from the Syrian government, which allowed it to maintain headquarters in Damascus, as well as some support from the governments of Iran, Iraq, and Libya. It began to launch attacks and bombings against Turkish governmental installations, the military, and various institutions of the state. The organization focused on attacks against Turkish military targets, although civilian targets were also hit.<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[251]</a> In addition to skirmishing with Turkish military, police forces and local <a href="/wiki/Village_guard_system" title="Village guard system">village guards</a>, the PKK has conducted bomb attacks on government and police installations.<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">Kidnapping</a> and assassination against government and military officials and Kurdish tribal leaders who were named as puppets of the state were performed as well. Widespread <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotages</a> were continued from the first stage. Turkish sources had also stated that the PKK carried out kidnappings of tourists, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, but also at different resorts. However, the PKK had in its history arrested 4 tourists and released them all after warning them to not enter the war zone. The vast majority of PKK's actions have taken place mainly in Turkey against the Turkish military, although it has on occasions co-operated with other Kurdish nationalist paramilitary groups in neighboring states, such as Iraq and Iran.<a href="#cite_note-Cordesman1999-256">[253]</a> The PKK has also attacked Turkish diplomatic and commercial facilities across Western Europe in the late 1980s. In effect, the Turkish state has led a series of <a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">counter-insurgency</a> operations against the PKK, accompanied by political measures, starting with an explicit denunciation of separatism in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">1982 Constitution</a>, and including proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> in various PKK-controlled territories starting in 1983 (when the military relinquished political control to the civilians). This series of administrative reforms against terrorism included in 1985 the creation of <a href="/wiki/Village_guard_system" title="Village guard system">village guard system</a> by the then prime minister <a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a>. The establishment of the Village Guards resulted into a change of policy by the PKK, who reorganized its military wing at the 3rd party congress in October 1986 and made the joining of its military wing the Kurdistan People's Liberation Force compulsory.<a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3></div> From the mid-1990s, the organization began to lose <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party#Paramilitary_II_(1993–1995)" title="History of the Kurdistan Workers' Party">the upper hand in its operations</a> as a consequence of a change of tactics by Turkey and Syria's steady abandonment of support for the group. The group also had lost its support from <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[255]</a> As during the international operation Poised Hammer the collaboration between Barzani and Turkey embittered, the situation for the PKK became even more difficult, with Barzani condemning terrorist attacks by the PKK during a Newroz festival.<a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a> At the same time, the Turkish government started to use more violent methods to counter Kurdish militants. After in 1992 a high-profile Turkish Delegation visited Damascus, the Syrian Government seemed to have ordered the closure of the PKK camp in the Bekaa valley and told the PKK to keep a low profile for some time.<a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a> In March 1993 Öcalan, in presence of PUK leader <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a> declared a <a href="/wiki/1993_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_ceasefire" title="1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire">unilateral ceasefire</a> for a month in order to facilitate peace negotiations with Turkey. At an other press conference which took place on 16 April 1993 in <a href="/wiki/Barelias" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelias">Bar Elias</a>, Lebanon, the ceasefire was prolonged indefinitely. To this event, the Kurdish politicians Jamal Talabani, <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_T%C3%BCrk" title="Ahmet Türk">Ahmet Türk</a> from the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Labor Party">People's Labor Party</a> (HEP) and also <a href="/wiki/Kemal_Burkay" title="Kemal Burkay">Kemal Burkay</a> also attended and declared their support for the ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a> The ceasefire ended after the Turkish army killed 13 PKK members in <a href="/wiki/Kulp,_Turkey" title="Kulp, Turkey">Kulp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r_Province" title="Diyarbakır Province">Diyarbakir province</a> in May 1993.<a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a> The fighting and violence augmented significantly following the <a href="/wiki/1993_Turkish_presidential_election" title="1993 Turkish presidential election">presidential elections of June 1993</a> after which <a href="/wiki/Tansu_%C3%87iller" title="Tansu Çiller">Tansu Çiller</a> was elected prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-:3-263">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[261]</a> In December 1995 the PKK announced another unilateral ceasefire to give a new Government an opportunity to articulate a more peaceful approach towards the conflict. The government elected in December 1995 did not initiate negotiations and kept on evacuating Kurdish populated villages. Despite the violent approach of the Government to the ceasefire, it was upheld by the PKK until August 1996.<a href="#cite_note-:3-263">[260]</a> Turkey was involved in serious human rights violations during the 1990s. From 1996 to 1999, the organization began to use suicide bombers, VBIED, and ambush attacks against military and police bases. The role of suicide bombers, especially female ones were encouraged and mythologised by giving them the status of a "goddess of freedom", and shown as role models for other women after their death. On 30 July 1996, <a href="/wiki/Zeynep_K%C4%B1nac%C4%B1" title="Zeynep Kınacı">Zeynep Kınacı</a>, a female PKK fighter, carried out the organization's first suicide attack, killing 8 soldiers and injuring 29 others. The attacks against the civilians, especially the Kurdish citizens who refused to cooperate with them were also reported at the same years. On 20 January 1999, a report published by <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">HRW</a>, stated that the PKK was reported to have been responsible for more than 768 executions. The organization had also reportedly committed 25 massacres, killing more than 300 people. More than a hundred victims were children and women.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-265">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-pape-2005-266">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-alakoc-2007-267">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[265]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] In the late 1980s and early 1990s, in an effort to win increased support from the Kurdish peasantry, the PKK altered its leftist secular ideology to better accommodate and accept Islamic beliefs. The group also abandoned its previous strategy of attacking Kurdish and Turkish civilians who were against them, focusing instead on government and military targets.<a href="#cite_note-miptpkkmain-269">[266]</a> In its campaign, the organization has been criticized of carrying out atrocities against both Turkish and Kurdish civilians and its actions have been criticised by human rights groups such as <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[267]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a> Similar actions of the Turkish state have also been criticized by these same groups. The ECHR has investigated Turkey for executions of Kurdish civilians, torturing, forced displacements and massive arrests.<a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a> In 1998 Turkey increased the pressure on Syria and ended its support for the PKK.<a href="#cite_note-antiwar-273">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[272]</a> The leader of the organization, Abdullah Öcalan, was captured, <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Trial of Abdullah Öcalan">prosecuted and sentenced to death</a>, but this was later commuted to life imprisonment as part of the government's seeking <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">European Union membership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> has condemned Turkey for human rights abuses during the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-ETCHR1-277">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-AnnualETCHR-278">[275]</a> Some judgements are related to executions of Kurdish civilians,<a href="#cite_note-hum1-279">[276]</a> torturing,<a href="#cite_note-tort1-280">[277]</a> forced displacements,<a href="#cite_note-281">[278]</a> destroyed villages,<a href="#cite_note-282">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">arbitrary arrests</a>,<a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a> murdered and disappeared Kurdish journalists, activists and politicians.<a href="#cite_note-286">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[285]</a> As a result of increasing Kurdish population and activism, the Turkish parliament began a controlled process of dismantling some anti-Kurdish legislation, using the term "normalization" or "rapprochement", depending on the sides of the issue. It partially relaxed the bans on broadcasting and publishing in the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish language</a>, although significant barriers remain.<a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim2000-289">[286]</a> At the same time, the PKK was blacklisted in many countries. On 2 April 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> added the PKK to its list of terrorist organizations. Later that year, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">US Treasury</a> moved to freeze assets of branches of the organization. The PKK went through a series of changes, and in 2003 it ended the unilateral truce declared when Öcalan was captured.<a href="#cite_note-290">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cease_fire_1999–2004">Cease fire 1999–2004</h4></div> The third phase (1999–2012), after the capture of Öcalan, PKK reorganized itself and new leaders were chosen by its members. The organization made radical changes to survive, such as changing its ideology and setting new goals. During the 7th Party congress in January 2000, the former military wing the Peoples Liberation Army of Kurdistan (Artêşa Rizgariya Gelê Kurdistan – ARGK) was succeeded by the People's Defense Forces (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defence_Forces" title="People's Defence Forces">Hêzên Parastina Gel</a> – HPG) and also declared that it wanted to aim for a democratic solution for the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-:2-291">[288]</a> At the same time, the PKK continued to recruit new members and sustain its fighting force. According to Paul White, in April 2002, the PKK changed its name to the Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy Congress (KADEK) and proclaimed a commitment to nonviolent activities.<a href="#cite_note-:2-291">[288]</a> A PKK/KADEK spokesman stated that its armed wing, the HPG, would not disband or surrender its weapons for reasons of self-defense. This statement by the PKK/KADEK avowing it would not lay down its arms underscores that the organization maintained its capability to carry out armed operations. PKK/KADEK established a new ruling council in April, its membership virtually identical to the PKK's Presidential Council. The PKK/KADEK did not conduct an armed attack in 2002; however, the group periodically issued veiled threats that it will resume violence if the conditions of its imprisoned leader are not improved and its forces are attacked by Turkish military, and it continued its military training like before. In November 2003, another congress was held which lead to renaming itself as the People's Congress of Kurdistan or Kongra-Gel (KGK). The stated purpose of the organizational change was to leave behind nationalistic and state-building goals, in favor of creating a political structure to work within the existing nation-states.<a href="#cite_note-PKK_in_the_2000s_p149-292">[289]</a> Through further internal conflict during this period, it is reported that 1500 militants left the organization,<a href="#cite_note-PKK_in_the_2000s_p149-292">[289]</a> along with many of the leading reformists, including <a href="/wiki/Nizamettin_Ta%C5%9F" title="Nizamettin Taş">Nizamettin Taş</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Abdullah Öcalan</a>'s younger brother <a href="/wiki/Osman_%C3%96calan" title="Osman Öcalan">Osman Öcalan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cemil_Bayik-293">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_insurgency_2004–2006">Second insurgency 2004–2006</h4></div> Kongra-Gel called off the cease-fire at the start of June 2004, saying Turkish security forces had refused to respect the truce. Turkish security forces were increasingly involved in clashes with Kurdish separatist fighters. Ankara stated that about 2,000 Kurdish fighters had crossed into Turkey from hideouts in mountainous northern Iraq in early June 2004. While the fight against the Turkish security forces between 2004 and 2010 continued, the PKK and its ancillary organizations continued to enjoy substantial support among the Kurds of Turkey. In 2005, the original name of the organization PKK was restored, while the Kongra-Gel became the legislature of the Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK).<a href="#cite_note-294">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[292]</a> Turkey's struggle against the Kongra-Gel/PKK was marked by increased clashes across Turkey in 2005. In the southeast, Turkish security forces were active in the struggle against the Kongra-Gel/PKK. There were bombings and attempted bombings in resort areas in western Turkey and Istanbul, some of which resulted in civilian casualties. A radical Kurdish separatist group calling itself the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Freedom_Hawks" title="Kurdistan Freedom Hawks">Kurdish Freedom Hawks (TAK)</a> claimed responsibility for many of these attacks. The TAK is a rival to PKK that since 2006 repeatedly damaged the PKK's efforts to negotiate cease-fires and unlike the PKK, is seeking to establish independent Kurdistan.<a href="#cite_note-296">[293]</a> In 2006 alone, the PKK claimed over 500 victims. On 1 October 2006, the PKK reportedly declared a unilateral cease-fire<a href="#cite_note-297">[294]</a> that slowed the intensity and pace of its attacks, but attacks continued in response to Turkish security forces significant counterinsurgency operations, especially in the southeast. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cease-fire_and_renewed_conflict">Cease-fire and renewed conflict</h4></div> On 13 April 2009, the <a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%932010_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_ceasefire" title="2009–2010 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire">PKK declared a cease fire</a> after the DTP won 99 municipalities and negotiations were spoken about. The AKP first spoke of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_initiative#Kurdish_initiative" title="Democratic initiative">"Kurdish Opening"</a>, then it was renamed in the "Democratic Opening" to appease nationalist interests and then the "National Unity Project".