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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History in common law jurisdictions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_in_common_law_jurisdictions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History in common law jurisdictions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_in_common_law_jurisdictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mauritius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mauritius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Mauritius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mauritius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civilian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11.1</span> <span>Civilian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11.2</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_law_jurisdictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_law_jurisdictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Civil law jurisdictions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Civil_law_jurisdictions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Civil law jurisdictions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Civil_law_jurisdictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sedition</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B6_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A9" title="تحريض على الفتنة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تحريض على الفتنة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedici%C3%B3n" title="Sedición – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sedición" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE" title="রাষ্ট্রদ্রোহিতায় প্ররোচণা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাষ্ট্রদ্রোহিতায় প্ররোচণা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedici%C3%B3" title="Sedició – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sedició" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobu%C5%99ov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Pobuřování – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pobuřování" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Στάση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στάση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedici%C3%B3n" title="Sedición – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sedición" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaramendu" title="Albaramendu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Albaramendu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9dition" title="Sédition – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sédition" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedici%C3%B3n" title="Sedición – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sedición" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EC%9A%94%EC%A3%84" title="소요죄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소요죄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghasutan_(publik)" title="Penghasutan (publik) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penghasutan (publik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedizione" title="Sedizione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sedizione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%94" title="המרדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המרדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seditio" title="Seditio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Seditio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedizzion" title="Sedizzion – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sedizzion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%82" title="രാജ്യദ്രോഹം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രാജ്യദ്രോഹം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9" title="देशद्रोह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="देशद्रोह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aanzetten_tot_het_plegen_van_misdaden_en_wanbedrijven" title="Aanzetten tot het plegen van misdaden en wanbedrijven – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aanzetten tot het plegen van misdaden en wanbedrijven" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A8%92%E4%B9%B1%E7%BD%AA" title="騒乱罪 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="騒乱罪" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppvigleri" title="Oppvigleri – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oppvigleri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedicion" title="Sedicion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sedicion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B9" title="ਰਾਜਧ੍ਰੋਹ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਾਜਧ੍ਰੋਹ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="غداری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="غداری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Седиция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Седиция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sedition" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppvigling" title="Uppvigling – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Uppvigling" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அரசதுரோகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரசதுரோகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="การปลุกปั่นให้ขัดขืนอำนาจปกครอง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การปลุกปั่นให้ขัดขืนอำนาจปกครอง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Крамола – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Крамола" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="غداری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="غداری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%BD%E5%8A%A8%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1" title="煽动叛乱 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Incitement of rebellion</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the legal term. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sedition_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sedition (disambiguation)">Sedition (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Sedation" title="Sedation">sedation</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Seditionist" redirects here. For the early 20th century Mexican-American rebel organization, see <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_San_Diego" title="Plan of San Diego">Plan of San Diego</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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term)">Accessory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiding_and_abetting" title="Aiding and abetting">Accomplice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complicity" title="Complicity">Complicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_liability" title="Corporate liability">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_(criminal_law)" title="Principal (criminal law)">Principal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarious_liability_(criminal)" title="Vicarious liability (criminal)">Vicarious</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Severity of offense</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">Felony</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Indictable_offence" title="Indictable offence">Indictable offense</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summary_offence#United_States" title="Summary offence">Infraction</a> (also called violation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">Misdemeanor</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Summary_offence" title="Summary offence">Summary offense</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Inchoate_offense" title="Inchoate offense">Inchoate offenses</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempt" title="Attempt">Attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement" title="Incitement">Incitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitation" title="Solicitation">Solicitation</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Offence_against_the_person" title="Offence against the person">Offense against the person</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault" title="Assault">Assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_(crime)" title="Battery (crime)">Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_negligence" title="Criminal negligence">Criminal negligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_imprisonment" title="False imprisonment">False imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frameup" title="Frameup">Frameup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_invasion" title="Home invasion">Home invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">Kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menacing" title="Menacing">Menacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">Manslaughter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corporate_manslaughter" title="Corporate manslaughter">corporate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayhem_(crime)" title="Mayhem (crime)">Mayhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felony_murder_rule" title="Felony murder rule">felony</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterintention" title="Preterintention">Preterintention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negligent_homicide" title="Negligent homicide">Negligent homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reckless_homicide" title="Reckless homicide">Reckless homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabbing" title="Stabbing">Stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sexual offenses</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">Bigamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornication#Across_history,_cultures,_and_laws" title="Fornication">Fornication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_incest" title="Legality of incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation#Law" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against property</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">Arson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_trafficking" title="Arms trafficking">Arms trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">Blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burglary" title="Burglary">Burglary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">Cybercrime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">Embezzlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">Extortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_pretenses" title="False pretenses">False pretenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larceny" title="Larceny">Larceny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payola" title="Payola">Payola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickpocketing" title="Pickpocketing">Pickpocketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possession_of_stolen_goods" title="Possession of stolen goods">Possessing stolen property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trespass_to_land" title="Trespass to land">Trespass to land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mischief" title="Mischief">Mischief</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against justice</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compounding_a_felony" title="Compounding a felony">Compounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malfeasance_in_office" title="Malfeasance in office">Malfeasance in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice" title="Miscarriage of justice">Miscarriage of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misprision_of_felony" title="Misprision of