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<li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_and_portability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_and_portability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Examples and portability</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples_and_portability-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples and portability subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples_and_portability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Code_sample_comparisons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Code_sample_comparisons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Code sample comparisons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Code_sample_comparisons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ALGOL_60" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ALGOL_60"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>ALGOL 60</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ALGOL_60-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ALGOL_68" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ALGOL_68"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>ALGOL 68</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ALGOL_68-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline:_Hello_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline:_Hello_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Timeline: Hello world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline:_Hello_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ALGOL_58_(IAL)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ALGOL_58_(IAL)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>ALGOL 58 (IAL)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ALGOL_58_(IAL)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ALGOL_60_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ALGOL_60_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>ALGOL 60 family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ALGOL_60_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ALGOL_68_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ALGOL_68_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>ALGOL 68</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ALGOL_68_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_ALGOL_special_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_ALGOL_special_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Timeline of ALGOL special characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_ALGOL_special_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ALGOL_implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ALGOL_implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>ALGOL implementations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ALGOL_implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ALGOL</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A9)" title="ألغول (لغة برمجة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألغول (لغة برمجة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algol_dili" title="Algol dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Algol dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2" title="অ্যালগল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যালগল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Алгол – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алгол" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algolo_(programlingvo)" title="Algolo (programlingvo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Algolo (programlingvo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84" title="الگول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الگول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algol_(langage)" title="Algol (langage) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Algol (langage)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algol" title="Algol – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Algol" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algol" title="Algol – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Algol" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EA%B3%A8_(%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%EB%B0%8D_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4)" title="알골 (프로그래밍 언어) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알골 (프로그래밍 언어)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%AC_(%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4)" title="Ալգոլ (անվանում) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալգոլ (անվանում)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Алгол – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алгол" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algol" title="Algol – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Algol" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE_(%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7)" title="അൽഗോൾ (പ്രോഗ്രാമിങ് ഭാഷ) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അൽഗോൾ (പ്രോഗ്രാമിങ് ഭാഷ)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algol_(programmeertaal)" title="Algol (programmeertaal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Algol (programmeertaal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL_(programmeringsspr%C3%A5k)" title="ALGOL (programmeringsspråk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="ALGOL (programmeringsspråk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Алгол – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алгол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algol_(programspr%C3%A5k)" title="Algol (programspråk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Algol (programspråk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Алгол – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Алгол" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="ALGOL" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of programming languages</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the programming language family. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Algol_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Algol (disambiguation)">Algol (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">ALGOL</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1965_ALGOL-20_A_Language_Manual,_Fierst_et_al_-_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/1965_ALGOL-20_A_Language_Manual%2C_Fierst_et_al_-_cover.jpg/121px-1965_ALGOL-20_A_Language_Manual%2C_Fierst_et_al_-_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/1965_ALGOL-20_A_Language_Manual%2C_Fierst_et_al_-_cover.jpg/182px-1965_ALGOL-20_A_Language_Manual%2C_Fierst_et_al_-_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/1965_ALGOL-20_A_Language_Manual%2C_Fierst_et_al_-_cover.jpg/242px-1965_ALGOL-20_A_Language_Manual%2C_Fierst_et_al_-_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="452" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A 1965 manual for ALGOL-20</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">Procedural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data">ALGOL</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ludwig_Bauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Ludwig Bauer">Bauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bottenbruch" title="Hermann Bottenbruch">Bottenbruch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Rutishauser" title="Heinz Rutishauser">Rutishauser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Samelson" title="Klaus Samelson">Samelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Warner_Backus" class="mw-redirect" title="John Warner Backus">Backus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Katz" title="Charles Katz">Katz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Jay_Perlis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Jay Perlis">Perlis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Wegstein" title="Joseph Henry Wegstein">Wegstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Naur" title="Peter Naur">Naur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Vauquois" title="Bernard Vauquois">Vauquois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adriaan_van_Wijngaarden" title="Adriaan van Wijngaarden">van Wijngaarden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Woodger" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Woodger">Woodger</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julien_Green_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julien Green (computer scientist) (page does not exist)">Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">McCarthy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">1958<span class="noprint">; 67 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1958</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Static_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Static type">Static</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Scope_(computer_science)" title="Scope (computer science)">Scope</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Scope_(computer_science)" title="Scope (computer science)">Lexical</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Most subsequent imperative languages (including so-called <i>ALGOL-like</i> languages)<br />e.g. <a href="/wiki/PL/I" title="PL/I">PL/I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>ALGOL</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span>; short for "<b>Algorithmic Language</b>")<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a family of <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a> computer <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> originally developed in 1958. ALGOL heavily influenced many other languages and was the standard method for <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a> description used by the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> (ACM) in textbooks and academic sources for more than thirty years.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the sense that the <a href="/wiki/Syntax_(programming_languages)" title="Syntax (programming languages)">syntax</a> of most modern languages is "Algol-like",<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was arguably more influential than three other high-level programming languages among which it was roughly contemporary: <a href="/wiki/FORTRAN" class="mw-redirect" title="FORTRAN">FORTRAN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was designed to avoid some of the perceived problems with FORTRAN and eventually gave rise to many other programming languages, including <a href="/wiki/PL/I" title="PL/I">PL/I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a>, <a href="/wiki/BCPL" title="BCPL">BCPL</a>, <a href="/wiki/B_(programming_language)" title="B (programming language)">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>. </p><p>ALGOL introduced <a href="/wiki/Block_(programming)" title="Block (programming)">code blocks</a> and the <code>begin</code>...