<a href="#cite_note-298">[295]</a> On 21 October 2011 Iranian foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Salehi" title="Ali Akbar Salehi">Ali Akbar Salehi</a> announced Iran would co-operate with Turkey in some military operations against the PKK.<a href="#cite_note-299">[296]</a> 2012 was the most violent year in the armed conflict between the Turkish State and PKK since 1999. At least 541 individuals lost their lives as a result of the clashes including 316 militants and 282 soldiers. In contrast, 152 individuals lost their lives in 2009 until the Turkish government initiated negotiations with the PKK leadership.<a href="#cite_note-300">[297]</a> The failure of this negotiations contributed to violence that were particularly intensified in 2012. The PKK encouraged by the rising power of the Syrian Kurds increased its attacks in the same year. During the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, the Kurds in Syria have established control over their own region with the help of the PKK as well as with support from the Kurdistan Regional Government in <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>, under President Masoud Barzani.<a href="#cite_note-Kurd-Shiite-Sunni-Split-301">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s">2010s</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2013–2015_peace_process">2013–2015 peace process</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_peace_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish peace process">Kurdish–Turkish peace process</a></div> In late 2012, the Turkish government began secret talks with Öcalan for a <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932015_PKK%E2%80%93Turkey_peace_process" title="2013–2015 PKK–Turkey peace process">ceasefire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Peace-302">[299]</a> To facilitate talks, government officials transmitted letters between Öcalan in jail to PKK leaders in northern Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-303">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[301]</a> On 21 March 2013, a ceasefire was announced.<a href="#cite_note-305">[302]</a> On 25 April, it was announced that the PKK would leave Turkey. Commander <a href="/wiki/Murat_Karay%C4%B1lan" title="Murat Karayılan">Murat Karayılan</a> remarked "As part of ongoing preparations, the withdrawal will begin on May 8, 2013. Our forces will use their right to retaliate in the event of an attack, operation or bombing against our withdrawing guerrilla forces and the withdrawal will immediately stop."<a href="#cite_note-306">[303]</a> The semi-autonomous Kurdish region of Iraq welcomed the idea of refugees from its northern neighbor.<a href="#cite_note-Baghdad-307">[304]</a> The BDP held meetings across the region to state the pending withdrawal to concerned citizens. "The 8th of May is a day we both anticipate and fear," said party leader Pinar Yilmaz. "We don't trust the government at all. Many people here are afraid that once the guerrillas are gone, the Turkish military will crack down on us again."<a href="#cite_note-dare-308">[305]</a> The withdrawal began as planned with groups of fighters crossing the border from southeastern Turkey to northern Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-Peace-302">[299]</a> Iraqi leadership in Baghdad, however, declared that it would not accept armed groups into its territory. "The Iraqi government welcomes any political and peaceful settlement", read an official statement. "[But] it does not accept the entry of armed groups to its territories that can be used to harm Iraq's security and stability."<a href="#cite_note-Baghdad-307">[304]</a> The prospect of armed Kurdish forces in northern Iraq threatens to increase tensions between the region and Baghdad who are already at odds over certain oil producing territory. PKK spokesman Ahmet Deniz sought to ease concerns stating the plan would boost democracy. "The [peace] process is not aimed against anyone," he said "and there is no need for concerns that the struggle will take on another format and pose a threat to others."<a href="#cite_note-Baghdad-307">[304]</a> It is estimated that between 1,500 and 2,000 PKK fighters resided in Turkey at the time.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The withdrawal process was expected to take several months even if Iraq does not intervene to try to stop it.<a href="#cite_note-Baghdad-307">[304]</a> On 14 May 2013, the first groups of 13 male and female fighters entered Iraq's Heror area near the Metina mountain after leaving Turkey. They carried with them Kalashnikov assault rifles, light machine guns and rocket-propelled grenade launchers before a welcoming ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-309">[306]</a> On 29 July 2013, the PKK issued an ultimatum in saying that the peace deal would fail if reforms were not begun to be implemented within a month.<a href="#cite_note-310">[307]</a> In October, Cemil Bayik warned that unless Turkey resumed the peace process, the PKK would resume operations to defend itself against it. He also criticized Turkey of waging a proxy war against Kurds during the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a> by supporting other extremist rebels who were <a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">fighting them</a>.<a href="#cite_note-311">[308]</a> As part of the civil war, many PKK fighters laid down arms in Turkey and moved to Syria, facilitating the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">progressive Kurdish government in Rojava</a>.<a href="#cite_note-312">[309]</a> Iraqi Kurdistan President Masoud Barzani backed the initiative saying, alongside Erdogan: "This is a historic visit for me ... We all know it would have been impossible to speak here 15 or 20 years ago. Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan has taken a very brave step towards peace. I want my Kurdish and Turkish brothers to support the peace process."<a href="#cite_note-313">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2014_action_against_Islamic_State_and_renewed_tensions_in_Turkey">2014 action against Islamic State and renewed tensions in Turkey</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2014_Koban%C3%AE_protests" title="2014 Kobanî protests">2014 Kobanî protests</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdish_PKK_guerilla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kurdish_PKK_guerilla.jpg/200px-Kurdish_PKK_guerilla.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kurdish_PKK_guerilla.jpg/300px-Kurdish_PKK_guerilla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kurdish_PKK_guerilla.jpg/400px-Kurdish_PKK_guerilla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption>A Kurdish PKK guerrilla in 2014.</figcaption></figure> The PKK engaged the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIL) forces in Syria in mid-July 2014<a href="#cite_note-314">[311]</a> as part of the Syrian Civil War. In August the PKK engaged IS in Northern Iraq and pressured the Government of Turkey to take a stand against IS.<a href="#cite_note-315">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[313]</a> PKK forces helped tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a> escape an encircled <a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Mount Sinjar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-317">[314]</a> In September 2014, during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Siege of Kobanî</a>, some PKK fighters engaged with <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State</a> forces in Syria who were attacking Kurdish city Kobane, which resulted in conflicts with Turks on the border and an end to a cease-fire that had been in place over a year.<a href="#cite_note-318">[315]</a> The PKK said Turkey was supporting ISIS. The PKK participated in many offensives against ISIS in Iraq and Syria.<a href="#cite_note-AJA-6-2015-319">[316]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdish_newroz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Kurdish_newroz.jpg/220px-Kurdish_newroz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Kurdish_newroz.jpg/330px-Kurdish_newroz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Kurdish_newroz.jpg/440px-Kurdish_newroz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>Mass demonstration for the PKK and freedom of <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ocalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah Ocalan">Abdullah Ocalan</a> in the Turkish city of <a href="/wiki/Van,_Turkey" title="Van, Turkey">Van</a> during <a href="/wiki/Newroz" class="mw-redirect" title="Newroz">Newroz</a></figcaption></figure> A number of Turkish Kurds rallied in large-scale street protests, demanding that the government in Ankara take more forceful action to combat IS and to enable Kurdish militants already engaged against IS to more freely move and resupply. These protests included a PKK call for its supporters to turn out.<a href="#cite_note-320">[317]</a> Clashes between police and protesters killed at least 31 people. The Turkish government continued to restrict PKK-associated fighters' movement across its borders, arresting 260 <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> fighters who were moving back into Turkey. On 14 October, Turkish Air Force fighter-bombers attacked PKK positions in the vicinity of Daglica, Hakkari Province.<a href="#cite_note-321">[318]</a> Turkish military statements stated that the bombings were in response to PKK attacks on a Turkish military outpost in the area. The Firat news agency, which Al Jazeera describes as "close to the PKK", stated that Turkish forces had been shelling the PKK positions for days beforehand and that the PKK action had itself been retaliation for those artillery strikes.<a href="#cite_note-322">[319]</a> The PKK had already reported several Turkish attacks against their troops months before Turkish bombing started. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="July_2015–present:_Third_insurgency">July 2015–present: Third insurgency</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(2015%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)">Timeline of the Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">YBS and PKK guerrillas</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Yezidi_YB%C5%9E_Fighters_(37813092875).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Yezidi_YB%C5%9E_Fighters_%2837813092875%29.jpg/200px-Yezidi_YB%C5%9E_Fighters_%2837813092875%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Yezidi_YB%C5%9E_Fighters_%2837813092875%29.jpg/300px-Yezidi_YB%C5%9E_Fighters_%2837813092875%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Yezidi_YB%C5%9E_Fighters_%2837813092875%29.jpg/400px-Yezidi_YB%C5%9E_Fighters_%2837813092875%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4049" data-file-height="2896" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdish_PKK_Guerillas_(11945682954).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kurdish_PKK_Guerillas_%2811945682954%29.jpg/200px-Kurdish_PKK_Guerillas_%2811945682954%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kurdish_PKK_Guerillas_%2811945682954%29.jpg/300px-Kurdish_PKK_Guerillas_%2811945682954%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kurdish_PKK_Guerillas_%2811945682954%29.jpg/400px-Kurdish_PKK_Guerillas_%2811945682954%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/YB%C5%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="YBŞ">YBŞ</a> and PKK guerillas in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Kurdistan">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Kurdistan">Southern Kurdistan</a> in 2017</div></div></div></div> In the months before the parliamentary election of 2015, as the "Kurdish-focused" HDP's likelihood of crossing the 10% threshold for entry into the government seemed more likely, Erdogan gave speeches and made comments that repudiated the settlement process and the existence of a Kurdish problem and refusing to recognize the HDP as having any role to play despite their long participation as intermediaries.<a href="#cite_note-323">[320]</a> These announcements increased distrust of the government's good faith among Kurdish leaders. In July 2015, Turkey finally became involved in the war against ISIL. While they were doing so, they decided to bomb PKK targets in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-324">[321]</a> The bombings came a few days after PKK was suspected of assassinating two Turkish police officers in <a href="/wiki/Ceylanp%C4%B1nar" title="Ceylanpınar">Ceylanpınar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urfa" title="Urfa">Şanlıurfa</a>, criticized by the PKK of having links with ISIS after the <a href="/wiki/2015_Suru%C3%A7_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Suruç bombing">2015 Suruç bombing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-325">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-capelouto-tuysuz-cnn-2015-326">[323]</a> The PKK has blamed Turkey for breaking the truce by bombing the PKK in 2014 and 2015 continuously.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In August 2015, the PKK announced that they would accept another ceasefire with Turkey only under <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> guarantees.<a href="#cite_note-327">[324]</a> The leadership of Iraqi Kurdistan has condemned the Turkish airstrikes in its autonomous region in the north of Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-328">[325]</a> The number of casualties since 23 July was stated by Turkish government to be 150 Turkish officers and over 2,000 Kurdish rebels killed (by September).<a href="#cite_note-329">[326]</a> In December 2015, Turkish military operation in southeastern Turkey has killed hundreds of civilians, displaced hundreds of thousands and caused massive destruction in residential areas.<a href="#cite_note-330">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[328]</a> In March 2016, the PKK helped to launch the <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_United_Revolutionary_Movement" title="Peoples' United Revolutionary Movement">Peoples' United Revolutionary Movement</a> with nine other Kurdish and Turkish revolutionary leftist, socialist and communist groups (including the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkey/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" title="Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist">TKP/ML</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Armed_Propaganda_Unit" title="Marxist–Leninist Armed Propaganda Unit">THKP-C/MLSPB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maoist_Communist_Party_(Turkey)" title="Maoist Communist Party (Turkey)">MKP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Labour_Party_of_Turkey/Leninist" title="Communist Labour Party of Turkey/Leninist">TKEP/L</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolutionary_Communist_League_of_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolutionary Communist League of Turkey (page does not exist)">TİKB</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye_%C4%B0htilalci_Kom%C3%BCnistler_Birli%C4%9Fi" class="extiw" title="de:Türkiye İhtilalci Komünistler Birliği">de</a>; <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_r%C3%A9volutionnaire_communiste_de_Turquie" class="extiw" title="fr:Ligue révolutionnaire communiste de Turquie">fr</a>; <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye_%C4%B0htilalci_Kom%C3%BCnistler_Birli%C4%9Fi" class="extiw" title="tr:Türkiye İhtilalci Komünistler Birliği">tr</a>; <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" class="extiw" title="zh:土耳其革命共产主义联盟">zh</a>], <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communard_Party" title="Revolutionary Communard Party">DKP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devrimci_Kararg%C3%A2h" title="Devrimci Karargâh">DK</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Communist_Party_(Turkey)" title="Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (Turkey)">MLKP</a>) with the aim of overthrowing the Turkish government of <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-anfenglish.com-332">[329]</a> In November 2022, an <a href="/wiki/2022_Istanbul_bombing" title="2022 Istanbul bombing">explosion</a> took place on <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Avenue" title="İstiklal Avenue">İstiklal Avenue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Flu" title="Beyoğlu">Beyoğlu</a> district that left at least six people dead and 81 injured. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Interior (Turkey)">Minister of Interior</a> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Soylu" title="Süleyman Soylu">Süleyman Soylu</a> formally accused the PKK of being behind the attack and announced the arrest of the bomber who had alleged links to the organization and twenty-one others.<a href="#cite_note-333">[330]</a> In October 2024, the PKK claimed responsibility<a href="#cite_note-334">[331]</a> for a deadly attack on <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Aerospace_Industries" title="Turkish Aerospace Industries">Turkish Aerospace Industries</a> (TUSAŞ) headquarters, resulting in 5 deaths, including four civilians, and 22 injuries. Following this attack, the Turkish air force conducted airstrikes targeting positions of the PKK in northern Syria and Iraq. The Turkish defense ministry reported the destruction of 32 targets during these operations.<a href="#cite_note-335">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armed_groups_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War">List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asl%C4%B1_Ceren_Aslan" title="Aslı Ceren Aslan">Aslı Ceren Aslan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_and/or_associated_organizations">Related and/or associated organizations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Protection_Units" title="Civil Protection Units">Civil Protection Units</a>, Turkey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Labour_Party_of_Turkey/Leninist" title="Communist Labour Party of Turkey/Leninist">Communist Labour Party of Turkey/Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkey/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" title="Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist">Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawronoye" title="Dawronoye">Dawronoye</a> – secular, leftist, nationalist movement among the Assyrian people</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a>, Syria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devrimci_Kararg%C3%A2h" title="Devrimci Karargâh">Devrimci Karargâh</a>, former far-left organization in Turkey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Protection_Force" title="Êzîdxan Protection Force">Êzîdxan Protection Force</a>, Yazidi militia in Syria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Women%27s_Units" title="Êzîdxan Women's Units">Êzîdxan Women's Units</a>, Yazidi women's militia in Syria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Freedom_Battalion" title="International Freedom Battalion">International Freedom Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Communities_Union" title="Kurdistan Communities Union">Kurdistan Communities Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Solution_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Solution Party">Kurdistan Democratic Solution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Free_Life_Party" title="Kurdistan Free Life Party">Kurdistan Free Life Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Freedom_Hawks" title="Kurdistan Freedom Hawks">Kurdistan Freedom Hawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_Communist_Party_(Turkey)" title="Maoist Communist Party (Turkey)">Maoist Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Armed_Propaganda_Unit" title="Marxist–Leninist Armed Propaganda Unit">Marxist–Leninist Armed Propaganda Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Communist_Party_(Turkey)" title="Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (Turkey)">Marxist–Leninist Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Party_(Communist_Reconstruction)" title="Marxist–Leninist Party (Communist Reconstruction)">Marxist–Leninist Party (Communist Reconstruction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_United_Revolutionary_Movement" title="Peoples' United Revolutionary Movement">Peoples' United Revolutionary Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Party_of_Kurdistan" title="Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan">Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_People%27s_Party_(Turkey,_illegal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary People's Party (Turkey, illegal)">Revolutionary People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Alliance" title="Sinjar Alliance">Sinjar Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Resistance_Units" title="Sinjar Resistance Units">Sinjar Resistance Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Freedom_Forces" title="United Freedom Forces">United Freedom Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YDG-H" title="YDG-H">YDG-H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YPG_International" title="YPG International">YPG International</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Estimates range from 4,000 to 7,000 members.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a href="/wiki/PK_machine_gun" title="PK machine gun">PKC automatic rifle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragunov_(SVD-63)_sniper_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragunov (SVD-63) sniper rifle">Dragunov Sniper Rifle</a>, Arbiki, <a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_G3" title="Heckler & Koch G3">Heckler & Koch G3</a>, <a href="/wiki/M16_rifle" title="M16 rifle">M16 rifle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_PSG1" title="Heckler & Koch PSG1">Heckler & Koch PSG1</a> (G-1), <a href="/wiki/Mauser" title="Mauser">Mauser</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: پارتی کرێکارانی کوردستان, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kurdish" title="Romanization of Kurdish">romanized</a>: Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kurdish" title="Help:IPA/Kurdish">[pɑ:ɾti:jɑ: kɑ:ɾkɛre:n kʊrdɪstɑ:n]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/27\/Kmr-Partiya_Karker%C3%AAn_Kurdistan.oga\/Kmr-Partiya_Karker%C3%AAn_Kurdistan.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Kmr-Partiya Karker\u00ean Kurdistan.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Kmr-Partiya_Karker%C3%AAn_Kurdistan.oga/Kmr-Partiya_Karker%C3%AAn_Kurdistan.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Kmr-Partiya_Karker%C3%AAn_Kurdistan.oga" title="File:Kmr-Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan.oga">ⓘ</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kurdistan-Workers-Party">"Kurdistan Workers' Party"</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 7 September 2020. <q>Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) ... militant Kurdish nationalist organization ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Kurdistan+Workers%27+Party&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FKurdistan-Workers-Party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003024913/https://www.bka.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Publikationsreihen/PolizeiUndForschung/1_54_HandbuchExtremismuspraevention.html">"Handbuch Extremismusprävention"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Criminal_Police_Office_(Germany)" title="Federal Criminal Police Office (Germany)">Federal Criminal Office</a> (in German). 10 July 2020. p. 159. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bka.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Publikationsreihen/PolizeiUndForschung/1_54_HandbuchExtremismuspraevention.html">the original</a> on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020. <q>... der inzwischen stärker durch kurdischen Nationalismus geprägten PKK.</q> [... the PKK, which is now more strongly influenced by Kurdish nationalism.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+Criminal+Office&rft.atitle=Handbuch+Extremismuspr%C3%A4vention&rft.pages=159&rft.date=2020-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bka.de%2FSharedDocs%2FDownloads%2FDE%2FPublikationen%2FPublikationsreihen%2FPolizeiUndForschung%2F1_54_HandbuchExtremismuspraevention.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.counterextremism.com/threat/kurdistan-workers-party-pkk">"Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Counter_Extremism_Project" title="Counter Extremism Project">Counter Extremism Project</a>. Retrieved 15 May 2021. <q>In 2003, Öcalan reformulated the ideological basis of the PKK. Inspired by eco-anarchists Murray Bookchin and Janet Beihl, he advocated for a new anti-nationalist approach he referred to as 'democratic confederalism.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Counter+Extremism+Project&rft.atitle=Kurdistan+Workers%27+Party+%28PKK%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.counterextremism.com%2Fthreat%2Fkurdistan-workers-party-pkk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor2017" class="citation journal cs1">O'Connor, Francis (1 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hsfk.de/en/publications/publication-search/publication/the-kurdish-movement-in-turkey">"The Kurdish Movement in Turkey: Between Political Differentiation and Violent Confrontation"</a>. Peace Research Institute Frankfurt: 16–17. <q>The PKK has explicitly renounced its demand for an independent state... [Öcalan] describes [his theory] as 'an anti-Nationalist movement [...]'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peace+Research+Institute+Frankfurt&rft.atitle=The+Kurdish+Movement+in+Turkey%3A+Between+Political+Differentiation+and+Violent+Confrontation&rft.pages=16-17&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsfk.de%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fpublication-search%2Fpublication%2Fthe-kurdish-movement-in-turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-newold-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newold_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newold_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Jong2016" class="citation web cs1">de Jong, Alex (18 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/03/pkk-ocalan-kurdistan-isis-murray-bookchin/">"The New-Old PKK"</a>. Jacobin Magazine. Retrieved 6 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New-Old+PKK&rft.pub=Jacobin+Magazine&rft.date=2016-03-18&rft.aulast=de+Jong&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jacobinmag.com%2F2016%2F03%2Fpkk-ocalan-kurdistan-isis-murray-bookchin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://merip.org/1994/07/mad-dreams-of-independence/">"Mad Dreams of Independence"</a>. 15 July 1994.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mad+Dreams+of+Independence&rft.date=1994-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmerip.org%2F1994%2F07%2Fmad-dreams-of-independence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovellis2018" class="citation journal cs1">Novellis, Andrea (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13169/zanjglobsoutstud.2.1.0115">"The Rise of Feminism in the PKK: Ideology or Strategy?"</a>. Zanj: The Journal of Critical Global South Studies. 2 (1): 115–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13169%2Fzanjglobsoutstud.2.1.0115">10.13169/zanjglobsoutstud.2.1.0115</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2434%2F817740">2434/817740</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13169/zanjglobsoutstud.2.1.0115">10.13169/zanjglobsoutstud.2.1.0115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zanj%3A+The+Journal+of+Critical+Global+South+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Feminism+in+the+PKK%3A+Ideology+or+Strategy%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=115-133&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2434%2F817740&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.13169%2Fzanjglobsoutstud.2.1.0115%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13169%2Fzanjglobsoutstud.2.1.0115&rft.aulast=Novellis&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.13169%2Fzanjglobsoutstud.2.1.0115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWali" class="citation web cs1">Wali, Zhelwan Z. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/2/kurd-vs-kurd-fears-of-full-scale-war-rise-in-northern-iraq">"Kurd vs Kurd: Fears of full-scale war rise in northern Iraq"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al Jazeera</a>. Retrieved 19 April 2021. <q>The PKK has an estimated 5,000 fighters stationed largely in Iraqi Kurdish region's rugged mountainous areas</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Kurd+vs+Kurd%3A+Fears+of+full-scale+war+rise+in+northern+Iraq&rft.aulast=Wali&rft.aufirst=Zhelwan+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F12%2F2%2Fkurd-vs-kurd-fears-of-full-scale-war-rise-in-northern-iraq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2019/#PKK">"Country Reports on Terrorism 2019"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. Retrieved 19 April 2021. <q>The PKK is estimated to consist of 4,000 to 5,000 members</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Country+Reports+on+Terrorism+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2Fcountry-reports-on-terrorism-2019%2F%23PKK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mackenzieinstitute.com/terrorism-profile-kurdistan-workers-party-pkk/">"Terrorism Profile – Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Institute" title="Mackenzie Institute">The Mackenzie Institute</a>. Retrieved 19 April 2021. <q>The exact number of fighters in the PKK is unknown, however, it is widely believed to be approximately 7000</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mackenzie+Institute&rft.atitle=Terrorism+Profile+%E2%80%93+Kurdistan+Workers+Party+%28PKK%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmackenzieinstitute.com%2Fterrorism-profile-kurdistan-workers-party-pkk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamestown.org/program/assyrian-nationalists-cooperate-with-kurdish-pkk-insurgents/">"Assyrian Nationalists Cooperate with Kurdish PKK Insurgents"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Foundation" title="Jamestown Foundation">Jamestown Foundation</a>. Retrieved 3 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamestown+Foundation&rft.atitle=Assyrian+Nationalists+Cooperate+with+Kurdish+PKK+Insurgents&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Fassyrian-nationalists-cooperate-with-kurdish-pkk-insurgents%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anfenglish.com/news/mlkp-salutes-the-pkk-on-the-anniversary-of-15-august-54180">"MLKP salutes the PKK on the anniversary of 15 August"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Firat_News_Agency" title="Firat News Agency">Firat News Agency</a>. 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Retrieved 21 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Kurdish+Rebels+Kill+20+In+2+Villages+in+Turkey&rft.date=1987-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F07%2F10%2Fworld%2Fkurdish-rebels-kill-20-in-2-villages-in-turkey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> The dead consisted of 16 children, eight village guards, and eight women. </li> <li id="cite_note-satana-63"><a href="#cite_ref-satana_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatana2012" class="citation journal cs1">Satana, Nil S. (2012). "The Kurdish Issue in June 2011 Elections: Continuity or Change in Turkey's Democratization?". Turkish Studies. 