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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_Aliy%C3%A0" title="Tercera Aliyà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tercera Aliyà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%99et%C3%AD_alija" title="Třetí alija – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Třetí alija" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tredje_aliyah" title="Tredje aliyah – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tredje aliyah" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_Aliy%C3%A1" title="Tercera Aliyá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tercera Aliyá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA" title="העלייה השלישית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="העלייה השלישית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tredje_aliyah" title="Tredje aliyah – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tredje aliyah" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trzecia_alija" title="Trzecia alija – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trzecia alija" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terceira_Ali%C3%A1" title="Terceira Aliá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terceira Aliá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Третья алия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Третья алия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Третя Алія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Третя Алія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2_%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="דריטע עליה – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דריטע עליה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2390778#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Aliyah" title="Category:Aliyah">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2127" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Gathering of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negation_of_the_Diaspora" title="Negation of the Diaspora">Negation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Jews who remained in the Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">Homeland for the Jewish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Pre-Modern_Aliyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Modern Aliyah">Pre-Modern Aliyah</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Return_to_Zion" title="Return to Zion">Return to Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perushim" title="Perushim">Perushim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Aliyah_in_modern_times" title="Chronology of Aliyah in modern times">Aliyah in modern times</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Aliyah" title="First Aliyah">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Aliyah" title="Second Aliyah">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah_and_Yishuv_during_World_War_I" title="Aliyah and Yishuv during World War I">during World War I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Aliyah" title="Fourth Aliyah">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Aliyah" title="Fifth Aliyah">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah_Bet" title="Aliyah Bet">Aliyah Bet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">from Muslim countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Magic_Carpet_(Yemen)" title="Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen)">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ezra_and_Nehemiah" title="Operation Ezra and Nehemiah">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_of_Moroccan_Jews_to_Israel" title="Migration of Moroccan Jews to Israel">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_migration_from_Lebanon_post-1948" title="Jewish migration from Lebanon post-1948">Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_Soviet_Union_aliyah" title="1970s Soviet Union aliyah">from the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="1990s post-Soviet aliyah">post-Soviet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">from Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah_from_Ethiopia" title="Aliyah from Ethiopia">from Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emigration_from_Romania" title="Jewish emigration from Romania">from Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah_from_Latin_America_in_the_2000s" title="Aliyah from Latin America in the 2000s">from Latin America</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Absorption</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival of the Hebrew language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Hebraization of surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_Palestinian_place_names" title="Hebraization of Palestinian place names">Hebraization of place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">Kibbutz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_village" title="Youth village">Youth village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Million_Plan" title="One Million Plan">One Million Plan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_camps_(Israel)" title="Immigrant camps (Israel)">Immigrant camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27abarot" title="Ma'abarot">Ma'abarot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_town" title="Development town">Development town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austerity_in_Israel" title="Austerity in Israel">Austerity</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">World Zionist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency for Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Aliyah" title="Youth Aliyah">Youth Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossad_LeAliyah_Bet" title="Mossad LeAliyah Bet">Mossad LeAliyah Bet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Al" title="El Al">El Al</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Aliyah_and_Integration" title="Ministry of Aliyah and Integration">Ministry of Aliyah and Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefesh_B%27Nefesh" title="Nefesh B'Nefesh">Nefesh B'Nefesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am_Yisrael_Foundation" title="Am Yisrael Foundation">Am Yisrael Foundation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabra_(person)" title="Sabra (person)">Sabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerida" title="Yerida">Yerida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Jewish refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">History of the Jews in the Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">Demographic history of Palestine (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical Jewish population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaAliyah" title="Yom HaAliyah">Yom HaAliyah</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aliyah" title="Template:Aliyah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aliyah" title="Template talk:Aliyah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aliyah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aliyah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Third Aliyah</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">העלייה השלישית</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">HaAliyah HaShlishit</i></span>) refers to the