<code>end</code> pairs for delimiting them. It was also the first language implementing <a href="/wiki/Nested_function" title="Nested function">nested function</a> definitions with <a href="/wiki/Lexical_scope" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical scope">lexical scope</a>. Moreover, it was the first programming language which gave detailed attention to formal language definition and through the <i><a href="/wiki/Algol_60#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Algol 60">Algol 60 Report</a></i> introduced <a href="/wiki/Backus%E2%80%93Naur_form" title="Backus–Naur form">Backus–Naur form</a>, a principal <a href="/wiki/Formal_grammar" title="Formal grammar">formal grammar</a> notation for language design. </p><p>There were three major specifications, named after the years they were first published: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_58" title="ALGOL 58">ALGOL 58</a> – originally proposed to be called <i>IAL</i>, for <i>International Algebraic Language</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a> – first implemented as <i>X1 ALGOL 60</i> in 1961. Revised 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a> – introduced new elements including flexible arrays, slices, parallelism, operator identification. Revised 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-a68_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a68-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>ALGOL 68 is substantially different from ALGOL 60 and was not well received,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (May 2023)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> so reference to "Algol" is generally understood to mean ALGOL 60 and its dialects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ALGOL was developed jointly by a committee of European and American computer scientists in a meeting in 1958 at the <a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich</a> (cf. <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_58" title="ALGOL 58">ALGOL 58</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It specified three different syntaxes: a reference syntax, a publication syntax, and an implementation syntax, syntaxes that permitted it to use different keyword names and conventions for decimal points (commas vs periods) for different languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ALGOL was used mostly by research computer scientists in the United States and in Europe; commercial applications were hindered by the absence of standard <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">input/output</a> facilities in its description, and the lack of interest in the language by large computer vendors (other than <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation" title="Burroughs Corporation">Burroughs Corporation</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ALGOL 60 did however become the standard for the publication of algorithms and had a profound effect on future language development.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algol%26Fortran_family-by-Borkowski.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Algol%26Fortran_family-by-Borkowski.svg/220px-Algol%26Fortran_family-by-Borkowski.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Algol%26Fortran_family-by-Borkowski.svg/330px-Algol%26Fortran_family-by-Borkowski.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Algol%26Fortran_family-by-Borkowski.svg/440px-Algol%26Fortran_family-by-Borkowski.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>Family tree of the Algol, <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a> and <a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> programming language dynasty</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">John Backus</a> developed the <i>Backus normal form</i> method of describing programming languages specifically for ALGOL 58. It was revised and expanded by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Naur" title="Peter Naur">Peter Naur</a> for ALGOL 60, and at <a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a>'s suggestion renamed <a href="/wiki/Backus%E2%80%93Naur_form" title="Backus–Naur form">Backus–Naur form</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peter Naur: "As editor of the ALGOL Bulletin I was drawn into the international discussions of the language and was selected to be member of the European language design group in November 1959. In this capacity I was the editor of the ALGOL 60 report, produced as the result of the ALGOL 60 meeting in Paris in January 1960."<sup id="cite_ref-naur_acm_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naur_acm-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following people attended the meeting in Paris (from 11 to 16 January):<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ludwig_Bauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Ludwig Bauer">Friedrich Ludwig Bauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Naur" title="Peter Naur">Peter Naur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Rutishauser" title="Heinz Rutishauser">Heinz Rutishauser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Samelson" title="Klaus Samelson">Klaus Samelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Vauquois" title="Bernard Vauquois">Bernard Vauquois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adriaan_van_Wijngaarden" title="Adriaan van Wijngaarden">Adriaan van Wijngaarden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Woodger" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Woodger">Michael Woodger</a> (from Europe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warner_Backus" class="mw-redirect" title="John Warner Backus">John Warner Backus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julien_Green_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julien Green (computer scientist) (page does not exist)">Julien Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Katz" title="Charles Katz">Charles Katz</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Jay_Perlis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Jay Perlis">Alan Jay Perlis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Wegstein" title="Joseph Henry Wegstein">Joseph Henry Wegstein</a> (from the US).</li></ul> <p>Alan Perlis gave a vivid description of the meeting: "The meetings were exhausting, interminable, and exhilarating. One became aggravated when one's good ideas were discarded along with the bad ones of others. Nevertheless, diligence persisted during the entire period. The chemistry of the 13 was excellent."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A significant contribution of the ALGOL 58 Report was to provide standard terms for programming concepts: statement, declaration, type, label, primary, block, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ALGOL 60 inspired many languages that followed it. <a href="/wiki/Tony_Hoare" title="Tony Hoare">Tony Hoare</a> remarked: "Here is a language so far ahead of its time that it was not only an improvement on its predecessors but also on nearly all its successors."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a> programming language, a variant of <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a> that adopted the block structure and lexical scope of ALGOL, also adopted the wording "Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme" for its standards documents in homage to ALGOL.<sup id="cite_ref-r3rs_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r3rs-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/ALGOL" title="Special:EditPage/ALGOL">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>ALGOL 60 as officially defined had no <a href="/wiki/I/O" class="mw-redirect" title="I/O">I/O</a> facilities; implementations defined their own in ways that were rarely compatible with each other. In contrast, ALGOL 68 offered an extensive library of <i>transput</i> (input/output) facilities. </p><p>ALGOL 60 allowed for two <a href="/wiki/Evaluation_strategy" title="Evaluation strategy">evaluation strategies</a> for <a href="/wiki/Parameter_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameter (computer science)">parameter</a> passing: the common <a href="/wiki/Call-by-value" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-by-value">call-by-value</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Call-by-name" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-by-name">call-by-name</a>. Call-by-name has certain effects in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Call-by-reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-by-reference">call-by-reference</a>. For example, without specifying the parameters as <i>value</i> or <i>reference</i>, it is impossible to develop a procedure that will swap the values of two parameters if the actual parameters that are passed in are an integer variable and an array that is indexed by that same integer variable.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Think of passing a pointer to swap(i, A[i]) in to a function. Now that every time swap is referenced, it is reevaluated. Say i := 1 and A[i] := 2, so every time swap is referenced it will return the other combination of the values ([1,2], [2,1], [1,2] and so on). A similar situation occurs with a random function passed as actual argument. </p><p>Call-by-name is known by many compiler designers for the interesting "<a href="/wiki/Thunk" title="Thunk">thunks</a>" that are used to implement it. <a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a> devised the "<a href="/wiki/Man_or_boy_test" title="Man or boy test">man or boy test</a>" to separate compilers that correctly implemented "<a href="/wiki/Recursion_(computer_science)" title="Recursion (computer science)">recursion</a> and non-local references." This test contains an example of call-by-name. </p><p>ALGOL 68 was defined using a two-level grammar formalism invented by <a href="/wiki/Adriaan_van_Wijngaarden" title="Adriaan van Wijngaarden">Adriaan van Wijngaarden</a> and which bears his name. <a href="/wiki/Van_Wijngaarden_grammar" title="Van Wijngaarden grammar">Van Wijngaarden grammars</a> use a <a href="/wiki/Context-free_grammar" title="Context-free grammar">context-free grammar</a> to generate an infinite set of productions that will recognize a particular ALGOL 68 program; notably, they are able to express the kind of requirements that in many other programming language standards are labelled "semantics" and have to be expressed in ambiguity-prone natural language prose, and then implemented in compilers as <i>ad hoc</i> code attached to the formal language parser. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_and_portability">Examples and portability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples and portability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: further annotation indicating sources of code samples, as Wikipedia disallows presentation of individual editor creations or other original research. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ALGOL&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Code_sample_comparisons">Code sample comparisons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Code sample comparisons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ALGOL_60">ALGOL 60</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: ALGOL 60"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(The way the bold text has to be written depends on the implementation, e.g. 'INTEGER'—quotation marks included—for integer. This is known as <a href="/wiki/Stropping_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stropping (programming)">stropping</a>.) </p> <pre><b>procedure</b> Absmax(a) Size:(n, m) Result:(y) Subscripts:(i, k); <b>value</b> n, m; <b>array</b> a; <b>integer</b> n, m, i, k; <b>real</b> y; <b>comment</b> The absolute greatest element of the matrix a, of size n by m, is copied to y, and the subscripts of this element to i and k; <b>begin</b> <b>integer</b> p, q; y := 0; i := k := 1; <b>for</b> p := 1 <b>step</b> 1 <b>until</b> n <b>do</b> <b>for</b> q := 1 <b>step</b> 1 <b>until</b> m <b>do</b> <b>if</b> abs(a[p, q]) > y <b>then</b> <b>begin</b> y := abs(a[p, q]); i := p; k := q <b>end</b> <b>end</b> Absmax </pre> <p>Here is an example of how to produce a <a href="/wiki/Table_(information)" title="Table (information)">table</a> using Elliott 803 ALGOL.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <pre> FLOATING POINT ALGOL TEST' BEGIN REAL A,B,C,D' READ D' FOR A:= 0.0 STEP D UNTIL 6.3 DO BEGIN PRINT <abbr title="sends output to the teleprinter rather than the tape punch.">PUNCH(3)</abbr>,££L??' B := SIN(A)' C := COS(A)' PRINT PUNCH(3),<abbr title="suppresses the carriage return + line feed normally printed between arguments.">SAMELINE</abbr>,<abbr title="controls the format of the output with one digit before and six after the decimal point.">ALIGNED(1,6)</abbr>,A,B,C' END END' </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ALGOL_68">ALGOL 68</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: ALGOL 68"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following code samples are ALGOL 68 versions of the above ALGOL 60 code samples. </p><p>ALGOL 68 implementations used ALGOL 60's approaches to <a href="/wiki/Stropping_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stropping (programming)">stropping</a>. In ALGOL 68's case tokens with the bold typeface are reserved words, types (modes) or operators. </p> <pre><b>proc</b> abs max = ([,]<b>real</b> a, <b>ref</b> <b>real</b> y, <b>ref</b> <b>int</b> i, k)<b>real</b>: <b>comment</b> The absolute greatest element of the matrix a, of size ⌈a by 2⌈a is transferred to y, and the subscripts of this element to i and k; <b>comment</b> <b>begin</b> <b>real</b> y := 0; i := ⌊a; k := 2⌊a; <b>for</b> p <b>from</b> ⌊a <b>to</b> ⌈a <b>do</b> <b>for</b> q <b>from</b> 2⌊a <b>to</b> 2⌈a <b>do</b> <b>if</b> <b>abs</b> a[p, q] > y <b>then</b> y := <b>abs</b> a[p, q]; i := p; k := q <b>fi</b> <b>od</b> <b>od</b>; y <b>end</b> # abs max # </pre> <p>Note: lower (⌊) and upper (⌈) bounds of an array, and array slicing, are directly available to the programmer. </p> <pre>floating point algol68 test: ( <b>real</b> a,b,c,d;   # <i>printf</i> – sends output to the <b>file</b> <i>stand out</i>. # # <i>printf($p$);</i> – selects a <i>new page</i> # printf(($pg$,"Enter d:")); read(d);   <b>for</b> step <b>from</b> 0 <b>while</b> a:=step*d; a <= 2*pi <b>do</b> printf($l$); # <i>$l$</i> - selects a <i>new line</i>. # b := sin(a); c := cos(a); printf(($z-d.6d$,a,b,c)) # formats output with 1 digit before and 6 after the decimal point. # <b>od</b> ) </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline:_Hello_world">Timeline: Hello world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Timeline: Hello world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The variations and lack of portability of the programs from one implementation to another is easily demonstrated by the classic <a href="/wiki/Hello_world_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Hello world program">hello world program</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ALGOL_58_(IAL)"><span id="ALGOL_58_.28IAL.29"></span>ALGOL 58 (IAL)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: ALGOL 58 (IAL)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_58" title="ALGOL 58">ALGOL 58</a></div> <p>ALGOL 58 had no I/O facilities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ALGOL_60_family">ALGOL 60 family</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: ALGOL 60 family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a></div> <p>Since ALGOL 60 had no I/O facilities, there is no portable <a href="/wiki/Hello_world_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Hello world program">hello world program</a> in ALGOL. The next three examples are in Burroughs Extended Algol. The first two direct output at the interactive terminal they are run on. The first uses a character array, similar to C. The language allows the array identifier to be used as a pointer to the array, and hence in a REPLACE statement. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-m2 mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kr">BEGIN</span> <span class="n">FILE</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">KIND</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">REMOTE</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="n">EBCDIC</span> <span class="kr">ARRAY</span> <span class="n">E</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">];</span> <span class="n">REPLACE</span> <span class="n">E</span> <span class="kr">BY</span> <span class="s2">"HELLO WORLD!"</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nb">WRITE</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">E</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="kr">END</span><span class="p">.</span> </pre></div> <p>A simpler program using an inline format: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-m2 mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kr">BEGIN</span> <span class="n">FILE</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">KIND</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">REMOTE</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="nb">WRITE</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="s2">"HELLO WORLD!"</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="kr">END</span><span class="p">.</span> </pre></div> <p>An even simpler program using the Display statement. Note that its output would end up at the system console ('SPO'): </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-m2 mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kr">BEGIN</span> <span class="n">DISPLAY</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"HELLO WORLD!"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="kr">END</span><span class="p">.</span> </pre></div> <p>An alternative example, using Elliott Algol I/O is as follows. Elliott Algol used different characters for "open-string-quote" and "close-string-quote", represented here by <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0); color:;border:1px solid silver;"> <a href="/wiki/%E2%80%98" class="mw-redirect" title="‘">‘</a> </span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0); color:;border:1px solid silver;"> <a href="/wiki/Single_quotation_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Single quotation mark">’</a> </span>. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-pascal mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">program</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HiFolks</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">begin</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">print</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">‘</span><span class="n">Hello</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">world</span><span class="err">’</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span><span class="o">;</span> </pre></div> <p>Below is a version from Elliott 803 Algol (A104). The standard Elliott 803 used five-hole paper tape and thus only had upper case. The code lacked any quote characters so £ (UK Pound Sign) was used for open quote and ? (Question Mark) for close quote. Special sequences were placed in double quotes (e.g£. £L?? produced a new line on the teleprinter). </p> <pre> HIFOLKS' BEGIN PRINT £HELLO WORLD£L??' END' </pre> <p>The <a href="/wiki/ICT_1900_series" title="ICT 1900 series">ICT 1900 series</a> Algol I/O version allowed input from paper tape or punched card. Paper tape 'full' mode allowed lower case. Output was to a line printer. The open and close quote characters were represented using '(' and ')' and spaces by %.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <pre> 'BEGIN' WRITE TEXT('('HELLO%WORLD')'); 'END' </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ALGOL_68_2">ALGOL 68</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: ALGOL 68"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a></div> <p><b>ALGOL 68</b> code was published with reserved words typically in lowercase, but bolded or underlined. </p> <pre><b>begin</b> printf(($gl$,"Hello, world!")) <b>end</b> </pre> <p>In the language of the "Algol 68 Report" the <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">input/output</a> facilities were collectively called the "Transput". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline_of_ALGOL_special_characters">Timeline of ALGOL special characters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Timeline of ALGOL special characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains Unicode 6.0 "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2300.pdf">Miscellaneous Technical</a>" characters.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Unicode#External_links" title="Unicode">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of something like "₁₀" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mailcom.com/unicode/DecimalExponent.ttf">Decimal Exponent Symbol U+23E8 TTF</a>).</div></div> </div> <p>The ALGOLs were conceived at a time when character sets were diverse and evolving rapidly; also, the ALGOLs were defined so that only <i>uppercase</i> letters were required. </p><p>1960: <a href="/wiki/IFIP" class="mw-redirect" title="IFIP">IFIP</a> – The Algol 60 language and report included several mathematical symbols which are available on modern computers and operating systems, but, unfortunately, were unsupported on most computing systems at the time. For instance: ×, ÷, ≤, ≥, ≠, ¬, ∨, ∧, ⊂, ≡, ␣ and ⏨. </p><p>1961 September: ASCII – The <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> character set, then in an early stage of development, had the <a href="/wiki//" class="mw-redirect" title="/">\</a> (Back slash) character added to it in order to support ALGOL's <a href="/wiki/Boolean_data_type" title="Boolean data type">Boolean</a> operators <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68#Dyadic_operators_with_associated_priorities" title="ALGOL 68">/\</a> and <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68#Dyadic_operators_with_associated_priorities" title="ALGOL 68">\/</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1962: <a href="/wiki/ALCOR" title="ALCOR">ALCOR</a> – This character set included the unusual "᛭" runic cross<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> character for multiplication and the "⏨" Decimal Exponent Symbol<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for floating point notation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1964: <a href="/wiki/GOST" title="GOST">GOST</a> – The 1964 Soviet standard <a href="/wiki/GOST_10859" title="GOST 10859">GOST 10859</a> allowed the encoding of 4-bit, 5-bit, 6-bit and 7-bit characters in ALGOL.