13 (2). 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New York: New York University Press. pp. 287–288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814795873" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814795873"><bdi>978-0814795873</bdi></a>. <q>Instead of struggling for autonomy, a federation, or independence, Kurds would now fight for a truly democratic Turkey, in which Kurds and Turks would be unified in the way that Turkey's founder Ataturk had imagined</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+and+belief+%3A+the+PKK+and+the+Kurdish+fight+for+independence&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=287-288&rft.edition=1.&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0814795873&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Aliza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6rcUCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2015" class="citation book cs1">White, Paul (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5hBkDgAAQBAJ&q=PKK+autonomy+and&pg=PT79">The PKK: Coming Down from the Mountains</a>. 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The Independent. London. Retrieved 17 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=PKK+suicide+bomb+attack+in+Ankara&rft.date=2007-05-23&rft.aulast=Shaikh&rft.aufirst=Thair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fkurds-implicated-in-ankara-bomb-attack-449986.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabah.com.tr/Gundem/2011/06/22/pariste-sabaha-pkk-saldirisi">"Paris'te Sabah'a PKK Saldırısı"</a>. Sabah. Retrieved 17 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sabah&rft.atitle=Paris%27te+Sabah%27a+PKK+Sald%C4%B1r%C4%B1s%C4%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabah.com.tr%2FGundem%2F2011%2F06%2F22%2Fpariste-sabaha-pkk-saldirisi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatana2017" class="citation journal cs1">Satana, N. S. (10 June 2017). "The Kurdish Issue in June 2011 Elections: Continuity or Change in Turkey's Democratization?: Turkish Studies: Vol 13, No 2". Turkish Studies. 13 (2): 169–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14683849.2012.686575">10.1080/14683849.2012.686575</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11693%2F21264">11693/21264</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55920795">55920795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Turkish+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Kurdish+Issue+in+June+2011+Elections%3A+Continuity+or+Change+in+Turkey%27s+Democratization%3F%3A+Turkish+Studies%3A+Vol+13%2C+No+2&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=169-189&rft.date=2017-06-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11693%2F21264&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55920795%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14683849.2012.686575&rft.aulast=Satana&rft.aufirst=N.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> Matovic, Violeta, Suicide Bombers Who's Next, Belgrade, The National Counter-Terrorism Committee, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8690830923" title="Special:BookSources/978-8690830923">978-8690830923</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cordesman1999-256"><a href="#cite_ref-Cordesman1999_256-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordesman,_Anthony_H.1999" class="citation book cs1">Cordesman, Anthony H. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iraqwarofsanctio00cord">Iraq and the War of Sanctions: Conventional Threats and Weapons of Mass Destruction</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0275965287" title="Special:BookSources/0275965287"><bdi>0275965287</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq+and+the+War+of+Sanctions%3A+Conventional+Threats+and+Weapons+of+Mass+Destruction&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0275965287&rft.au=Cordesman%2C+Anthony+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firaqwarofsanctio00cord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunes2013" class="citation book cs1">Gunes, Cengiz (2013). The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey: From Protest to Resistance. Routledge. pp. 104–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-58798-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-58798-6"><bdi>978-1-136-58798-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurdish+National+Movement+in+Turkey%3A+From+Protest+to+Resistance&rft.pages=104-105&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-58798-6&rft.aulast=Gunes&rft.aufirst=Cengiz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190118211814/https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/unbound/flashbks/kurds/mylroie.htm">"After Saddam Hussein – 92.12"</a>. The Atlantic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/unbound/flashbks/kurds/mylroie.htm">the original</a> on 18 January 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=After+Saddam+Hussein+%E2%80%93+92.12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpast%2Fdocs%2Funbound%2Fflashbks%2Fkurds%2Fmylroie.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunter1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gunter" title="Michael Gunter">Gunter, Michael M.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3992569">"A de facto Kurdish State in Northern Iraq"</a>. Third World Quarterly. 14 (2): 303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01436599308420326">10.1080/01436599308420326</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-6597">0143-6597</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3992569">3992569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Quarterly&rft.atitle=A+de+facto+Kurdish+State+in+Northern+Iraq&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=303&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0143-6597&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3992569%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01436599308420326&rft.aulast=Gunter&rft.aufirst=Michael+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3992569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Bruinessen2009" class="citation web cs1">van Bruinessen, Martin (25 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225152612/http://www.let.uu.nl/~martin.vanbruinessen/personal/publications/Kurds_after_capture_Ocalan.pdf">"Turkey, Europe and the Kurds after the capture of Abdullah Öcalan"</a> (PDF). p. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.let.uu.nl/~martin.vanbruinessen/personal/publications/Kurds_after_capture_Ocalan.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey%2C+Europe+and+the+Kurds+after+the+capture+of+Abdullah+%C3%96calan&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2009-02-25&rft.aulast=van+Bruinessen&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.let.uu.nl%2F~martin.vanbruinessen%2Fpersonal%2Fpublications%2FKurds_after_capture_Ocalan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzcan2006" class="citation book cs1">Özcan, Ali Kemal (2006). Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan. Routledge. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415366878" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415366878"><bdi>978-0415366878</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey%27s+Kurds%3A+A+Theoretical+Analysis+of+the+PKK+and+Abdullah+Ocalan&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0415366878&rft.aulast=%C3%96zcan&rft.aufirst=Ali+Kemal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunes2013" class="citation book cs1">Gunes, Cengiz (2013). The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey: From Protest to Resistance. Routledge. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136587986" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136587986"><bdi>978-1136587986</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurdish+National+Movement+in+Turkey%3A+From+Protest+to+Resistance&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1136587986&rft.aulast=Gunes&rft.aufirst=Cengiz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-263">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_263-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_263-1">b</a> Gunes, Cengiz (2013), p. 134 </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandal1997" class="citation book cs1">Randal, Jonathan C. (1997). After Such Knowledge, what Forgiveness?: My Encounters with Kurdistan. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 302–303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0374102005" title="Special:BookSources/978-0374102005"><bdi>978-0374102005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Such+Knowledge%2C+what+Forgiveness%3F%3A+My+Encounters+with+Kurdistan&rft.pages=302-303&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0374102005&rft.aulast=Randal&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-265"><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_265-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/1999/01/20/rights-group-decries-missed-opportunity-prosecute-pkk-leader">"Rights Group Decries Missed Opportunity to Prosecute PKK Leader"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 20 January 1999. Retrieved 27 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Rights+Group+Decries+Missed+Opportunity+to+Prosecute+PKK+Leader&rft.date=1999-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F1999%2F01%2F20%2Frights-group-decries-missed-opportunity-prosecute-pkk-leader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pape-2005-266"><a href="#cite_ref-pape-2005_266-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPape2005" class="citation book cs1">Pape, Robert (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dyingtowinstrate00pape">Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1588364607" title="Special:BookSources/1588364607"><bdi>1588364607</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dying+to+Win%3A+The+Strategic+Logic+of+Suicide+Terrorism&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1588364607&rft.aulast=Pape&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdyingtowinstrate00pape&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-alakoc-2007-267"><a href="#cite_ref-alakoc-2007_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlakoc2007" class="citation book cs1">Alakoc, Burcu (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_IcZUMS_Y2kC&pg=PA4">The Motivations of Female Suicide Bombers from a Communication Perspective</a>. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0549422532" title="Special:BookSources/978-0549422532"><bdi>978-0549422532</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Motivations+of+Female+Suicide+Bombers+from+a+Communication+Perspective&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0549422532&rft.aulast=Alakoc&rft.aufirst=Burcu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_IcZUMS_Y2kC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunesZeydanlioglu2013" class="citation book cs1">Gunes, Cengiz; Zeydanlioglu, Welat (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oVT7AAAAQBAJ&q=zilan+suicide+attack&pg=PT118">The Kurdish Question in Turkey: New Perspectives on Violence, Representation and Reconciliation</a>. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/es/ev.php-URL_ID=6606&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html">Death penalty abolished in Turkey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090629011049/http://portal.unesco.org/es/ev.php-URL_ID%3D6606%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html">Archived</a> 29 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". The new Courier n°1. </li> <li id="cite_note-ETCHR1-277"><a href="#cite_ref-ETCHR1_277-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bianet.org/english/human-rights/138337-turkey-ranks-first-in-violations-in-between-1959-2011">"European Court of Human Rights: Turkey Ranks First in Violations in between 1959–2011"</a>. Bianet – Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi. Retrieved 29 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bianet+%E2%80%93+Bagimsiz+Iletisim+Agi&rft.atitle=European+Court+of+Human+Rights%3A+Turkey+Ranks+First+in+Violations+in+between+1959%E2%80%932011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbianet.org%2Fenglish%2Fhuman-rights%2F138337-turkey-ranks-first-in-violations-in-between-1959-2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AnnualETCHR-278"><a href="#cite_ref-AnnualETCHR_278-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://echr.coe.int/Documents/Annual_Report_2014_ENG.pdf">Annual report</a> (PDF) (Report). 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Annual+report&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fechr.coe.int%2FDocuments%2FAnnual_Report_2014_ENG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hum1-279"><a href="#cite_ref-hum1_279-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/app/conversion/pdf/?library=ECHR&id=001-128036&filename=001-128036.pdf">The European Court of Human Rights: Case of Benzer and others v. Turkey</a> (PDF) (Report). 24 March 2014. p. 57. 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Human Rights Watch. 1998. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanrightswatch00huma_0/page/7">7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1564321909" title="Special:BookSources/978-1564321909"><bdi>978-1564321909</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1564321909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanrightswatch00huma_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKiernan2006" class="citation book cs1">McKiernan, Kevin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kurdspeopleinsea00mcki">The Kurds: a people in search of their homeland</a> (1st ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kurdspeopleinsea00mcki/page/130">130</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312325460" title="Special:BookSources/0312325460"><bdi>0312325460</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurds%3A+a+people+in+search+of+their+homeland&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=130&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0312325460&rft.aulast=McKiernan&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkurdspeopleinsea00mcki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuberger2014" class="citation book cs1">Neuberger, Benyamin (2014). 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[S.l.]: Univ of Texas Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0292758131" title="Special:BookSources/978-0292758131"><bdi>978-0292758131</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kurdish+awakening+%3A+nation+building+in+a+fragmented+homeland&rft.place=%5BS.l.%5D&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Univ+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0292758131&rft.aulast=Neuberger&rft.aufirst=Benyamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcaCDBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunesZeydanlioğlu2014" class="citation book cs1">Gunes, Cengiz; Zeydanlioğlu, Welat (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UVn7AAAAQBAJ">The Kurdish question in Turkey : new perspectives on violence, representation, and reconciliation</a>. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135140632" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135140632"><bdi>978-1135140632</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurdish+question+in+Turkey+%3A+new+perspectives+on+violence%2C+representation%2C+and+reconciliation&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1135140632&rft.aulast=Gunes&rft.aufirst=Cengiz&rft.au=Zeydanlio%C4%9Flu%2C+Welat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUVn7AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/FS_Police_arrest_ENG.pdf">"Police arrest and assistance of a lawyer"</a> (PDF). 