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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_early_naval_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_early_naval_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Education and early naval career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_early_naval_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>First World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>After the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1926_North_Pole_flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1926_North_Pole_flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>1926 North Pole flight</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1926_North_Pole_flight-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1926 North Pole flight subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1926_North_Pole_flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1927_Trans-Atlantic_flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1927_Trans-Atlantic_flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>1927 Trans-Atlantic flight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1927_Trans-Atlantic_flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Antarctic_expeditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Antarctic_expeditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Early Antarctic expeditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_Antarctic_expeditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early Antarctic expeditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_Antarctic_expeditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Antarctic_expedition_(1928–1930)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Antarctic_expedition_(1928–1930)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>First Antarctic expedition (1928–1930)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Antarctic_expedition_(1928–1930)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Antarctic_expedition_(1933-1934)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Antarctic_expedition_(1933-1934)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Second Antarctic expedition (1933-1934)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Antarctic_expedition_(1933-1934)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antarctic_Service_Expedition_(1939–1940)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antarctic_Service_Expedition_(1939–1940)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Antarctic Service Expedition (1939–1940)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antarctic_Service_Expedition_(1939–1940)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_Antarctic_expeditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Antarctic_expeditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Later Antarctic expeditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_Antarctic_expeditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later Antarctic expeditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_Antarctic_expeditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operation_Highjump_(1946–1947)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Highjump_(1946–1947)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Operation Highjump (1946–1947)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Highjump_(1946–1947)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Deep_Freeze_I_(1955–1956)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Deep_Freeze_I_(1955–1956)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Operation Deep Freeze I (1955–1956)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Deep_Freeze_I_(1955–1956)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memberships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memberships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Memberships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memberships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Military awards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military awards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decorations_and_medals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decorations_and_medals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Decorations and medals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decorations_and_medals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medal_of_Honor_citation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medal_of_Honor_citation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Medal of Honor citation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medal_of_Honor_citation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navy_Cross_citation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navy_Cross_citation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Navy Cross citation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navy_Cross_citation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Distinguished_Service_Medal_citation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Distinguished_Service_Medal_citation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4</span> <span>First Distinguished Service Medal citation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Distinguished_Service_Medal_citation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Distinguished_Service_Medal_citation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Distinguished_Service_Medal_citation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.5</span> <span>Second Distinguished Service Medal citation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Distinguished_Service_Medal_citation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Legion_of_Merit_citation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Legion_of_Merit_citation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.6</span> <span>First Legion of Merit citation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Legion_of_Merit_citation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Legion_of_Merit_citation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Legion_of_Merit_citation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.7</span> <span>Second Legion of Merit citation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Legion_of_Merit_citation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distinguished_Flying_Cross_citation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinguished_Flying_Cross_citation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.8</span> <span>Distinguished Flying Cross citation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinguished_Flying_Cross_citation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letter_of_Commendation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letter_of_Commendation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.9</span> <span>Letter of Commendation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letter_of_Commendation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dates_of_rank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates_of_rank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Dates of rank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates_of_rank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.1</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard E. Byrd</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="ريتشارد إيفلين بيرد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريتشارد إيفلين بيرد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Рычард Бэрд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рычард Бэрд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Ричард Бърд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ричард Бърд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Evelyn_Byrd" title="Richard Evelyn Byrd – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Richard Evelyn Byrd" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Richard E. Byrd" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Бэрд Ричард – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бэрд Ричард" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Evelyn_Byrd" title="Richard Evelyn Byrd – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Richard Evelyn Byrd" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Evelyn_Byrd" title="Richard Evelyn Byrd – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Richard Evelyn Byrd" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Evelyn_Byrd" title="Richard Evelyn Byrd – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Richard Evelyn Byrd" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Evelyn_Byrd" title="Richard Evelyn Byrd – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Richard Evelyn Byrd" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AF%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Ρίτσαρντ Μπερντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρίτσαρντ Μπερντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Evelyn_Byrd" title="Richard Evelyn Byrd – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Richard Evelyn Byrd" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Richard E. Byrd" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Richard E. Byrd" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="ریچارد برد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریچارد برد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Byrd" title="Richard Byrd – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Richard Byrd" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Evelyn_Byrd" title="Richard Evelyn Byrd – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Richard Evelyn Byrd" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Evelyn_Byrd" title="Richard Evelyn Byrd – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Richard Evelyn Byrd" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%B2%98%EB%93%9C_%EC%97%90%EB%B2%8C%EB%A6%B0_%EB%B2%84%EB%93%9C" title="리처드 에벌린 버드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리처드 에벌린 버드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%B9%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D4%B2%D5%A8%D6%80%D5%A4" title="Ռիչարդ Բըրդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռիչարդ Բըրդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Evelyn_Byrd" title="Richard Evelyn Byrd – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Richard Evelyn Byrd" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Evelyn_Byrd" title="Richard Evelyn Byrd – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Richard Evelyn Byrd" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A6%27%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%93" title="ריצ'רד בירד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריצ'רד בירד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Byrd" title="Richard Byrd – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Richard Byrd" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Ричард Бэрд – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ричард Бэрд" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%C4%8Dards_B%C4%93rds" title="Ričards Bērds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ričards Bērds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Richard E. Byrd" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Evelyn_Byrd" title="Richard Evelyn Byrd – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Richard Evelyn Byrd" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Ричард Берд – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ричард Берд" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="ريتشارد ايفلين بيرد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ريتشارد ايفلين بيرد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Evelyn_Byrd" title="Richard Evelyn Byrd – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Richard Evelyn Byrd" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%81%8A_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ဗတ်၊ ရစ်ချတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗတ်၊ ရစ်ချတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Richard E. Byrd" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="リチャード・バード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リチャード・バード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Richard E. Byrd" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Richard E. Byrd" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Byrd_(lotnik)" title="Richard Byrd (lotnik) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Richard Byrd (lotnik)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Byrd" title="Richard Byrd – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Richard Byrd" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Byrd" title="Richard Byrd – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Richard Byrd" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B4,_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Бэрд, Ричард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бэрд, Ричард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Evelyn_Byrd" title="Richard Evelyn Byrd – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Richard Evelyn Byrd" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Ричард Берд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ричард Берд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Richard E. Byrd" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Byrd" title="Richard Byrd – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Richard Byrd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Richard E. Byrd" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Річард Берд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Річард Берд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Richard E. Byrd" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%AF%9F%C2%B7%E6%9F%8F%E5%BE%B7" title="李察·柏德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="李察·柏德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q210268#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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searchaux" style="display:none">American naval officer, explorer (1888–1957)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For his father, the Virginia lawyer and politician, see <a href="/wiki/Richard_Evelyn_Byrd_Sr." title="Richard Evelyn Byrd Sr.">Richard Evelyn Byrd Sr.</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Richard E. Byrd</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_E._Byrd_cph.3b17378.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Richard_E._Byrd_cph.3b17378.jpg/220px-Richard_E._Byrd_cph.3b17378.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Richard_E._Byrd_cph.3b17378.jpg/330px-Richard_E._Byrd_cph.3b17378.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Richard_E._Byrd_cph.3b17378.jpg/440px-Richard_E._Byrd_cph.3b17378.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="1479" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Byrd in 1928</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Birth name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Richard Evelyn Byrd 4th</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1888-10-25</span>)</span>October 25, 1888<br /><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia" title="Winchester, Virginia">Winchester, Virginia</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 11, 1957<span style="display:none">(1957-03-11)</span> (aged 68)<br /><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Place of burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arlington, Virginia">Arlington, Virginia</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1912–1927<br />1940–1947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)" title="Rear admiral (United States)">Rear Admiral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Cross" title="Navy Cross">Navy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="Navy Distinguished Service Medal">Navy Distinguished Service Medal</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_States)" title="Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)">Distinguished Flying Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Marie Ames Byrd</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="January 20, 1915">1915</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr.</b> (October 25, 1888 – March 11, 1957), an <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">American naval officer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT=20200505_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT=20200505-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a pioneering American aviator, polar explorer, and organizer of polar logistics. Aircraft flights in which he served as a <a href="/wiki/Navigator" title="Navigator">navigator</a> and expedition leader crossed the Atlantic Ocean, a segment of the Arctic Ocean, and a segment of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a>. He is also known for discovering <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sidley" title="Mount Sidley">Mount Sidley</a>, the largest dormant volcano in Antarctica. </p><p>Byrd claimed to be the first to reach both the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Poles</a> by air. However, there is some controversy as to whether or not Byrd was actually the first person to reach the North Pole. It is generally believed that the distance Byrd claimed to fly was longer than the possible fuel range of his airplane.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ElWZQ_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElWZQ-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_during_peacetime" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Medal of Honor recipients during peacetime">recipient</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a>, the United States Armed Forces' highest military decoration, and the <a href="/wiki/Navy_Cross" title="Navy Cross">Navy Cross</a>, the second highest honor for valor given by the U.S. Navy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Richard_E._Byrd.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coat_of_Arms_of_Richard_E._Byrd.svg/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Richard_E._Byrd.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coat_of_Arms_of_Richard_E._Byrd.svg/255px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Richard_E._Byrd.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coat_of_Arms_of_Richard_E._Byrd.svg/340px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Richard_E._Byrd.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>Ancestral coat of arms of the Byrd family</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Byrd was born in <a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia" title="Winchester, Virginia">Winchester, Virginia</a>, the son of Esther Bolling (Flood) and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Evelyn_Byrd_Sr." title="Richard Evelyn Byrd Sr.">Richard Evelyn Byrd Sr.</a> He was a descendant of one of the <a href="/wiki/First_Families_of_Virginia" title="First Families of Virginia">First Families of Virginia</a>. His ancestors include planter <a href="/wiki/John_Rolfe" title="John Rolfe">John Rolfe</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Pocahontas" title="Pocahontas">Pocahontas</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Byrd_II" title="William Byrd II">William Byrd II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Westover_Plantation" title="Westover Plantation">Westover Plantation</a>, who established <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/William_Byrd_I" title="William Byrd I">William Byrd I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Carter_I" title="Robert Carter I">Robert "King" Carter</a>, a colonial governor. He was also descended from <a href="/wiki/George_Yeardley" title="George Yeardley">George Yeardley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Wyatt" title="Francis Wyatt">Francis Wyatt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Argall" title="Samuel Argall">Samuel Argall</a>. He was the brother of <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Virginia Governor</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senator">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Harry F. Byrd</a>, a dominant figure in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> from the 1920s until the 1960s; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Evelyn_Byrd_Sr." title="Richard Evelyn Byrd Sr.">their father</a> served as Speaker of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a> for a time.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 20, 1915, Richard married Marie Ames Byrd (d. 1974). He would later name a region of Antarctic land he discovered "<a href="/wiki/Marie_Byrd_Land" title="Marie Byrd Land">Marie Byrd Land</a>" after her, and a mountain range, the <a href="/wiki/Ames_Range" title="Ames Range">Ames Range</a>, after her father. They had four children – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Evelyn_Byrd_III" title="Richard Evelyn Byrd III">Richard Evelyn Byrd III</a>, Evelyn Bolling Byrd Clarke, Katharine Agnes Byrd Breyer, and Helen Byrd Stabler. By late 1924, the Byrd family moved into a large brownstone house at 9 Brimmer Street in Boston's fashionable <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston" title="Beacon Hill, Boston">Beacon Hill</a> neighborhood<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that had been purchased by Marie's father, a wealthy industrialist.<sup id="cite_ref-zn5uY_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zn5uY-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Byrd was friends with <a href="/wiki/Edsel_Ford" title="Edsel Ford">Edsel Ford</a> and his father <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a>, whose admiration of his polar exploits helped to gain Byrd sponsorship and financing for his various polar expeditions from the Ford Motor Company.<sup id="cite_ref-5NUPW_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5NUPW-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He had a pet dog, Igloo, who accompanied Byrd to the North and South poles and who is buried at the <a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Pet_Cemetery" title="Pine Ridge Pet Cemetery">Pine Ridge Pet Cemetery</a> with a tombstone that reads "He was more than a friend."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_early_naval_career">Education and early naval career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Education and early naval career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Byrd attended the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Virginia Military Institute">Virginia Military Institute</a> for two years and transferred to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>, before financial circumstances inspired his starting over and taking an appointment to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a>, where he was appointed as a <a href="/wiki/Midshipman" title="Midshipman">midshipman</a> on May 28, 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-va3U5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-va3U5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 8, 1912, Byrd graduated from the Naval Academy and was commissioned an <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(rank)#United_States" title="Ensign (rank)">ensign</a> in the United States Navy. On July 14, 1912, he was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Wyoming_(BB-32)" title="USS Wyoming (BB-32)">USS <i>Wyoming</i></a>. During service in the Caribbean Sea, Byrd received his first letter of commendation, and later a <a href="/wiki/Lifesaving_Medal" title="Lifesaving Medal">Silver Lifesaving Medal</a>, for twice plunging fully clothed to the rescue of a sailor who had fallen overboard. In April 1914, he transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Armored_cruiser" title="Armored cruiser">armored cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Washington_(ACR-11)" title="USS Washington (ACR-11)">USS <i>Washington</i></a> and served in Mexican waters in June following the <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Veracruz">American intervention</a> in April. </p><p>His next assignment was to the <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboat</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Dolphin_(PG-24)" title="USS Dolphin (PG-24)">USS <i>Dolphin</i></a>, which also served as the yacht of the Secretary of the Navy. This assignment brought Byrd into contact with high-ranking officials and dignitaries, including then <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy">Assistant Secretary of the Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a>. He was promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(junior_grade)" title="Lieutenant (junior grade)">lieutenant (junior grade)</a> on June 8, 1915. During Byrd's assignment to <i>Dolphin</i>, he was commanded by future <a href="/wiki/Fleet_admiral_(United_States)" title="Fleet admiral (United States)">Fleet Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/William_D._Leahy" title="William D. Leahy">William D. Leahy</a>, who served as chief of staff to President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eitvO_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eitvO-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byrd's last assignment before forced retirement was to the presidential yacht <a href="/wiki/USS_Mayflower_(PY-1)" title="USS Mayflower (PY-1)">USS <i>Mayflower</i></a>. </p><p>On March 15, 1916, Byrd, much to his frustration, was medically retired on three-quarters pay for an ankle injury he suffered on board <i>Mayflower</i>. Shortly thereafter, on December 14, 1916, he was assigned as the inspector and instructor for the <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Naval_Militia" title="Rhode Island Naval Militia">Rhode Island Naval Militia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fmg93_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fmg93-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CLCLA_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CLCLA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While serving in this position, he was commended by Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheaton_Abbot_Jr." title="Charles Wheaton Abbot Jr.">Charles W. Abbot</a>, the adjutant general of Rhode Island, for making great strides in improving the efficiency of the militia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_World_War">First World War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Byrd_in_flight_jacket,_1920s_(exbt-iceberg-47).