felony">Misprision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstruction of justice">Obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">Perjury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perverting_the_course_of_justice" title="Perverting the course of justice">Perverting the course of justice</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against the public</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begging" title="Begging">Begging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">Dueling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">Insider trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_law" title="Sumptuary law">Illegal consumption</a> (such as prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">drugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">alcohol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smoking_ban" title="Smoking ban">smoking</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">Regicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurper" title="Usurper">Usurpation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against animals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_smuggling" title="Wildlife smuggling">Wildlife smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">Bestiality</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against the state</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté">Lèse-majesté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">Treason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">Defenses to liability</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_innocence" title="Actual innocence">Actual innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatism_(law)" title="Automatism (law)">Automatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_property" title="Defence of property">Defense of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diminished_responsibility" title="Diminished responsibility">Diminished responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">Duress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrapment" title="Entrapment">Entrapment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ignorantia_juris_non_excusat" title="Ignorantia juris non excusat">Ignorantia juris non excusat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_criminal_responsibility" title="Age of criminal responsibility">Infancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insanity_defense" title="Insanity defense">Insanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(jurisprudence)" title="Justification (jurisprudence)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistake_(criminal_law)" title="Mistake (criminal law)">Mistake</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mistake_of_law" title="Mistake of law">of law</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessity_(criminal_law)" title="Necessity (criminal law)">Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provocation_(law)" title="Provocation (law)">Provocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Self-defense</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other common-law areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_defenses" title="Criminal defenses">Defenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">Torts</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Wills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">trusts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">estates</a></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Portals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Criminal_law" title="Template:Criminal law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Criminal_law" title="Template talk:Criminal law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Criminal_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Criminal law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sedition</b> is overt conduct, such as <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">speech</a> or <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organization</a>, that tends toward <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebellion</a> against the established order. Sedition often includes <a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">subversion</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incitement" title="Incitement">incitement</a> of discontent toward, or <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">insurrection</a> against, established authority. Sedition may include any commotion, though not aimed at direct and open violence against the laws. Seditious words in writing are <a href="/wiki/Seditious_libel" title="Seditious libel">seditious libel</a>. A <b>seditionist</b> is one who engages in or promotes the interest of sedition. </p><p>Because sedition is overt, it is typically not considered a subversive act, and the <a href="/wiki/Overt_act" title="Overt act">overt acts</a> that may be prosecutable under sedition laws vary by jurisdiction. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_origin">Roman origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Roman origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the later <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">seditio</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">going apart</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) referred to the offence of collective disobedience toward a <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">magistrate</a>, which included both military <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutiny</a> and civilian mob action. Leading or instigating <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">seditio</i></span> was <a href="/wiki/Punishable_by_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Punishable by death">punishable by death</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civil <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">seditio</i></span> became frequent during the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Crisis of the Roman Republic">political crisis</a> of the first century BCE, as <a href="/wiki/Populares" class="mw-redirect" title="Populares">populist politicians</a> sought to check the privileged classes by appealing to <a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">public assemblies</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Julio-Claudian emperors">Julio-Claudian emperors</a> addressed this situation by abolishing <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Roman_Republic" title="Elections in the Roman Republic">elections</a> and other duties of the assemblies. Under <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> the crime of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">seditio</i></span> was subsumed in the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_majestas" title="Law of majestas">law of <i>majestas</i></a>, which prohibited any utterance against the dignity of the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-eckhard_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eckhard-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Seditio</i> has often been proposed as the offence for which <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> was <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucified</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-eckhard_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eckhard-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as described in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Luke%2023:14">Luke 23:14</a>: "inciting the people to rebellion" (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">ἀποστρέφοντα τὸν λαόν</span>, "leading the people astray"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_in_common_law_jurisdictions">History in common law jurisdictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History in common law jurisdictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>sedition</i> in its modern meaning first appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan Era">Elizabethan Era</a> (c. 1590) as the "notion of inciting by words or writings disaffection towards the state or constituted authority".<sup id="cite_ref-Breight1996_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breight1996-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law developed in the Court of <a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber">Star Chamber</a>, relying on longstanding <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scandalum_magnatum" class="extiw" title="wikt:scandalum magnatum">scandalum magnatum</a></i> statutes and a broad repressive act of <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> against literature that contained "the encouraging, stirring or moving of any insurrection". That seditious statements were true was no defence, but rather an aggravating factor, since true statements were all the more potent.<sup id="cite_ref-manning_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manning-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Star Chamber's dissolution, enforcement continued in the <a href="/wiki/Assizes" title="Assizes">courts of assize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quarter_session" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarter session">quarter sessions</a>. </p><p>Three classes of seditious offence were commonly charged: "seditious words" manifested by speaking, "<a href="/wiki/Seditious_libel" title="Seditious libel">seditious libel</a>" by writing or publishing, and "<a href="/wiki/Seditious_conspiracy" title="Seditious conspiracy">seditious conspiracy</a>" by active plotting.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although England adopted the name of the offence from Roman-derived civil law, it did not rely on the jurisprudence.<sup id="cite_ref-manning_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manning-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_sedition_law" title="Australian sedition law">Australian sedition law</a></div> <p>Australia's sedition laws were amended in <a href="/wiki/Australian_Anti-Terrorism_Act_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Anti-Terrorism Act 2005">anti-terrorism legislation</a> passed on 6 December 2005, updating definitions and increasing penalties. </p><p>In late 2006, the Commonwealth Government, under the Prime-Ministership of <a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a> proposed plans to amend Australia's <a href="/wiki/Australian_criminal_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian criminal law">Crimes Act 1914</a>, introducing laws that meant artists and writers may be jailed for up to seven years if their work was considered seditious or inspired sedition either deliberately or accidentally.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaol_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaol-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opponents of these laws have suggested that they could be used against dissent that may be seen as legitimate. </p><p>In 2006, the then Australian Attorney-General Philip Ruddock had rejected calls by two reports—from a <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a> committee and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Law_Reform_Commission" title="Australian Law Reform Commission">Australian Law Reform Commission</a>—to limit the sedition provisions in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Anti-Terrorism_Act_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Anti-Terrorism Act 2005">Anti-Terrorism Act 2005</a> by requiring proof of intention to cause disaffection or violence. He had also brushed aside recommendations to curtail new clauses outlawing "urging conduct" that "assists" an "organization or country engaged in armed hostilities" against the <a href="/wiki/Australian_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian military">Australian military</a>. </p><p>These laws were amended in Australia on 19 September 2011. The 'sedition' clauses were repealed and replaced with 'urging violence'.