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1968: The "Algol 68 Report" – used extant ALGOL characters, and further adopted →, ↓, ↑, □, ⌊, ⌈, ⎩, ⎧, ○, ⊥, and ¢ characters which can be found on the <a href="/wiki/IBM_2741" title="IBM 2741">IBM 2741</a> keyboard with <i><a href="/wiki/IBM_Selectric_typewriter" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Selectric typewriter">typeball</a></i> (or <i>golf ball</i>) <a href="/wiki/Printer_(computing)#Typewriter-derived_printers" title="Printer (computing)">print heads</a> inserted (such as the <a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)#Hardware" title="APL (programming language)">APL golf ball</a>). These became available in the mid-1960s while ALGOL 68 was being drafted. The report was translated into Russian, German, French, and Bulgarian, and allowed programming in languages with larger character sets, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> alphabet of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/BESM" title="BESM">BESM</a>-4. All ALGOL's characters are also part of the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> standard and most of them are available in several popular <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">fonts</a>. </p><p>2009 October: <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> – The <code>⏨</code> (Decimal Exponent Symbol) for floating point notation was added to Unicode 5.2 for backward compatibility with historic <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran programme</a> ALGOL software.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ALGOL_implementations">ALGOL implementations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: ALGOL implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To date there have been at least 70 augmentations, extensions, derivations and sublanguages of Algol 60.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Year </th> <th>Author </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Description </th> <th>Target CPU </th></tr> <tr> <td>ZMMD-implementation</td> <td>1958</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_L._Bauer" title="Friedrich L. Bauer">Friedrich L. Bauer</a>, Heinz Rutishauser, Klaus Samelson, Hermann Bottenbruch</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>implementation of <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_58" title="ALGOL 58">ALGOL 58</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z22_(computer)" title="Z22 (computer)">Z22</a> <br /> (later <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Zuse" title="Konrad Zuse">Zuse</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Z23_(computer)" title="Z23 (computer)">Z23</a> was delivered with an Algol 60 compiler)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>X1 ALGOL 60</td> <td>1960 August<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Edsger W. Dijkstra</a> and <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaap_Zonneveld" class="extiw" title="nl:Jaap Zonneveld">Jaap A. Zonneveld</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>First implementation of ALGOL 60<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Electrologica_X1" title="Electrologica X1">Electrologica X1</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elliott_ALGOL" title="Elliott ALGOL">Elliott ALGOL</a></td> <td>1960s</td> <td><a href="/wiki/C._A._R._Hoare" class="mw-redirect" title="C. A. R. Hoare">C. A. R. Hoare</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></td> <td>Subject of the 1980 <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> Lecture<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elliott_803" title="Elliott 803">Elliott 803</a>, Elliott 503, Elliott 4100 series </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/JOVIAL" title="JOVIAL">JOVIAL</a></td> <td>1960</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jules_Schwartz" title="Jules Schwartz">Jules Schwartz</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a></td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">DOD</a> <a href="/wiki/High_level_language" class="mw-redirect" title="High level language">HOL</a> prior to <a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a></td> <td>Various (see article) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Large_Systems#ALGOL" title="Burroughs Large Systems">Burroughs Algol</a> <br /> (Several variants)</td> <td>1961</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation" title="Burroughs Corporation">Burroughs Corporation</a> (with participation by Hoare, <a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Dijkstra</a>, and others)</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a></td> <td>Basis of the <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation" title="Burroughs Corporation">Burroughs</a> (and now <a href="/wiki/Unisys" title="Unisys">Unisys</a> <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_MCP" title="Burroughs MCP">MCP</a> based) computers</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Large_Systems" title="Burroughs Large Systems">Burroughs Large Systems</a> and their midrange also. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_ALGOL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Case ALGOL (page does not exist)">Case ALGOL</a></td> <td>1961</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Institute of Technology</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a> was originally contracted as a simulation extension of the Case ALGOL</td> <td><a href="/wiki/UNIVAC_1107" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIVAC 1107">UNIVAC 1107</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=GOGOL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GOGOL (page does not exist)">GOGOL</a></td> <td>1961</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_M._McKeeman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William M. McKeeman (page does not exist)">William M. McKeeman</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a></td> <td>For ODIN time-sharing system<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/PDP-1" title="PDP-1">PDP-1</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=RegneCentralen_ALGOL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RegneCentralen ALGOL (page does not exist)">RegneCentralen ALGOL</a></td> <td>1961</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Naur" title="Peter Naur">Peter Naur</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Jensen" title="Jørn Jensen">Jørn Jensen</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></td> <td>Implementation of full Algol 60</td> <td>DASK at Regnecentralen </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_ALGOL_30" title="Dartmouth ALGOL 30">Dartmouth ALGOL 30</a></td> <td>1962</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eugene_Kurtz" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Eugene Kurtz">Thomas Eugene Kurtz</a> et al.</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/LGP-30" title="LGP-30">LGP-30</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_90_Algol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USS 90 Algol (page does not exist)">USS 90 Algol</a></td> <td>1962</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Petrone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L. Petrone (page does not exist)">L. Petrone</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ALGOL 60 </td> <td>1962 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Vauquois" title="Bernard Vauquois">Bernard Vauquois</a>, Louis Bolliet<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>Institut d'Informatique et Mathématiques Appliquées de Grenoble (IMAG) and Compagnie des Machines Bull </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bull_Gamma_60" title="Bull Gamma 60">Bull Gamma 60</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Algol Translator</td> <td>1962</td> <td>G. van der Mey and <a href="/wiki/Willem_van_der_Poel" title="Willem van der Poel">W.L. van der Poel</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>Staatsbedrijf der Posterijen, Telegrafie en Telefonie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ZEBRA_(computer)" title="ZEBRA (computer)">ZEBRA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kidsgrove_Algol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kidsgrove Algol (page does not exist)">Kidsgrove Algol</a></td> <td>1963</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._G._Duncan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F. G. Duncan (page does not exist)">F. G. Duncan</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/English_Electric" title="English Electric">English Electric Company</a> <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_KDF9" title="English Electric KDF9">KDF9</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=VALGOL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VALGOL (page does not exist)">VALGOL</a></td> <td>1963</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Val_Schorre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Val Schorre (page does not exist)">Val Schorre</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a></td> <td>A test of the <a href="/wiki/META_II" title="META II">META II</a> compiler compiler </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Whetstone_(benchmark)" title="Whetstone (benchmark)">Whetstone</a></td> <td>1964</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brian_Randell" title="Brian Randell">Brian Randell</a> and L. J. Russell</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></td> <td>Atomic Power Division of English Electric Company. Precursor to <a href="/wiki/Ferranti_Pegasus" title="Ferranti Pegasus">Ferranti Pegasus</a>, National Physical Laboratories <a href="/wiki/Automatic_Computing_Engine" title="Automatic Computing Engine">ACE</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_DEUCE" title="English Electric DEUCE">English Electric DEUCE</a> implementations.