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Richard_Byrd_in_flight_jacket%2C_1920s_%28exbt-iceberg-47%29.jpg/170px-Richard_Byrd_in_flight_jacket%2C_1920s_%28exbt-iceberg-47%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Richard_Byrd_in_flight_jacket%2C_1920s_%28exbt-iceberg-47%29.jpg/255px-Richard_Byrd_in_flight_jacket%2C_1920s_%28exbt-iceberg-47%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Richard_Byrd_in_flight_jacket%2C_1920s_%28exbt-iceberg-47%29.jpg/340px-Richard_Byrd_in_flight_jacket%2C_1920s_%28exbt-iceberg-47%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3270" data-file-height="4492" /></a><figcaption>Richard Byrd in flight jacket, 1920s</figcaption></figure> <p>Shortly after the entry of the United States into the First World War in April 1917, Byrd oversaw the mobilization of the Rhode Island Naval Militia. He was then recalled to active duty and was assigned to the Office of Naval Operations and served in a desk job as secretary and organizer of the Navy Department Commission on Training Camps. In the autumn of 1917, he was sent to naval aviation school at <a href="/wiki/Pensacola_Naval_Air_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Pensacola Naval Air Station">Pensacola, Florida</a>. He qualified as a naval aviator (number 608) in June 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-jYcqJ_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jYcqJ-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then commanded naval air forces at <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Air Station Halifax">Naval Air Station Halifax</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, Canada, from July 1918 until the armistice in November. In that assignment, he was promoted to the permanent rank of lieutenant and the temporary rank of lieutenant commander.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_pg._386_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who_pg._386-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For his services during the war, he received a letter of commendation from Secretary of the Navy <a href="/wiki/Josephus_Daniels" title="Josephus Daniels">Josephus Daniels</a>, which was after World War II converted to a <a href="/wiki/Navy_Commendation_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy Commendation Medal">Navy Commendation Medal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_the_war">After the war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: After the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war, Byrd volunteered to be a crew member in the U.S. Navy's 1919 aerial <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_flight" title="Transatlantic flight">transatlantic</a> crossing. This mission was historic, as it was the first time the Atlantic Ocean was crossed by an aircraft. It was decided that only men who had not served overseas would be allowed on the mission. Unfortunately for Byrd, his tour of duty in Newfoundland was considered overseas service. Byrd was, however, able to make a valuable contribution, as his expertise in aerial navigation resulted in his appointment to plan the flight path of the mission. Of the three <a href="/wiki/Flying_boats" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying boats">flying boats</a> (NC-1, NC-3, and NC-4) that started from Newfoundland, only Lieutenant Commander <a href="/wiki/Albert_Cushing_Read" title="Albert Cushing Read">Albert Read</a>'s <a href="/wiki/NC-4" class="mw-redirect" title="NC-4">NC-4</a> completed the trip on May 18, 1919, achieving the first transatlantic flight.<sup id="cite_ref-oqTJ3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oqTJ3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1921, Byrd volunteered to attempt a solo nonstop crossing of the Atlantic Ocean, prefiguring <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a>'s historic flight by six years. Byrd's ambition was dashed by then acting <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Jr." title="Theodore Roosevelt Jr.">Theodore Roosevelt Jr.</a>, who felt the risks outweighed the potential rewards. Byrd was then assigned to the ill-fated dirigible <i><a href="/wiki/ZR-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ZR-2">ZR-2</a></i> (formerly known by the British designation of <i>R-38</i>). As fate would have it, Byrd missed his train to take him to the airship on August 24, 1921. The airship broke apart in midair, killing 44 of 49 crew members on board. Byrd lost several friends in the accident, and was involved in the subsequent recovery operations and investigation. The accident affected him deeply and inspired him to make safety a top priority in all of his future expeditions. </p><p>Due to reductions in the Navy after the First World War, Byrd reverted to the rank of lieutenant at the end of 1921. During the summer of 1923, then-Lieutenant Byrd and a group of volunteer Navy veterans of the First World War helped found the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Squantum" title="Naval Air Station Squantum">Naval Reserve Air Station</a> (NRAS) at <a href="/wiki/Squantum_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Squantum Point">Squantum Point</a> near Boston, using an unused First World War seaplane hangar which had remained more-or-less intact after the <a href="/wiki/Victory_Destroyer_Plant" title="Victory Destroyer Plant">Victory Destroyer Plant</a> shipyard was built on the site. NRAS Squantum was commissioned on August 15, 1923, and is considered to have been the first air base in the Naval Reserve program.<sup id="cite_ref-Rpfen_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rpfen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Byrd commanded the aviation unit of the arctic expedition to North Greenland led by <a href="/wiki/Donald_B._MacMillan" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald B. MacMillan">Donald B. MacMillan</a> from June to October 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_pg._386_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who_pg._386-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the expedition was largely unsuccessful (they did not in fact reach the pole) Byrd's efforts and the successful contributions of the aviation element during the expedition led to Byrd's renown as a pioneer of aircraft in exploration.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this expedition, Byrd made the acquaintance of Navy Chief Aviation Pilot <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Bennett" title="Floyd Bennett">Floyd Bennett</a> and Norwegian pilot <a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Bernt Balchen</a>, both of whom would later contribute to Byrd's expeditions. Bennett served as a pilot in his flight to the North Pole the next year. Balchen, whose knowledge of Arctic flight operations proved invaluable, was the primary pilot on Byrd's flight to the South Pole in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="1926_North_Pole_flight"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1926_North_Pole_flight">1926 North Pole flight</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1926 North Pole flight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fokker_F.VII_plane_of_Byrd-Bennett_in_flight_in_1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Fokker_F.VII_plane_of_Byrd-Bennett_in_flight_in_1926.jpg/220px-Fokker_F.VII_plane_of_Byrd-Bennett_in_flight_in_1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Fokker_F.VII_plane_of_Byrd-Bennett_in_flight_in_1926.jpg/330px-Fokker_F.VII_plane_of_Byrd-Bennett_in_flight_in_1926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Fokker_F.VII_plane_of_Byrd-Bennett_in_flight_in_1926.jpg/440px-Fokker_F.VII_plane_of_Byrd-Bennett_in_flight_in_1926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1324" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>The Fokker F.VII of Byrd and Bennett in flight</figcaption></figure> <p>On May 9, 1926, Byrd and Navy <a href="/wiki/Chief_Petty_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Petty Officer">Chief Aviation Pilot</a> <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Bennett" title="Floyd Bennett">Floyd Bennett</a> attempted a flight over the North Pole in a <a href="/wiki/Fokker_F.VII" title="Fokker F.VII">Fokker F.VIIa/3m</a> tri-motor monoplane named <i>Josephine Ford</i> after the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a> president <a href="/wiki/Edsel_Ford" title="Edsel Ford">Edsel Ford</a>, who helped finance the expedition. In addition to Ford contributions, John D. Rockefeller also notably provided funding for the expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flight left from <a href="/wiki/Spitsbergen" title="Spitsbergen">Spitsbergen</a> (Svalbard) and returned to its takeoff airfield, lasting 15 hours and 57 minutes, including 13 minutes spent circling at their <a href="/wiki/Farthest_North" title="Farthest North">Farthest North</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byrd and Bennett said they reached the North Pole, a distance of 1,535 miles (1,335 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When he returned to the United States from the Arctic, Byrd became a national hero. He was thrown a parade in New York City, and Congress passed a special act on December 21, 1926, promoting him to the rank of commander and awarding both Floyd Bennett and him the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bJpsT_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bJpsT-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Josephine Ford</i> was flown around the country in celebration.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bennett was promoted to the <a href="/wiki/Warrant_officer" title="Warrant officer">warrant officer</a> rank of machinist. Byrd and Bennett were presented with <a href="/wiki/Tiffany_Cross_Medal_of_Honor" title="Tiffany Cross Medal of Honor">Tiffany Cross</a> versions of the Medal of Honor on March 5, 1927, at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> by President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-b3RS8_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b3RS8-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy">Controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fokker_FVIIa3m_wiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Fokker_FVIIa3m_wiki.jpg/220px-Fokker_FVIIa3m_wiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Fokker_FVIIa3m_wiki.jpg/330px-Fokker_FVIIa3m_wiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Fokker_FVIIa3m_wiki.jpg/440px-Fokker_FVIIa3m_wiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1137" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption>The Fokker FVIIa/3M – <i>Josephine Ford</i>, on display at <a href="/wiki/The_Henry_Ford" title="The Henry Ford">The Henry Ford Museum</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Since 1926, doubts have been raised, defenses made, and heated controversy arose over whether or not Byrd actually reached the North Pole. In 1958, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian-American">Norwegian-American</a> aviator and explorer <a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Bernt Balchen</a> cast doubt on Byrd's statement on the basis of his knowledge of the airplane's speed.<sup id="cite_ref-gookz_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gookz-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Balchen said that Bennett had confessed to him months after the flight that Byrd and he had not reached the pole.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nash_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nash-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bennett, who had not completely healed from the early crash, developed pneumonia after participating in a flight to rescue downed German aviators in Greenly Island, Canada, leading to his death on April 25, 1928. Bennett, though, had started a memoir, given numerous interviews, and wrote an article for an aviation magazine about the flight before his death that all confirmed Byrd's version of the flight.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1996 release of Byrd's diary of the May 9, 1926, flight revealed erased (but still legible) sextant sights that sharply differ from Byrd's later June 22 typewritten official report to the National Geographic Society. Byrd took a sextant reading of the Sun at 7:07:10 GCT. His erased diary record shows the apparent (observed) solar altitude to have been 19°25'30", while his later official typescript reports the same 7:07:10 apparent solar altitude to have been 18°18'18".<sup id="cite_ref-vLD1b_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vLD1b-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the basis of this and other data in the diary, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Rawlins" title="Dennis Rawlins">Dennis Rawlins</a> concluded that Byrd steered accurately, and flew about 80% of the distance to the pole before turning back because of an engine oil leak, but later falsified his official report to support his statement of reaching the pole.<sup id="cite_ref-6gYQw_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6gYQw-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accepting that the conflicting data in the typed report's flight times indeed require both northward and southward <a href="/wiki/Ground_speed" title="Ground speed">ground speeds</a> greater than the flight's 85-mph <a href="/wiki/Airspeed" title="Airspeed">airspeed</a>, a Byrd defender posits a westerly-moving <a href="/wiki/Anticyclone" title="Anticyclone">anticyclone</a> that tailwind-boosted Byrd's ground speed on both outward and inward legs, allowing the distance said to be covered in the time stated (the theory is based on rejecting handwritten sextant data in favor of typewritten alleged dead-reckoning data<sup id="cite_ref-fukGs_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fukGs-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fC461_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fC461-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). This suggestion has been challenged by Dennis Rawlins, who adds that the sextant data in the long-unavailable original official typewritten report are all expressed to 1 second, a precision not possible on Navy sextants of 1926 and not the precision of the sextant data in Byrd's diary for 1925 or the 1926 flight, which was normal (half or quarter of a minute of arc).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If Byrd and Bennett did not reach the North Pole, then the first flight over the pole occurred a few days later, on May 12, 1926, with the flight of the <a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">airship</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)">Norge</a></i> that flew from Spitsbergen (Svalbard) to <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> nonstop with a crew including <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Umberto Nobile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Oscar Wisting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ellsworth" title="Lincoln Ellsworth">Lincoln Ellsworth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kAWPY_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kAWPY-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1927_Trans-Atlantic_flight">1927 Trans-Atlantic flight</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1927 Trans-Atlantic flight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lt_com_byrd_and_aircraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lt_com_byrd_and_aircraft.jpg/220px-Lt_com_byrd_and_aircraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lt_com_byrd_and_aircraft.jpg/330px-Lt_com_byrd_and_aircraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lt_com_byrd_and_aircraft.jpg/440px-Lt_com_byrd_and_aircraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5261" data-file-height="3720" /></a><figcaption>Lt. Com. Byrd and aircraft</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1927, Byrd announced he had the backing of the <a href="/wiki/American_Trans-Oceanic_Company" title="American Trans-Oceanic Company">American Trans-Oceanic Company</a>, which had been established in 1914 by department-store magnate <a href="/wiki/Rodman_Wanamaker" title="Rodman Wanamaker">Rodman Wanamaker</a> for the purpose of building aircraft to complete nonstop flights across the Atlantic Ocean. Byrd was one of several aviators who attempted to win the <a href="/wiki/Orteig_Prize" title="Orteig Prize">Orteig Prize</a> in 1927 for making the first nonstop flight between the United States and France.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once again, Byrd named Floyd Bennett as his chief pilot, with Norwegian Bernt Balchen, <a href="/wiki/Bert_Acosta" title="Bert Acosta">Bert Acosta</a>, and Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/George_Otto_Noville" title="George Otto Noville">George Noville</a> as other crewmembers. During a practice takeoff with <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fokker" title="Anthony Fokker">Anthony Fokker</a> at the controls and Bennett in the co-pilot seat, the <a href="/wiki/Fokker_F.VII" title="Fokker F.VII">Fokker Trimotor</a> airplane, <i><a href="/wiki/America_(airplane)" class="mw-redirect" title="America (airplane)">America</a></i>, crashed, severely injuring Bennett and slightly injuring Byrd. As the plane was being repaired, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> won the prize by completing his historic flight on May 21, 1927. (Coincidentally, in 1925, then <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Service" title="United States Army Air Service">Army Air Service Reserve Corps</a> Lieutenant Charles Lindbergh had applied to serve as a pilot on Byrd's North Pole expedition, but apparently, his bid came too late.)<sup id="cite_ref-Berg_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berg-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Byrd continued with his quest to cross the Atlantic nonstop, naming Balchen to replace Bennett, who had not yet fully recovered from his injuries, as chief pilot. Byrd, Balchen, Acosta, and Noville flew from Roosevelt Field, <a href="/wiki/East_Garden_City,_New_York" title="East Garden City, New York">East Garden City, New York</a>, in the <i>America</i> on June 29, 1927. On board was mail from the US Postal Service to demonstrate the practicality of aircraft. Arriving over France the next day, they were prevented from landing in Paris by cloud cover; they returned to the coast of <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> and crash-landed near the beach at <a href="/wiki/Ver-sur-Mer" title="Ver-sur-Mer">Ver-sur-Mer</a> (known as <a href="/wiki/Gold_Beach" title="Gold Beach">Gold Beach</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_Invasion" class="mw-redirect" title="Normandy Invasion">Normandy Invasion</a> on June 6, 1944) without fatalities on July 1, 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-ucqIu_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucqIu-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France, Byrd and his crew were received as heroes and Byrd was invested as an Officer of the French <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion of Honor">Legion of Honor</a> by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincare" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Poincare">Raymond Poincare</a> on July 6.<sup id="cite_ref-6SieQ_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6SieQ-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After their return to the United States, an elaborate dinner in their honor was held in New York City on July 19. Byrd and Noville were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_States)" title="Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)">Distinguished Flying Cross</a> by Secretary of the Navy <a href="/wiki/Curtis_D._Wilbur" title="Curtis D. Wilbur">Curtis D. Wilbur</a> at the dinner.<sup id="cite_ref-iNgXi_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iNgXi-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acosta and Balchen did not receive the Distinguished Flying Cross because, at that time, it could only be awarded to members of the armed services and not to civilians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Byrd wrote an article for the August 1927 edition of <i>Popular Science Monthly</i> in which he accurately predicted that while specially modified aircraft with one to three crewmen would fly the Atlantic nonstop, another 20 years were needed before it would be realized on a commercial scale.<sup id="cite_ref-mheH3_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mheH3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Antarctic_expeditions">Early Antarctic expeditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Early Antarctic expeditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Antarctic_expedition_(1928–1930)"><span id="First_Antarctic_expedition_.281928.E2.80.931930.29"></span>First Antarctic expedition (1928–1930)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: First Antarctic expedition (1928–1930)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Special:EditPage/Richard E. Byrd">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Richard+E.+Byrd%22">"Richard E. 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Udvar-Hazy Center">Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center</a>); and a <a href="/wiki/Fokker_Super_Universal" title="Fokker Super Universal">Fokker Super Universal</a> monoplane called the <i>Virginia</i> (Byrd's birth state). A base camp named "<a href="/wiki/Little_America_(exploration_base)" title="Little America (exploration base)">Little America</a>" was constructed on the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Ice_Shelf" title="Ross Ice Shelf">Ross Ice Shelf</a>, and scientific expeditions by <a href="/wiki/Snowshoe" title="Snowshoe">snowshoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dog_sled" title="Dog sled">dog sled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snowmobile" title="Snowmobile">snowmobile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplane</a> began.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To increase the interest of youth in arctic exploration, a 19-year-old American <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_(Boy_Scouts_of_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boy Scouts (Boy Scouts of America)">Boy Scout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Siple" title="Paul Siple">Paul Allman Siple</a>, was chosen to accompany the expedition. Siple went on to earn a doctorate and was probably the only person, other than Byrd himself, to participate in all five of Byrd's Antarctic expeditions. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09158,_Expeditionsschiff_Byrds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09158%2C_Expeditionsschiff_Byrds.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09158%2C_Expeditionsschiff_Byrds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09158%2C_Expeditionsschiff_Byrds.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09158%2C_Expeditionsschiff_Byrds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09158%2C_Expeditionsschiff_Byrds.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09158%2C_Expeditionsschiff_Byrds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Byrd's expedition ship.</figcaption></figure> <p>Photographic expeditions and geological surveys were undertaken for the duration of that summer, and constant radio communications were maintained with the outside world. After their first winter, their expeditions were resumed, and on November 28, 1929, the first flight to the South Pole and back was launched. Byrd, along with pilot <a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Bernt Balchen</a>, co-pilot/radioman <a href="/wiki/Harold_June" title="Harold June">Harold June</a>, and photographer <a href="/wiki/Ashley_McKinley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashley McKinley">Ashley McKinley</a>, flew the <i>Floyd Bennett</i> to the South Pole and back in 18 hours, 41 minutes. They had difficulty gaining enough altitude, and they had to dump empty gas tanks, as well as their emergency supplies, to achieve the altitude of the Polar Plateau, but they were ultimately successful.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1929, Byrd participated in a privately financed expedition, where he headed the inaugural aircraft crew that successfully flew over the South Pole. Byrd strongly advocated for ski-equipped aircraft, despite the considerable operational, logistical, and maintenance challenges they posed, necessitating the establishment of significant onshore bases to address these issues.