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Canada, sedition, which includes speaking seditious words, publishing a seditious libel, and being party to a seditious conspiracy, is an indictable offense, for which the maximum punishment is of fourteen years' imprisonment. For military personnel, Section 82 of the National Defence Act cites Seditious Offences as advocating governmental change by force, punishable by imprisonment for life or to less. Service offences up to two years imprisonment are served in a <a href="/wiki/Military_prison" title="Military prison">Military prison</a>, followed by transfer to a penitentiary for the remainder of the sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During World War II, <a href="/wiki/Camillien_Houde" title="Camillien Houde">Camillien Houde</a> campaigned against conscription. On 2 August 1940, Houde publicly urged the men of Quebec to ignore the national registration measure introduced by the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three days later, he was placed under arrest by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police on charges of sedition, and then confined without trial in internment camps in Petawawa, Ontario and Ripples, New Brunswick until 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his release on 18 August 1944, he was greeted by a cheering crowd of 50,000 Montrealers, and won back his job as Montreal mayor in 1944's civic election.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedition&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">factual accuracy</a> may be compromised due to out-of-date information</b>. The reason given is: Sedition in <a href="/wiki/Crimes_Ordinance" title="Crimes Ordinance">Cap. 200</a> replaced by offence under <a href="/wiki/Safeguarding_National_Security_Ordinance" title="Safeguarding National Security Ordinance">Safeguarding National Security Ordinance</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A Sedition Ordinance had existed in the territory since 1970, which was subsequently consolidated into the <a href="/wiki/Crimes_Ordinance" title="Crimes Ordinance">Crimes Ordinance</a> in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Crimes Ordinance, a seditious intention is an intention to bring into hatred or contempt or to excite disaffection against the person of government, to excite inhabitants of Hong Kong to attempt to procure the alteration, otherwise than by lawful means, of any other matter in Hong Kong as by law established, to bring into hatred or contempt or to excite disaffection against the administration of justice in Hong Kong, to raise discontent or disaffection amongst inhabitants of Hong Kong, to promote feelings of ill-will and enmity between different classes of the population of Hong Kong, to incite persons to violence, or to counsel disobedience to law or to any lawful order.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sedition is punishable by a fine of HK$5,000 and imprisonment for 2 years, and further offences are punishable by imprisonment for 3 years.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Article_23" title="Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23">Article 23</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Law of Hong Kong">Basic Law</a> requires the <a href="/wiki/Special_Administrative_Region_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China">special administrative region</a> to enact laws prohibiting any act that be said of treason, secession, sedition, subversion against the <a href="/wiki/Central_People%27s_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Central People's Government">Central People's Government</a> of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Security (Legislative Provisions) Bill was tabled in early 2003 to replace the existing laws regarding treason and sedition, and to introduce new laws to prohibit secessionist and subversive acts and theft of state secrets, and to prohibit political organizations from establishing overseas ties. The bill was shelved following massive opposition from the public. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law" title="2020 Hong Kong national security law">National Security Law</a>, enacted on 30 June 2020, contains articles prohibiting secession and subversion against the Central Government and the Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Both charges may carry penalty up to life imprisonment. Notably, Hong Kong's National Security Law was drafted by the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a>, and passed by the National People's Congress, as part of the Annex III the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Basic Law</a>. This law was written in Mainland China's civil law as opposed to Hong Kong's common law traditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedition&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Section_124A_of_the_Indian_Penal_Code" title="Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code">Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code</a></div> <p>In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishald (VHP)</a> general secretary, <a href="/wiki/Pravin_Togadia" title="Pravin Togadia">Praveen Togadia</a>, was sought to be charged with sedition for allegedly waging a war against the elected government and taking part in anti-national activity.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, writer <a href="/wiki/Arundhati_Roy" title="Arundhati Roy">Arundhati Roy</a> was sought to be charged with sedition for her comments on <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist">Maoists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two individuals have been charged with sedition since 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Binayak_Sen" title="Binayak Sen">Binayak Sen</a>, an Indian doctor and public health specialist, and activist was found guilty of sedition.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is national Vice-President of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Union_for_Civil_Liberties" title="People's Union for Civil Liberties">People's Union for Civil Liberties</a> (PUCL). On 24 December 2010, the Additional Sessions and District Court Judge B.P Varma Raipur found Binayak Sen, <a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxal</a> ideologue <a href="/wiki/Narayan_Sanyal_(politician)" title="Narayan Sanyal (politician)">Narayan Sanyal</a> and Kolkata businessman Piyush Guha, guilty of sedition for helping the Maoists in their fight against the state. They were sentenced to life imprisonment, but he got bail in Supreme Court on 16 April 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 September 2012, <a href="/wiki/Aseem_Trivedi" title="Aseem Trivedi">Aseem Trivedi</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Political_cartoonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political cartoonist">political cartoonist</a>, was sent to judicial custody till 24 September 2012 on charges of sedition over a series of cartoons against <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">corruption</a>. Trivedi was accused of uploading "ugly and obscene" content to his website, also accused of insulting the Constitution during an <a href="/wiki/2011_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" title="2011 Indian anti-corruption movement">anti-corruption protest</a> in Mumbai in 2011. Trivedi's arrest under sedition has been heavily criticised in India. The Press Council of India termed it a "stupid" move.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2016, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_University_Students%27_Union" title="Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union">JNU student union</a> president <a href="/wiki/Kanhaiya_Kumar" title="Kanhaiya Kumar">Kanhaiya Kumar</a> was arrested on charges of Sedition & raising voice for the <i><a href="/wiki/Tukde_Tukde_Gang" title="Tukde Tukde Gang">Tukde Tukde Gang</a></i> under section 124-A of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Indian Penal Code</a> (which was part of the sedition laws implemented by the British Rule). His arrest raised political turmoil in the country with academicians and activists marching and protesting against this move by the government. He was released on interim bail on 2 March 2016 for a lack of conclusive evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 January 2019, The Delhi Police filed a chargesheet on Monday against former Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union (JNUSU) president Kanhaiya Kumar and others in a sedition case lodged in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 August 2016, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> India was booked in a case of "sedition" and "promoting enmity" by Bengaluru police. A complaint was filed by ABVP, an all India student organization affiliated to the Hindu Nationalist <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2018, <a href="/wiki/Divya_Spandana" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Spandana">Divya Spandana</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress</a> Social Media chief was booked for sedition for calling <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of India">prime minister of India</a>, a thief.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 January 2019, a sedition case was registered suo-motto against <a href="/wiki/Hiren_Gohain" title="Hiren Gohain">Hiren Gohain</a> and two others for their remarks against the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill. Gohain called the move "a desperate attempt by a cornered government".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 13, 2020, a sedition case was registered against <a href="/wiki/Disha_Ravi" title="Disha Ravi">Disha Ravi</a> a <a href="/wiki/Individual_and_political_action_on_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual and political action on climate change">climate activist</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Police" title="Delhi Police">Delhi Police</a> for allegedly trying to incite perpetuate violence and defame India with regards to her support of the <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Indian_farmers%27_protest" title="2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest">farmers protest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A sedition case was filed against <a href="/wiki/Shashi_Tharoor" title="Shashi Tharoor">Shashi Tharoor</a>, journalist <a href="/wiki/Rajdeep_Sardesai" title="Rajdeep Sardesai">Rajdeep Sardesai</a> and 5 other journalists by Noida Police for allegedly instigating violence and spreading misinformation over a series of tweets during the violence from a <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Indian_farmers%27_protest" title="2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest">tractor rally</a> on republic day on 26 January in New Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of May 2022, Supreme Court of India has put sedition law on hold and ordered the government to not book further cases under the same.