</td> <td>English Electric Company <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_KDF9" title="English Electric KDF9">KDF9</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=NU_ALGOL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NU ALGOL (page does not exist)">NU ALGOL</a></td> <td>1965</td> <td></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/60px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/UNIVAC" title="UNIVAC">UNIVAC</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ALGEK</td> <td>1965</td> <td></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>АЛГЭК, based on ALGOL-60 and <a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> support, for economical tasks</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minsk_family_of_computers" title="Minsk family of computers">Minsk-22</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_W" title="ALGOL W">ALGOL W</a></td> <td>1966</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a></td> <td>Proposed successor to ALGOL 60</td> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360" title="IBM System/360">IBM System/360</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=MALGOL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MALGOL (page does not exist)">MALGOL</a></td> <td>1966</td> <td>publ. A. Viil, M Kotli & M. Rakhendi,</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian SSR</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minsk_family_of_computers" title="Minsk family of computers">Minsk-22</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGAMS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ALGAMS (page does not exist)">ALGAMS</a></td> <td>1967</td> <td>GAMS group (ГАМС, группа автоматизации программирования для машин среднего класса), cooperation of Comecon Academies of Science</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minsk_family_of_computers" title="Minsk family of computers">Minsk-22</a>, later <a href="/wiki/ES_EVM" title="ES EVM">ES EVM</a>, <a href="/wiki/BESM" title="BESM">BESM</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL/ZAM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ALGOL/ZAM (page does not exist)">ALGOL/ZAM</a></td> <td>1967</td> <td></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td></td> <td>Polish <a href="/w/index.php?title=ZAM_(computer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZAM (computer) (page does not exist)">ZAM</a> computer </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula 67</a></td> <td>1967</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ole-Johan_Dahl" title="Ole-Johan Dahl">Ole-Johan Dahl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard" title="Kristen Nygaard">Kristen Nygaard</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/60px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td> <td>Algol 60 with classes</td> <td><a href="/wiki/UNIVAC_1107" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIVAC 1107">UNIVAC 1107</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Triplex"></span><a href="/wiki/Triplex-ALGOL_Karlsruhe" class="mw-redirect" title="Triplex-ALGOL Karlsruhe">Triplex-ALGOL Karlsruhe</a></td> <td>1967/1968</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>ALGOL 60 (1963) with <a href="/wiki/Triplex_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Triplex number">triplex numbers</a> for <a href="/wiki/Interval_arithmetic" title="Interval arithmetic">interval arithmetic</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Wippermann_1968_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wippermann_1968-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080722231533/http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage.prx?exp=7288&language=Chinese%20Algol">Chinese Algol</a></td> <td>1972</td> <td> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>Chinese characters, expressed via the Symbol system </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/DG/L" title="DG/L">DG/L</a></td> <td>1972</td> <td></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a></td> <td></td> <td>DG <a href="/wiki/Data_General_Eclipse" title="Data General Eclipse">Eclipse</a> family of Computers </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S-algol" title="S-algol">S-algol</a></td> <td>1979</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ron_Morrison" title="Ron Morrison">Ron Morrison</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></td> <td>Addition of orthogonal datatypes with intended use as a teaching language</td> <td><a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a> with a subsequent implementation on the <a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java VM</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Burroughs dialects included special Bootstrapping dialects such as <a href="/wiki/Executive_Systems_Problem_Oriented_Language" title="Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language">ESPOL</a> and <a href="/wiki/NEWP" class="mw-redirect" title="NEWP">NEWP</a>. The latter is still used for Unisys MCP system software. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Address_(programming_language)" title="Address (programming language)">Address (programming language)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Autocode" title="Atlas Autocode">Atlas Autocode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_66" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral 66">Coral 66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_IMP" title="Edinburgh IMP">Edinburgh IMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISWIM" title="ISWIM">ISWIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JOVIAL" title="JOVIAL">JOVIAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NELIAC" title="NELIAC">NELIAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-algol" title="S-algol">S-algol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme (programming language)</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The name of this language family is sometimes given in mixed case (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masswerk.at/algol60/report.htm"><i>Algol 60</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070625171638/http://www.masswerk.at/algol60/report.htm">Archived</a> 25 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), and sometimes in all uppercase (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.ru.nl/~hubbers/courses/sl1/rr.pdf"><i>ALGOL68</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140913132128/http://www.cs.ru.nl/~hubbers/courses/sl1/rr.pdf">Archived</a> 13 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). For simplicity this article uses <i>ALGOL</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://calgo.acm.org/"><i>Collected Algorithms of the ACM</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20111017235805/http://calgo.acm.org/">Archived</a> 17 October 2011 at Wikiwix Compressed archives of the algorithms. <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">ACM</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFO'HearnTennent1996" class="citation web cs1">O'Hearn, P. W.; Tennent, R. D. (September 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114122103/http://www.eecs.qmul.ac.uk/~ohearn/Algol/intro.html">"Algol-like languages, Introduction"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eecs.qmul.ac.uk/~ohearn/Algol/intro.html">the original</a> on 14 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Algol-like+languages%2C+Introduction&rft.date=1996-09&rft.aulast=O%27Hearn&rft.aufirst=P.+W.&rft.au=Tennent%2C+R.+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eecs.qmul.ac.uk%2F~ohearn%2FAlgol%2Fintro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://groups.engin.umd.umich.edu/CIS/course.des/cis400/algol/algol.html">"The ALGOL Programming Language"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161006113915/http://groups.engin.umd.umich.edu/CIS/course.des/cis400/algol/algol.html">Archived</a> 6 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, University of Michigan-Dearborn</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBackusBauerGreenKatz1960" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Warner_Backus" class="mw-redirect" title="John Warner Backus">Backus, John Warner</a>; <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ludwig_Bauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Ludwig Bauer">Bauer, Friedrich Ludwig</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julien_Green_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julien Green (computer scientist) (page does not exist)">Green, Julien</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Katz" title="Charles Katz">Katz, Charles</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">McCarthy, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Naur" title="Peter Naur">Naur, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alan_Jay_Perlis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Jay Perlis">Perlis, Alan Jay</a>; <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Rutishauser" title="Heinz Rutishauser">Rutishauser, Heinz</a>; <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Samelson" title="Klaus Samelson">Samelson, Klaus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Vauquois" title="Bernard Vauquois">Vauquois, Bernard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Wegstein" title="Joseph Henry Wegstein">Wegstein, Joseph Henry</a>; <a href="/wiki/Adriaan_van_Wijngaarden" title="Adriaan van Wijngaarden">van Wijngaarden, Adriaan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Woodger" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Woodger">Woodger, Michael</a> (May 1960). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Naur" title="Peter Naur">Naur, Peter</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F367236.367262">"Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 60"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Communications_of_the_ACM" title="Communications of the ACM">Communications of the ACM</a></i>. <b>3</b> (5). Copenhagen, Denmark: <span class="nowrap">299–</span>314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F367236.367262">10.1145/367236.367262</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-0782">0001-0782</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:278290">278290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Report+on+the+Algorithmic+Language+ALGOL+60&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E299-%3C%2Fspan%3E314&rft.date=1960-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A278290%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0001-0782&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F367236.367262&rft.aulast=Backus&rft.aufirst=John+Warner&rft.au=Bauer%2C+Friedrich+Ludwig&rft.au=Green%2C+Julien&rft.au=Katz%2C+Charles&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+John&rft.au=Naur%2C+Peter&rft.au=Perlis%2C+Alan+Jay&rft.au=Rutishauser%2C+Heinz&rft.au=Samelson%2C+Klaus&rft.au=Vauquois%2C+Bernard&rft.au=Wegstein%2C+Joseph+Henry&rft.au=van+Wijngaarden%2C+Adriaan&rft.au=Woodger%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F367236.367262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masswerk.at/algol60/report.htm">"Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language Algol 60"</a>. 1963. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070625171638/http://www.masswerk.at/algol60/report.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revised+Report+on+the+Algorithmic+Language+Algol+60&rft.date=1963&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masswerk.at%2Falgol60%2Freport.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/MCReps/MR35.PDF">"An ALGOL 60 Translator for the X1"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 1961. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/MCReps/MR35.PDF">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+ALGOL+60+Translator+for+the+X1&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.utexas.edu%2Fusers%2FEWD%2FMCReps%2FMR35.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a68-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a68_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.ru.nl/~hubbers/courses/sl1/rr.pdf">"Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 1973. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140913132128/http://www.cs.ru.nl/~hubbers/courses/sl1/rr.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revised+Report+on+the+Algorithmic+Language+ALGOL+68&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.ru.nl%2F~hubbers%2Fcourses%2Fsl1%2Frr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/ALGOL/">"History of ALGOL — Software Preservation Group"</a>. <i>www.softwarepreservation.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.softwarepreservation.org&rft.atitle=History+of+ALGOL+%E2%80%94+Software+Preservation+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.softwarepreservation.org%2Fprojects%2FALGOL%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBemer" class="citation web cs1">Bemer, Bob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/ALGOL/paper/Bemer-Politico_Social_History_of_Algol.pdf">"A Politico-Social History of Algol"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Computer History Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computer+History+Museum&rft.atitle=A+Politico-Social+History+of+Algol&rft.aulast=Bemer&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.softwarepreservation.org%2Fprojects%2FALGOL%2Fpaper%2FBemer-Politico_Social_History_of_Algol.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnuth1964" class="citation journal cs1">Knuth, Donald E. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F355588.365140">"Backus Normal Form vs Backus Naur Form"</a>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>7</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">735–</span>736. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F355588.365140">10.1145/355588.365140</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:47537431">47537431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Backus+Normal+Form+vs+Backus+Naur+Form&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E735-%3C%2Fspan%3E736&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F355588.365140&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A47537431%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Knuth&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F355588.365140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-naur_acm-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-naur_acm_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1024454&srt=all&aw=140&ao=AMTURING&yr=2005">ACM Award Citation: Peter Naur</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120402220529/http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/naur_1024454.cfm">Archived</a> 2 April 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive-It" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive-It">Archive-It</a>, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerlis1978" class="citation book cs1">Perlis, Alan J (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/800025.1198352">"The American side of the development of ALGOL"</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery"><i>History of programming languages</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">75–</span>91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F800025.1198352">10.1145/800025.1198352</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-745040-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-745040-8"><bdi>0-12-745040-8</bdi></a> – via dl.acm.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+American+side+of+the+development+of+ALGOL&rft.btitle=History+of+programming+languages&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F800025.1198352&rft.isbn=0-12-745040-8&rft.aulast=Perlis&rft.aufirst=Alan+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1145%2F800025.1198352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eecs.umich.edu/~bchandra/courses/papers/Hoare_Hints.pdf">"Hints on Programming Language Design"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090915033339/http://www.eecs.umich.edu/~bchandra/courses/papers/Hoare_Hints.pdf">Archived</a> 15 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, C.A.R. Hoare, December 1973. Page 27. (This statement is sometimes erroneously attributed to <a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Edsger W. Dijkstra</a>, also involved in implementing the first ALGOL 60 <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r3rs-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r3rs_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDybvig" class="citation web cs1">Dybvig, R. K.; et al. Rees, Jonathan; Clinger, William; <a href="/wiki/Hal_Abelson" title="Hal Abelson">Abelson, Hal</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/ftpdir/scheme-reports/r3rs-html/r3rs_toc.html">"Revised(3) Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme, (Dedicated to the Memory of ALGOL 60)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100114060759/http://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/ftpdir/scheme-reports/r3rs-html/r3rs_toc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revised%283%29+Report+on+the+Algorithmic+Language+Scheme%2C+%28Dedicated+to+the+Memory+of+ALGOL+60%29&rft.aulast=Dybvig&rft.aufirst=R.+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.csail.mit.edu%2Fmac%2Fftpdir%2Fscheme-reports%2Fr3rs-html%2Fr3rs_toc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhoSethiUllman1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_V._Aho" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred V. 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Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-10194-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-10194-7"><bdi>0-201-10194-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compilers%3A+Principles%2C+Techniques%2C+and+Tools&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-201-10194-7&rft.aulast=Aho&rft.aufirst=Alfred+V.&rft.au=Sethi%2C+Ravi&rft.au=Ullman%2C+Jeffrey+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL" class="Z3988"></span>, Section 7.5, and references therein</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billp.org/ccs/A104/">"803 ALGOL"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100529063048/http://www.billp.org/ccs/A104/">Archived</a> 29 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, the manual for Elliott 803 ALGOL</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icl1900.co.uk/techpub/tp3340.djvu">"ICL 1900 series: Algol Language"</a>. ICL Technical Publication 3340. 1965.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICL+1900+series%3A+Algol+Language&rft.pub=ICL+Technical+Publication+3340&rft.date=1965&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icl1900.co.uk%2Ftechpub%2Ftp3340.djvu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bobbemer.com/BACSLASH.HTM">How ASCII Got Its Backslash</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140711225835/http://bobbemer.com/BACSLASH.HTM">Archived</a> 11 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Bob Bemer</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/16ed/">iron/runic cross</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mailcom.com/unicode/DecimalExponent.ttf">Decimal Exponent Symbol</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaumann1961" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baumann, R. 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"ALGOL Manual of the ALCOR Group, Part 3" [ALGOL Manual of the ALCOR Group]. <i>Elektronische Rechenanlagen</i> (in German). <b>2</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Elektronische+Rechenanlagen&rft.atitle=ALGOL+Manual+of+the+ALCOR+Group%2C+Part+3&rft.volume=2&rft.date=1962-04&rft.aulast=Baumann&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070616201227/http://homepages.cwi.nl/~dik/english/codes/stand.html">"GOST 10859 standard"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.cwi.nl/~dik/english/codes/stand.html#gost10859">the original</a> on 16 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GOST+10859+standard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepages.cwi.nl%2F~dik%2Fenglish%2Fcodes%2Fstand.html%23gost10859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBroukhis2008" class="citation web cs1">Broukhis, Leonid (22 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2008/08030r-subscript10.pdf">"Revised proposal to encode the decimal exponent symbol"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.unicode.org</i>. ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150731024347/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2008/08030r-subscript10.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 31 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2016</span>. <q>This means that the need to transcode GOST-based software and documentation can still arise: legacy numerical algorithms (some of which may be of interest, e.g. for the automatic landing of the Buran shuttle ...) optimized for the non-IEEE floating point representation of BESM-6 cannot be simply recompiled and be expected to work reliably, and some human intervention may be necessary.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unicode.org&rft.atitle=Revised+proposal+to+encode+the+decimal+exponent+symbol&rft.date=2008-01-22&rft.aulast=Broukhis&rft.aufirst=Leonid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2008%2F08030r-subscript10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927014141/http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage.prx?exp=1807">"The Encyclopedia of Computer Languages"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage.prx?exp=1807">the original</a> on 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Computer+Languages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhopl.murdoch.edu.au%2Fshowlanguage.prx%3Fexp%3D1807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/projects/zuse_z23/">Computer Museum History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100820213805/http://www.computerhistory.org/projects/zuse_z23/">Archived</a> 20 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Historical Zuse-Computer Z23, restored by the Konrad Zuse Schule in Hünfeld, for the Computer Museum History Center in Mountain View (California) US</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaylight2011" class="citation journal cs1">Daylight, E. G. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dijkstrascry.com/node/4">"Dijkstra's Rallying Cry for Generalization: the Advent of the Recursive Procedure, late 1950s – early 1960s"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Computer_Journal" title="The Computer Journal">The Computer Journal</a></i>. <b>54</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">1756–</span>1772. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.366.3916">10.1.1.366.3916</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcomjnl%2Fbxr002">10.1093/comjnl/bxr002</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130312111503/http://www.dijkstrascry.com/node/4">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Computer+Journal&rft.atitle=Dijkstra%27s+Rallying+Cry+for+Generalization%3A+the+Advent+of+the+Recursive+Procedure%2C+late+1950s+%E2%80%93+early+1960s&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1756-%3C%2Fspan%3E1772&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.366.3916%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcomjnl%2Fbxr002&rft.aulast=Daylight&rft.aufirst=E.+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dijkstrascry.com%2Fnode%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKruseman_Aretz2003" class="citation book cs1">Kruseman Aretz, F.E.J. (30 June 2003). "The Dijkstra-Zonneveld ALGOL 60 Compiler for the Electrologica X1". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oai.cwi.nl/oai/asset/4155/04155D.pdf"><i>Software Engineering</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. History of Computer Science. Amsterdam: Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191208/http://oai.cwi.nl/oai/asset/4155/04155D.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Dijkstra-Zonneveld+ALGOL+60+Compiler+for+the+Electrologica+X1&rft.btitle=Software+Engineering&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=History+of+Computer+Science&rft.pub=Centrum+Wiskunde+%26+Informatica&rft.date=2003-06-30&rft.aulast=Kruseman+Aretz&rft.aufirst=F.E.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foai.cwi.nl%2Foai%2Fasset%2F4155%2F04155D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoare1980" class="citation journal cs1">Hoare, Antony (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F358549.358561">"The Emperor's Old Clothes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Communications_of_the_ACM" title="Communications of the ACM">Communications of the ACM</a></i>. <b>24</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">75–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F358549.358561">10.1145/358549.358561</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=The+Emperor%27s+Old+Clothes&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F358549.358561&rft.aulast=Hoare&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F358549.358561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoffman" class="citation web cs1">Koffman, Eliot. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012032624/http://www.temple.edu/cis/directory/tenure/documents/KoffmanSIGCSESlides.pdf">"All I Really Need to Know I Learned in CS1"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.temple.edu/cis/directory/tenure/documents/KoffmanSIGCSESlides.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+I+Really+Need+to+Know+I+Learned+in+CS1&rft.aulast=Koffman&rft.aufirst=Eliot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.temple.edu%2Fcis%2Fdirectory%2Ftenure%2Fdocuments%2FKoffmanSIGCSESlides.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hopl.info/showlanguage.prx?exp=3905">"GOGOL – PDP-1 Algol 60 (Computer Language)"</a>. Online Historical Encyclopaedia of Programming Languages. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202074636/http://hopl.info/showlanguage.prx?exp=3905">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GOGOL+%E2%80%93+PDP-1+Algol+60+%28Computer+Language%29&rft.pub=Online+Historical+Encyclopaedia+of+Programming+Languages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhopl.info%2Fshowlanguage.prx%3Fexp%3D3905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMounier-Kuhn2014" class="citation journal cs1">Mounier-Kuhn, Pierre (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/79159820">"Algol in France: From Universal Project to Embedded Culture"</a>. <i>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</i>. <b>36</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">6–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.2014.50">10.1109/MAHC.2014.50</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1058-6180">1058-6180</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16684090">16684090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=Algol+in+France%3A+From+Universal+Project+to+Embedded+Culture&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16684090%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1058-6180&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAHC.2014.50&rft.aulast=Mounier-Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F79159820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wippermann_1968-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wippermann_1968_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWippermann1968" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wippermann, Hans-Wilm (1968) [1967-06-15, 1966]. "Definition von Schrankenzahlen in Triplex-ALGOL". <i><a href="/wiki/Computing_(journal)" title="Computing (journal)">Computing</a></i> (in German). <b>3</b> (2). Karlsruhe, Germany: Springer: <span class="nowrap">99–</span>109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02277452">10.1007/BF02277452</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-485X">0010-485X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36685400">36685400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computing&rft.atitle=Definition+von+Schrankenzahlen+in+Triplex-ALGOL&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36685400%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0010-485X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02277452&rft.aulast=Wippermann&rft.aufirst=Hans-Wilm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRandell,_Brian_&_L._J._Russell1964" class="citation book cs1">Randell, Brian & L. J. Russell (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.737.475&rep=rep1&type=pdf"><i>ALGOL 60 Implementation: The Translation and Use of ALGOL 60 Programs on a Computer</i></a>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.737.475">10.1.1.737.475</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ALGOL+60+Implementation%3A+The+Translation+and+Use+of+ALGOL+60+Programs+on+a+Computer&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.737.475%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.au=Randell%2C+Brian+%26+L.+J.+Russell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.737.475%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL" class="Z3988"></span>. On the design of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Whetstone_Compiler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Whetstone Compiler (page does not exist)">Whetstone Compiler</a>, and one of the early published descriptions of implementing a compiler.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDijkstra1961" class="citation web cs1">Dijkstra, E. W (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/MCReps/MR35.PDF">"ALGOL 60 Translation: An ALGOL 60 Translator for the X1 and Making a Translator for ALGOL 60"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. report MR 35/61. Amsterdam: Mathematisch Centrum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/MCReps/MR35.PDF">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ALGOL+60+Translation%3A+An+ALGOL+60+Translator+for+the+X1+and+Making+a+Translator+for+ALGOL+60&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=report+MR+35%2F61&rft.pub=Mathematisch+Centrum&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Dijkstra&rft.aufirst=E.+W&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.utexas.edu%2Fusers%2FEWD%2FMCReps%2FMR35.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKruseman_Aretz" class="citation web cs1">Kruseman Aretz, Frans E.J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ir.cwi.nl/pub/4155/04155D.pdf">"The Dijkstra–Zonneveld ALGOL 60 Compiler for the Electrologica X1"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Historical note SEN, 2. Amsterdam: Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ir.cwi.nl/pub/4155/04155D.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dijkstra%E2%80%93Zonneveld+ALGOL+60+Compiler+for+the+Electrologica+X1&rft.place=Amsterdam%3A+Centrum+voor+Wiskunde+en+Informatica&rft.series=Historical+note+SEN%2C+2&rft.aulast=Kruseman+Aretz&rft.aufirst=Frans+E.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fir.cwi.nl%2Fpub%2F4155%2F04155D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masswerk.at/algol60/report.htm">Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language Algol 60 by Peter Naur, et al.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=808370&type=pdf&coll=&dl=ACM&CFID=15151515&CFTOKEN=6184618">The European Side of the Last Phase of the Development of ALGOL 60, by Peter Naur</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/ALGOL/">A History of ALGOL</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ALGOL445" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ALGOL_programming" title="Template:ALGOL programming"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ALGOL_programming" title="Template talk:ALGOL programming"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ALGOL_programming" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ALGOL programming"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ALGOL445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ALGOL</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">Implementations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">Technical<br />standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_58" title="ALGOL 58">ALGOL 58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dialect_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialect (computing)">Dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>ABC ALGOL</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALCOR" title="ALCOR">ALCOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGO" title="ALGO">ALGO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68C" title="ALGOL 68C">ALGOL 68C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68-R" title="ALGOL 68-R">ALGOL 68-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68RS" title="ALGOL 68RS">ALGOL 68RS</a> (<a href="/wiki/ELLA_(programming_language)" title="ELLA (programming language)">ELLA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68S" title="ALGOL 68S">ALGOL 68S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_N" title="ALGOL N">ALGOL N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_W" title="ALGOL W">ALGOL W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_X" class="mw-redirect" title="ALGOL X">ALGOL X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Autocode" title="Atlas Autocode">Atlas Autocode</a> (<a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_IMP" title="Edinburgh IMP">Edinburgh IMP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Large_Systems#ALGOL" title="Burroughs Large Systems">Burroughs ALGOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORAL" title="CORAL">CORAL</a> 