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New York: Human Rights Watch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1564320960" title="Special:BookSources/1564320960"><bdi>1564320960</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurds+of+Turkey%3A+killings%2C+disappearances+and+torture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1564320960&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=Lois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPyz9fz6il38C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanico1999" class="citation book cs1">Panico, Christopher (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TqXjX8ZSH6kC">Turkey : violations of free expression in Turkey</a>. New York: Human Rights Watch. pp. 37–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1564322262" title="Special:BookSources/1564322262"><bdi>1564322262</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey+%3A+violations+of+free+expression+in+Turkey.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=37-38&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1564322262&rft.aulast=Panico&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTqXjX8ZSH6kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibrahim2000-289"><a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim2000_289-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerhad_Ibrahim,_Gülistan_Gürbey2000" class="citation book cs1">Ferhad Ibrahim, Gülistan Gürbey (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kurdishconflicti0000unse">The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey: Obstacles and Chances for Peace and Democracy</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312236298" title="Special:BookSources/0312236298"><bdi>0312236298</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurdish+Conflict+in+Turkey%3A+Obstacles+and+Chances+for+Peace+and+Democracy&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0312236298&rft.au=Ferhad+Ibrahim%2C+G%C3%BClistan+G%C3%BCrbey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkurdishconflicti0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3200907.stm">"Kurdish rebels abandon truce"</a>. BBC. 2 September 2003. Retrieved 1 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kurdish+rebels+abandon+truce&rft.date=2003-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F3200907.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-291">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_291-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_291-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2015" class="citation book cs1">White, Paul (2015). The PKK. London: Zed Books. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1783600373" title="Special:BookSources/978-1783600373"><bdi>978-1783600373</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+PKK&rft.place=London&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1783600373&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PKK_in_the_2000s_p149-292">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PKK_in_the_2000s_p149_292-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKK_in_the_2000s_p149_292-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkkayaJongerden2010" class="citation book cs1">Akkaya, Ahmet Hamdi; Jongerden, Joost (2010). "The PKK in the 2000s: Continuity through Breaks?". In Casier, Marlies; Jongerden, Joost (eds.). Nationalisms and Politics in Turkey: Political Islam, Kemalism and the Kurdish Issue. Routledge. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136938672" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136938672"><bdi>978-1136938672</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+PKK+in+the+2000s%3A+Continuity+through+Breaks%3F&rft.btitle=Nationalisms+and+Politics+in+Turkey%3A+Political+Islam%2C+Kemalism+and+the+Kurdish+Issue&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1136938672&rft.aulast=Akkaya&rft.aufirst=Ahmet+Hamdi&rft.au=Jongerden%2C+Joost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cemil_Bayik-293"><a href="#cite_ref-Cemil_Bayik_293-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUslu2008" class="citation web cs1">Uslu, Emrullah (20 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamestown.org/program/leading-pkk-commander-cemil-bayik-crosses-into-iran/">"Leading PKK Commander Cemil Bayik Crosses into Iran"</a>. Jamestown. Retrieved 16 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamestown&rft.atitle=Leading+PKK+Commander+Cemil+Bayik+Crosses+into+Iran&rft.date=2008-05-20&rft.aulast=Uslu&rft.aufirst=Emrullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Fleading-pkk-commander-cemil-bayik-crosses-into-iran%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kurdishaspect.com/doc042910ZA.html">Zübeyir Aydar: 'Military operations are going to begin'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110103184948/http://kurdishaspect.com/doc042910ZA.html">Archived</a> 3 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Interview in English dated 29 April 2010. In this interview Zübeyir Aydar stated: "KCK has an assembly. This assembly is Kongra-Gel. Furthermore, within Kongra-Gel there's an elected executive council... The PKK is a limited segment within the movement which is given the name KCK. Abdullah Öcalan takes the highest position. After that there's the Assembly, and following that the Executive Council. The chairman of the 31-member Executive Council is Murat Karayılan." </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunter." class="citation web cs1">Gunter., Michael M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002223146/http://kurds_history.enacademic.com/300/Kongra-Gel">"Kongra-Gel"</a>. Historical Dictionary of the Kurds. Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kurds_history.enacademic.com/300/Kongra-Gel">the original</a> on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Kurds&rft.atitle=Kongra-Gel&rft.aulast=Gunter.&rft.aufirst=Michael+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkurds_history.enacademic.com%2F300%2FKongra-Gel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandon" class="citation web cs1">Brandon, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101225075250/http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=936#.Vuqn8-LhDn4">"The Kurdistan Freedom Falcons Emerges as a Rival to the PKK"</a>. The Jamestown foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=936#.Vuqn8-LhDn4">the original</a> on 25 December 2010. Retrieved 17 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jamestown+foundation&rft.atitle=The+Kurdistan+Freedom+Falcons+Emerges+as+a+Rival+to+the+PKK&rft.aulast=Brandon&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamestown.org%2Fsingle%2F%3Fno_cache%3D1%26tx_ttnews%255Btt_news%255D%3D936%23.Vuqn8-LhDn4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2015" class="citation book cs1">White, Paul (2015). The PKK: Coming Down from the Mountains. Zed Books Ltd. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1783600403" title="Special:BookSources/978-1783600403"><bdi>978-1783600403</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+PKK%3A+Coming+Down+from+the+Mountains&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Zed+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1783600403&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2015" class="citation book cs1">White, Doctor Paul (2015). The PKK: Coming Down from the Mountains. Zed Books Ltd. pp. 50–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1783600403" title="Special:BookSources/978-1783600403"><bdi>978-1783600403</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+PKK%3A+Coming+Down+from+the+Mountains&rft.pages=50-51&rft.pub=Zed+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1783600403&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Doctor+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120131194726/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/europe/Turkey-Iran-to-Cooperate-Against-Kurdish-Rebels-132316303.html">"Turkey, Iran to Cooperate Against Kurdish Rebels"</a>. Voice of America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/english/news/europe/Turkey-Iran-to-Cooperate-Against-Kurdish-Rebels-132316303.html">the original</a> on 31 January 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey%2C+Iran+to+Cooperate+Against+Kurdish+Rebels&rft.pub=Voice+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Feurope%2FTurkey-Iran-to-Cooperate-Against-Kurdish-Rebels-132316303.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> Güneş Murat Tezcür,"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luc.edu/faculty/gtezcur/files/TezcurInsightTurkey.pdf">Prospects for Resolution of the Kurdish Question: A Realist Perspective</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016083217/http://www.luc.edu/faculty/gtezcur/files/TezcurInsightTurkey.pdf">Archived</a> 16 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" Insight Turkey 15 (Spring 2013): 69–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurd-Shiite-Sunni-Split-301"><a href="#cite_ref-Kurd-Shiite-Sunni-Split_301-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalem2012" class="citation web cs1">Salem, Paul (29 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130619200757/http://middleeastvoices.voanews.com/2012/11/insight-iraqs-tensions-heightened-by-syria-conflict-96791/">"Insight: Iraq's Tensions Heightened by Syria Conflict"</a>. 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Retrieved 3 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Insight%3A+Iraq%27s+Tensions+Heightened+by+Syria+Conflict&rft.pub=Middle+East+Voices&rft.date=2012-11-29&rft.aulast=Salem&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiddleeastvoices.voanews.com%2F2012%2F11%2Finsight-iraqs-tensions-heightened-by-syria-conflict-96791%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peace-302">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peace_302-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peace_302-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/insidestory/2013/05/20135985316524633.html">"Peace at the end of a long PKK struggle?"</a>. Al Jazeera. 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Peace+at+the+end+of+a+long+PKK+struggle%3F&rft.date=2013-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fprogrammes%2Finsidestory%2F2013%2F05%2F20135985316524633.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/05/201357182319457288.html">"Planned PKK pullout heats up Turkey politics"</a>. 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The two police officers were found shot dead at their home in the town of Ceylanpinar on the border with Syria, two days after the Suruc suicide attack that killed 32 people, mostly ethnic Kurds.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kurdish+group+claims+%27revenge+murder%27+on+Turkish+police&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F07%2Fkurdish-group-claims-revenge-murder-turkish-police-150722132945249.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-capelouto-tuysuz-cnn-2015-326"><a href="#cite_ref-capelouto-tuysuz-cnn-2015_326-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapeloutoTuysuz2015" class="citation news cs1">Capelouto, Susanna; Tuysuz, Gul (25 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/25/middleeast/turkey-syria-isis-attacks/index.html">"Turkey arrests hundreds of suspected terrorists, Prime Minister says"</a>. CNN. <q>'We will not stay silent in the face of those who kill our police officers in their sleep,' Davutoglu said, referring to PKK's assassination of two Turkish police officers Wednesday. [...] The statement also referred to the slaying of the two police officers, calling it an act of "retribution" carried out by "local branches" without orders from central PKK command.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Turkey+arrests+hundreds+of+suspected+terrorists%2C+Prime+Minister+says&rft.date=2015-07-25&rft.aulast=Capelouto&rft.aufirst=Susanna&rft.au=Tuysuz%2C+Gul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2015%2F07%2F25%2Fmiddleeast%2Fturkey-syria-isis-attacks%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/11806481/PKK-urges-US-to-mediate-in-its-war-with-Turkey-and-admits-to-secret-talks-with-Washington.html">"PKK urges US to mediate in its war with Turkey and admits to secret talks with Washington"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/11806481/PKK-urges-US-to-mediate-in-its-war-with-Turkey-and-admits-to-secret-talks-with-Washington.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=PKK+urges+US+to+mediate+in+its+war+with+Turkey+and+admits+to+secret+talks+with+Washington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fturkey%2F11806481%2FPKK-urges-US-to-mediate-in-its-war-with-Turkey-and-admits-to-secret-talks-with-Washington.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/contents/afp/2015/07/turkey-syria-attacks-army-iraq-kurds.html">"Iraq Kurds condemn Turkish airstrikes on PKK – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East"</a>. Al-Monitor.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor&rft.atitle=Iraq+Kurds+condemn+Turkish+airstrikes+on+PKK+%E2%80%93+Al-Monitor%3A+the+Pulse+of+the+Middle+East&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Fcontents%2Fafp%2F2015%2F07%2Fturkey-syria-attacks-army-iraq-kurds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/9/29/scores-killed-in-clashes-between-turkish-forces-and-kurdish-rebels.html">"Scores killed in clashes between Turkish forces and Kurdish rebels"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al Jazeera</a>. 29 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scores+killed+in+clashes+between+Turkish+forces+and+Kurdish+rebels&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2015-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famerica.aljazeera.com%2Farticles%2F2015%2F9%2F29%2Fscores-killed-in-clashes-between-turkish-forces-and-kurdish-rebels.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/31/world/europe/turkey-kurds-pkk.html?hpw&rref=world&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=well-region&region=bottom-well&WT.nav=bottom-well&_r=0">"Turkey's Campaign Against Kurdish Militants Takes Toll on Civilians"</a>. The New York Times. 30 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+Campaign+Against+Kurdish+Militants+Takes+Toll+on+Civilians&rft.date=2015-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F12%2F31%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fturkey-kurds-pkk.html%3Fhpw%26rref%3Dworld%26action%3Dclick%26pgtype%3DHomepage%26module%3Dwell-region%26region%3Dbottom-well%26WT.nav%3Dbottom-well%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/12/22/turkey-mounting-security-operation-deaths">"Turkey: Mounting Security Operation Deaths"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 22 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Turkey%3A+Mounting+Security+Operation+Deaths&rft.date=2015-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2015%2F12%2F22%2Fturkey-mounting-security-operation-deaths&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-anfenglish.com-332"><a href="#cite_ref-anfenglish.com_332-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314061916/http://www.anfenglish.com/news/peoples-united-revolutionary-movement-established-for-a-joint-struggle">"Peoples' United Revolutionary Movement established for a joint struggle"</a>. Firat News Agency. 12 March 2016. 