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sedition as defined under <a href="/wiki/Section_124A_of_the_Indian_Penal_Code" title="Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code">Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code</a> has been replaced by <a href="/wiki/Section_147_of_Bharatiya_Nyaya_Sanhita" title="Section 147 of Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita">Section 147 of Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedition&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 40.6.1° (i) of the 1937 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution of Ireland</a> guaranteed the right to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a>, subject to several constraints, among them:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The publication or utterance of seditious or indecent matter is an offence which shall be punishable in accordance with law.</p></blockquote> <p>Advocates for freedom of speech have argued that this constraint ought to be removed;<sup id="cite_ref-committees30thdail_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-committees30thdail-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Murray2009_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray2009-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> any <a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Amendments to the Constitution of Ireland">constitutional amendment</a> requires a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Thirty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Thirty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">thirty-seventh amendment</a> of the constitution removed the offence of blasphemy. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law of the Republic of Ireland">law of the Republic of Ireland</a> since the 1922 independence of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> inherited earlier <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> principles based on <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crime of seditious libel was presumed to persist, although last prosecuted in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FordeLeonard2013_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FordeLeonard2013-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the common law offence of <a href="/wiki/Blasphemous_libel" title="Blasphemous libel">blasphemous libel</a> was ruled in 1999 to be incompatible with the constitution's guarantee of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, jurists argued that seditious libel was similarly unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-committees30thdail_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-committees30thdail-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Murray2009_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray2009-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both blasphemous libel and seditious libel were abolished by the Defamation Act 2009, which also created new crime of "<a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_law_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Blasphemy law in the Republic of Ireland">publication or utterance of blasphemous matter</a>" to fulfil the constitutional requirement with regard to blasphemy.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Murray2009_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray2009-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No new offence was created for sedition in 2009;<sup id="cite_ref-Murray2009_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray2009-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this was in line with the recommendations of a 1991 consultation paper on <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libel</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Law_Reform_Commission_(Ireland)" title="Law Reform Commission (Ireland)">Law Reform Commission</a> (LRC) on the basis that several statutes define offences which are tantamount to sedition.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Offences_against_the_State_Act_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Offences against the State Act 1939">Offences against the State Act 1939</a> created the offences of making, distributing, and possessing a "seditious document".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LRC suggests that "sedition", left undefined by the constitution, might be implicitly defined by the 1939 act's definition of a "seditious document" as one:<sup id="cite_ref-lrc82_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lrc82-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>consisting of or containing matter calculated or tending to undermine the public order or the authority of the State, or</li> <li>which alleges, implies, or suggests or is calculated to suggest that the government functioning under the Constitution is not the lawful government of the State or that there is in existence in the State any body or organization not functioning under the Constitution which is entitled to be recognised as being the government of the country, or</li> <li>which alleges, implies, or suggests or is calculated to suggest that the military forces maintained under the Constitution are not the lawful military forces of the State, or that there is in existence in the State a body or organization not established and maintained by virtue of the Constitution which is entitled to be recognised as a military force, or</li> <li>in which words, abbreviations, or symbols referable to a military body are used in referring to an unlawful organization</li></ol> <p>These provisions were largely aimed at <a href="/wiki/Irish_republican_legitimatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish republican legitimatism">Irish republican legitimatists</a> who believed the 1922 Free State was a usurpation of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a> proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Irish_Republic" title="Proclamation of the Irish Republic">in 1916</a> and again <a href="/wiki/Irish_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Irish Declaration of Independence">in 1919</a>. The fourth provision made the use of the names "<a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/%C3%93glaigh_na_h%C3%89ireann" title="Óglaigh na hÉireann">Óglaigh na hÉireann</a>" seditious as they were regarded as rightfully used by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Defense_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Defense Forces">Irish Defense Forces</a>. The LRC notes that advocating violence is not essential for a document to be seditious.<sup id="cite_ref-lrc82_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lrc82-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The LRC also notes that Section 1A of the Broadcasting Authority Act 1960 (inserted in 1976<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) prohibited broadcasting of "anything which may reasonably be regarded as being likely to promote, or incite to, crime or as tending to undermine the authority of the State".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1960 act has since been replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_Act_2009" title="Broadcasting Act 2009">Broadcasting Act 2009</a>, section 39 of which obliges broadcaster not to broadcast "anything which may reasonably be regarded as causing harm or offense, or as being likely to promote, or incite to, crime or as tending to undermine the authority of the State".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedition&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sedition_Act_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedition Act (Malaysia)">Sedition Act (Malaysia)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mauritius">Mauritius</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedition&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mauritius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sedition law is based on Article 283 of the Criminal Code which was enacted in 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedition&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sedition charges were not uncommon in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> early in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the future <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fraser" title="Peter Fraser">Peter Fraser</a> had been convicted of sedition in his youth for arguing against conscription during World War I, and was imprisoned for a year. Perhaps ironically, Fraser re-introduced the <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> of troops as the Prime Minister during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In New Zealand's first sedition trial in decades, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Selwyn" title="Tim Selwyn">Tim Selwyn</a> was convicted of sedition (section 83 of the <a href="/wiki/Crimes_Act_1961" title="Crimes Act 1961">Crimes Act 1961</a>) on 8 June 2006. Shortly after, in September 2006, the New Zealand Police laid a sedition charge against a <a href="/wiki/Rotorua" title="Rotorua">Rotorua</a> youth, who was also charged with threatening to kill.<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_Herald_10406234_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_Herald_10406234-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The police withdrew the sedition charge when the youth agreed to plead guilty on the other charge.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2007, Mark Paul Deason, the manager of a tavern near the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Otago" title="University of Otago">University of Otago</a>, was charged with seditious intent<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he was later granted <a href="/wiki/Diversion_program" title="Diversion program">diversion</a> when he pleaded guilty to publishing a document which encourages public disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deason ran a promotion for his tavern that offered one litre of beer for one litre of petrol where at the end of the promotion, the prize would have been a couch soaked in the petrol. It is presumed the intent was for the couch to be burned—a popular university student prank. Police also applied for Deason's liquor license to be revoked. </p><p>Following a recommendation from the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Law_Commission" title="New Zealand Law Commission">New Zealand Law Commission</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the New Zealand government announced on 7 May 2007 that the sedition law would be repealed.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Crimes_(Repeal_of_Seditious_Offences)_Amendment_Act_2007" title="Crimes (Repeal of Seditious Offences) Amendment Act 2007">Crimes (Repeal of Seditious Offences) Amendment Act 2007</a> was passed on 24 October 2007, and entered into force on 1 January 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (May 2020)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Russell Campbell made a documentary regarding conscientious objectors in New Zealand called <i>Sedition.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedition&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sedition_Act_(Singapore)" title="Sedition Act (Singapore)">Sedition Act (Singapore)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedition&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sedition_Act_1661" title="Sedition Act 1661">Sedition Act 1661</a></div> <p>Sedition was a <a href="/wiki/Common_law_offence" title="Common law offence">common law offence</a> in the UK. <a href="/wiki/James_Fitzjames_Stephen" title="James Fitzjames Stephen">James Fitzjames Stephen</a>'s "Digest of the Criminal Law" stated that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... a seditious intention is an intention to bring into hatred or contempt, or to excite disaffection against the person of His Majesty, his heirs or successors, or the government and <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">constitution of the United Kingdom</a>, as by law established, or either House of Parliament, or the administration of justice, or to excite His Majesty's subjects to attempt otherwise than by lawful means, the alteration of any matter in Church or State by law established, or to incite any person to commit any crime in disturbance of the peace, or to raise discontent or disaffection amongst His Majesty's subjects, or to promote feelings of ill-will and hostility between different classes of such subjects. An intention to show that His Majesty has been misled or mistaken in his measures, or to point out errors or defects in the government or constitution as by law established, with a view to their reformation, or to excite His Majesty's subjects to attempt by lawful means the alteration of any matter in Church or State by law established, or to point out, in order to secure their removal, matters which are producing, or have a tendency to produce, feelings of hatred and ill-will between classes of His Majesty's subjects, is not a seditious intention.