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Usurper - Wikipedia
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href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%B2" title="জবরদখল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জবরদখল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Узурпацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Узурпацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Узурпатор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Узурпатор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzurp%C3%A1tor" title="Uzurpátor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uzurpátor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usurpator" title="Usurpator – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Usurpator" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usurpador" title="Usurpador – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Usurpador" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzurpatoro" title="Uzurpatoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Uzurpatoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B5%D8%A8" title="غصب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="غصب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usurpator" title="Usurpator – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Usurpator" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%AC%ED%83%88" title="찬탈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="찬탈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ուզուրպացում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուզուրպացում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzurpero_(autoritato)" title="Uzurpero (autoritato) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Uzurpero (autoritato)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A4" title="אוזורפ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוזורפ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="უზურპაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უზურპაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitorl%C3%A1s" title="Bitorlás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bitorlás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perampas" title="Perampas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perampas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usurpator" title="Usurpator – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Usurpator" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B0%92%E5%A5%AA" title="簒奪 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="簒奪" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usurpasjon" title="Usurpasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Usurpasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzurpator" title="Uzurpator – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Uzurpator" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzurpator" title="Uzurpator – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Uzurpator" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usurpaattori" title="Usurpaattori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Usurpaattori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usurpator" title="Usurpator – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Usurpator" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasp_(siyaset)" title="Gasp (siyaset) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gasp (siyaset)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AF%A1%E4%BD%8D" title="篡位 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="篡位" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1136723#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Illegitimate or controversial claimant to state power</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Usurp" and "Usurpation" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Usurper_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Usurper (disambiguation)">Usurper (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_usurpers" title="List of usurpers">List of usurpers</a>.</div> <p>A <b>usurper</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political)">illegitimate</a> or controversial claimant to <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a>, often but not always in a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, one who takes the power of a <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">country</a>, <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a>, or established region for oneself, without any formal or legal right to claim it as one's own.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usurpers can rise to power in a region by often unexpected physical force such as via a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>, as well as through political influence and deceit.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usurper&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word originally came from the Latin word <i>usurpare</i> (“to seize", "to take forcefully" or "to use”).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usurper&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Greeks had their own conception of what usurpers were, calling them tyrants.<sup id="cite_ref-kagan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kagan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the ancient Greek usage, a <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyrant</a> (<i>tyrannos</i>/<i>τύραννος</i> in Greek) was an individual who rose to power via unconstitutional or illegitimate means, usually not being an heir to an existing throne.<sup id="cite_ref-kagan_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kagan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such individuals were perceived negatively by political philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Usurpers often try to legitimize their position by claiming to be a descendant of a ruler that they may or may not be related to. According to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, this was done by someone impersonating <a href="/wiki/Smerdis" class="mw-redirect" title="Smerdis">Smerdis</a> in order to seize the throne of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of usurpation played a huge role in the governance of monarchies, often carrying disdain to those who have been accused of it.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lengthy advice was given to potential and actual usurpers by the political philosopher <a href="/wiki/Niccolo_Machiavelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Niccolo Machiavelli">Niccolo Machiavelli</a> in his book <a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methods discussed were pertinent to the establishment of a more secure principality for the ruler, which Machiavelli stated would require evil to be done at some point.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usurper&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Roman usurper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_a_nobody" title="Son of a nobody">Son of a nobody</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usurper&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="Key" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hewitt_Key" title="Thomas Hewitt Key">Key, T. Hewitt</a> (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3924121;view=1up;seq=106">"On the Derivation and Meaning of the Latin Verb <i>usurpare</i>"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Philological Society</i> (8).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Philological+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+Derivation+and+Meaning+of+the+Latin+Verb+usurpare&rft.issue=8&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Key&rft.aufirst=T.+Hewitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.b3924121%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsurper" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usurper&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/31st-july-1936/29/the-usurpation-of-richard-the-third">"The Usurpation of Richard the Third » 31 Jul 1936 » The Spectator Archive"</a>. <i>The Spectator Archive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator+Archive&rft.atitle=The+Usurpation+of+Richard+the+Third+%C2%BB+31+Jul+1936+%C2%BB+The+Spectator+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2F31st-july-1936%2F29%2Fthe-usurpation-of-richard-the-third&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsurper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevine1959" class="citation journal cs1">Levine, Mortimer (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2850815">"Richard III – Usurper or Lawful King?"</a>. <i>Speculum</i>. <b>34</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">391–</span>401. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2850815">10.2307/2850815</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-7134">0038-7134</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2850815">2850815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=Richard+III+%E2%80%93+Usurper+or+Lawful+King%3F&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E391-%3C%2Fspan%3E401&rft.date=1959&rft.issn=0038-7134&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2850815%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2850815&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Mortimer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2850815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsurper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/usurper">"Definition of USURPER"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+USURPER&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fusurper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsurper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/democraciaabierta/nicol-s-maduro-usurper/">In the end, usurpers accumulate power by taking it from the other State institutions, either by minimizing the role of the legislative power, or undermining the independence of the judiciary.</a>", <a href="/wiki/OpenDemocracy" title="OpenDemocracy">openDemocracy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/usurp">"usurp"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=usurp&rft.btitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fusurp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsurper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kagan-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kagan_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kagan_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKagan1998" class="citation book cs1">Kagan, Donald (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=viBOKgmt8LkC&q=usurper%20tyrannos%20pericles&pg=PA250"><i>Pericles Of Athens And The Birth Of Democracy</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684863955" title="Special:BookSources/9780684863955"><bdi>9780684863955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pericles+Of+Athens+And+The+Birth+Of+Democracy&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780684863955&rft.aulast=Kagan&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DviBOKgmt8LkC%26q%3Dusurper%2520tyrannos%2520pericles%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsurper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1497/1497-h/1497-h.htm">"The Republic, by Plato"</a>. <i>www.gutenberg.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=The+Republic%2C+by+Plato&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F1497%2F1497-h%2F1497-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsurper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAristotle2010" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mEwLXFyp0ccC&q=aristotle%20politics&pg=PA169"><i>The Politics, Book 5, Chapter 10</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226026701" title="Special:BookSources/9780226026701"><bdi>9780226026701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics%2C+Book+5%2C+Chapter+10&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780226026701&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmEwLXFyp0ccC%26q%3Daristotle%2520politics%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsurper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, <i>The Histories</i> Book 3, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/3c*.html">61–79</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Whilst Henry possessed all the qualities necessary to be a successful medieval king, his path to kingship as a usurpation rather than a hereditary succession would cast doubt over his legitimacy for the entirety of his rule." – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/King-Henry-IV/">HistoricUK</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButterfield1962" class="citation web cs1">Butterfield, Herbert (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HicLAQAAIAAJ">"The Statecraft of Machiavelli"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Statecraft+of+Machiavelli&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHicLAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsurper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrauss2014" class="citation book cs1">Strauss, Leo (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oi2GDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Thoughts on Machiavelli</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226230979" title="Special:BookSources/9780226230979"><bdi>9780226230979</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thoughts+on+Machiavelli&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780226230979&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doi2GDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsurper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Prince, chap. 15 (end)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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