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Remains_of_Fokker_aircraft,_First_Byrd_Expedition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Remains_of_Fokker_aircraft%2C_First_Byrd_Expedition.jpg/260px-Remains_of_Fokker_aircraft%2C_First_Byrd_Expedition.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Remains_of_Fokker_aircraft%2C_First_Byrd_Expedition.jpg/390px-Remains_of_Fokker_aircraft%2C_First_Byrd_Expedition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Remains_of_Fokker_aircraft%2C_First_Byrd_Expedition.jpg/520px-Remains_of_Fokker_aircraft%2C_First_Byrd_Expedition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1564" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Remains of Fokker aircraft in the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Mountains" title="Rockefeller Mountains">Rockefeller Mountains</a>, Antarctica, in 1993</figcaption></figure> <p>As a result of his achievement, Byrd was promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral" title="Rear admiral">rear admiral</a> by a special act of Congress on December 21, 1929. As he was only 41 years old at the time, this promotion made Byrd the youngest admiral in the history of the United States Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-1GPaH_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1GPaH-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By way of comparison, none of his Annapolis classmates became admirals until 1942, after 30 years of commissioned service. He is one of only four persons including Admiral <a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">David Dixon Porter</a>, Arctic explorer Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Donald_Baxter_MacMillan" title="Donald Baxter MacMillan">Donald Baxter MacMillan</a> and Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Frederic_R._Harris" title="Frederic R. Harris">Frederic R. Harris</a>, to have been promoted to the rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy without having first held the rank of captain. </p><p>After a further summer of exploration, the expedition returned to North America on June 18, 1930. Unlike the 1926 flight, this expedition was honored with the gold medal of the <a href="/wiki/American_Geographical_Society" title="American Geographical Society">American Geographical Society</a>. This was also seen in the film <i><a href="/wiki/With_Byrd_at_the_South_Pole" title="With Byrd at the South Pole">With Byrd at the South Pole</a></i> (1930), which covered his trip there. </p><p>Byrd, by then an internationally recognized, pioneering American polar explorer and aviator, served for a time as Honorary National President (1931–1935) of <a href="/wiki/Pi_Gamma_Mu" title="Pi Gamma Mu">Pi Gamma Mu</a>, the international honor society in the social sciences. He carried the society's flag during his first Antarctic expedition to dramatize the spirit of adventure into the unknown, characterizing both the natural and social sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_E._Byrd_1888-1957_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard_E._Byrd_1888-1957-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Byrd_Antarctic_Expedition_III_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byrd_Antarctic_Expedition_III-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To finance and gain both political and public support for his expeditions, Byrd actively cultivated relationships with many powerful individuals, including President Franklin Roosevelt, Henry Ford, Edsel Ford, <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller_Jr." title="John D. Rockefeller Jr.">John D. Rockefeller Jr.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Astor" title="Vincent Astor">Vincent Astor</a>. As a token of his gratitude, Byrd named geographic features in the Antarctic after his supporters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Antarctic_expedition_(1933-1934)"><span id="Second_Antarctic_expedition_.281933-1934.29"></span>Second Antarctic expedition (1933-1934)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Second Antarctic expedition (1933-1934)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:80-G-416307_(30415138805).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/80-G-416307_%2830415138805%29.jpg/220px-80-G-416307_%2830415138805%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/80-G-416307_%2830415138805%29.jpg/330px-80-G-416307_%2830415138805%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/80-G-416307_%2830415138805%29.jpg/440px-80-G-416307_%2830415138805%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3004" data-file-height="2358" /></a><figcaption>Byrd's <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_T-32_Condor_II" title="Curtiss T-32 Condor II">Curtiss T-32 Condor II</a> of second Antarctic expedition, November 1933</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Admiral_Byrd_Antarctic_Expedition_1933_Issue-3c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Admiral_Byrd_Antarctic_Expedition_1933_Issue-3c.jpg/175px-Admiral_Byrd_Antarctic_Expedition_1933_Issue-3c.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Admiral_Byrd_Antarctic_Expedition_1933_Issue-3c.jpg/263px-Admiral_Byrd_Antarctic_Expedition_1933_Issue-3c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Admiral_Byrd_Antarctic_Expedition_1933_Issue-3c.jpg/350px-Admiral_Byrd_Antarctic_Expedition_1933_Issue-3c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption>Antarctic Expedition 3 cent, issue of 1933. The basic design, featuring a map, was inspired by President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">F. D. Roosevelt.</a><sup id="cite_ref-1933stamp_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1933stamp-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />See <a href="/wiki/File:3c_Byrd_Antarctic_Expedition_II_President_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_sketch.jpg" title="File:3c Byrd Antarctic Expedition II President Franklin D. Roosevelt sketch.jpg">FDR sketch</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On his second expedition during the summer of 1933–1934, (it was winter in the US, above the equator) Byrd spent five months alone operating a <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorological</a> station, Advance Base, from which he narrowly escaped with his life after suffering <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> poisoning from a poorly ventilated stove. Unusual radio transmissions from Byrd finally began to alarm the men at the base camp, who then attempted to go to Advance Base. The first two trips were failures due to darkness, snow, and mechanical troubles. Finally, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Poulter" title="Thomas Poulter">Thomas Poulter</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=E._J._Demas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E. J. Demas (page does not exist)">E. J. Demas</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amory_Waite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amory Waite (page does not exist)">Amory Waite</a> arrived at Advance Base, where they found Byrd in poor physical health. The men remained at Advance Base until October 12. when an airplane from the base camp picked up Dr. Poulter and Byrd. The rest of the men returned to base camp with the tractor.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This expedition is described by Byrd in his autobiography <i>Alone</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the summer months the days were long and the evenings existed in twilight. Inside the exploration headquarters Byrd had fashioned a large calendar on the wall, where he would cross off each day as it passed.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A CBS radio station, KFZ, was set up on the base camp ship, the <a href="/wiki/USS_Bear" title="USS Bear"><i>Bear of Oakland</i></a> and <i>The Adventures of Admiral Byrd</i> program was short-waved to Buenos Aires, then relayed to New York.<sup id="cite_ref-zw56a_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zw56a-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sponsored by <a href="/wiki/General_Foods" title="General Foods">General Foods</a>, the broadcasts aired on Saturday nights at 10:00 pm and reached #16 on the <a href="/wiki/C.E._Hooper" class="mw-redirect" title="C.E. Hooper">Hooper rating</a> for the 1933-34 broadcast season, reaching an average audience of 19.1 million.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Byrd's Antarctic expedition prompted President Roosevelt and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">U.S. Postmaster General</a> to honor the event in 1933 on a U.S. <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_stamp" title="Commemorative stamp">commemorative stamp</a> which greatly helped raise the funding needed to finance Byrd's expedition to the Antarctic. The expedition, via the Post Office, sold philatelic subscription <a href="/wiki/Philatelic_cover" title="Philatelic cover">Philatelic covers</a> to be serviced at the official USPOD post office set up in the <a href="/wiki/Little_America_(exploration_base)" title="Little America (exploration base)">Antarctic exploration base</a>, dubbed <i>Little America</i>, and which was officially established on October 6, 1933. All mail sent to the Antarctic required at least one Byrd II 3 cent stamp (pictured), along with sufficient postage amounting to 53 cents. The postage stamp is numbered 753 in the Scott's Catalog. The U.S. Post Office contracted with the expedition for this purpose as it had no other means to deliver mail to and from the Antarctic. Approximately 150,000 pieces of such mail went through the special Antarctic post office in 1933 to 1934. As only members of the post office were authorized to postmark and handle mail, Charles F. Anderson, a special representative of the Postmaster General, was assigned to the post office at Little America in Antarctica.<sup id="cite_ref-1933stamp_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1933stamp-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1938, Byrd visited Hamburg, and was invited to participate in the 1938/1939 German "<a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">Neuschwabenland</a>" Antarctic Expedition, but declined. (Although Germany was not at war with the United States at this time, Adolf Hitler had been serving as <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer of the German Reich</a> since 1934, and i<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">nvaded Poland the next year</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antarctic_Service_Expedition_(1939–1940)"><span id="Antarctic_Service_Expedition_.281939.E2.80.931940.29"></span>Antarctic Service Expedition (1939–1940)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Antarctic Service Expedition (1939–1940)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Antarctic_Service_Expedition" title="United States Antarctic Service Expedition">United States Antarctic Service Expedition</a></div> <p>Byrd's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Antarctic_Service_Expedition" title="United States Antarctic Service Expedition">third expedition</a> was the first one financed and conducted by the United States government. The project included extensive studies of geology, biology, meteorology, and exploration. The innovative <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Snow_Cruiser" title="Antarctic Snow Cruiser">Antarctic Snow Cruiser</a> was brought with the expedition, but broke down shortly after arriving. </p><p>Within a few months, in March 1940, Byrd was recalled to active duty in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. The expedition continued in Antarctica without him until the last of its participants left Antarctica on March 22, 1941. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SPECIAL_NAVY_MISSION.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Letter from Admiral Byrd to Commanding Officer, USS Concord, commemorating the loss of 24 men during the special mission, September–November 1943" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/SPECIAL_NAVY_MISSION.jpg/220px-SPECIAL_NAVY_MISSION.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/SPECIAL_NAVY_MISSION.jpg/330px-SPECIAL_NAVY_MISSION.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/SPECIAL_NAVY_MISSION.jpg/440px-SPECIAL_NAVY_MISSION.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3051" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>Letter from RADM Richard E. Byrd to Captain Irving R. Chambers, Commanding Officer, USS <i>Concord</i>, commemorating the loss of 24 men during Byrd's special mission to reconnoiter South Sea islands during September–December 1943.</figcaption></figure><p>As a senior officer in the United States Navy, Byrd was recalled on active duty on March 26, 1942, and served as the confidential advisor to Admiral <a href="/wiki/Ernest_J._King" title="Ernest J. King">Ernest J. King</a>. From 1942 to 1945 he served on the South Pacific Island Base Inspection Board, which toured bases in the South Pacific in May and June 1942. The report submitted by the Board describes conditions found at each base and analyses, lessons learned in planning and equipping these bases. The report contains recommendations applicable to the individual bases and others designed to be helpful in the planning of future advanced bases. </p><p>On 1 September 1943, in compliance with a series of letters from the President to the Secretary of the Navy, the Commander-in-Chief United States Fleet and Chief of Naval Operations ordered Byrd to assume direction of a survey and "investigation of certain islands in the East and South Pacific in connection with national defense and commercial air bases and routes." The members of the Special Navy Mission sailed from Balboa, Canal Zone, on <a href="/wiki/USS_Concord_(CL-10)" title="USS Concord (CL-10)">USS <i>Concord</i></a>, Captain Irving Reynold Chambers, commanding, in September 1943. A large explosion at sea on October 7, 1943, took the lives of 24 <i>Concord</i> crewmen, including the executive officer, Commander Rogers Elliott. Caused by ignition of gasoline fumes at the stern of the ship, the explosion threw some men overboard, while others were killed from concussion, burns, fractured skulls and broken necks. Several sailors died while trying to save their shipmates. The dead were buried at sea on October 8. On October 23, 1943, Byrd wrote a letter from <a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a> (the largest of the <a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas Islands</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>) to Chambers, the ship's commanding officer, commending him and his crew "for the courage and efficiency" displayed following the explosion that made Byrd "feel proud to be an American. Great heroism was displayed, especially by the men who lost their lives rescuing the wounded." Byrd completed the Special Mission in December and participated in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Strategic_Bombing_Survey" title="United States Strategic Bombing Survey">United States Strategic Bombing Survey</a> (USSBS) in 1944 to 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 10, 1945, Byrd received the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christopher_Columbus" title="Order of Christopher Columbus">Order of Christopher Columbus</a> from the government of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-QBmaR_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QBmaR-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byrd was present at the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_surrender" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese surrender">Japanese surrender</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Bay" title="Tokyo Bay">Tokyo Bay</a> on September 2, 1945. He was released from active duty on October 1, 1945. In recognition of his service during World War II, Byrd received two awards of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_Antarctic_expeditions">Later Antarctic expeditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Later Antarctic expeditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Highjump_(1946–1947)"><span id="Operation_Highjump_.281946.E2.80.931947.29"></span>Operation Highjump (1946–1947)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Operation Highjump (1946–1947)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alone_(Richard_Byrd_autobiography_-_cover_art).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/eb/Alone_%28Richard_Byrd_autobiography_-_cover_art%29.png/170px-Alone_%28Richard_Byrd_autobiography_-_cover_art%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/eb/Alone_%28Richard_Byrd_autobiography_-_cover_art%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Cover of Byrd's autobiography</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard-E-Byrd-6854e2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Richard-E-Byrd-6854e2.jpg/170px-Richard-E-Byrd-6854e2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Richard-E-Byrd-6854e2.jpg/255px-Richard-E-Byrd-6854e2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Richard-E-Byrd-6854e2.jpg/340px-Richard-E-Byrd-6854e2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Admiral Byrd during <i>Operation Deep Freeze I</i> (Dec. 1955)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1946, Secretary of the Navy <a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">James Forrestal</a> appointed Byrd as officer in charge of Antarctic Developments Project. Byrd's fourth Antarctic expedition was code-named <a href="/wiki/Operation_Highjump" title="Operation Highjump">Operation Highjump</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the largest Antarctic expedition to date and was expected to last 6–8 months. </p><p>The expedition was supported by a large naval force (designated Task Force 68), commanded by Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Cruzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard H. Cruzen">Richard H. Cruzen</a>. Thirteen US Navy support ships (besides the flagship <a href="/wiki/USS_Mount_Olympus" title="USS Mount Olympus">USS <i>Mount Olympus</i></a> and the aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Philippine_Sea_(CV-47)" title="USS Philippine Sea (CV-47)">USS <i>Philippine Sea</i></a>), six helicopters, six flying boats, two seaplane tenders, and 15 other aircraft were used. The total number of personnel involved was over 4,000. </p><p>The armada arrived in the Ross Sea on December 31, 1946, and made aerial explorations of an area half the size of the United States, recording 10 new mountain ranges. The major area covered was the eastern coastline of Antarctica from 150°E to the Greenwich meridian. </p><p>Admiral Byrd was interviewed by Lee van Atta of <a href="/wiki/International_News_Service" title="International News Service">International News Service</a> aboard the expedition's command ship <a href="/wiki/USS_Mount_Olympus_(AGC-8)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Mount Olympus (AGC-8)">USS <i>Mount Olympus</i></a>, in which he discussed the lessons learned from the operation. The interview appeared in the Wednesday, March 5, 1947, edition of the Chilean newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/El_Mercurio" title="El Mercurio">El Mercurio</a></i>, and read in part: </p> <blockquote><p>Admiral Richard E. Byrd warned today that the United States should adopt measures of protection against the possibility of an invasion of the country by hostile planes coming from the polar regions. The admiral explained that he was not trying to scare anyone, but the cruel reality is that in case of a new war, the United States could be attacked by planes flying over one or both poles. This statement was made as part of a recapitulation of his own polar experience, in an exclusive interview with International News Service. Talking about the recently completed expedition, Byrd said that the most important result of his observations and discoveries is the potential effect that they have in relation to the security of the United States. The fantastic speed with which the world is shrinking – recalled the admiral – is one of the most important lessons learned during his recent Antarctic exploration. I have to warn my compatriots that the time has ended when we were able to take refuge in our isolation and rely on the certainty that the distances, the oceans, and the poles were a guarantee of safety.<sup id="cite_ref-SrP7R_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SrP7R-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wVU0G_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wVU0G-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1948, the U.S. Navy produced a documentary about Operation Highjump named <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Land" title="The Secret Land">The Secret Land</a></i>. The film shows live-action footage of the operation, along with a few re-enacted scenes. It won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> for Best Documentary. </p><p>On December 8, 1954, Byrd appeared on the television show <i>Longines Chronoscope</i>. He was interviewed by Larry LeSueur and Kenneth Crawford about his Antarctic voyages, and said that Antarctica, in the future, would become the most important place in the world for science.<sup id="cite_ref-d7E2H_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d7E2H-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Deep_Freeze_I_(1955–1956)"><span id="Operation_Deep_Freeze_I_.281955.E2.80.931956.29"></span>Operation Deep Freeze I (1955–1956)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Operation Deep Freeze I (1955–1956)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard-E-Byrd-0893e7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Richard-E-Byrd-0893e7.jpg/220px-Richard-E-Byrd-0893e7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Richard-E-Byrd-0893e7.jpg/330px-Richard-E-Byrd-0893e7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Richard-E-Byrd-0893e7.jpg/440px-Richard-E-Byrd-0893e7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Rear Admiral Byrd (<i>circa</i> 1955)</figcaption></figure> <p>As part of the multinational collaboration for the <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">International Geophysical Year</a> (IGY) 1957–58, Byrd was appointed as officer in charge of the U.S. Navy <a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Freeze" title="Operation Deep Freeze">Operation Deep Freeze I</a> in 1955–56, which established permanent Antarctic bases at <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Sound" title="McMurdo Sound">McMurdo Sound</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Whales" title="Bay of Whales">Bay of Whales</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a>. This was Byrd's last trip to Antarctica, and marked the beginning of a permanent U.S. military presence in Antarctica. Byrd spent only one week in the Antarctic, and started his return to the United States on February 3, 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-FSIBZ_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSIBZ-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rear_Admiral_Richard_E._Byrd_(18680437653).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Rear_Admiral_Richard_E._Byrd_%2818680437653%29.jpg/220px-Rear_Admiral_Richard_E._Byrd_%2818680437653%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Rear_Admiral_Richard_E._Byrd_%2818680437653%29.jpg/330px-Rear_Admiral_Richard_E._Byrd_%2818680437653%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Rear_Admiral_Richard_E._Byrd_%2818680437653%29.jpg/440px-Rear_Admiral_Richard_E._Byrd_%2818680437653%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6386" data-file-height="4262" /></a><figcaption>Grave of Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd</figcaption></figure> <p>Admiral Byrd died in his sleep of a heart ailment at the age of 68 on March 11, 1957, at his home at 7 Brimmer Street in the <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston" title="Beacon Hill, Boston">Beacon Hill</a> neighborhood in Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-ErQBg_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ErQBg-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is buried in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memberships">Memberships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Memberships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Byrd was an active <a href="/wiki/Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">Freemason</a>. He was raised (became a Master Mason) in Federal Lodge No. 1, Washington, D.C., on March 19, 1921, and affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kane" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisha Kane">Kane</a> Lodge No. 454, New York City, September 18, 1928. He was a member of <a href="/wiki/National_Sojourners" title="National Sojourners">National Sojourners</a> Chapter No. 3 at Washington. In 1930, Byrd was awarded a gold medal by Kane Lodge.