</p></blockquote> <p>Stephen in his <i>History of the Criminal Law of England</i> accepted the view that a <a href="/wiki/Seditious_libel" title="Seditious libel">seditious libel</a> was nothing short of a direct incitement to disorder and violence. He stated that the modern view of the law was plainly and fully set out by Littledale J. in <i>Collins</i>. In that case the jury were instructed that they could convict of seditious libel only if they were satisfied that the defendant "meant that the people should make use of physical force as their own resource to obtain justice, and meant to excite the people to take the power in to their own hands, and meant to excite them to tumult and disorder". </p><p>The last prosecution for sedition in the United Kingdom was in 1972, when three people were charged with seditious conspiracy and uttering seditious words for attempting to recruit people to travel to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> to fight in support of Republicans. The seditious conspiracy charge was dropped, but the men received suspended sentences for uttering seditious words and for offences against the <a href="/wiki/Public_Order_Act_1936" title="Public Order Act 1936">Public Order Act 1936</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LC72_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LC72-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977, a <a href="/wiki/Law_Commission_(England_and_Wales)" title="Law Commission (England and Wales)">Law Commission</a> <a href="/wiki/Working_paper" title="Working paper">working paper</a> recommended that the common law offence of sedition in England and Wales be abolished. They said that they thought that this offence was redundant and that it was not necessary to have any offence of sedition.<sup id="cite_ref-LC72_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LC72-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However this proposal was not implemented until 2009, when sedition and seditious libel (as common law offences) were abolished in England and Wales and in Northern Ireland by section 73 of the <a href="/wiki/Coroners_and_Justice_Act_2009" title="Coroners and Justice Act 2009">Coroners and Justice Act 2009</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with effect from 12 January 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Scotland, section 51 of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Scottish_Parliament_from_2010" title="List of acts of the Scottish Parliament from 2010">Criminal Justice and Licensing (Scotland) Act 2010</a> abolished the common law offences of sedition and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté">leasing-making</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with effect from 28 March 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sedition by an <a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)#United_Kingdom" title="Alien (law)">alien</a> is still an offence under section 3 of the <a href="/wiki/Aliens_Restriction_(Amendment)_Act_1919" title="Aliens Restriction (Amendment) Act 1919">Aliens Restriction (Amendment) Act 1919</a>, punishable by up to three months of imprisonment if convicted summarily, or up to ten years of imprisonment if convicted on indictment.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedition&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Seditious_conspiracy" title="Seditious conspiracy">Seditious conspiracy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civilian">Civilian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedition&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Civilian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The charge of seditious libel for true statements was weakened, but not abolished, in the 1735 <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> case of <i>Crown v. <a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Zenger" title="John Peter Zenger">John Peter Zenger</a></i>. Zenger had published attacks on Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Cosby" title="William Cosby">William Cosby</a> that were well received in the province. The Attorney General charged him by <a href="/wiki/Information_(formal_criminal_charge)" title="Information (formal criminal charge)">criminal information</a>, bypassing the grand jury process, and Zenger was acquitted by a trial jury. </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts" title="Alien and Sedition Acts">Sedition Act of 1798</a>, which set out punishments of up to two years of imprisonment for "opposing or resisting any law of the United States" or writing or publishing "false, scandalous, and malicious writing" about the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> or the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> (though not the office of the <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-President of the United States">Vice-President</a>, then occupied by Adams' political opponent <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>). This Act of Congress was allowed to expire in 1801 after Jefferson's election to the Presidency;<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jefferson pardoned those still serving sentences, and fines were repaid by the government. This law was never appealed to the United States Supreme Court (which had not yet established its power to invalidate laws passed by Congress granted in <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_the_United_States" title="Judicial review in the United States">Marbury v. Madison</a>) but opponents claimed it was unconstitutional under the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2108-young-arrestthisman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Political cartoon made to look like a reward poster for the apprehension of Jesus Christ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/2108-young-arrestthisman.jpg/260px-2108-young-arrestthisman.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/2108-young-arrestthisman.jpg/390px-2108-young-arrestthisman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/2108-young-arrestthisman.jpg/520px-2108-young-arrestthisman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4031" data-file-height="4838" /></a><figcaption>Political cartoon by <a href="/wiki/Art_Young" title="Art Young">Art Young</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Masses" title="The Masses">The Masses</a></i>, 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a>, Section 3 made it a federal crime, punishable by up to 20 years of imprisonment and a fine of up to $10,000, to willfully spread false news of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> or <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a> with an intent to disrupt its operations, to foment <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutiny</a> in their ranks, or to obstruct recruiting. This Act of Congress was amended by the <a href="/wiki/Sedition_Act_of_1918" title="Sedition Act of 1918">Sedition Act of 1918</a>, which expanded the scope of the Espionage Act to any statement criticizing the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the United States">Government of the United States</a>. These laws were upheld by the Supreme Court in the 1919 decisions <i><a href="/wiki/Schenck_v._United_States" title="Schenck v. United States">Schenck v. United States</a></i> (concerning distribution of flyers urging men to resist the draft) and <i><a href="/wiki/Abrams_v._United_States" title="Abrams v. United States">Abrams v. United States</a></i> (concerning leaflets urging cessation of weapons production). Schenck led to the "<a href="/wiki/Shouting_fire_in_a_crowded_theater" title="Shouting fire in a crowded theater">shouting 'fire' in a crowded theater</a>" explanation of the limits of <a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">free speech</a>. The laws were largely repealed in 1921, leaving laws forbidding foreign <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a> in the United States and allowing military <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> of sensitive material. </p><p>In 1940, the Alien Registration Act, or "<a href="/wiki/Smith_Act" title="Smith Act">Smith Act</a>", was passed, which made it a federal crime to advocate or to teach the desirability of overthrowing the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government">United States Government</a>, or to be a member of any organization which does the same. It was often used against <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">communist party</a> organizations. This Act was invoked in three major cases, one of which against the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Worker's Party</a> in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a> in 1941, resulting in 23 convictions, and again in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sedition_Trial_of_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Sedition Trial of 1944">Great Sedition Trial of 1944</a> in which a number of pro-<a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> figures were indicted but released when the prosecution ended in a <a href="/wiki/Mistrial_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistrial (law)">mistrial</a>. Also, a series of trials of 140 leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> also relied upon the terms of the "Smith Act"—beginning in 1949—and lasting until 1957. Although the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> upheld the convictions of 11 CPUSA leaders in 1951 in <i><a href="/wiki/Dennis_v._United_States" title="Dennis v. United States">Dennis v. United States</a></i>, that same Court reversed itself in 1957 in the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Yates_v._United_States" title="Yates v. United States">Yates v. United States</a></i>, by ruling that teaching an ideal, no matter how harmful it may seem, does not equal advocating or planning its implementation. Although unused since at least 1961,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the "Smith Act" remains a federal law. </p><p>There was, however, a brief attempt to use the sedition laws, as defined by the <a href="/wiki/Sedition_Act_of_1918" title="Sedition Act of 1918">Sedition Act of 1918</a> amendments to the Espionage Act of 1917, after socialist leagues in America distributed leaflets calling for resisting the draft. Those amendments were deemed incompatible with freedom of speech under American law, in spite of the exceptional circumstances that led to those laws, against <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">protesters of the Vietnam War</a>. On 17 October 1967, two demonstrators, while engaged in a <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-in</a> at the Army Induction Center in <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a>, were arrested and charged with sedition by a deputy U.S. Marshal. U.S. Attorney <a href="/wiki/Cecil_F._Poole" title="Cecil F. Poole">Cecil Poole</a> changed the charge to trespassing. Poole said, "three guys reaching up and touching the leg of an inductee, and that's conspiracy to commit sedition? That's ridiculous!" The marshals were in the process of stepping on the demonstrators as they attempted to enter the building, and the demonstrators were trying to protect themselves from the marshals' feet. Attorney Poole later added, "We'll decide what to prosecute, not marshals."