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Retrieved 14 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peoples%27+United+Revolutionary+Movement+established+for+a+joint+struggle&rft.date=2016-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anfenglish.com%2Fnews%2Fpeoples-united-revolutionary-movement-established-for-a-joint-struggle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/world/istanbul-attack-suspect-arrested-after-six-people-killed-govt-says-pkk-responsible">"Istanbul Attack: Suspect Arrested After Six People Killed, Govt Says PKK Responsible"</a>. The Wire. Retrieved 15 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=Istanbul+Attack%3A+Suspect+Arrested+After+Six+People+Killed%2C+Govt+Says+PKK+Responsible&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fworld%2Fistanbul-attack-suspect-arrested-after-six-people-killed-govt-says-pkk-responsible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/kurdistan-workers-party-claims-deadly-ankara-attack/a-70598114">"Kurdistan Workers' Party claims deadly Ankara attack – DW – 10/25/2024"</a>. dw.com. Retrieved 27 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dw.com&rft.atitle=Kurdistan+Workers%27+Party+claims+deadly+Ankara+attack+%E2%80%93+DW+%E2%80%93+10%2F25%2F2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fkurdistan-workers-party-claims-deadly-ankara-attack%2Fa-70598114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuhiyyih_Ewing2024" class="citation news cs1">Ruhiyyih Ewing, Giselle (23 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/turkey-pkk-forces-syria-iraq-ankara-attack/">"Turkey strikes PKK forces in Syria, Iraq after lethal Ankara attack"</a>. Politico. Retrieved 24 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Turkey+strikes+PKK+forces+in+Syria%2C+Iraq+after+lethal+Ankara+attack&rft.date=2024-10-23&rft.aulast=Ruhiyyih+Ewing&rft.aufirst=Giselle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fturkey-pkk-forces-syria-iraq-ankara-attack%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Workers%27+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:PKK" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:PKK">PKK</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11674094/Turkey_and_the_Kurds_From_War_to_Reconciliation">Arin, Kubilay Yado, Turkey and the Kurds – From War to Reconciliation? UC Berkeley Center for Right Wing Studies Working Paper Series, 26 March 2015</a></li> <li>Öcalan, Abdullah. Interviews and Speeches [about P.K.K.'s Kurdish cause]. London: Published jointly by Kurdistan Solidarity Committee and Kurdistan Information Centre, 1991. 46 p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kurdistan_Workers&#039;_Party_insurgency" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" title="Template:Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" title="Template talk:Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kurdistan_Workers&#039;_Party_insurgency" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_insurgency" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency">Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Timelines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_insurgency_(1978%E2%80%932015)" title="Timeline of the Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency (1978–2015)">1978–2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_insurgency_(2015%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of the Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency (2015–present)">2015–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkish_insurgency_detailed_map" title="Template:Turkish insurgency detailed map">Map</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Turkey)" title="National Security Council (Turkey)">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces" title="Turkish Naval Forces">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_General_Command" title="Gendarmerie General Command">Gendarmerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_Command_(Turkey)" title="Coast Guard Command (Turkey)">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Security_(Turkey)" title="General Directorate of Security (Turkey)">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">MİT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_guard_system" title="Village guard system">Village Guards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Deep_state_in_Turkey" title="Deep state in Turkey">Deep state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Guerrilla" title="Counter-Guerrilla">Counter-Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Revenge_Brigade" title="Turkish Revenge Brigade">Turkish Revenge Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susurluk_scandal" title="Susurluk scandal">Susurluk scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergenekon_(organization)" title="Ergenekon (organization)">Ergenekon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_Intelligence_Organization" title="Gendarmerie Intelligence Organization">JİTEM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Insurgent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Koma_Civak%C3%AAn_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/23px-Flag_of_Koma_Civak%C3%AAn_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Koma_Civak%C3%AAn_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/35px-Flag_of_Koma_Civak%C3%AAn_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Koma_Civak%C3%AAn_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/45px-Flag_of_Koma_Civak%C3%AAn_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Communities_Union" title="Kurdistan Communities Union">KCK</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">PKK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="History of the Kurdistan Workers' Party">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg/23px-Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg/35px-Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg/46px-Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defence_Forces" title="People's Defence Forces">People's Defence Forces</a> (HPG)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg/23px-Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg/35px-Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg/46px-Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Free_Women%27s_Units" title="Free Women's Units">Free Women's Units</a> (YJA-STAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Liberation Front of Kurdistan">National Liberation Front of Kurdistan</a> (ERNK)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_Forces_OF_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation Forces OF Kurdistan (page does not exist)">Liberation Forces OF Kurdistan</a> (HRK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_of_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Army of Kurdistan">People's Liberation Army of Kurdistan</a> (ARGK)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_People%27s_Union_of_Kurdish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democratic People's Union of Kurdish (page does not exist)">Democratic People's Union of Kurdish</a> (YDK)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Society_Coordination_of_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democratic Society Coordination of Kurdistan (page does not exist)">Democratic Society Coordination of Kurdistan</a> (CDK)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Women%27s_Union_of_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free Women's Union of Kurdistan (page does not exist)">Free Women's Union of Kurdistan</a> (YAJK)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workers%27_Women_Party_of_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Workers' Women Party of Kurdistan (page does not exist)">Workers' Women Party of Kurdistan</a> (PJKK)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Women_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free Women Party (page does not exist)">Free Women Party</a> (PJA)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Women%27s_Party_of_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free Women's Party of Kurdistan (page does not exist)">Free Women's Party of Kurdistan</a> (PAJK)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_Liberation_Movement_of_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's Liberation Movement of Kurdistan (page does not exist)">Women's Liberation Movement of Kurdistan</a> (KJB)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_and_Democracy_Congress_of_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom and Democracy Congress of Kurdistan (page does not exist)">Freedom and Democracy Congress of Kurdistan</a> (KADEK)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Congress_(Turkey)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People's Congress (Turkey) (page does not exist)">People's Congress</a> (Kongra-Gel)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederation_Community_of_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Confederation Community of Kurdistan (page does not exist)">Confederation Community of Kurdistan</a> (KKK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Party_of_Kurdistan" title="Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan">Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan</a> (PŞK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Vanguard_Party_of_Kurdistan" title="Workers Vanguard Party of Kurdistan">Workers Vanguard Party of Kurdistan</a> (PPKK)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/InfoboxTAK.png/20px-InfoboxTAK.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/InfoboxTAK.png/31px-InfoboxTAK.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/InfoboxTAK.png/40px-InfoboxTAK.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="195" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Freedom_Hawks" title="Kurdistan Freedom Hawks">TAK</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PDK_Bakur.png/23px-PDK_Bakur.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PDK_Bakur.png/35px-PDK_Bakur.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PDK_Bakur.png/45px-PDK_Bakur.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party/North" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party/North">KDP/N</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/23px-Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/35px-Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/45px-Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Free_Life_Party" title="Kurdistan Free Life Party">PJAK</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Kurdistan">KKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Youth_Movement" title="Free Youth Movement">Free Youth Movement of Kurdistan</a> (TECAK)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MLKP_Badge.svg/15px-MLKP_Badge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MLKP_Badge.svg/23px-MLKP_Badge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MLKP_Badge.svg/30px-MLKP_Badge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Communist_Party_(Turkey)" title="Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (Turkey)">Marxist–Leninist Communist Party</a> (MLKP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YDG-H" title="YDG-H">Patriotic Revolutionary Youth Movement</a> (YDG-H)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Party_of_Kurdistan" title="Islamic Party of Kurdistan">PIK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Islamic_Movement_(Turkey)" title="Kurdistan Islamic Movement (Turkey)">HİK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Hezbollah" title="Kurdish Hezbollah">KH</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_Cause_Party" title="Free Cause Party">Hüda-Par</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_People%27s_Party_(Turkey,_illegal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary People's Party (Turkey, illegal)">DHP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolution_Party_of_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolution Party of Turkey (page does not exist)">TDP</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/ASALA_logo.png/15px-ASALA_logo.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/ASALA_logo.png/23px-ASALA_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/ASALA_logo.png/30px-ASALA_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="490" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Secret_Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Armenia" title="Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia">ASALA</a> (until the late 1980s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Independence_Movement_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Independence Movement in Turkey">Political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Labour_Party_(Turkey)" title="People's Labour Party (Turkey)">HEP</a> (1990–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Party_(Turkey)" title="Democracy Party (Turkey)">DEP</a> (1993–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democracy_Party" title="People's Democracy Party">HADEP</a> (1994–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Turkey)" title="Democratic People's Party (Turkey)">DEHAP</a> (1997–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Society_Party#Background" title="Democratic Society Party">DTH</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Society_Party" title="Democratic Society Party">DTP</a> (2005–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Democracy_Party" title="Peace and Democracy Party">BDP</a> (2008–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">HDP</a> (2012–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Regions_Party" title="Democratic Regions Party">DBP</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Equality_and_Democracy_Party" title="Peoples' Equality and Democracy Party">DEM</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The conflict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">1974–1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence_in_Turkey_(1976%E2%80%931980)" title="Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)">Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara%C5%9F_massacre" title="Maraş massacre">Maraş massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">1984–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_PKK_attacks" title="1984 PKK attacks">1984 PKK attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karage%C3%A7it_village_massacre" title="Karageçit village massacre">Karageçit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1986_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq" title="August 1986 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq">August 1986 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortaba%C4%9F_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ortabağ Massacre">Ortabağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1987_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq" title="March 1987 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq">March 1987 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%B1narc%C4%B1k_massacre" title="Pınarcık massacre">Pınarcık massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filova_incident" title="Yeşilova incident">Yeşilova incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Şırnak">Battle of Şırnak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Ta%C5%9Fdelen_attack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1992 Taşdelen attack (page does not exist)">1992 Taşdelen attack</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kulp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Kulp (page does not exist)">Battle of Kulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northern_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Northern Iraq">Operation Northern Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_24,_1993_PKK_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="May 24, 1993 PKK attack">May 24, 1993 PKK attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%9Fba%C4%9Flar_massacre" title="Başbağlar massacre">Başbağlar massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lice_massacre" title="Lice massacre">Lice massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_army_winter_campaign_of_1994%E2%80%931995" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish army winter campaign of 1994–1995">Winter Campaign of 1994–1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Steel" title="Operation Steel">Operation Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hawk" title="Operation Hawk">Operation Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tokat" title="Operation Tokat">Operation Tokat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Tunceli_bombing" title="1996 Tunceli bombing">1996 Tunceli bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Varto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Varto (page does not exist)">Siege of Varto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazak_assault" title="Sazak assault">Sazak assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hammer_(1997)" title="Operation Hammer (1997)">Operation Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_(1997)" title="Operation Dawn (1997)">Operation Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Murat" title="Operation Murat">Operation Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Istanbul_bombings" title="1999 Istanbul bombings">1999 Istanbul bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Market_massacre" title="Blue Market massacre">Blue Market massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">1999–2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2000_Turkish_Hezbollah_crackdown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2000 Turkish Hezbollah crackdown (page does not exist)">2000 Turkish Hezbollah crackdown</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">2004–2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Ku%C5%9Fadas%C4%B1_minibus_bombing" title="2005 Kuşadası minibus bombing">2005 Kuşadası minibus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Ankara_bombing" title="2007 Ankara bombing">2007 Ankara bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2007_clashes_in_Hakk%C3%A2ri" title="October 2007 clashes in Hakkâri">October 2007 clashes in Hakkâri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2007_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq" title="December 2007 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq">December 2007 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Diyarbak%C4%B1r_bombing" title="2008 Diyarbakır bombing">2008 Diyarbakır bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq" title="2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq">2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Istanbul_bombings" title="2008 Istanbul bombings">2008 Istanbul bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Akt%C3%BCt%C3%BCn_attack" title="2008 Aktütün attack">October 2008 Aktütün attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re%C5%9Fadiye_shooting" title="Reşadiye shooting">Reşadiye shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_%C4%B0skenderun_attack" title="2010 İskenderun attack">2010 İskenderun attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Hakk%C3%A2ri_bus_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Hakkâri bus bombing">2010 Hakkâri bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Istanbul_bombing" title="2010 Istanbul bombing">2010 Istanbul bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2011_Turkey%E2%80%93Iraq_cross-border_raids" title="August 2011 Turkey–Iraq cross-border raids">August 2011 Turkey–Iraq cross-border raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Hakk%C3%A2ri_attack" title="2011 Hakkâri attack">2011 Hakkâri attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roboski_massacre" title="Roboski massacre">Roboski massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June%E2%80%93August_2012_Hakkari_clashes" title="June–August 2012 Hakkari clashes">June–August 2012 Hakkari clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Gaziantep_bombing" title="2012 Gaziantep bombing">2012 Gaziantep bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2012_Beyt%C3%BC%C5%9F%C5%9Febap_attack" title="September 2012 Beytüşşebap attack">September 2012 Beytüşşebap attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_insurgency_(2015%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of the Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency (2015–present)">2015–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Siirt_bombing" title="2015 Siirt bombing">2015 Siirt bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Yal%C3%A7%C4%B1n" title="Operation Martyr Yalçın">Operation Martyr Yalçın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Hakkari_assault" title="2015 Hakkari assault">2015 Hakkari assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Silvan_(2015)" title="Siege of Silvan (2015)">Siege of Silvan (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_clashes_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Şırnak clashes (2015–2016)">Şırnak clashes (2015–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sur_(2016)" title="Siege of Sur (2016)">Siege of Sur (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Lice_bombing" title="February 2016 Lice bombing">February 2016 Lice bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Ankara_bombing" title="February 2016 Ankara bombing">February 2016 Ankara bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2016_Ankara_bombing" title="March 2016 Ankara bombing">March 2016 Ankara bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2016_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq" title="March 2016 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq">March 2016 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Bursa_bombing" title="2016 Bursa bombing">2016 Bursa bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_D%C3%BCr%C3%BCml%C3%BC_bombing" title="May 2016 Dürümlü bombing">May 2016 Dürümlü bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Diyarbak%C4%B1r_bombing" title="May 2016 Diyarbakır bombing">May 2016 Diyarbakır bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Cizre_bombing" title="2016 Cizre bombing">2016 Cizre bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_bombing" title="2016 Elazığ bombing">2016 Elazığ bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Deryan_Aktert" title="Assassination of Deryan Aktert">Assassination of Deryan Aktert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2016_Istanbul_bombings" title="December 2016 Istanbul bombings">December 2016 Istanbul bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Diyarbak%C4%B1r_bombing" title="2017 Diyarbakır bombing">2017 Diyarbakır bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_airstrikes_on_Sinjar_(2018)" title="Turkish airstrikes on Sinjar (2018)">Turkish airstrikes on Sinjar (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Siirt_raid" title="2018 Siirt raid">2018 Siirt raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Gerc%C3%BC%C5%9F_bombing" title="2018 Gercüş bombing">2018 Gercüş bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_%C4%B0skenderun_shootout" title="2020 İskenderun shootout">2020 İskenderun shootout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Eagle_2" title="Operation Claw-Eagle 2">Operation Claw-Eagle 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Lock" title="Operation Claw-Lock">Operation Claw-Lock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakho_resort_attack" title="Zakho resort attack">Zakho resort attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2022_Mersin_attack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2022 Mersin attack (page does not exist)">2022 Mersin attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">Operation Claw-Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Ankara_bombing" title="2023 Ankara bombing">2023 Ankara bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2023_Northeastern_Syria_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="October 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes">October 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Serhildan" title="Serhildan">Serhildan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_1990_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="March 1990 Kurdish protests in Turkey (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_1991_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="March 1991 Kurdish protests in Turkey (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nowruz_1992_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nowruz 1992 protests in Turkey (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1999_Kurdish_protests" title="February 1999 Kurdish protests">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=February_2001_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="February 2001 Kurdish protests in Turkey (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=November_2005_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="November 2005 Kurdish protests in Turkey (page does not exist)">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2006 Kurdish protests in Turkey (page does not exist)">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nowruz_2008_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nowruz 2008 protests in Turkey (page does not exist)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2009_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey" title="December 2009 Kurdish protests in Turkey">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey" title="2011–2012 Kurdish protests in Turkey">2011–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Koban%C3%AE_protests" title="2014 Kobanî protests">2014</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_of_Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Mothers of Diyarbakır">Mothers of Diyarbakır</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace process and peace efforts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%932004_Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_peace_initiatives" title="1991–2004 Kurdish–Turkish peace initiatives">1991–2004 Kurdish–Turkish peace initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932015_PKK%E2%80%93Turkey_peace_process" title="2013–2015 PKK–Turkey peace process">2013–2015 Solution process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_ceasefire" title="1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire">1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Anter_peace_train" title="Musa Anter peace train">Musa Anter peace train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%932010_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_ceasefire" title="2009–2010 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire">2009–2010 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kurdish leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Insurgent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Abdullah Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murat_Karay%C4%B1lan" title="Murat Karayılan">Murat Karayılan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cem%C3%AEl_Bayik" title="Cemîl Bayik">Cemîl Bayik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahoz_Erdal" title="Bahoz Erdal">Bahoz Erdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Karasu" title="Mustafa Karasu">Mustafa Karasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duran_Kalkan" title="Duran Kalkan">Duran Kalkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Haji_Ahmadi" title="Abdul Rahman Haji Ahmadi">Haji Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_%C3%96calan" title="Osman Öcalan">Osman Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahsum_Korkmaz" title="Mahsum Korkmaz">Mahsum Korkmaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eemdin_Sak%C4%B1k" title="Şemdin Sakık">Şemdin Sakık</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizamettin_Ta%C5%9F" title="Nizamettin Taş">Nizamettin Taş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazlum_Do%C4%9Fan" title="Mazlum Doğan">Mazlum Doğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Salih_Mustafa" title="Muhammad Salih Mustafa">Muhammad Mustafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Velio%C4%9Flu" title="Hüseyin Velioğlu">Hüseyin Velioğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celal_Ba%C5%9Fkale" title="Celal Başkale">Celal Başkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smail_%C3%96zden" title="İsmail Özden">İsmail Özden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmet_Fehmi_I%C5%9F%C4%B1klar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmet Fehmi Işıklar (page does not exist)">Ahmet Fehmi Işıklar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_Kaya" title="Yaşar Kaya">Yaşar Kaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyla_Zana" title="Leyla Zana">Leyla Zana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatip_Dicle" title="Hatip Dicle">Hatip Dicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orhan_Do%C4%9Fan" title="Orhan Doğan">Orhan Doğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_T%C3%BCrk" title="Ahmet Türk">Ahmet Türk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murat_Bozlak" title="Murat Bozlak">Murat Bozlak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuncer_Bak%C4%B1rhan" title="Tuncer Bakırhan">Tuncer Bakırhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aysel_Tu%C4%9Fluk" title="Aysel Tuğluk">Aysel Tuğluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selahattin_Demirta%C5%9F" title="Selahattin Demirtaş">Selahattin Demirtaş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurettin_Demirta%C5%9F" title="Nurettin Demirtaş">Nurettin Demirtaş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayla_Akat_Ata" title="Ayla Akat Ata">Ayla Akat Ata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCltan_K%C4%B1%C5%9Fanak" title="Gültan Kışanak">Gültan Kışanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervin_Buldan" title="Pervin Buldan">Pervin Buldan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emine_Ayna" title="Emine Ayna">Emine Ayna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebahat_Tuncel" title="Sebahat Tuncel">Sebahat Tuncel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_Burkay" title="Kemal Burkay">Kemal Burkay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatma_Kurtulan" title="Fatma Kurtulan">Fatma Kurtulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_Baydemir" title="Osman Baydemir">Osman Baydemir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%B1rr%C4%B1_S%C3%BCreyya_%C3%96nder" title="Sırrı Süreyya Önder">Sırrı Süreyya Önder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkish leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenan_Evren" title="Kenan Evren">Kenan Evren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahsin_%C5%9Eahinkaya" title="Tahsin Şahinkaya">Tahsin Şahinkaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClend_Ulusu" title="Bülend Ulusu">Bülend Ulusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurettin_Ersin" title="Nurettin Ersin">Nurettin Ersin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necdet_%C3%9Cru%C4%9F" title="Necdet Üruğ">Necdet Üruğ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necip_Torumtay" title="Necip Torumtay">Necip Torumtay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C5%9Fref_Bitlis" title="Eşref Bitlis">Eşref Bitlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fan_G%C3%BCre%C5%9F" title="Doğan Güreş">Doğan Güreş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smail_Hakk%C4%B1_Karaday%C4%B1" title="İsmail Hakkı Karadayı">İsmail Hakkı Karadayı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_K%C4%B1vr%C4%B1ko%C4%9Flu" title="Hüseyin Kıvrıkoğlu">Hüseyin Kıvrıkoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilmi_%C3%96zk%C3%B6k" title="Hilmi