third wave, or <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">aliyah</a>, of modern Jewish immigration to <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. This wave lasted from 1919, just after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, until 1923, at the start of an economic crisis in Palestine. </p><p>35,000 to 40,000 Jews arrived in Palestine during the Third Aliyah. The <a href="/wiki/Bellwether" title="Bellwether">bellwether</a> of the Third Aliyah was the ship <a href="/wiki/SS_Ruslan" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Ruslan">SS <i>Ruslan</i></a>, which arrived at <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> Port on December 19, 1919 carrying 671 new immigrants and people returning after being stranded in Europe during the war. The pioneers of the Third Aliyah originated mainly from Eastern European countries: 45% from Russia, 31% from <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, 5% from <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, and 3% from <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Aliyah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three secret commitments of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, substantially contradicting each other, formed the basis for the conflicts that followed thereafter: </p> <ul><li>In October of 1915, the British pledged to recognise the independence of an Arab state within the bounderies proposed by the Sherif of Mekka, i.e. including Palestine, in exchange for Arabic support of the British attempt to fight and defeat the Ottomans. See <a href="/wiki/McMahon%E2%80%93Hussein_Correspondence" class="mw-redirect" title="McMahon–Hussein Correspondence">McMahon–Hussein Correspondence</a>.</li> <li>In January of 1916, a secret treaty between the UK and France, the <a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a>, divided the Ottoman provinces outside the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> between the British and the French. The British would be granted Palestine and Jordan, the French would occupy Libanon and Syria.</li> <li>In November of 1917, the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a> promised the Jews that they could settle in Palestine and create "a national home for the Jewish people" there.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_1198_Agriculture_in_Israel_%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A3_%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A1_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/PikiWiki_Israel_1198_Agriculture_in_Israel_%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A3_%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A1_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D.JPG/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_1198_Agriculture_in_Israel_%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A3_%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A1_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/PikiWiki_Israel_1198_Agriculture_in_Israel_%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A3_%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A1_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D.JPG/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_1198_Agriculture_in_Israel_%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A3_%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A1_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/PikiWiki_Israel_1198_Agriculture_in_Israel_%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A3_%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A1_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D.JPG/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_1198_Agriculture_in_Israel_%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A3_%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A1_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D.JPG 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>Farmers of <a href="/wiki/Ein_Ganim" title="Ein Ganim">Ein Ganim</a>, 1923</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the immigrants of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Aliyah" title="Second Aliyah">Second Aliyah</a> (1904–1914) were a few thousand young pioneers influenced by the socialist ideas of <a href="/wiki/Ber_Borochov" title="Ber Borochov">Ber Borochov</a> and the concept "religion of labor" by <a href="/wiki/A._D._Gordon" title="A. D. Gordon">A. D. Gordon</a>. One key idea of the Third Aliyah was a continuation of the Second—the establishment of a socialist Jewish society in the Land of Israel. In hindsight one can state that the attempts of immigrants from the <a href="/wiki/First_Aliyah" title="First Aliyah">First Aliyah</a> in hard manual labor failed clamorously, while the pioneers from the Second Aliyah fought hard and the young men and women from the Third Aliyah succeeded right from the beginning. They built roads and bridges, they drained swamps and they set up functioning farms. Many of them were already trained in Russia for a life of farming.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But, since <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the basis for all immigration to Palestine had changed fundamentally. The Ottomans had withdrawn, and the British had taken power – despite promises to the Arabs to the contrary. The <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, established in early 1920, gave the British the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">mandate</a> to administer Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Third Aliyah was triggered mainly by the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, antisemitic <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a>, and it was hindered by the British quotas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motivation">Motivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Aliyah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Motivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1960s Everett S. Lee described the <a href="/wiki/Push_and_pull_factors_in_migration" title="Push and pull factors in migration">push and pull factors in migration</a>. This model can also be applied to prior migration waves. </p><p>Immigrants had high hopes for a new future in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>, but more than that, they were pushed to immigrate due to the developments in Europe and the growth of the nationalism aspirations of various minority groups. Several factors motivated the immigrants: </p> <ul><li>The Russian Revolution and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> led to a wave of <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a>. An estimated 100,000 Jews were killed and 500,000 left homeless.</li> <li>Upheaval in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">aftermath of World War I</a> with nationalist awakenings amongst the eastern European nations following the birth of nine new countries.</li> <li>In the new countries which were formed after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> there was the "problem of the minorities". Battles erupted between small ethnic groups, with riots in divided countries like <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.