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decision drew the ire of California Senator <a href="/wiki/George_Murphy" title="George Murphy">George Murphy</a>, who would later block Poole's confirmation to a federal judgeship in response. </p><p>In 1981, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_L%C3%B3pez_Rivera" title="Oscar López Rivera">Oscar López Rivera</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican nationalist">Puerto Rican nationalist</a> and Vietnam War veteran, was convicted and sentenced to 70 years in prison for seditious conspiracy (among other offenses) for his involvement in <a href="/wiki/Fuerzas_Armadas_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_Puertorrique%C3%B1a" title="Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña">FALN</a> - a <a href="/wiki/Independentista" class="mw-redirect" title="Independentista">Puerto Rican independence</a> group that carried out over 130 bombings in the United States. Rivera was tried for being a recruiter and bomb-making trainer.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, he was among the 16 Puerto Rican nationalists offered conditional clemency by U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> in 1999, but he rejected the offer.<sup id="cite_ref-greenleft.org.au_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenleft.org.au-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then-Congressman, now <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Governor of Puerto Rico">Governor of Puerto Rico</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pierluisi" title="Pedro Pierluisi">Pedro Pierluisi</a> stated that "the primary reason that López Rivera did not accept the clemency offer extended to him in 1999 was because it had not also been extended to certain fellow Puerto Rico independence movement prisoners, including Mr. <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Alberto_Torres_(Puerto_Rican_nationalist)" title="Carlos Alberto Torres (Puerto Rican nationalist)">(Carlos Alberto) Torres</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Torres was released from prison in July 2010. In January 2017, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> commuted López Rivera's sentence; he was released May 2017, having served 36 years in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1987, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_sedition_trial" title="Fort Smith sedition trial">fourteen white supremacists</a> were indicted by a federal grand jury for seditious conspiracy between July 1983 and March 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-coates1987_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coates1987-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some alleged conspirators were serving time for overt acts, such as the crimes committed by <a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a> - bank robbery and the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Alan_Berg" title="Alan Berg">Alan Berg</a>. Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Louis_Beam" title="Louis Beam">Louis Beam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Girnt_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Girnt Butler">Richard Butler</a>, were charged for their speech seen as spurring on the overt acts by the others. In April 1988, a federal jury in Arkansas acquitted all the accused of charges of seditious conspiracy.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some still had to serve lengthy prison sentences on other charges, albeit one of the witnesses at the trial, <a href="/wiki/Frazier_Glenn_Miller_Jr." title="Frazier Glenn Miller Jr.">Frazier Glenn Miller Jr.</a>, would later <a href="/wiki/Overland_Park_Jewish_Community_Center_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting">kill three people in shootings at Jewish community centers</a> in 2014. </p><p>On 1 October 1995, <a href="/wiki/Omar_Abdel-Rahman" title="Omar Abdel-Rahman">Omar Abdel-Rahman</a> and nine others were convicted of <a href="/wiki/Seditious_conspiracy" title="Seditious conspiracy">seditious conspiracy</a> after the <a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">1993 World Trade Center bombing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laura Berg, a nurse at a <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs">U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs</a> hospital in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, was investigated for sedition in September 2005 after writing a letter to the editor of a local newspaper, accusing several national leaders of criminal negligence.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though their action was later deemed unwarranted by the director of Veteran Affairs, local human resources personnel took it upon themselves to request an <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> investigation. Ms. Berg was represented by the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">ACLU</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charges were dropped in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 March 2010, nine members of the <a href="/wiki/Hutaree" title="Hutaree">Hutaree</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian Patriot</a> militia were arrested and charged with crimes including seditious conspiracy.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2012, U.S. District Judge Victoria Roberts dismissed all serious charges against the remaining defendants, including sedition, and rebuked prosecutors for bringing the case. One man, Jacob Ward, was found not competent to stand trial. Three of the men, Joshua John Clough, David Brian Stone Sr., the leader of the group, and his son Joshua Stone, pleaded guilty to weapons charges.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 January 2022, eleven members or associates of the militia group <a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a>, including founder <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Rhodes" title="Stewart Rhodes">Stewart Rhodes</a>, were charged with seditious conspiracy for their involvement with the <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 United States Capitol attack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, three of the charged Oath Keepers pled guilty to the crime, becoming the first convictions since 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 November 2022, <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Rhodes" title="Stewart Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, after pleading not guilty in January 2022, was convicted of seditious conspiracy, becoming the first person convicted by a jury of the crime in 27 years.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 January 2023, four additional Oath Keepers were found guilty.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 June, 2022, five members or associates of the militia group <a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a>, including the former chairman, <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Tarrio" title="Enrique Tarrio">Enrique Tarrio</a>, were indicted for seditious conspiracy for their involvement in the <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 United States Capitol attack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military">Military</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedition&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sedition is a punishable offense under Article 94 of the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice" title="Uniform Code of Military Justice">Uniform Code of Military Justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_law_jurisdictions">Civil law jurisdictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedition&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Civil law jurisdictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedition&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksverhetzung" title="Volksverhetzung">Volksverhetzung</a></i></span> ("incitement of the people") is a legal concept in Germany and some Nordic countries. It is sometimes loosely translated as sedition,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the law bans the incitement of hatred against a segment of the population such as a particular race or religion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedition&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Spanish_constitutional_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2017–18 Spanish constitutional crisis">2017–18 Spanish constitutional crisis</a> some of the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">Catalan independence movement</a> were charged with several criminal offences, notably <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebellion</a> and sedition. An offence similar to the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">offence</a> of rebellion did not exist in Germany and the <a href="/wiki/European_Arrest_Warrant" title="European Arrest Warrant">European Arrest Warrant</a> against <a href="/wiki/Carles_Puigdemont" title="Carles Puigdemont">Carles Puigdemont</a> was withdrawn, allowing him to remain in Belgium. Other leaders who were convicted of sedition received 9–13 years in prison as established in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Penal_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Penal Code">Spanish Penal Code</a> by a unanimous sentence of the Spanish Supreme Court during the October 2019 trial.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>In 2022, it was removed from the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_(Spain)" title="Criminal Code (Spain)">Spanish Criminal Code</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being replaced with the new lesser-sentence "aggravated public disorder" offense.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedition&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">Coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_anarchy" title="Criminal anarchy">Criminal anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">Free speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_court" title="Kangaroo court">Kangaroo court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition_Act_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sedition Act (disambiguation)">Sedition Act (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition_Caucus" title="Sedition Caucus">Sedition Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">Treason</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedition&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedition&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBerger1953" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Adolf (1953). <i>Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+Roman+Law&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASedition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eckhard-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eckhard_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eckhard_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnabel2018" class="citation book cs1">Schnabel, Eckhard (2018). <i>Jesus in Jerusalem: The Last Days</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+in+Jerusalem%3A+The+Last+Days&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Schnabel&rft.aufirst=Eckhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASedition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lexpress.mu&rft.atitle=Judiciary%3A+is+it+right+to+revive+the+old+sedition+law+in+Darren+Seedeeal%27s+case%3F&rft.date=2022-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flexpress.mu%2Fnode%2F408233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASedition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/GEST19170419.2.5.1">"ANTI-CONSCRIPTION. GREYMOUTH EVENING STAR"</a>. <i>paperspast.natlib.govt.nz</i>. 