Özkök">Hilmi Özkök</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0brahim_F%C4%B1rt%C4%B1na" title="İbrahim Fırtına">İbrahim Fırtına</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faruk_C%C3%B6mert" title="Faruk Cömert">Faruk Cömert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkan%C4%B1t" title="Yaşar Büyükanıt">Yaşar Büyükanıt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aydo%C4%9Fan_Babao%C4%9Flu" title="Aydoğan Babaoğlu">Aydoğan Babaoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0lker_Ba%C5%9Fbu%C4%9F" title="İlker Başbuğ">İlker Başbuğ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%9F%C4%B1k_Ko%C5%9Faner" title="Işık Koşaner">Işık Koşaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdal_Ceylano%C4%9Flu" title="Erdal Ceylanoğlu">Erdal Ceylanoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necdet_%C3%96zel" title="Necdet Özel">Necdet Özel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayri_K%C4%B1vr%C4%B1ko%C4%9Flu" title="Hayri Kıvrıkoğlu">Hayri Kıvrıkoğlu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Bozer" title="Ali Bozer">Ali Bozer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m_Akbulut" title="Yıldırım Akbulut">Yıldırım Akbulut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesut_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="Mesut Yılmaz">Mesut Yılmaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdal_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Erdal İnönü">Erdal İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tansu_%C3%87iller" title="Tansu Çiller">Tansu Çiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesut_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="Mesut Yılmaz">Mesut Yılmaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Necdet_Sezer" title="Ahmet Necdet Sezer">Ahmet Necdet Sezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_G%C3%BCl" title="Abdullah Gül">Abdullah Gül</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Soylu" title="Süleyman Soylu">Süleyman Soylu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_and_memorials_to_the_Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monuments and memorials to the Kurdish–Turkish conflict">Memorials, monuments</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_cemeteries_to_the_Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="List of military cemeteries to the Kurdish–Turkish conflict">military cemeteries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/33_Martyrs_Memorial" title="33 Martyrs Memorial">33 Martyrs Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCzce_Military_Cemetery" title="Düzce Military Cemetery">Düzce Military Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_of_the_Martyrs_of_Internal_Security" title="Monument of the Martyrs of Internal Security">Monument of the Martyrs of Internal Security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish rebellions in Turkey">Kurdish rebellions in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_refugees" title="Kurdish refugees">Kurdish refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_of_Kurdish_people_in_Turkey" title="Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey">Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_villages_depopulated_by_Turkey" title="Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey">Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_war_crimes" title="Turkish war crimes">Turkish war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_Armed_Forces_operations_in_Northern_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Turkish Armed Forces operations in Northern Iraq">Iraq operations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kurdish_organisations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kurdish_organisations" title="Template:Kurdish organisations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kurdish_organisations" title="Template talk:Kurdish organisations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kurdish_organisations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kurdish organisations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kurdish_organisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kurdish_organisations" title="List of Kurdish organisations">Kurdish organisations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yezidi_National_Union_ULE" title="Yezidi National Union ULE">Yezidi National Union (ULE)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Militant organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komala_Party_of_Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan">Komala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komalah_(CPI)" title="Komalah (CPI)">Komalah (CPI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan">Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran</a> (KDP-I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_(Iran)" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party (Iran)">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> (KDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Freedom_Party" title="Kurdistan Freedom Party">Kurdistan Freedom Party</a> (PAK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Free_Life_Party" title="Kurdistan Free Life Party">Kurdistan Free Life Party</a> (PJAK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_Kurdistan_Struggle" title="Organization of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle">Organization of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipay_Rizgari" class="mw-redirect" title="Sipay Rizgari">Sipay Rizgari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Call_and_Reform_Organization" title="Iranian Call and Reform Organization">Iranian Call and Reform Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_United_Front" title="Kurdish United Front">Kurdish United Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Militant organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Protection_Force" title="Êzîdxan Protection Force">Êzîdxan Protection Force</a> (HPŞ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Resistance_Units" title="Sinjar Resistance Units">Sinjar Resistance Units</a> (YBŞ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Women%27s_Units" title="Êzîdxan Women's Units">Êzîdxan Women's Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asay%C3%AE%C5%9Fa_%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Asayîşa Êzîdxanê">Asayîşa Êzîdxanê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr_Organization#Structure" title="Badr Organization">Fayli Kurd Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Party_for_the_Independence_of_Kurdistan" title="Action Party for the Independence of Kurdistan">Action Party for the Independence of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Democratic National Union of Kurdistan">Democratic National Union of Kurdistan</a> (YNDK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Patriotic_Alliance_of_Kurdistan" title="Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan">Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan</a> (DPAK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Change" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Change">Gorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Fayli_Grouping_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Fayli Grouping in Iraq">Islamic Fayli Grouping in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Islamic_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Islamic Group">Kurdistan Islamic Group</a> (IGK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Islamic_Movement" title="Kurdistan Islamic Movement">Kurdistan Islamic Movement</a> (IMK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Tribal_Association" title="Kurdish Tribal Association">Kurdish Tribal Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Communist Party of Kurdistan – Iraq">Communist Party of Kurdistan – Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Conservative_Party" title="Kurdistan Conservative Party">Kurdistan Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> (KDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_%E2%80%93_Progressive_Front" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party – Progressive Front">Kurdistan Democratic Party – Progressive Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Solution_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Solution Party">Kurdistan Democratic Solution Party</a> (PÇDK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Islamic_Union" title="Kurdistan Islamic Union">Kurdistan Islamic Union</a> (KIU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Generation_Movement" title="New Generation Movement">New Generation Movement</a> (NG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_List" title="Kurdistan List">Kurdistan List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Revolutionary_Party" title="Kurdistan Revolutionary Party">Kurdistan Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Socialist_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Socialist Democratic Party">Kurdistan Socialist Democratic Party</a> (KSDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Toilers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Toilers' Party">Kurdistan Toilers' Party</a> (KZP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a> (PUK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_and_Reform_List" title="Service and Reform List">Service and Reform List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shursh" title="Shursh">Shursh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Political_parties" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Democratic_Party_(Lebanon)" title="Kurdish Democratic Party (Lebanon)">Kurdish Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razkari_Party" title="Razkari Party">Razkari Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Militant organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Descendants_of_Saladin_Brigade" title="Descendants of Saladin Brigade">Descendants of Saladin Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> (YPG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a> (YPJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabhat_al-Akrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat al-Akrad">Kurdish Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a> (KNC-ENKS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Supreme_Committee" title="Kurdish Supreme Committee">Kurdish Supreme Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Alliance_in_Syria" title="Kurdish National Alliance in Syria">Kurdish National Alliance in Syria</a> (HNKS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_of_Syria" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria">Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria</a> (KDP-S)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Democratic_Political_Union" title="Kurdish Democratic Political Union">Kurdish Democratic Political Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Movement for a Democratic Society">Movement for a Democratic Society</a> (TEV-DEM)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Militant organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> (PKK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Hezbollah" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Hezbollah">Kurdish Hizbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defence_Forces" title="People's Defence Forces">People's Defence Forces</a> (HPG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Women%27s_Units" title="Free Women's Units">Free Women's Units</a> (YJA-STAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Freedom_Hawks" title="Kurdistan Freedom Hawks">Kurdistan Freedom Hawks</a> (TAK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YDG-H" title="YDG-H">Patriotic Revolutionary Youth Movement</a> (YDG-H)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Protection_Units" title="Civil Protection Units">Civil Protection Units</a> (YPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Protection_Units-Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Protection Units-Women">Civil Protection Units-Women</a> (YPS-Jin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Political_Movement_in_Turkey" title="Kurdish Political Movement in Turkey">Political parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Kurdistan">Communist Party of Kurdistan</a> (KKP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Party_(Turkey)" title="Democracy Party (Turkey)">Democracy Party</a> (DEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Turkey)" title="Democratic People's Party (Turkey)">Democratic People's Party</a> (DEHAP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Society_Party" title="Democratic Society Party">Democratic Society Party</a> (DTP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Regions_Party" title="Democratic Regions Party">Democratic Regions Party</a> (DBP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cause_Party" title="Free Cause Party">Free Cause Party</a> (HÜDA PAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Democracy_Party" title="Freedom and Democracy Party">Freedom and Democracy Party</a> (ÖZDEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Equality_Party" title="Freedom and Equality Party">Freedom and Equality Party</a> (ÖZEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Communities_Union" title="Kurdistan Communities Union">Kurdistan Communities Union</a> (KCK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Islamic_Movement_(Turkey)" title="Kurdistan Islamic Movement (Turkey)">Kurdistan Islamic Movement</a> (HİK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Party_of_Kurdistan" title="Islamic Party of Kurdistan">Islamic Party of Kurdistan</a> (PİK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party/North" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party/North">Kurdistan Democratic Party/North</a> (KDP/Bakur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Democracy_Party_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace and Democracy Party (Turkey)">Peace and Democracy Party</a> (BDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">Peoples' Democratic Party</a> (HDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democracy_Party" title="People's Democracy Party">People's Democracy Party</a> (HADEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Equality_and_Democracy_Party" title="Peoples' Equality and Democracy Party">Peoples' Equality and Democracy Party</a> (DEM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Labor Party">People's Labor Party</a> (HEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Party_of_Kurdistan" title="Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan">Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan</a> (PŞK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_and_Freedoms_Party" title="Rights and Freedoms Party">Rights and Freedoms Party</a> (HAK-PAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Rise_of_Kurdistan" title="Society for the Rise of Kurdistan">Society for the Rise of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xoyb%C3%BBn" title="Xoybûn">Xoybûn</a> (CSK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Vanguard_Party_of_Kurdistan" title="Workers Vanguard Party of Kurdistan">Workers Vanguard Party of Kurdistan</a> (PPKK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kingdom of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistansky_Uyezd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistansky Uyezd">Kurdistansky Uyezd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ararat" title="Republic of Ararat">Republic of Ararat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Republic of Mahabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan 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