<sup id="cite_ref-XeYPT_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XeYPT-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tdIL8_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tdIL8-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1931, Byrd became a compatriot of the Tennessee Society of the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Sons of the American Revolution">Sons of the American Revolution</a>. He was assigned state membership number 605 and national membership number 50430. He received the society's War Service Medal for his service during the First World War. </p><p>He was also a member of numerous other patriotic, scientific, and charitable organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/Explorers_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorers Club">Explorers Club</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Legion" title="American Legion">American Legion</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Byrd%27s_Bust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Richard_Byrd%27s_Bust.jpg/170px-Richard_Byrd%27s_Bust.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Richard_Byrd%27s_Bust.jpg/255px-Richard_Byrd%27s_Bust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Richard_Byrd%27s_Bust.jpg/340px-Richard_Byrd%27s_Bust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2672" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Richard E. Byrd by <a href="/wiki/Felix_de_Weldon" title="Felix de Weldon">Felix de Weldon</a> at <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a>, Antarctica.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the time he died, Byrd had amassed 22 citations and special commendations, nine of which were for bravery and two for extraordinary heroism in saving the lives of others. In addition, he received the Medal of Honor, the Silver Lifesaving Medal, the <a href="/wiki/Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="Navy Distinguished Service Medal">Navy Distinguished Service Medal</a>, the Distinguished Flying Cross, and the Navy Cross. </p><p>Admiral Byrd is the only person to have three <a href="/wiki/List_of_ticker-tape_parades_in_New_York_City" title="List of ticker-tape parades in New York City">ticker-tape parades in New York City</a> (in 1926, 1927, and 1930) given in his honor. </p><p>Byrd was one of only four American military officers in history entitled to wear a medal with his own image on it. The others were Admiral <a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">George Dewey</a>, General <a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a>, and Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_T._Sampson" title="William T. Sampson">William T. Sampson</a>. As Byrd's image is on both the first and second <a href="/wiki/Byrd_Antarctic_Expedition_Medal" title="Byrd Antarctic Expedition Medal">Byrd Antarctic Expedition Medals</a>, he was the only American entitled to wear two medals with his own image on them. </p><p>He was one of the recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Langley_Gold_Medal" title="Langley Gold Medal">Langley Gold Medal</a>, which is awarded by the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> for outstanding achievement in aviation. </p><p>He was the seventh recipient of the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Hubbard_Medal" title="Hubbard Medal">Hubbard Medal</a> awarded by the National Geographic Society for his flight to the North Pole. Other recipients include <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Robert Peary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a>, and Charles Lindbergh. </p><p>Byrd received numerous medals from nongovernmental organizations in honor of his achievements. These included the David Livingstone Centenary Medal of the <a href="/wiki/American_Geographical_Society" title="American Geographical Society">American Geographical Society</a>, the Loczy Medal of the Hungarian Geographical Society, the Vega Medal of the Swedish Geographical Society, and the <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Elisha Kent Kane</a> Medal of the Philadelphia Geographical Society. </p><p>In 1927, the <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts of America</a> made Byrd an <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scouts#Honorary_Scouts" title="List of Scouts">Honorary Scout</a>, a new category of scout created that same year. This distinction was given to "American citizens whose achievements in outdoor activity, exploration, and worthwhile adventure are of such an exceptional character as to capture the imagination of boys ...".<sup id="cite_ref-time29aug1927_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time29aug1927-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byrd_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Byrd_Memorial.jpg/170px-Byrd_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Byrd_Memorial.jpg/255px-Byrd_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Byrd_Memorial.jpg/340px-Byrd_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Byrd Memorial on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Victoria_(Wellington_hill)" title="Mount Victoria (Wellington hill)">Mount Victoria</a>, New Zealand</figcaption></figure> <p>Also in 1927 the <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">City of Richmond</a> dedicated the Richard Evelyn Byrd Flying Field, now <a href="/wiki/Richmond_International_Airport" title="Richmond International Airport">Richmond International Airport</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Henrico_County,_Virginia" title="Henrico County, Virginia">Henrico County, Virginia</a>. Byrd's <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Aircraft" title="Fairchild Aircraft">Fairchild</a> FC-2W2, NX8006, <i>Stars And Stripes</i>, is on display at the Virginia Aviation Museum located on the north side of the airport, on loan from the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. </p><p>In 1929, Byrd received the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Buffalo_Award" title="Silver Buffalo Award">Silver Buffalo Award</a> from the Boy Scouts of America. Also in 1929, he received the <a href="/wiki/Langley_Gold_Medal" title="Langley Gold Medal">Langley Gold Medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lunar_crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar crater">Lunar crater</a> <a href="/wiki/Byrd_(lunar_crater)" title="Byrd (lunar crater)">Byrd</a> is named after him, as was the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> dry cargo ship <a href="/wiki/USNS_Richard_E._Byrd" title="USNS Richard E. Byrd">USNS <i>Richard E. Byrd</i> (T-AKE-4)</a> and the now decommissioned <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Adams_class_destroyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles F. Adams class destroyer"><i>Charles F. Adams</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Guided_missile_destroyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided missile destroyer">guided missile destroyer</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Richard_E._Byrd_(DDG-23)" title="USS Richard E. Byrd (DDG-23)">USS <i>Richard E. Byrd</i> (DDG-23)</a>. </p><p>In 1930, Byrd was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Glen_Rock,_New_Jersey" title="Glen Rock, New Jersey">Glen Rock, New Jersey</a>, Richard E. Byrd School was dedicated in 1931. </p><p>On March 31, 1934, during a regularly scheduled broadcast, Admiral Byrd was awarded the CBS Medal for Distinguished Contribution to Radio. Byrd's short-wave relay broadcasts, from his second Antarctic expedition, established a new chapter of communication history. Byrd was the sixth individual to receive this award.<sup id="cite_ref-K6Qai_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K6Qai-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:50th_Anniversary_Commemorative_Flag_of_Byrd%27s_First_Antarctic_Expedition.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/50th_Anniversary_Commemorative_Flag_of_Byrd%27s_First_Antarctic_Expedition.svg/220px-50th_Anniversary_Commemorative_Flag_of_Byrd%27s_First_Antarctic_Expedition.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/50th_Anniversary_Commemorative_Flag_of_Byrd%27s_First_Antarctic_Expedition.svg/330px-50th_Anniversary_Commemorative_Flag_of_Byrd%27s_First_Antarctic_Expedition.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/50th_Anniversary_Commemorative_Flag_of_Byrd%27s_First_Antarctic_Expedition.svg/440px-50th_Anniversary_Commemorative_Flag_of_Byrd%27s_First_Antarctic_Expedition.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>50th Anniversary flag of Byrd's historic flag over the South Pole.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Institute of Polar Studies at the Ohio State University officially changed its name to the Byrd Polar Research Center (BPRC) on January 21, 1987, after it acquired Byrd's expeditionary records, personal papers, and other memorabilia in 1985 from the estate of Marie A. Byrd, the late wife of Admiral Byrd. His papers served as the nucleus for establishment of the BPRC Polar Archival Program in 1990. In 1958. the Richard Byrd library, part of the <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County_Public_Library" title="Fairfax County Public Library">Fairfax County Public Library</a> system opened in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Virginia" title="Springfield, Virginia">Springfield, Virginia</a>. </p><p>Richard E. Byrd Elementary School, a Department of Defense school located in Negishi (Yokohama, Japan) opened on September 20, 1948. The name was changed to R.E. Byrd Elementary School on April 5, 1960. </p><p>Memorials to Byrd can be found in two cities in New Zealand (<a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a>). Byrd used New Zealand as his departure point for several of his Antarctic expeditions. </p><p>The 50th anniversary of Byrd's first flight over the South Pole was commemorated in a set of two postage stamps by <a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> in 1979, and a commemorative flag was designed.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The long-range short-wave voice transmissions from Byrd's Antarctic expedition in 1934 were named an <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEEE_milestones" class="mw-redirect" title="List of IEEE milestones">IEEE Milestone</a> in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-mG3dc_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mG3dc-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>Admiral Richard E. Byrd Middle School, located in <a href="/wiki/Frederick_County,_Virginia" title="Frederick County, Virginia">Frederick County, Virginia</a>, was opened in 2005, and is decorated with pictures and letters from Byrd's life and career. </p><p>He was inducted into <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> as an honorary member at the University of Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-bUHQL_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bUHQL-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Byrd was inducted into the International Air and Space Hall of Fame at the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Air_and_Space_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego Air and Space Museum">San Diego Air and Space Museum</a> in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-2B1EX_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2B1EX-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Richard E. Byrd Middle School in Sun Valley, California, is named after Admiral Byrd. The school opened in its present location in 2008 after its original location was converted to Sun Valley High School. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Vall%C3%A9e" title="Jacques Vallée">Jacques Vallée</a> in his book <i>Confrontations</i> mentions a "spurious story" about "'holes in the pole' allegedly found by Admiral Byrd", when he quotes Clint Chapin of the <i>Copper Medic</i> case as believing the UFOs came from inside the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Circle_(novel)" title="Great Circle (novel)">Great Circle</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Maggie_Shipstead" title="Maggie Shipstead">Maggie Shipstead</a>, Byrd and the Little America bases are the final stop in Marian Graves' journey to circle the globe by flight over the North and South Poles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_awards">Military awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Military awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Admiral Byrd was one of the most highly decorated officers in the history of the United States Navy. He is, probably, the only individual to receive the Medal of Honor, Navy Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross, and the Silver Life Saving Medal. He also was one of a very few individuals to receive all three Antarctic expedition medals issued for expeditions prior to the Second World War. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decorations_and_medals">Decorations and medals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Decorations and medals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="9"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Aviator_Badge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Naval_Aviator_Badge.jpg/200px-Naval_Aviator_Badge.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Naval_Aviator_Badge.jpg/300px-Naval_Aviator_Badge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Naval_Aviator_Badge.jpg/400px-Naval_Aviator_Badge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1362" data-file-height="469" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medal_of_Honor_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Medal_of_Honor_ribbon.svg/106px-Medal_of_Honor_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Medal_of_Honor_ribbon.svg/159px-Medal_of_Honor_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Medal_of_Honor_ribbon.svg/212px-Medal_of_Honor_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Navy_Cross_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Navy_Cross_ribbon.svg/106px-Navy_Cross_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Navy_Cross_ribbon.svg/159px-Navy_Cross_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Navy_Cross_ribbon.svg/212px-Navy_Cross_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td> <td><div style="position:relative; width:106px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 43px; top: 5px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1_golden_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold award star"><img alt="Gold star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1_golden_star.svg/22px-1_golden_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1_golden_star.svg/33px-1_golden_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1_golden_star.svg/44px-1_golden_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="782" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span></div></div> </td> <td><div style="position:relative; width:106px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 43px; top: 5px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1_golden_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold award star"><img alt="Gold star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1_golden_star.svg/22px-1_golden_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1_golden_star.svg/33px-1_golden_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1_golden_star.svg/44px-1_golden_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="782" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg/106px-Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg/159px-Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg/212px-Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg/106px-Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg/159px-Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg/212px-Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><div style="position:relative; width:106px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 23px; top: 5px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1_golden_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold award star"><img alt="Gold star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1_golden_star.svg/22px-1_golden_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1_golden_star.svg/33px-1_golden_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1_golden_star.svg/44px-1_golden_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="782" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 63px; top: 5px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1_golden_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold award star"><img alt="Gold star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1_golden_star.svg/22px-1_golden_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1_golden_star.svg/33px-1_golden_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1_golden_star.svg/44px-1_golden_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="782" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_Lifesaving_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Silver_Lifesaving_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-Silver_Lifesaving_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Silver_Lifesaving_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-Silver_Lifesaving_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Silver_Lifesaving_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-Silver_Lifesaving_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Byrd_Antarctic_Expedition_Medal_(1928-1930).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Byrd_Antarctic_Expedition_Medal_%281928-1930%29.png/106px-Byrd_Antarctic_Expedition_Medal_%281928-1930%29.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="30" 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data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Antarctic_Expedition_Medal_(1939-1941).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/United_States_Antarctic_Expedition_Medal_%281939-1941%29.png/106px-United_States_Antarctic_Expedition_Medal_%281939-1941%29.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/United_States_Antarctic_Expedition_Medal_%281939-1941%29.png/159px-United_States_Antarctic_Expedition_Medal_%281939-1941%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/United_States_Antarctic_Expedition_Medal_%281939-1941%29.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="57" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexican_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/106px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/159px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/212px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DOM_Order_of_Christopher_Columbus_ribbon_bar.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/DOM_Order_of_Christopher_Columbus_ribbon_bar.PNG/106px-DOM_Order_of_Christopher_Columbus_ribbon_bar.PNG" decoding="async" width="106" height="32" class="mw-file-element" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/ROU_Aeronautical_Virtue_Order_2002_Knight_BAR.svg/106px-ROU_Aeronautical_Virtue_Order_2002_Knight_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/ROU_Aeronautical_Virtue_Order_2002_Knight_BAR.svg/159px-ROU_Aeronautical_Virtue_Order_2002_Knight_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/ROU_Aeronautical_Virtue_Order_2002_Knight_BAR.svg/212px-ROU_Aeronautical_Virtue_Order_2002_Knight_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Note – The dates on the table below are the year the award was received and not necessarily the year of the actions the award recognizes. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Aviator_Badge" title="United States Aviator Badge">Naval Aviator Badge</a><br />(1917) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1st Row </th> <td colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a><br />(1926) </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Row </th> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Navy_Cross" title="Navy Cross">Navy Cross</a> <br />(1929) </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="Navy Distinguished Service Medal">Navy Distinguished Service Medal</a> <br />with <a href="/wiki/Award_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Award star">award star</a><br />(1926, 1941) </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a><br />with award star<br />(1943, 1946) </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Row </th> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_States)" title="Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)">Distinguished Flying Cross</a><br />(1927) </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Navy_Commendation_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy Commendation Medal">Navy Commendation Medal</a><br />with two stars<br />(1944) </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Lifesaving_Medal" title="Lifesaving Medal">Silver Lifesaving Medal</a><br />(1914) </td></tr> <tr> <th>4th Row </th> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Byrd_Antarctic_Expedition_Medal" title="Byrd Antarctic Expedition Medal">Byrd Antarctic Expedition Medal</a><br />issued in Gold <br />(1930)<sup id="cite_ref-qvMbL_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qvMbL-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Second_Byrd_Antarctic_Expedition_Medal" title="Second Byrd Antarctic Expedition Medal">Second Byrd Antarctic <br />Expedition Medal</a><br />(1937) </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Antarctic_Expedition_Medal" title="United States Antarctic Expedition Medal">United States Antarctic <br />Expedition Medal</a><br />issued in Gold <br />(1945)<sup id="cite_ref-2QDyS_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2QDyS-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>5th Row </th> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Service_Medal" title="Mexican Service Medal">Mexican Service Medal</a><br />(1918) </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_(United_States)" title="World War I Victory Medal (United States)">World War I Victory Medal</a><br />with commendation star <br />and two campaign <a href="/wiki/Medal_bar" title="Medal bar">clasps</a><br />(1919) </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/American_Defense_Service_Medal" title="American Defense Service Medal">American Defense Service Medal</a><br />with <a href="/wiki/Service_star" title="Service star">service star</a><br />(1940) </td></tr> <tr> <th>6th Row </th> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal">European-African-Middle Eastern <br />Campaign Medal</a><br />with battle star<br />(1943) </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal">Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal</a><br />with two battle stars <br />(1942) </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="World War II Victory Medal (United States)">World War II Victory Medal</a> <br />(1945) </td></tr> <tr> <th>7th Row </th> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Service_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Service Medal">Antarctic Service Medal</a><br />(1960, posthumous) </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion of Honor">Commander of the Legion of Honor</a><br />(1931, France)<br />(Officer in 1927) </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christopher_Columbus" title="Order of Christopher Columbus">Order of Christopher Columbus</a><br />(1945, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Santo Domingo</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>8th Row </th> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Aviz" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Aviz">Commander of the Order of Aviz</a><br />(1921, Portugal) </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus" title="Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus">Officer, Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus</a><br />(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1930</span>, Italy) </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Aeronautical_Virtue" title="Order of Aeronautical Virtue">Officer, Order of Aeronautical Virtue</a><br />(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1930</span>, Romania) </td></tr> </tbody></table><p><sup id="cite_ref-:4_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Byrd was posthumously eligible for the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Service_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Service Medal">Antarctic Service Medal</a>, established in 1960, for his participation in the Antarctic expeditions Operation Highjump (1946 to 1947) and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Freeze" title="Operation Deep Freeze">Operation Deep Freeze</a> (1955 to 1956). </p><p>Byrd also received numerous other awards from governmental and private entities in the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medal_of_Honor_citation">Medal of Honor citation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Medal of Honor citation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiffany_Cross_Medal_of_Honor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Tiffany_Cross_Medal_of_Honor.jpg/80px-Tiffany_Cross_Medal_of_Honor.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Tiffany_Cross_Medal_of_Honor.jpg/120px-Tiffany_Cross_Medal_of_Honor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Tiffany_Cross_Medal_of_Honor.jpg/160px-Tiffany_Cross_Medal_of_Honor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="2657" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Rank and organization: Commander, United States Navy. Born: October 25, 1888, Winchester, Va. Appointed from: Virginia. </p> <dl><dt>Citation</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <blockquote><p>For distinguishing himself conspicuously by courage and intrepidity at the risk of his life, in demonstrating that it is possible for aircraft to travel in continuous flight from a now inhabited portion of the earth over the North Pole and return.