19 April 1917<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved 19 September 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elmundo.es/espana/2019/10/12/5da16fe4fdddfffca98b47d3.html">"Sentencia del procés: El Supremo acuerda condenar de forma unánime por sedición a los líderes del 1-O"</a>. <i>ELMUNDO</i> (in Spanish). 12 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ELMUNDO&rft.atitle=Sentencia+del+proc%C3%A9s%3A+El+Supremo+acuerda+condenar+de+forma+un%C3%A1nime+por+sedici%C3%B3n+a+los+l%C3%ADderes+del+1-O&rft.date=2019-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Fespana%2F2019%2F10%2F12%2F5da16fe4fdddfffca98b47d3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASedition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://es.euronews.com/2022/12/22/el-senado-de-espana-aprueba-la-derogacion-del-delito-de-sedicion-y-rebajas-por-el-de-malve">"El Senado de España aprueba la derogación del delito de sedición y rebajas por el de malversación"</a>. <i>Euronews</i> (in Spanish). 22 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euronews&rft.atitle=El+Senado+de+Espa%C3%B1a+aprueba+la+derogaci%C3%B3n+del+delito+de+sedici%C3%B3n+y+rebajas+por+el+de+malversaci%C3%B3n&rft.date=2022-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fes.euronews.com%2F2022%2F12%2F22%2Fel-senado-de-espana-aprueba-la-derogacion-del-delito-de-sedicion-y-rebajas-por-el-de-malve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASedition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/politics-spain-b24b64fd2b9d2d57c42e0a1652e6951f">"Spanish govt reforms sedition law in nod to Catalan allies"</a>. <i>Associated Press</i>. 22 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Spanish+govt+reforms+sedition+law+in+nod+to+Catalan+allies&rft.date=2022-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fpolitics-spain-b24b64fd2b9d2d57c42e0a1652e6951f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASedition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedition&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawreform.ie/_fileupload/consultation%20papers/cpCrimeofLibel.htm">"Consultation Paper on The Crime of Libel"</a>. Dublin: Law Reform Commission. August 1991<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consultation+Paper+on+The+Crime+of+Libel&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Law+Reform+Commission&rft.date=1991-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawreform.ie%2F_fileupload%2Fconsultation%2520papers%2FcpCrimeofLibel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASedition" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedition&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Breight, Curtis, C. <i>Surveillance, militarism and drama in the Elizabethan Era</i>, Macmillan 1996: London.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051031123750/http://www.law.gov.au/agd/Department/Publications/publications/ICCPR3/articles/article20.pdf">"A synopsis of the Australian sedition laws"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.gov.au/agd/Department/Publications/publications/ICCPR3/articles/article20.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 October 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+synopsis+of+the+Australian+sedition+laws&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.gov.au%2Fagd%2FDepartment%2FPublications%2Fpublications%2FICCPR3%2Farticles%2Farticle20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASedition" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedition&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/sedition" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/sedition"><i>sedition</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" 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land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mischief" title="Mischief">Mischief</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against the public</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begging" title="Begging">Begging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">Dueling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">Insider trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_law" title="Sumptuary law">Illegal consumption</a> (such as prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">drugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">alcohol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smoking_ban" title="Smoking ban">smoking</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">Regicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurper" title="Usurper">Usurpation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté">Lèse-majesté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">Treason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li> <li>Sedition</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Compounding_a_felony" title="Compounding a felony">Compounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malfeasance_in_office" title="Malfeasance in office">Malfeasance in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice" title="Miscarriage of justice">Miscarriage of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misprision_of_felony" title="Misprision of felony">Misprision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstruction of justice">Obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">Perjury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perverting_the_course_of_justice" title="Perverting the course of justice">Perverting the course of justice</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_smuggling" title="Wildlife smuggling">Wildlife smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">Bestiality</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sexual offenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">Bigamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornication#Across_history,_cultures,_and_laws" title="Fornication">Fornication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_incest" title="Legality of incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation#Law" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inchoate_offense" title="Inchoate offense">Inchoate offenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempt" title="Attempt">Attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement" title="Incitement">Incitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitation" title="Solicitation">Solicitation</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Crime" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Crime">WikiSource</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crime" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Crime">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Crime" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Crime">Wikiquote</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Crime_and_law" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:Crime and law">Wikinews</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_English_criminal_law791" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_English_criminal_law" title="Template:History of English criminal law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_English_criminal_law" title="Template talk:History of English criminal law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_English_criminal_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of English criminal law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_English_criminal_law791" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_criminal_law" title="History of English criminal law">History of English criminal law</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> series</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes of crimes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">Felony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">Misdemeanour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrestable_offence" title="Arrestable offence">Arrestable offence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_the_sovereign" title="Contempt of the sovereign">Contempt of sovereign or statute (breach of any statutory wording as a crime)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scales of justice"><img alt="Scales of justice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/100px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/150px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/200px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="208" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inchoate_offences_in_English_law" title="Inchoate offences in English law">Inchoate offences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incitement" title="Incitement">Incitement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marital_coercion" title="Marital coercion">Marital coercion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provocation_in_English_law" title="Provocation in English law">Provocation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Offence_against_the_person" title="Offence against the person">Offences against the person</a> or state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petty_treason" title="Petty treason">Petty treason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_murder" title="Capital murder">Capital murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayhem_(crime)" title="Mayhem (crime)">Mayhem (crime)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treachery_Act_1940" title="Treachery Act 1940">Treachery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_offences_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sexual offences in the United Kingdom">Sexual offences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buggery" class="mw-redirect" title="Buggery">Buggery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labouchere_Amendment" title="Labouchere Amendment">Gross indecency between men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_assault" title="Indecent assault">Indecent assault</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criminal_libel" title="Criminal libel">Criminal libel</a> and kindred offences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seditious_libel" title="Seditious libel">Seditious libel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blasphemous_libel" title="Blasphemous libel">Blasphemous libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_law_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Blasphemy law in the United Kingdom">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscene_libel" title="Obscene libel">Obscene libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamatory_libel" title="Defamatory libel">Defamatory libel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Property_crime" title="Property crime">Offences against property</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Larceny" title="Larceny">Larceny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">Embezzlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraudulent_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraudulent conversion">Fraudulent conversion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forgery, personation and cheating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheating_(law)" title="Cheating (law)">Cheating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offences