66</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_ALGOL_30" title="Dartmouth ALGOL 30">Dartmouth ALGOL 30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DASK" title="DASK">DASK</a> ALGOL</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DG/L" title="DG/L">DG/L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_ALGOL" title="Elliott ALGOL">Elliott ALGOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Systems_Problem_Oriented_Language" title="Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language">Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language</a> (ESPOL) → New Executive Programming Language (<a href="/wiki/NEWP" class="mw-redirect" title="NEWP">NEWP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLACC" title="FLACC">FLACC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMP_(programming_language)" title="IMP (programming language)">IMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JOVIAL" title="JOVIAL">JOVIAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Electric_KDF9" title="English Electric KDF9">Kidsgrove</a> Algol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAD_(programming_language)" title="MAD (programming language)">MAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_(programming_language)" title="Mary (programming language)">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NELIAC" title="NELIAC">NELIAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTL/2" title="RTL/2">RTL/2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-algol" title="S-algol">S-algol</a>, <a href="/wiki/PS-algol" title="PS-algol">PS-algol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napier88" title="Napier88">Napier88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li> <li>Small Machine ALGOL Like Language (<a href="/wiki/SMALL" title="SMALL">SMALL</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMIL_(computer)" title="SMIL (computer)">SMIL</a> ALGOL</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(philosophy_of_mathematics)" title="Formalism (philosophy of mathematics)">Formalisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jensen%27s_device" title="Jensen's device">Jensen's device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Wijngaarden_grammar" title="Van Wijngaarden grammar">Van Wijngaarden grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">Professional<br />associations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALCOR" title="ALCOR">ALCOR</a> Group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> (ACM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSI_Group" title="BSI Group">BSI Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOST" title="GOST">Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification</a> (EASC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Information_Processing" title="International Federation for Information Processing">International Federation for Information Processing</a> (IFIP) <a href="/wiki/IFIP_Working_Group_2.1" title="IFIP Working Group 2.1">IFIP Working Group 2.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Angewandte_Mathematik_und_Mechanik" title="Gesellschaft für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik">Society of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics</a> (GAMM)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation" title="Burroughs Corporation">Burroughs Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Brothers_(computer_company)" title="Elliott Brothers (computer company)">Elliott Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnecentralen" title="Regnecentralen">Regnecentralen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester University">Manchester University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Radar_Establishment" title="Royal Radar Establishment">Royal Radar Establishment</a> (RRE)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_58" title="ALGOL 58">ALGOL 58</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">John Backus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_L._Bauer" title="Friedrich L. Bauer">Friedrich L. Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bottenbruch" title="Hermann Bottenbruch">Hermann Bottenbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Katz" title="Charles Katz">Charles Katz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Perlis" title="Alan Perlis">Alan Perlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Rutishauser" title="Heinz Rutishauser">Heinz Rutishauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Samelson" title="Klaus Samelson">Klaus Samelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Wegstein" title="Joseph Henry Wegstein">Joseph Henry Wegstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MAD_(programming_language)" title="MAD (programming language)">MAD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Arden" title="Bruce Arden">Bruce Arden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Galler" title="Bernard Galler">Bernard Galler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Graham_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert M. Graham (computer scientist)">Robert M. Graham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Backus^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Carl_Backhouse" title="Roland Carl Backhouse">Roland Carl Backhouse</a></li> <li>Bauer^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bird_(computer_scientist)" title="Richard Bird (computer scientist)">Richard Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._Bourne" title="Stephen R. Bourne">Stephen R. Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Edsger W. Dijkstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Ershov" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrey Ershov">Andrey Ershov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Floyd" title="Robert W. Floyd">Robert W. Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Gibbons" title="Jeremy Gibbons">Jeremy Gibbons</a></li> <li>Julien Green</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gries" title="David Gries">David Gries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hehner" title="Eric Hehner">Eric Hehner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Hoare" title="Tony Hoare">Tony Hoare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Jensen" title="Jørn Jensen">Jørn Jensen</a></li> <li>Katz^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Landin" title="Peter Landin">Peter Landin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Maibaum" title="Tom Maibaum">Tom Maibaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conor_McBride" title="Conor McBride">Conor McBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_Morgan_(computer_scientist)" title="Carroll Morgan (computer scientist)">Carroll Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Naur" title="Peter Naur">Peter Naur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Nivat" title="Maurice Nivat">Maurice Nivat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._L._Peck" title="John E. L. Peck">John E. L. Peck</a></li> <li>Perlis^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Randell" title="Brian Randell">Brian Randell</a></li> <li>Rutishauser^</li> <li>Samelson^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_T._Schwartz" title="Jacob T. Schwartz">Jacob T. Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha_Sharir" title="Micha Sharir">Micha Sharir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turner_(computer_scientist)" title="David Turner (computer scientist)">David Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Vauquois" title="Bernard Vauquois">Bernard Vauquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiiti_Wada" title="Eiiti Wada">Eiiti Wada</a></li> <li>Wegstein^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_van_Wijngaarden" title="Adriaan van Wijngaarden">Adriaan van Wijngaarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Woodger" title="Mike Woodger">Mike Woodger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ole-Johan_Dahl" title="Ole-Johan Dahl">Ole-Johan Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard" title="Kristen Nygaard">Kristen Nygaard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bauer^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_G._Bond" title="Susan G. Bond">Susan G. Bond</a></li> <li>Bourne^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dewar" title="Robert Dewar">Robert Dewar</a></li> <li>Dijkstra^</li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Goos" class="extiw" title="de:Gerhard Goos">Gerhard Goos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Guy" title="Michael Guy">Michael Guy</a></li> <li>Hoare^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelis_H._A._Koster" title="Cornelis H. A. Koster">Cornelis H. A. Koster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Landin" title="Peter Landin">Peter Landin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Lindsey" title="Charles H. Lindsey">Charles H. Lindsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_J._Mailloux" title="Barry J. Mailloux">Barry J. Mailloux</a></li> <li>McCarthy^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_Meertens" title="Lambert Meertens">Lambert Meertens</a></li> <li>Naur^</li> <li>Peck^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_van_der_Poel" title="Willem van der Poel">Willem van der Poel</a></li> <li>Randell^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_T._Ross" title="Douglas T. Ross">Douglas T. Ross</a></li> <li>Samelson^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Sintzoff" title="Michel Sintzoff">Michel Sintzoff</a></li> <li>van Wijngaarden^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a></li> <li>Woodger^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Woodward" title="Philip Woodward">Philip Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobuo_Yoneda" title="Nobuo Yoneda">Nobuo Yoneda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Abelson" title="Hal Abelson">Hal Abelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barnes_(computer_scientist)" title="John Barnes (computer scientist)">John Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Brooker" title="Tony Brooker">Tony Brooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Morrison" title="Ron Morrison">Ron Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_O%27Hearn" title="Peter O'Hearn">Peter O'Hearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Reynolds" title="John C. Reynolds">John C. Reynolds</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_Bulletin" title="ALGOL Bulletin">ALGOL Bulletin</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_58#ALGOL_58's_influence_on_ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 58">ALGOL 58 influence on ALGOL 60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68#Comparisons_with_other_languages" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68 to other languages</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>^ = full name and link in prior ALGOL version above</b><br /><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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