</p></blockquote> <p>Byrd, along with Machinist Floyd Bennett, was presented with the Medal of Honor by President Calvin Coolidge on March 5, 1927. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navy_Cross_citation">Navy Cross citation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Navy Cross citation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Navy_Cross.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Navy_Cross.png/80px-Navy_Cross.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Navy_Cross.png/120px-Navy_Cross.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Navy_Cross.png/160px-Navy_Cross.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="859" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <blockquote><p>The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Cross to Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr. (NSN: 0–7918), United States Navy, for extraordinary heroism in the line of his profession as Commanding Officer of the Byrd Antarctic Expedition I, in that on November 28, 1929 he took off in his "Floyd Bennett" from the Expedition's base at Little America, Antarctica and, after a flight made under the most difficult conditions he reached the South Pole on November 29, 1929. After flying some distance beyond this point he returned to his base at Little America. This hazardous flight was made under extreme conditions of cold, over ranges and plateaus extending nine to ten thousand feet above sea level and beyond probable rescue of personnel had a forced landing occurred. Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd, U.S.N, Retired, was in command of this flight, navigated the airplane, made the mandatory preparations for the flight, and through his untiring energy, superior leadership, and excellent judgment the flight was brought to a successful conclusion.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Distinguished_Service_Medal_citation">First Distinguished Service Medal citation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: First Distinguished Service Medal citation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NavyDSM.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/NavyDSM.png/80px-NavyDSM.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/NavyDSM.png/120px-NavyDSM.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/NavyDSM.png 2x" data-file-width="153" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <blockquote><p>The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Distinguished Service Medal to Commander Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr. (NSN: 0–7918), United States Navy, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished service in a position of great responsibility to the Government of the United States, in demonstrating, by his courage and professional ability that heavier-than-air craft could in continuous flight travel to the North Pole and return. </p><p>General Orders: Letter Dated August 6, 1926 </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Distinguished_Service_Medal_citation">Second Distinguished Service Medal citation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Second Distinguished Service Medal citation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NavyDSM.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/NavyDSM.png/80px-NavyDSM.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/NavyDSM.png/120px-NavyDSM.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/NavyDSM.png 2x" data-file-width="153" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <blockquote><p>The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting a Gold Star in lieu of a Second Award of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal to Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr. (NSN: 0–7918), United States Navy, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished service in a position of great responsibility to the Government of the United States as Commanding Officer of the U.S. Antarctic Service. Rear Admiral Byrd did much toward the difficult task of organizing the expedition, which was accomplished in one fourth of the time generally necessary for such undertakings. In spite of a short operating season, he established two Antarctic bases 1,500 miles apart, where valuable scientific and economic investigations are now being carried on. With the <a href="/wiki/USS_Bear" title="USS Bear">USS <i>Bear</i></a>, he penetrated unknown and dangerous seas where important discoveries were made; in addition to which he made four noteworthy flights, resulting in the discovery of new mountain ranges, islands, more than a hundred thousand square miles of area, a peninsula and 700 miles of hitherto unknown stretches of the Antarctic coast. The operations of the Antarctic Service have been a credit to the Government of the United States. His qualities of leadership and unselfish devotion to duty are in accordance with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Legion_of_Merit_citation">First Legion of Merit citation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: First Legion of Merit citation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Us_legion_of_merit_legionnaire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Us_legion_of_merit_legionnaire.png/120px-Us_legion_of_merit_legionnaire.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Us_legion_of_merit_legionnaire.png/180px-Us_legion_of_merit_legionnaire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Us_legion_of_merit_legionnaire.png/240px-Us_legion_of_merit_legionnaire.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="1432" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <blockquote><p>The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Legion of Merit to Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr. (NSN: 0–7918), United States Navy, for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services to the Government of the United States while in command of a Special Navy Mission to the Pacific from August 27, 1943, to December 5, 1943, when thirty-three islands of the Pacific were surveyed or investigated for the purpose of recommending air base sites of value to the United States for its defense or for the development of post-war civil aviation. In this service Admiral Byrd exercised fine leadership in gaining the united effort of civilian, Army, and Navy experts. He displayed courage, initiative, vision, and a high order of ability in obtain data and in submitting reports which will be of great present and future value to the National Defense and to the Government of the United States in the post-war period. </p><p>Action Date: August 27 – December 5, 1943 </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Legion_of_Merit_citation">Second Legion of Merit citation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Second Legion of Merit citation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Us_legion_of_merit_legionnaire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Us_legion_of_merit_legionnaire.png/120px-Us_legion_of_merit_legionnaire.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Us_legion_of_merit_legionnaire.png/180px-Us_legion_of_merit_legionnaire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Us_legion_of_merit_legionnaire.png/240px-Us_legion_of_merit_legionnaire.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="1432" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <blockquote><p>The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting a Gold Star in lieu of a Second Award of the Legion of Merit to Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr. (NSN: 0–7918), United States Navy, for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services to the Government of the United States as Confidential Advisor to the Commander in Chief, United States Fleet and Chief of Naval Operations from March 26, 1942 to May 10, 1942, August 14, 1942 to August 26, 1943, and from December 6, 1943 to October 1, 1945. In the performance of his duty Rear Admiral Byrd served in the Navy Department and in various areas outside the continental limits of the United States, employed on special missions on the fighting fronts in Europe and the Pacific. In all assignments his thoroughness, attention to detail, keen discernment, professional judgment and zeal produced highly successful results. His wise counsel, sound advice and foresight in planning constituted a material contribution to the war effort and to the success of the United States Navy. The performance of duty of Rear Admiral Byrd was at all times in keeping with the highest traditions and reflected credit upon himself and the United States Naval Service. </p><p>General Orders: Board Serial 176P00 (February 4, 1946) </p><p>Action Date: March 26, 1942 – October 1, 1945 </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distinguished_Flying_Cross_citation">Distinguished Flying Cross citation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Distinguished Flying Cross citation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dfc-usa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Dfc-usa.jpg/120px-Dfc-usa.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Dfc-usa.jpg/180px-Dfc-usa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Dfc-usa.jpg/240px-Dfc-usa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <blockquote><p>The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Flying Cross to Commander Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr. (NSN: 0–7918), United States Navy, for extraordinary achievement while participating in aerial flight; in recognition of his courage, resourcefulness and skill as Commander of the expedition which flew the airplane "America" from New York City to France from June 29 to July 1, 1927, across the Atlantic Ocean under extremely adverse weather conditions which made a landing in Paris impossible; and finally for his discernment and courage in directing his plane to a landing at Ver sur Mer, France, without serious injury to his personnel, after a flight of 39 hours and 56 minutes. </p><p>Action Date: June 29 – July 1, 1927 </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letter_of_Commendation">Letter of Commendation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Letter of Commendation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He rendered valuable service as Secretary and Organizer of the Navy Department Commission on Training Camps, and trained men in aviation in the ground school in Pensacola, and in charge of rescue parties and afterwards in charge of air forces in Canada.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Awarded for service from 1917 to 1918 during World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-pIJsV_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pIJsV-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dates_of_rank">Dates of rank</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Dates of rank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Navyacademylogo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Navyacademylogo.jpg/50px-Navyacademylogo.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Navyacademylogo.jpg/75px-Navyacademylogo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Navyacademylogo.jpg/100px-Navyacademylogo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> <a href="/wiki/Midshipman" title="Midshipman">Midshipman</a> – May 28, 1908 (Class of 1912) </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ensign_(rank)#United_States" title="Ensign (rank)">Ensign</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant,_Junior_Grade" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant, Junior Grade">Lieutenant, Junior Grade</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">Lieutenant</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" width="16%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_O1_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/US_Navy_O1_insignia.svg/60px-US_Navy_O1_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/US_Navy_O1_insignia.svg/90px-US_Navy_O1_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/US_Navy_O1_insignia.svg/120px-US_Navy_O1_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" width="16%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_O2_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/US_Navy_O2_insignia.svg/60px-US_Navy_O2_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/US_Navy_O2_insignia.svg/90px-US_Navy_O2_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/US_Navy_O2_insignia.svg/120px-US_Navy_O2_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" width="16%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_O3_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/US_Navy_O3_insignia.svg/60px-US_Navy_O3_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/US_Navy_O3_insignia.svg/90px-US_Navy_O3_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/US_Navy_O3_insignia.svg/120px-US_Navy_O3_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>June 8, 1912 </th> <th>June 8, 1915<br />(Retired on March 15, 1916.) </th> <th>September 2, 1918 </th></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Commander_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Commander (United States)">Lieutenant Commander</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Commander_(United_States)" title="Commander (United States)">Commander</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Rear_Admiral_(upper_half)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear Admiral (upper half)">Rear Admiral</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" width="16%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Navy_O-4_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/U.S._Navy_O-4_insignia.svg/60px-U.S._Navy_O-4_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/U.S._Navy_O-4_insignia.svg/90px-U.S._Navy_O-4_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/U.S._Navy_O-4_insignia.svg/120px-U.S._Navy_O-4_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" width="16%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_O5_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/US_Navy_O5_insignia.svg/60px-US_Navy_O5_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/US_Navy_O5_insignia.svg/90px-US_Navy_O5_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/US_Navy_O5_insignia.svg/120px-US_Navy_O5_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" width="16%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_O8_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/US_Navy_O8_insignia.svg/60px-US_Navy_O8_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/US_Navy_O8_insignia.svg/90px-US_Navy_O8_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/US_Navy_O8_insignia.svg/120px-US_Navy_O8_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>September 21, 1918<br />(Temporary. Revoked on December 31, 1921.)<br />February 10, 1925<br />(Permanent.) </th> <th>December 21, 1926<br />By act of Congress.<br />(Date of rank - May 9, 1926.) </th> <th>December 21, 1929<br />By act of Congress. </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup id="cite_ref-idz6u_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idz6u-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BXenH_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BXenH-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventurers%27_Club_of_New_York" title="Adventurers' Club of New York">Adventurers' Club of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byrd_Canyon" title="Byrd Canyon">Byrd Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Ranges" title="Ford Ranges">Ford Ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_McKinley_Gould" title="Laurence McKinley Gould">Laurence McKinley Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">List of Antarctic expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Freemasons" title="List of Freemasons">List of Freemasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_American_Legion" title="List of members of the American Legion">List of members of the American Legion</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NYT=20200505-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT=20200505_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOverbye2020" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Overbye" title="Dennis Overbye">Overbye, Dennis</a> (May 5, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/05/science/antarctica-byrd-distancing-expedition.html">"Self-Isolated at the End of the World – Alone in the long Antarctic night, Adm. Richard E. Byrd endured the ultimate in social distancing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Self-Isolated+at+the+End+of+the+World+%E2%80%93+Alone+in+the+long+Antarctic+night%2C+Adm.+Richard+E.+Byrd+endured+the+ultimate+in+social+distancing.&rft.date=2020-05-05&rft.aulast=Overbye&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F05%2F05%2Fscience%2Fantarctica-byrd-distancing-expedition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBown2012" class="citation book cs1">Bown, Stephen R. (September 14, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bCf0fMBoFBcC"><i>The Last Viking: The Extraordinary Life of Roald Amundsen</i></a>. Douglas and McIntyre (2013) Limited. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-938-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-938-9"><bdi>978-1-55365-938-9</bdi></a>. <q>As for Byrd, the controversy over his flight [over the North Pole] was to come in the following years, when the true distance he claimed to have flown was calculated to have been unrealistically far for that type of airplane and that duration of flight.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Viking%3A+The+Extraordinary+Life+of+Roald+Amundsen&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Douglas+and+McIntyre+%282013%29+Limited&rft.date=2012-09-14&rft.isbn=978-1-55365-938-9&rft.aulast=Bown&rft.aufirst=Stephen+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbCf0fMBoFBcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ElWZQ-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ElWZQ_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Sale and Madeleine Lewis, <i>Explorers</i>, Smithsonian, 2005, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopediavirginia.org/12188hpr-facaed45ecb13ef/">Richard Evelyn Byrd</a> Encyclopedia Virginia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose2008" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Lisle A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=heenjJnZJSAC"><i>Explorer: The Life of Richard E. Byrd</i></a>. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. pp. 54, 123–43, 478–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826266439" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826266439"><bdi>978-0826266439</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explorer%3A+The+Life+of+Richard+E.+Byrd&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Missouri&rft.pages=54%2C+123-43%2C+478-79&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0826266439&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Lisle+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DheenjJnZJSAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zn5uY-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zn5uY_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitt2010" class="citation journal cs1">Levitt, Rachel (July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170529001541/http://www.bostonmagazine.com/2010/06/on-the-market-9-brimmer-street/">"On the Market: 9 Brimmer Street"</a>. <i>Boston Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonmagazine.com/2010/06/on-the-market-9-brimmer-street/">the original</a> on May 29, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Magazine&rft.atitle=On+the+Market%3A+9+Brimmer+Street&rft.date=2010-07&rft.aulast=Levitt&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonmagazine.com%2F2010%2F06%2Fon-the-market-9-brimmer-street%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5NUPW-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5NUPW_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/ford-edsel">"Ford, Edsel | Detroit Historical Society"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ford%2C+Edsel+%26%23124%3B+Detroit+Historical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdetroithistorical.org%2Flearn%2Fencyclopedia-of-detroit%2Fford-edsel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParr2009" class="citation book cs1">Parr, James L. (2009). <i>Dedham: Historic and Heroic Tales From Shiretown</i>. The History Press. pp. 88–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59629-750-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59629-750-0"><bdi>978-1-59629-750-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dedham%3A+Historic+and+Heroic+Tales+From+Shiretown&rft.pages=88-92&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59629-750-0&rft.aulast=Parr&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-va3U5-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-va3U5_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131112045905/http://www.handleyregional.org/Handley/Archives/Byrd,%20Richard%20E%2028.htm">"VMI to UVA to USNA"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.handleyregional.org/Handley/Archives/Byrd,%20Richard%20E%2028.htm">the original</a> on November 12, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VMI+to+UVA+to+USNA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.handleyregional.org%2FHandley%2FArchives%2FByrd%2C%2520Richard%2520E%252028.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eitvO-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eitvO_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Register of Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the United States Navy, 1915. p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fmg93-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fmg93_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Navy Register, 1917. p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CLCLA-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CLCLA_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Report of the Adjutant General of Rhode Island. 1917.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jYcqJ-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jYcqJ_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rose p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Who_pg._386-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Who_pg._386_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who_pg._386_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Who's Who in America. 1956–57. p. 386.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oqTJ3-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oqTJ3_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/daredevils/Atlantic.htm">"The Atlantic Challenge: Flight of the NC-4"</a>. <i>Century of Flight</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Century+of+Flight&rft.atitle=The+Atlantic+Challenge%3A+Flight+of+the+NC-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.century-of-flight.net%2FAviation%2520history%2Fdaredevils%2FAtlantic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rpfen-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rpfen_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vpnavy.com/nassquantum_1943.html">"Squantum Twenty Years Old: Aviation site since 1911"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/nan/backissues/1940s/1943/1jun43.pdf"><i>Naval Aviation News</i>, October 1943</a>. Cf. p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.navytimes.com/news/your-navy/2019/05/08/inside-the-macmillan-arctic-expedition-of-1925/">"Inside the MacMillan Arctic Expedition of 1925"</a>. May 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inside+the+MacMillan+Arctic+Expedition+of+1925&rft.date=2019-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.navytimes.com%2Fnews%2Fyour-navy%2F2019%2F05%2F08%2Finside-the-macmillan-arctic-expedition-of-1925%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.navytimes.com/news/your-navy/2019/05/08/inside-the-macmillan-arctic-expedition-of-1925/">"Inside the MacMillan Arctic Expedition of 1925"</a>. <i>Navy Times</i>. May 8, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Navy+Times&rft.atitle=Inside+the+MacMillan+Arctic+Expedition+of+1925&rft.date=2019-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.navytimes.com%2Fnews%2Fyour-navy%2F2019%2F05%2F08%2Finside-the-macmillan-arctic-expedition-of-1925%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admiralbyrd.com/north-pole-flight-1926.html">"North Pole Flight 1926"</a>. <i>ADMIRAL RICHARD E. BYRD</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ADMIRAL+RICHARD+E.+BYRD&rft.atitle=North+Pole+Flight+1926&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.admiralbyrd.com%2Fnorth-pole-flight-1926.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBart2013" class="citation book cs1">Bart, Sheldon (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gG2DAgAAQBAJ"><i>Race to the Top of the World</i></a>. Washington DC: Regnery. pp. 359, 365–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1621571803" title="Special:BookSources/978-1621571803"><bdi>978-1621571803</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+to+the+Top+of+the+World&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=359%2C+365-67&rft.pub=Regnery&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1621571803&rft.aulast=Bart&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgG2DAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bJpsT-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bJpsT_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New York Times. December 22, 1926.