against justice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misprision_of_felony" title="Misprision of felony">Misprision of felony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compounding_a_felony" title="Compounding a felony">Compounding a felony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champerty_and_maintenance" title="Champerty and maintenance">Champerty and maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embracery" title="Embracery">Embracery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Death against family honour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felo_de_se" title="Felo de se">Felo de se</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criminal behaviour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_scold" title="Common scold">Common scold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering" title="Loitering">Loitering</a></li> <li>Quasi-crimes: <a href="/wiki/Nightwalker_statute" title="Nightwalker statute">Until-dawn detention for being a stranger passing a night-watchman</a>; informal use of <a href="/wiki/Stocks" title="Stocks">stocks</a> and similar punishments</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li> <li>For current overview table see <a href="/wiki/Template:English_criminal_law" title="Template:English criminal law">English criminal law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_manipulation238" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_manipulation" title="Template:Media manipulation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_manipulation" title="Template talk:Media manipulation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_manipulation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media manipulation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_manipulation238" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Context</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">Crowd psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">Dumbing down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-truth" title="Half-truth">Half-truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obfuscation" title="Obfuscation">Obfuscation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwellian" title="Orwellian">Orwellian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">Persuasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">Activism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy">Advocacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">Grassroots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_communication" title="Guerrilla communication">Guerrilla communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">Hacktivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_activism" title="Media activism">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">Petitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_activism" title="Youth activism">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billboard" title="Billboard">Billboards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_advertising" title="False advertising">False</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">Infomercials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Mobiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_model" title="Promotional model">Modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_advertisement" title="Radio advertisement">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_advertising" title="Sex in advertising">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_slogan" title="Advertising slogan">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimonial" title="Testimonial">Testimonials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_advertisement" title="Television advertisement">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_advertising" title="Criticism of advertising">Criticism of advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance_factor" title="Annoyance factor">Annoyance factor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a> and <br /> <a href="/wiki/Media_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Media regulation">Media regulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_law" title="Broadcast law">Broadcast law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars" title="Burning of books and burying of scholars">Burying of scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_censorship" title="Corporate censorship">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover-up" title="Cover-up">Cover-ups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoaxing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_facts" title="Alternative facts">Alternative facts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">Deepfake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_deepfake" title="Audio deepfake">audio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">websites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakelore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakelore">Fakelore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_document" title="False document">False document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_entry" title="Fictitious entry">Fictitious entries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hoaxes" title="List of hoaxes">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_forgery" title="Literary forgery">Literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lying_press" title="Lying press">Lying press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hoax" title="Racial hoax">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus_hoax" title="Virus hoax">Virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_manipulation" title="Video manipulation">Video manipulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">Branding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_marketing" title="Loyalty marketing">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_marketing" title="Product marketing">Product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_placement" title="Product placement">Product placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicity" title="Publicity">Publicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_research" title="Market research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word-of-mouth_marketing" title="Word-of-mouth marketing">Word of mouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda-setting_theory" title="Agenda-setting theory">Agenda-setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_circus" title="Media circus">Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotive_conjugation" title="Emotive conjugation">Emotive conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_event" title="Media event">Pseudo-event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_scrum" title="Media scrum">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_advertising" title="Campaign advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">Astroturfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_ad" title="Attack ad">Attack ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvassing" title="Canvassing">Canvassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">Character assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_promise" title="Election promise">Election promises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_sign" title="Lawn sign">Lawn signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Party platform">Party platforms (or manifestos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_recognition" title="Name recognition">Name recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_campaigning" title="Negative campaigning">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_poll" title="Push poll">Push polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge_issue" title="Wedge issue">Wedge issue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fearmongering" title="Fearmongering">Fearmongering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loaded_language" title="Loaded language">Loaded language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_%27round_the_flag_effect" title="Rally 'round the flag effect">Rally 'round the flag effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_techniques" title="Propaganda techniques">Techniques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_leaflet_propaganda" title="Airborne leaflet propaganda">Airborne leaflets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information (IT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">Public diplomacy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublespeak" title="Doublespeak">Doublespeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-apology_apology" title="Non-apology apology">Non-apology apology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_management" title="Reputation management">Reputation management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slogan" title="Slogan">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_bite" title="Sound bite">Sound bites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_(propaganda)" title="Transfer (propaganda)">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understatement" title="Understatement">Understatement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weasel_word" title="Weasel word">Weasel words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_propaganda" title="Corporate propaganda">Corporate propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sales" title="Sales">Sales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_calling" title="Cold calling">Cold calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door-to-door" title="Door-to-door">Door-to-door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pricing" title="Pricing">Pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_demonstration" title="Product demonstration">Product demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_promotion" title="Sales promotion">Promotion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spaving" title="Spaving">Spaving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_merchandise" title="Promotional merchandise">Promotional merchandise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing" title="Telemarketing">Telemarketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Media concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_democracy" title="Media democracy">Media democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ecology" title="Media ecology">Media ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ethics" title="Media ethics">Media ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Media influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_proprietor" title="Media proprietor">Media proprietor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/21px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/32px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/42px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="288" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Freedom_of_speech" title="Portal:Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/21px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/42px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/21px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/41px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/19px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/29px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/38px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Journalism" title="Portal:Journalism">Journalism</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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