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admiralbyrd.com/north-pole-flight-1926.html">"North Pole Flight 1926"</a>. <i>ADMIRAL RICHARD E. BYRD</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ADMIRAL+RICHARD+E.+BYRD&rft.atitle=North+Pole+Flight+1926&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.admiralbyrd.com%2Fnorth-pole-flight-1926.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b3RS8-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b3RS8_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New York Times. March 6, 1927.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gookz-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gookz_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontague,_Richard1971" class="citation book cs1">Montague, Richard (1971). <i>Oceans, Poles, and Airmen</i>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Random House Publishing">Random House Publishing</a>. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oceans%2C+Poles%2C+and+Airmen&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing&rft.date=1971&rft.au=Montague%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nash-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nash_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash,_Simon2005" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Simon (2005). <i>The Last Explorer</i>. Hodder. p. 149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Explorer&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Hodder&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Nash%2C+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vLD1b-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vLD1b_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoerler,_Raimund_E.1998" class="citation book cs1">Goerler, Raimund E. (1998). <i>To the Pole: The Diary and Notebook of Richard E. Byrd, 1925–1927</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University_Press" title="Ohio State University Press">Ohio State University Press</a>. pp. 84–85, compare to p. 154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+the+Pole%3A+The+Diary+and+Notebook+of+Richard+E.+Byrd%2C+1925%E2%80%931927&rft.pages=84-85%2C+compare+to+p.+154&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Goerler%2C+Raimund+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6gYQw-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6gYQw_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New York Times</i>, May 9, 1996, p. 1; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawlins,_Dennis2000" class="citation journal cs1">Rawlins, Dennis (January 2000). "Byrd's Heroic North Pole Failure". <i>Polar Record</i>. <b>36</b> (196): 25–50, see pp. 33–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0032247400015953">10.1017/s0032247400015953</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128663274">128663274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polar+Record&rft.atitle=Byrd%27s+Heroic+North+Pole+Failure&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=196&rft.pages=25-50%2C+see+pp.+33-34&rft.date=2000-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0032247400015953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128663274%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Rawlins%2C+Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawlins,_Dennis2000" class="citation journal cs1">Rawlins, Dennis (January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dioi.org/vols/wa0.pdf">"Byrd's Heroic 1926 Flight & Its Faked Last Leg"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>DIO, the International Journal of Scientific History</i>. <b>10</b>: 2–106 [54, 69–76, 84–88, 99, 105]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DIO%2C+the+International+Journal+of+Scientific+History&rft.atitle=Byrd%27s+Heroic+1926+Flight+%26+Its+Faked+Last+Leg&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=2-106+54%2C+69-76%2C+84-88%2C+99%2C+105&rft.date=2000-01&rft.au=Rawlins%2C+Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dioi.org%2Fvols%2Fwa0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fukGs-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fukGs_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPortney,_Joseph2000" class="citation web cs1">Portney, Joseph (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090916061532/http://www.navworld.com/navcerebrations/polar_flap.htm">"The Polar Flap: Byrd's Flight Confirmed"</a>. Litton Systems, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navworld.com/navcerebrations/polar_flap.htm">the original</a> on September 16, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Polar+Flap%3A+Byrd%27s+Flight+Confirmed&rft.pub=Litton+Systems%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Portney%2C+Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navworld.com%2Fnavcerebrations%2Fpolar_flap.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span> See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPortney,_Joseph1973" class="citation journal cs1">Portney, Joseph (1973). "The Polar Flap: Byrd's Flight Confirmed". <i>J. Inst. Nav</i>. <b>20</b> (3): 208–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.2161-4296.1973.tb01173.x">10.1002/j.2161-4296.1973.tb01173.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Inst.+Nav.&rft.atitle=The+Polar+Flap%3A+Byrd%27s+Flight+Confirmed&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=208-18&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.2161-4296.1973.tb01173.x&rft.au=Portney%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fC461-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fC461_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPortney,_Joseph1992" class="citation journal cs1">Portney, Joseph (1992). "History of Aerial Polar Navigation". <i>J. Inst. Nav</i>. <b>39</b> (2): 255–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.2161-4296.1992.tb01878.x">10.1002/j.2161-4296.1992.tb01878.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Inst.+Nav.&rft.atitle=History+of+Aerial+Polar+Navigation&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=255-64&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.2161-4296.1992.tb01878.x&rft.au=Portney%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/resources/infosheets/21.html">"Concise chronology of approach to the poles"</a>. <i>Scott Polar Research Institute</i>. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scott+Polar+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Concise+chronology+of+approach+to+the+poles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spri.cam.ac.uk%2Fresources%2Finfosheets%2F21.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kAWPY-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kAWPY_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPool2002" class="citation book cs1">Pool, Beekman H. (2002). <i>Polar Extremes: The World of Lincoln Ellsworth</i>. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1889963437" title="Special:BookSources/1889963437"><bdi>1889963437</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polar+Extremes%3A+The+World+of+Lincoln+Ellsworth&rft.place=Fairbanks&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=University+of+Alaska+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1889963437&rft.aulast=Pool&rft.aufirst=Beekman+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/lindbergh-lands-in-paris">"Charles Lindbergh completes the first solo, nonstop transatlantic flight"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=Charles+Lindbergh+completes+the+first+solo%2C+nonstop+transatlantic+flight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Flindbergh-lands-in-paris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berg-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berg_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerg1999" class="citation book cs1">Berg, A. Scott (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_0425170411/page/85"><i>Lindbergh</i></a></span>. New York: Berkley/Penguin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_0425170411/page/85">85</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-425-17041-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-425-17041-0"><bdi>978-0-425-17041-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lindbergh&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Berkley%2FPenguin&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-425-17041-0&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=A.+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_0425170411%2Fpage%2F85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ucqIu-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ucqIu_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/America-NX206.htm">"Ditching of 'America'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.check-six.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.check-six.com&rft.atitle=Ditching+of+%27America%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.check-six.com%2FCrash_Sites%2FAmerica-NX206.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6SieQ-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6SieQ_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New York Times. July 7, 1927.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iNgXi-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iNgXi_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New York Times. July 20, 1927.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mheH3-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mheH3_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ICoDAAAAMBAJ&dq=1930+plane+%22Popular&pg=-PA9">"Why We May Wait 20 Years for Ocean Airliners"</a> <i>Popular Science</i>, August 1927, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodger1990" class="citation book cs1">Rodger, Eugene (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A7gJdr_E4DQC"><i>Beyond the Barrier: The Story of Byrd's First Expedition to Antarctia</i></a>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 173–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612511887" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612511887"><bdi>978-1612511887</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Barrier%3A+The+Story+of+Byrd%27s+First+Expedition+to+Antarctia&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=173-91&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1612511887&rft.aulast=Rodger&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA7gJdr_E4DQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUtz2006" class="citation journal cs1">Utz, Curtis (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/browse-by-topic/exploration-and-innovation/Polar%20Exploration/pdf/Antartic-pp-20-25.pdf">"Naval Aviation in the Antarctic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Naval Aviation News</i>: 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+Aviation+News&rft.atitle=Naval+Aviation+in+the+Antarctic&rft.pages=20&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Utz&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fnhhc%2Fbrowse-by-topic%2Fexploration-and-innovation%2FPolar%2520Exploration%2Fpdf%2FAntartic-pp-20-25.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1GPaH-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1GPaH_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Navy Register, 1930.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richard_E._Byrd_1888-1957-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richard_E._Byrd_1888-1957_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.south-pole.com/p0000107.htm">"Richard E. Byrd 1888–1957"</a>. South-Pole.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+E.+Byrd+1888%E2%80%931957&rft.pub=South-Pole.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.south-pole.com%2Fp0000107.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Byrd_Antarctic_Expedition_III-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Byrd_Antarctic_Expedition_III_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.south-pole.com/p0000109.htm">"Byrd Antarctic Expedition III, 1939–41"</a>. South-Pole.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Byrd+Antarctic+Expedition+III%2C+1939%E2%80%9341&rft.pub=South-Pole.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.south-pole.com%2Fp0000109.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1933stamp-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1933stamp_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1933stamp_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#smithsonian">Smithsonian National Postal Museum, <i>Byrd Antarctic Expedition II</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#byrd1938">Byrd, 1938, Byrd Autobiography</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#byrd1938">Byrd, 1938, Byrd Autobiography</a>, p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zw56a-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zw56a_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The<i>Admiral Byrd Broadcasts</i> <i>The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio,</i> Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.old-time.com/ratings/by%20season/1930s/19331934eve.html">https://www.old-time.com/ratings/by%20season/1930s/19331934eve.html</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#usps">United States Postal Service</a>, bulletin, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/archives/Collections/transferred-collections/nara-transfer/byrd-richard-e-papers.html">Navy History and Heritage Command, "Papers of Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd 1941-1945"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QBmaR-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-QBmaR_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E00E6D8133FE333A05752C1A9649C946493D6CF">"Byrd is Honored by Santo Domingo; Explorer Gets Medal of the Order of Columbus at Ceremony at Republic's Embassy"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. February 11, 1945. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Byrd+is+Honored+by+Santo+Domingo%3B+Explorer+Gets+Medal+of+the+Order+of+Columbus+at+Ceremony+at+Republic%27s+Embassy&rft.date=1945-02-11&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9E00E6D8133FE333A05752C1A9649C946493D6CF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=2673">"Valor awards for Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr"</a>. <i>valor.militarytimes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=valor.militarytimes.com&rft.atitle=Valor+awards+for+Richard+Evelyn+Byrd+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvalor.militarytimes.com%2Frecipient.php%3Frecipientid%3D2673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SrP7R-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SrP7R_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"A bordo del Monte Olimpo en Alta Mar". <i><a href="/wiki/El_Mercurio" title="El Mercurio">El Mercurio</a></i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Santiago,_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago, Chile">Santiago</a>. March 5, 1947.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Mercurio&rft.atitle=A+bordo+del+Monte+Olimpo+en+Alta+Mar&rft.date=1947-03-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wVU0G-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wVU0G_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerhayes & Beeching 2007, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d7E2H-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-d7E2H_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cd4HTZJUeMM">"- YouTube"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=-+YouTube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dcd4HTZJUeMM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FSIBZ-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FSIBZ_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Byrd Heads Home From Antarctica</i>. Bernard Kalb. New York Times. February 4, 1956.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ErQBg-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ErQBg_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1957/03/12/archives/admiral-byrd-dies-at-68-made-5-polar-expeditions-admiral-flew-over.html?sq=Richard+Evelyn+Byrd&scp=7&st=p">"Admiral Byrd Dies at 68. Made 5 Polar Expeditions. Admiral Flew Over Both Poles and Helped Establish Antarctic as a Continent"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. October 9, 1988<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Admiral+Byrd+Dies+at+68.+Made+5+Polar+Expeditions.+Admiral+Flew+Over+Both+Poles+and+Helped+Establish+Antarctic+as+a+Continent&rft.date=1988-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1957%2F03%2F12%2Farchives%2Fadmiral-byrd-dies-at-68-made-5-polar-expeditions-admiral-flew-over.html%3Fsq%3DRichard%2BEvelyn%2BByrd%26scp%3D7%26st%3Dp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arlingtoncemetery.mil/Explore/Notable-Graves/Explorers">Notable Graves: Explorers</a> – ArlingtonCemetery.mil</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-XeYPT-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-XeYPT_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgGk-hWOwjwC&pg=PA275"><i>Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Herbert Hoover, 1930: Containing the Public Messages, Speeches, and Statements of the President, January 1 to December 31, 1930</i></a>. Washington: United States Government Printing Office. 1976. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0160588396" title="Special:BookSources/978-0160588396"><bdi>978-0160588396</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Papers+of+the+Presidents+of+the+United+States%2C+Herbert+Hoover%2C+1930%3A+Containing+the+Public+Messages%2C+Speeches%2C+and+Statements+of+the+President%2C+January+1+to+December+31%2C+1930&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0160588396&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZgGk-hWOwjwC%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tdIL8-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tdIL8_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bavarialodge.org/freemasonry">"Famous Masons"</a>. <i>Bavaria Lodge No. 935</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181013211059/https://www.bavarialodge.org/freemasonry">Archived</a> from the original on October 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bavaria+Lodge+No.+935&rft.atitle=Famous+Masons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bavarialodge.org%2Ffreemasonry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-time29aug1927-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-time29aug1927_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080220054952/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,723029,00.html">"Around the World"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(Magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Time (Magazine)">Time</a></i>. August 29, 1927. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,723029,00.html">the original</a> on February 20, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Around+the+World&rft.date=1927-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C723029%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Richard+E.+Byrd&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DRichard%2BE.%2BByrd%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-K6Qai-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-K6Qai_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Our Source: "Byrd Gets CBS Award." (April 1, 1934). <i>Broadcasting with Broadcast Advertising</i>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/history/byrdanniversary.html">"50th anniversary of Byrd's historic flight"</a>. <i>Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station</i>. January 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amundsen-Scott+South+Pole+Station&rft.atitle=50th+anniversary+of+Byrd%27s+historic+flight&rft.date=2021-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.southpolestation.com%2Ftrivia%2Fhistory%2Fbyrdanniversary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mG3dc-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mG3dc_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Long-Range_Shortwave_Voice_Transmissions_from_Byrd%27s_Antarctic_Expedition,_1934">"Milestones:Long-Range Shortwave Voice Transmissions from Byrd's Antarctic Expedition, 1934"</a>. <i>IEEE Global History Network</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Global+History+Network&rft.atitle=Milestones%3ALong-Range+Shortwave+Voice+Transmissions+from+Byrd%27s+Antarctic+Expedition%2C+1934&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieeeghn.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FMilestones%3ALong-Range_Shortwave_Voice_Transmissions_from_Byrd%2527s_Antarctic_Expedition%2C_1934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bUHQL-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bUHQL_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stanforddailyarchive.com/cgi-bin/stanford?a=d&d=stanford19270329-01.2.77">"The Stanford Daily Archives"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Daily+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstanforddailyarchive.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fstanford%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3Dstanford19270329-01.2.77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2B1EX-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2B1EX_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSan_Diego_Air_&_Space_Museum" class="citation web cs1">San Diego Air & Space Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sandiegoairandspace.org/hall-of-fame/honoree/richard-e.-bryd">"Richard E. Byrd – International Air & Space Hall of Fame"</a>. <i>sandiegoairandspace.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sandiegoairandspace.org&rft.atitle=Richard+E.+Byrd+%E2%80%93+International+Air+%26+Space+Hall+of+Fame&rft.au=San+Diego+Air+%26+Space+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsandiegoairandspace.org%2Fhall-of-fame%2Fhonoree%2Frichard-e.-bryd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallee1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Vall%C3%A9e" title="Jacques Vallée">Vallee, Jacques</a> (1990). <i>Confrontations: A Scientist's Search for Alien Contact</i>. Souvenir. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-285-62976-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-285-62976-X"><bdi>0-285-62976-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confrontations%3A+A+Scientist%27s+Search+for+Alien+Contact&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Souvenir&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-285-62976-X&rft.aulast=Vallee&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qvMbL-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-qvMbL_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916050528/http://artandhistory.house.gov/highlights.aspx?action=view&intID=393">"Congressional Gold, Silver, and Bronze Medals awarded to the members of Rear Admiral Richard Byrd's first Antarctic expedition"</a>. artandhistory.house.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artandhistory.house.gov/highlights.aspx?action=view&intID=393">the original</a> on September 16, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congressional+Gold%2C+Silver%2C+and+Bronze+Medals+awarded+to+the+members+of+Rear+Admiral+Richard+Byrd%27s+first+Antarctic+expedition&rft.pub=artandhistory.house.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartandhistory.house.gov%2Fhighlights.aspx%3Faction%3Dview%26intID%3D393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2QDyS-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2QDyS_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Public Law 79-185, 59 Stat. 536</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pIJsV-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pIJsV_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Navy Book of Distinguished Service. p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-idz6u-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-idz6u_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gao.gov/10/fl0045957.php">"Richard Byrd 1927 File: fl0045957.php"</a>. <i>www.gao.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gao.gov&rft.atitle=Richard+Byrd+1927+File%3A+fl0045957.php&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gao.gov%2F10%2Ffl0045957.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BXenH-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BXenH_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Navy Register of Commissioned Officers. 1919. p. 406.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="byrd1930" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Byrd, Richard Evelyn</a> (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/littleamerica0000rich/page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Little america</i></a>. New York: G. P. putnam Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Little+america&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.+P.+putnam+Sons&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Byrd&rft.aufirst=Richard+Evelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flittleamerica0000rich%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="byrd1938" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Byrd, Richard</a> (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alone0000byrd/page/n9/mode/2up"><i>Alone</i></a>. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alone&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Byrd&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falone0000byrd%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="rodgers1990" class="citation book cs1">Rodgers, Eugene (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondbarrier00rodg"><i>Beyond the barrier : the story of Byrd's first expedition to Antarctica</i></a>. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61251-1887" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61251-1887"><bdi>978-1-61251-1887</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+barrier+%3A+the+story+of+Byrd%27s+first+expedition+to+Antarctica&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Md.&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-61251-1887&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeyondbarrier00rodg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Little America: Aerial Exploration in the Antarctic The Flight to the South Pole</i> (1930)</li> <li><i>Discovery: The Story of the Second Byrd Antarctic Expedition</i> (1935)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="smithsonian" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postalmuseum.si.edu/object/npm_0.209045.10">"3c Byrd Antarctic Expedition II President Franklin D. Roosevelt sketch"</a>. Smithsonian National Postal Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=3c+Byrd+Antarctic+Expedition+II+President+Franklin+D.+Roosevelt+sketch&rft.pub=Smithsonian+National+Postal+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpostalmuseum.si.edu%2Fobject%2Fnpm_0.209045.10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="usps" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://about.usps.com/who/profile/history/pdf/little-america-antarctica.pdf">"Little America, Antarctica, Post Office"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Postal Service. 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Little+America%2C+Antarctica%2C+Post+Office&rft.pub=United+States+Postal+Service&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabout.usps.com%2Fwho%2Fprofile%2Fhistory%2Fpdf%2Flittle-america-antarctica.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Antarctica" title="Bibliography of Antarctica">Bibliography of Antarctica</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013144532/http://library.osu.edu/sites/archives/polar/flight/controversy.php">"The North Pole Flight of Richard E. Byrd: An Overview of the Controversy"</a>. Polar Archival Program, Ohio State University. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.osu.edu/sites/archives/polar/flight/controversy.php">the original</a> on October 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+North+Pole+Flight+of+Richard+E.+Byrd%3A+An+Overview+of+the+Controversy&rft.pub=Polar+Archival+Program%2C+Ohio+State+University&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.osu.edu%2Fsites%2Farchives%2Fpolar%2Fflight%2Fcontroversy.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dioi.org/vols/wa0.pdf">"Richard E. Byrd's 1926 Flight Towards the North Pole"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. October 25, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+E.+Byrd%27s+1926+Flight+Towards+the+North+Pole&rft.date=2007-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dioi.org%2Fvols%2Fwa0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrdGoerler1998" class="citation book cs1">Byrd, Richard Evelyn; Goerler, Raimund Erhard (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/topolediarynoteb00byrd"><i><span></span></i>To the Pole: The Diary and Notebook of Richard E. Byrd<i>, 1925–1927</i></a></span>. Ohio State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814208007" title="Special:BookSources/9780814208007"><bdi>9780814208007</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+the+Pole%3A+The+Diary+and+Notebook+of+Richard+E.+Byrd%2C+1925%E2%80%931927&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780814208007&rft.aulast=Byrd&rft.aufirst=Richard+Evelyn&rft.au=Goerler%2C+Raimund+Erhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftopolediarynoteb00byrd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/America-NX206.htm">"The Flight of the 'America' – 1927"</a>. October 25, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Flight+of+the+%27America%27+%E2%80%93+1927&rft.date=2007-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.check-six.com%2FCrash_Sites%2FAmerica-NX206.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.south-pole.com/p0000107.htm">"Richard E. Byrd 1888–1957"</a>. October 25, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+E.+Byrd+1888%E2%80%931957&rft.date=2007-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.south-pole.com%2Fp0000107.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090916061532/http://www.navworld.com/navcerebrations/polar_flap.htm">"A navigation expert's look at how Byrd's claim is one possible interpretation of his diary"</a>. October 25, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navworld.com/navcerebrations/polar_flap.htm">the original</a> on September 16, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+navigation+expert%27s+look+at+how+Byrd%27s+claim+is+one+possible+interpretation+of+his+diary.&rft.date=2007-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navworld.com%2Fnavcerebrations%2Fpolar_flap.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iuIDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Science+1930+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22&pg=PA225">"At the bottom of the World", <i>Popular Mechanics</i>, August 1930, pp. 225–41</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Richard_E._Byrd" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Richard E. Byrd">Richard E. Byrd</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Richard_E._Byrd" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Richard E. Byrd">Richard E. Byrd</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.lib.byu.edu/repositories/14/resources/6186">Richard Evelyn Byrd letter, MSS 420</a> at <a href="/wiki/L._Tom_Perry_Special_Collections" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Tom Perry Special Collections">L. Tom Perry Special Collections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_B._Lee_Library" title="Harold B. Lee Library">Harold B. Lee Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/2673">Byrd's Decorations at Military Times</a> via Internet Archive.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-bprc.mps.ohio-state.edu/">"The Byrd Polar Research Center at Ohio State University"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Byrd+Polar+Research+Center+at+Ohio+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-bprc.mps.ohio-state.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.95934"><i>Longines Chronoscope with Richard E. Byrd</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. and from Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/PrdSal9uH28">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140719002647/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrdSal9uH28&feature=youtu.be">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrdSal9uH28">"Public.Resource.Org"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 1954.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Public.Resource.Org&rft.date=1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DPrdSal9uH28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+E.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/002851">Newspaper clippings about Richard E. Byrd</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/2852">The Papers of Richard E. Byrd</a> at Dartmouth College Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1136">Philip White Scrapbooks and Correspondence on Admiral Richard Byrd and the Byrd Antarctic Expedition of 1928–1933</a> at Dartmouth College Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/2288">Frederick G. Dustin logbook of Second Byrd Antarctic Expedition</a> at Dartmouth College Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/2978">The Papers of Thomas B. Mulroy on Richard E. Byrd's Antarctic Expedition</a> at Dartmouth College</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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Jersey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1973 <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Earhart" title="Amelia Earhart">Amelia Earhart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles A. Lindbergh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Pangborn" title="Clyde Pangborn">Clyde Pangborn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Bennett" title="Floyd Bennett">Floyd Bennett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Chamberlin" title="Clarence Chamberlin">Clarence Duncan Chamberlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wittemann_brothers" title="Wittemann brothers">Wittemann brothers</a></li> <li>1974 <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fokker" title="Anthony Fokker">Anthony Fokker</a></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Bernt Balchen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Juan_Trippe" title="Juan Trippe">Juan Terry Trippe</a></li> <li>1976 <a href="/wiki/Bert_Acosta" title="Bert Acosta">Bert Blanchard Acosta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivan_R._Gates" title="Ivan R. Gates">Ivan R. Gates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Godfrey" title="Arthur Godfrey">Arthur Godfrey</a></li> <li>1978 <a href="/wiki/Kay_A._Brick" title="Kay A. Brick">Kay A. Brick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1980 <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Edwin Eugene "Buzz" Aldrin Jr.</a> / <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Andrews_(inventor)" title="Solomon Andrews (inventor)">Solomon Andrews</a> / <a href="/wiki/Boland_brothers" title="Boland brothers">Boland brothers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Raymond_Brooks" title="Arthur Raymond Brooks">Arthur Raymond Brooks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Rosendahl" title="Charles E. Rosendahl">Charles E. Rosendahl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gill_Robb_Wilson" title="Gill Robb Wilson">Gill Robb Wilson</a></li> <li>1981 <a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Buck" title="Robert N. Buck">Robert Nietzel Buck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Russell_Unger" title="Kenneth Russell Unger">Kenneth Russell Unger</a></li> <li>1982 <a href="/wiki/Leo_Loudenslager" title="Leo Loudenslager">Leo Loudenslager</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_McGuire" title="Thomas McGuire">Thomas McGuire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Walter M. "Wally" Schirra</a></li> <li>1983 <a href="/wiki/Herbert_O._Fisher" title="Herbert O. Fisher">Herbert O. Fisher</a></li> <li>1984 <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Collier" title="Robert J. Collier">Robert J. Collier</a></li> <li>1985 <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Forbes" title="Malcolm Forbes">Malcolm S. Forbes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thor_Solberg" title="Thor Solberg">Thor Solberg</a></li> <li>1987 <a href="/wiki/Paul_E._Garber" title="Paul E. Garber">Paul E. Garber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_George_Simmons" title="Oliver George Simmons">Oliver George Simmons</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_D._Sullivan" title="Kathryn D. Sullivan">Kathryn Dwyer Sullivan</a></li> <li>1988 <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Walker_Castle" title="Frederick Walker Castle">Frederick Walker Castle</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Halsey_Jr." title="William Halsey Jr.">William Halsey Jr.</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Rowland_Nichols" title="Ruth Rowland Nichols">Ruth Rowland Nichols</a></li> <li>1989 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Fletcher" title="Charles Joseph Fletcher">Charles Joseph Fletcher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Strait" title="Donald J. Strait">Donald J. Strait</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Switlik" title="Stanley Switlik">Stanley Switlik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1990 <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Eugene_Aldrin_Sr." title="Edwin Eugene Aldrin Sr.">Edwin Eugene Aldrin Sr.</a></li> <li>1993 <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Blanchard" title="Jean-Pierre Blanchard">Jean-Pierre Blanchard</a></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Selma_Cronan" title="Selma Cronan">Selma Cronan</a></li> <li>1996 <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Burnelli" title="Vincent Burnelli">Vincent Justus Burnelli</a> / <a href="/wiki/T._J._O%27Malley" title="T. J. O'Malley">T. J. O'Malley</a></li> <li>1997 <a href="/wiki/Anne_Morrow_Lindbergh" title="Anne Morrow Lindbergh">Anne Morrow Lindbergh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_A._Walsh" title="Kenneth A. Walsh">Kenneth A. Walsh</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Hart_Wyld" title="James Hart Wyld">James Hart Wyld</a></li> <li>1998 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard E. Byrd</a></li> <li>1999 <a href="/wiki/Terry_Hart" title="Terry Hart">Terry Jonathan Hart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000 <a href="/wiki/Bernice_Falk_Haydu" title="Bernice Falk Haydu">Bernice Falk Haydu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herb_Kelleher" title="Herb Kelleher">Herb Kelleher</a></li> <li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Schlossbach" title="Isaac Schlossbach">Isaac Schlossbach</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Oliver_LeBoutillier" title="Oliver LeBoutillier">Oliver Colin LeBoutillier</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barry_Schiff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barry Schiff (page does not exist)">Barry Schiff</a></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Luscombe" title="Donald A. Luscombe">Donald A. Luscombe</a> / <a href="/wiki/Calvin_J._Spann" title="Calvin J. Spann">Calvin J. Spann</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Vaughn_Jr." title="George Augustus Vaughn Jr.">George Augustus Vaughn Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010 <a href="/wiki/Aline_Rhonie" title="Aline Rhonie">Aline Rhonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antarctica" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antarctica_topics" title="Template:Antarctica topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antarctica_topics" title="Template talk:Antarctica topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antarctica_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antarctica topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Antarctica" title="Geography of Antarctica">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_sea_ice" title="Antarctic sea ice">Antarctic sea ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Antarctica" title="Climate of Antarctica">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Antarctica_heat_wave" title="2024 Antarctica heat wave">Heat waves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_ice_shelves" title="List of Antarctic ice shelves">Ice shelves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Antarctica" title="Geology of Antarctica">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_the_Antarctic" title="List of glaciers in the Antarctic">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ultras_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ultras of Antarctica">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra#Antarctic" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Antarctica" title="List of volcanoes in Antarctica">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">Biogeographic realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="East Antarctic Ice Sheet">ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Shield" title="East Antarctic Shield">shield</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Antarctica" title="Extreme points of Antarctica">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Floristic_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Floristic Kingdom">Floristic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="West Antarctic Ice Sheet">ice sheet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies of Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_CECs" title="Lake CECs">Lake CECs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_Lake_(Antarctica)" title="Mercer Lake (Antarctica)">Lake Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Antarctica" title="List of rivers of Antarctica">List of rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Sound" title="McMurdo Sound">McMurdo Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_flora" title="Antarctic flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_microorganism" title="Antarctic microorganism">Microorganisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Antarctica" title="Wildlife of Antarctica">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Antarctica" title="List of birds of Antarctica">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Antarctica" title="List of mammals of Antarctica">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_krill" title="Antarctic krill">Krill</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_during_World_War_II" title="Antarctica during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Antarctica" title="Colonization of Antarctica">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Antarctica" title="List of years in Antarctica">Years</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Managers_of_National_Antarctic_Programs" title="Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs">Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_activity_in_the_Antarctic" title="Military activity in the Antarctic">Military activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Antarctic_Program" title="National Antarctic Program">National programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">Territorial claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Treaty System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_Day" title="Antarctica Day">Antarctica Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_English" title="Antarctic English">Antarctic English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Antarctica" title="Crime in Antarctica">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Antarctica" title="Demographics of Antarctica">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Antarctica">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_field_camps" title="Antarctic field camps">Field camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_in_Antarctica" title="Firefighting in Antarctica">Firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Antarctica">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_gateway_cities" title="Antarctic gateway cities">Gateway cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwinter_Day" title="Midwinter Day">Midwinter Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Protected_Area" title="Antarctic Protected Area">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antarctica" title="Religion in Antarctica">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Research stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Antarctica" title="Telecommunications in Antarctica">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Antarctica" title="Time in Antarctica">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Antarctica" title="Tourism in Antarctica">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Antarctica" title="Transport in Antarctica">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Antarctica" title="Women in Antarctica">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Famous explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard E. Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Douglas Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ui-te-Rangiora" title="Ui-te-Rangiora">Ui-te-Rangiora</a> (legendary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">James Clark Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Antarctica" title="Category:Antarctica">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Antarctica" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Antarctica">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Antarctica-related_articles" title="Index of Antarctica-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polar_exploration" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polar_exploration" title="Template:Polar exploration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polar_exploration" title="Template talk:Polar exploration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polar_exploration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polar exploration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polar_exploration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Polar_exploration" title="Polar exploration">Polar exploration</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Ocean_*_History_*_Expeditions_*_Research_stations"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arctic_expeditions" title="List of Arctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic" title="List of research stations in the Arctic">Research stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_North" title="Farthest North">Farthest North</a><br /><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marmaduke" title="Thomas Marmaduke">Marmaduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Carolus" title="Joris Carolus">Carolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_magnetic_pole" title="North magnetic pole">North magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israel_Hayes" title="Isaac Israel Hayes">Hayes</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Polaris_expedition" title="Polaris expedition"><i>Polaris</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Polaris_(1871)" title="USS Polaris (1871)"><i>Polaris</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Hall" title="Charles Francis Hall">C. F. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bessels" title="Emil Bessels">Bessels</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British Arctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1856)" title="HMS Alert (1856)">HMS <i>Alert</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1874)" title="HMS Discovery (1874)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Stephenson" title="Henry Frederick Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham" title="Albert Hastings Markham">Markham</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lady_Franklin_Bay_Expedition" title="Lady Franklin Bay Expedition">Lady Franklin Bay Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Greely" title="Adolphus Greely">Greely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Lockwood" title="James B. Lockwood">Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Brainard" title="David L. Brainard">Brainard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nansen%27s_Fram_expedition" title="Nansen's Fram expedition">Nansen's <i>Fram</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" title="Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">Amedeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e%27s_Arctic_balloon_expedition" title="Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition">Andrée's balloon expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_August_Andr%C3%A9e" title="Salomon August Andrée">S. A. Andrée</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">F. Cook</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/SS_Roosevelt_(1905)" title="SS Roosevelt (1905)">SS <i>Roosevelt</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Henson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)"><i>Norge</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Riiser-Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ellsworth" title="Lincoln Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italia_(airship)" title="Italia (airship)"><i>Italia</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_O-12_(SS-73)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS O-12 (SS-73)"><i><b>Nautilus</b></i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Wilkins" title="Hubert Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-25" title="Tupolev ANT-25">ANT-25</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Chkalov" title="Valery Chkalov">Chkalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Baydukov" title="Georgy Baydukov">Baydukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasilyevich_Belyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov">Belyakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">Drifting ice stations</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-1" title="North Pole-1">NP-1</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Papanin" title="Ivan Papanin">Papanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Shirshov" title="Pyotr Shirshov">Shirshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Fyodorov_(scientist)" title="Yevgeny Fyodorov (scientist)">E. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel" title="Ernst Krenkel">Krenkel</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-36" title="North Pole-36">NP-36</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-37" title="North Pole-37">NP-37</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Sedov_(1908_icebreaker)" title="Georgiy Sedov (1908 icebreaker)"><i>Georgiy Sedov</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Badygin" title="Konstantin Badygin">Badygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS <i>Nautilus</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Skate_(SSN-578)" title="USS Skate (SSN-578)">USS <i>Skate</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Plaisted" title="Ralph Plaisted">Plaisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_(1972_icebreaker)" title="Arktika (1972 icebreaker)">NS <i>Arktika</i></a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barneo" title="Barneo">Barneo</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)"><i>Mir</i> submersibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sagalevich" title="Anatoly Sagalevich">Sagalevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov" title="Artur Chilingarov">Chilingarov</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Papar" title="Papar">Papar</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Vikings</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn_Ulfsson" title="Gunnbjörn Ulfsson">Gunnbjörn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn_galti" title="Snæbjörn galti">Snæbjörn galti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Christian_IV%27s_expeditions_to_Greenland" title="Christian IV's expeditions to Greenland">Christian IV's expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_(explorer)" title="James Hall (explorer)">J. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cunningham_(explorer)" title="John Cunningham (explorer)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godske_Lindenov" title="Godske Lindenov">Lindenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Richardson" title="Carsten Richardson">C. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish colonization</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Egede</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scoresby" title="William Scoresby">Scoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">G. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">M. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(explorer)" title="John Davis (explorer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(1602_ship)" title="Discovery (1602 ship)"><i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bylot" title="Robert Bylot">Bylot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baffin" title="William Baffin">Baffin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Munk" title="Jens Munk">Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(navigator)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (navigator)">I. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)" title="HMS Discovery (1774)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clerke" title="Charles Clerke">Clerke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Kotzebue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)" title="HMS Griper (1813)">HMS <i>Griper</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)" title="HMS Hecla (1815)">HMS <i>Hecla</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon" title="George Francis Lyon">Lyon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)" title="HMS Fury (1814)">HMS <i>Fury</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner" title="Henry Parkyns Hoppner">Hoppner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_expedition" title="Coppermine expedition">Coppermine expedition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Warren_Dease" title="Peter Warren Dease">Dease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Simpson_(explorer)" title="Thomas Simpson (explorer)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Blossom_(1806)" title="HMS Blossom (1806)">HMS <i>Blossom</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Beechey</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin's lost expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Collinson</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">Rae–Richardson expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rae_(explorer)" title="John Rae (explorer)">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">J. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1848)" title="HMS Investigator (1848)">HMS <i>Investigator</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)">HMS <i>Resolute</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kellett" title="Henry Kellett">Kellett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(explorer)" title="William Kennedy (explorer)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Bellot" title="Joseph René Bellot">Bellot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_(1850_ship)" title="Isabel (1850 ship)"><i>Isabel</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Inglefield" title="Edward Augustus Inglefield">Inglefield</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Grinnell_expedition" title="Second Grinnell expedition">2nd Grinnell expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Advance_(1847)" title="USS Advance (1847)">USS <i>Advance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_(ship)" title="Fox (ship)"><i>Fox</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_McClintock" title="Leopold McClintock">McClintock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">HMS <i>Pandora</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Young" title="Allen Young">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8a" title="Gjøa">Gjøa</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Last_voyage_of_the_Karluk" title="Last voyage of the Karluk">Karluk</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Stefansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(explorer)" title="Robert Bartlett (explorer)">Bartlett</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/St._Roch_(ship)" title="St. Roch (ship)"><i>St. Roch</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Larsen_(explorer)" title="Henry Larsen (explorer)">H. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott_Cowper" title="David Scott Cowper">Cowper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">North East Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Willoughby" title="Hugh Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mangazeya" title="Mangazeya">Mangazeya</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Poole" title="Jonas Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Perfilyev" title="Ilya Perfilyev">Perfilyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Stadukhin" title="Mikhail Stadukhin">Stadukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnev" title="Semyon Dezhnev">Dezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedot_Alekseyevich_Popov" title="Fedot Alekseyevich Popov">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbat_Ivanov" title="Kurbat Ivanov">Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkury_Vagin" title="Merkury Vagin">Vagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Permyakov" title="Yakov Permyakov">Permyakov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Great Northern Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Chirikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Malygin" title="Stepan Malygin">Malygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ovtsyn" title="Dmitry Ovtsyn">Ovtsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Minin" title="Fyodor Minin">Minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Pronchishchev" title="Vasili Pronchishchev">V. Pronchishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pronchishcheva" title="Maria Pronchishcheva">M. Pronchishcheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Chelyuskin" title="Semyon Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khariton_Laptev" title="Khariton Laptev">Kh. Laptev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Laptev" title="Dmitry Laptev">D. Laptev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chichagov" title="Vasily Chichagov">Chichagov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lyakhov" title="Ivan Lyakhov">Lyakhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Billings" title="Joseph Billings">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sannikov" title="Yakov Sannikov">Sannikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Gedenshtrom" title="Matvei Gedenshtrom">Gedenshtrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel" title="Ferdinand von Wrangel">Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matyushkin" title="Fyodor Matyushkin">Matyushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Anjou" title="Pyotr Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Benjamin_von_L%C3%BCtke" title="Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke">Litke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lavrov" title="Mikhail Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Pakhtusov" title="Pyotr Pakhtusov">Pakhtusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avgust_Tsivolko" title="Avgust Tsivolko">Tsivolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Middendorff" title="Alexander von Middendorff">Middendorff</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_North_Pole_expedition" title="Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition">Austro-Hungarian Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weyprecht" title="Karl Weyprecht">Weyprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Payer" title="Julius von Payer">Payer</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vega_Expedition" title="Vega Expedition"><i>Vega</i> Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">A. E. Nordenskiöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Palander" title="Louis Palander">Palander</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_expedition" title="Jeannette expedition"><i>Jeannette</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">USS <i>Jeannette</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._De_Long" title="George W. De Long">De Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Melville" title="George W. Melville">Melville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yermak_(1898_icebreaker)" title="Yermak (1898 icebreaker)"><i>Yermak</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Makarov" title="Stepan Makarov">Makarov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(polar_ship)" title="Zarya (polar ship)"><i>Zarya</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Toll" title="Eduard von Toll">Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kolomeitsev" title="Nikolai Kolomeitsev">Kolomeitsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matisen" title="Fyodor Matisen">Matisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rusanov_expedition" title="Rusanov expedition">Rusanov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rusanov" title="Vladimir Rusanov">Rusanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kuchin" title="Alexander Kuchin">Kuchin</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_expedition" title="Brusilov expedition">Brusilov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Svyataya_Anna" title="Svyataya Anna">Sv. Anna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Brusilov" title="Georgy Brusilov">Brusilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Albanov" title="Valerian Albanov">Albanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Konrad" title="Alexander Konrad">Konrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nag%C3%B3rski" title="Jan Nagórski">Nagórski</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taymyr_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Taymyr (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Taymyr</i></a></b> / <b><a href="/wiki/Vaygach_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Vaygach (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Vaygach</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vilkitsky" title="Boris Vilkitsky">Vilkitsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maud_(ship)" title="Maud (ship)"><i>Maud</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arctic_and_Antarctic_Research_Institute" title="Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute">AARI</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Samoylovich" title="Rudolf Samoylovich">Samoylovich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikifor_Begichev" title="Nikifor Begichev">Begichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Urvantsev" title="Nikolay Urvantsev">Urvantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadko_(1913_icebreaker)" title="Sadko (1913 icebreaker)"><i>Sadko</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Ushakov" title="Georgy Ushakov">Ushakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Glavsevmorput</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schmidt" title="Otto Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aviaarktika" title="Aviaarktika">Aviaarktika</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shevelev" title="Mark Shevelev">Shevelev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sibiryakov_(icebreaker)" title="A. Sibiryakov (icebreaker)"><i>A. Sibiryakov</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voronin_(captain)" title="Vladimir Voronin (captain)">Voronin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Chelyuskin" title="SS Chelyuskin"><i>Chelyuskin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krassin_(1916_icebreaker)" title="Krassin (1916 icebreaker)"><i>Krassin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Gakkel" title="Yakov Gakkel">Gakkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker" title="Nuclear-powered icebreaker">Nuclear-powered icebreakers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_(1957_icebreaker)" title="Lenin (1957 icebreaker)"><i>Lenin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika-class_icebreaker" title="Arktika-class icebreaker"><i>Arktika</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreaker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic exploration">Antarctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Continent_*_History_*_Expeditions"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Roché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" title="Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Bouvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves-Joseph_de_Kerguelen-Tr%C3%A9marec" title="Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec">Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(mariner)" title="William Smith (mariner)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Telmo_(Spanish_ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Telmo (Spanish ship)"><i>San Telmo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(sloop-of-war)" title="Vostok (sloop-of-war)"><i>Vostok</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Bellingshausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)" title="Mirny (sloop-of-war)"><i>Mirny</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Lazarev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bransfield" title="Edward Bransfield">Bransfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer" title="Nathaniel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(sealer)" title="John Davis (sealer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell">Morrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1811)" title="French ship Astrolabe (1811)"><i>Astrolabe</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Dumont d'Urville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)">USS <i>Vincennes</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Wilkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Porpoise_(1836)" title="USS Porpoise (1836)">USS <i>Porpoise</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadwalader_Ringgold" title="Cadwalader Ringgold">Ringgold</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">Ross expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercator_Cooper" title="Mercator Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1858)" title="HMS Challenger (1858)">HMS <i>Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(oceanographer)" title="John Murray (oceanographer)">Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">"</span><a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a><span class="nobold">"</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Belgian Antarctic Expedition">Belgian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RV_Belgica_(1884)" title="RV Belgica (1884)"><i>Belgica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lecointe_(explorer)" title="Georges Lecointe (explorer)">Lecointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski" title="Henryk Arctowski">Arctowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Emil Racoviță">Racoviță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Boles%C5%82aw_Dobrowolski" title="Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski">Dobrowolski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Southern_Cross_(1886)" title="SS Southern Cross (1886)"><i>Southern Cross</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gauss_expedition" title="Gauss expedition">Gauss</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gauss_(ship)" title="Gauss (ship)">Gauss</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Drygalski" title="Erich von Drygalski">Drygalski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Swedish Antarctic Expedition">Swedish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_(ship)" title="Antarctic (ship)"><i>Antarctic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">O. Nordenskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Scottish National Antarctic Expedition">Scottish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_(barque)" title="Scotia (barque)"><i>Scotia</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas Base</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(1867_ship)" title="Nimrod (1867 ship)">Nimrod</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Antarctic_Expedition" title="French Antarctic Expedition">French Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pourquoi-Pas_(1908)" title="Pourquoi-Pas (1908)"><i>Pourquoi-Pas</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charcot" title="Jean-Baptiste Charcot">Charcot</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Japanese Antarctic Expedition">Japanese Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobu_Shirase" title="Nobu Shirase">Shirase</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Framheim" title="Framheim">Framheim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(ship)" title="Terra Nova (ship)"><i>Terra Nova</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Evans,_1st_Baron_Mountevans" title="Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans">E. R. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lashly" title="William Lashly">Lashly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Filchner</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY <i>Aurora</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)"><i>Endurance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird"><i>James Caird</i></a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">Shackleton–Rowett Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_(ship)" title="Quest (ship)"><i>Quest</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">IPY</a> · <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">IGY</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Modern research</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen" title="Lars Christensen">Christensen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition">BANZARE</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Graham_Land_expedition" title="British Graham Land expedition">BGLE</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rymill" title="John Rymill">Rymill</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ritscher" title="Alfred Ritscher">Ritscher</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tabarin" title="Operation Tabarin">Operation Tabarin</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Marr_(biologist)" title="James Marr (biologist)">Marr</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Highjump" title="Operation Highjump">Operation Highjump</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Captain Arturo Prat Base</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windmill" title="Operation Windmill">Operation Windmill</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ketchum" title="Gerald Ketchum">Ketchum</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ronne_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition">Ronne Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finn_Ronne" title="Finn Ronne">F. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Ronne" title="Jackie Ronne">E. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Schlossbach" title="Isaac Schlossbach">Schlossbach</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Freeze" title="Operation Deep Freeze">Operation Deep Freeze</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1st_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition">1st</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Somov" title="Mikhail Somov">Somov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Klenova" title="Maria Klenova">Klenova</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2nd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">2nd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Tryoshnikov" title="Alexey Tryoshnikov">Tryoshnikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/3rd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">3rd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Transglobe_Expedition" title="Transglobe Expedition">Transglobe Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Fiennes" title="Ranulph Fiennes">Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Burton" title="Charles R. Burton">Burton</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kapitsa" title="Andrey Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">Farthest South</a><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barne" title="Michael Barne">Barne</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Marshall" title="Eric Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Adams" title="Jameson Adams">Adams</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Mackay" title="Alistair Mackay">Mackay</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Bjaaland" title="Olav Bjaaland">Bjaaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmer_Hanssen" title="Helmer Hanssen">Helmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Hassel" title="Sverre Hassel">Hassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Evans" title="Edgar Evans">E. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Oates" title="Lawrence Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Robertson_Bowers" title="Henry Robertson Bowers">Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsley_Cherry-Garrard" title="Apsley Cherry-Garrard">Cherry-Garrard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Balchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Chadbourne_McKinley" title="Ashley Chadbourne McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Dufek" title="George J. Dufek">Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Cold" title="Pole of Cold">Pole of Cold</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility" title="Pole of inaccessibility">Pole of inaccessibility</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station" title="Pole of Inaccessibility research station">Pole of Inaccessibility research station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Crary" title="Albert P. Crary">Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arved_Fuchs" title="Arved Fuchs">A. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner">Messner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210268#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210268#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210268#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118665707">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79060195">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12527608t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12527608t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00520487">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35024453">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002158141&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1214427">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/28285">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072874244">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2042206">Norway</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90072174">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000099251&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000034599">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201916323">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/vs68816d1gbmm41">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810573628005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259234605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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