</li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Economic_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic crisis">economic crisis</a> in Europe</li> <li>The enactment of <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Quota_Act" title="Emergency Quota Act">Emergency Quota Act</a>, which limited immigration to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li>The relative success of the absorption of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Aliyah" title="Second Aliyah">Second Aliyah</a> to Israel and the <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> ideologies of the wave.</li></ul> <p>The official Zionist institutions were opposed to the third immigration wave. They feared that the country would not be able to absorb such a great number of people. They even requested that only people who had enough economic resources come to the country. However, the harsh reality changed their expectations: the bad economic situation of Jews of Eastern Europe, and also the riots, forced many to emigrate to countries which did open their gates—the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>—and to those who had a pioneering impulse and a Zionist recognition, Palestine was suitable as their new home. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_makeup">Social makeup</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Aliyah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Social makeup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of the new immigrants of the Third Aliyah were affiliated with the youth movements <a href="/wiki/HeHalutz" title="HeHalutz">HeHalutz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hashomer_Hatzair" title="Hashomer Hatzair">Hashomer Hatzair</a>. Most of them were socialist-oriented and secular, even anti-religious. Their intention was to build not the Jewish state, but a socialist state.<sup id="cite_ref-JHthird_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHthird-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Pioneers</dt></dl> <p>Most of the newcomers were young <i>halutzim</i> (pioneers), who built roads and towns and commenced the draining of marshes in the <a href="/wiki/Jezreel_Valley" title="Jezreel Valley">Jezreel Valley</a>. Afterwards they became a smaller proportion of the immigrants. The importance of those pioneers was just as great as that of the pioneers of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Aliyah" title="Second Aliyah">Second Aliyah</a>. Their ideology contributed a great deal to the construction of Palestine, and so they imprinted their mark on <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> and also on the development of the Jewish settlements in Palestine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_8741_Pioneers_in_Kibbutz_Ein_Harod.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Road construction, Ein Harod"><img alt="Road construction, Ein Harod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/PikiWiki_Israel_8741_Pioneers_in_Kibbutz_Ein_Harod.jpg/120px-PikiWiki_Israel_8741_Pioneers_in_Kibbutz_Ein_Harod.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/PikiWiki_Israel_8741_Pioneers_in_Kibbutz_Ein_Harod.jpg/180px-PikiWiki_Israel_8741_Pioneers_in_Kibbutz_Ein_Harod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/PikiWiki_Israel_8741_Pioneers_in_Kibbutz_Ein_Harod.jpg/240px-PikiWiki_Israel_8741_Pioneers_in_Kibbutz_Ein_Harod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="270" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Road construction, Ein Harod</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_4823_Immigration_to_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Third Aliyah pioneers, 1921"><img alt="Third Aliyah pioneers, 1921" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/PikiWiki_Israel_4823_Immigration_to_Israel.jpg/120px-PikiWiki_Israel_4823_Immigration_to_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/PikiWiki_Israel_4823_Immigration_to_Israel.jpg/180px-PikiWiki_Israel_4823_Immigration_to_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/PikiWiki_Israel_4823_Immigration_to_Israel.jpg/240px-PikiWiki_Israel_4823_Immigration_to_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="491" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Third Aliyah pioneers, 1921</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_4824_Immigration_to_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jewish pioneers building Balfour Street in Tel Aviv, 1921"><img alt="Jewish pioneers building Balfour Street in Tel Aviv, 1921" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PikiWiki_Israel_4824_Immigration_to_Israel.jpg/120px-PikiWiki_Israel_4824_Immigration_to_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PikiWiki_Israel_4824_Immigration_to_Israel.jpg/180px-PikiWiki_Israel_4824_Immigration_to_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PikiWiki_Israel_4824_Immigration_to_Israel.jpg/240px-PikiWiki_Israel_4824_Immigration_to_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1258" data-file-height="862" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jewish pioneers building Balfour Street in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, 1921</div> </li> </ul> <dl><dt>Intellectuals</dt></dl> <p>The list below shows that also many intellectuals and artists were part of the Third Aliyah. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Institutions">Institutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Aliyah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Histadrut" title="Histadrut">Histadrut</a>, the General Labor Federation, was established at this time, the Elected Assembly and the National Council were founded, also <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a>, a clandestine paramilitary organization.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personalities">Personalities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Aliyah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the immigrants to Palestine during the Third Aliyah were people who later-on founded the State of Israel, including <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-JHthird_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHthird-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also several prominent activists and intellectuals. Many of them would later become pioneers in Israeli culture. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Agadati" title="Baruch Agadati">Baruch Agadati</a> (1895–1976), dancer and choreographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Bluwstein" title="Rachel Bluwstein">Rachel Bluwstein</a> (1890–1931), known as "Rachel the Poetess"; returned to Palestine on board the <i>Ruslan</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Constant" title="Joseph Constant">Joseph Constant</a> (1892–1969), sculptor, painter and novelist, arrived on board the Ruslan with his wife</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menachem_Elkind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Menachem Elkind (page does not exist)">Menachem Elkind</a> (1897–1938), Zionist activist and one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Gdud_HaAvoda" title="Gdud HaAvoda">Gdud HaAvoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Frenkel" title="Yitzhak Frenkel">Yitzhak Frenkel</a> (1899–1981), painter and sculptor, member of the <a href="/wiki/Ecole_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecole de Paris">Ecole de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uri_Zvi_Greenberg" title="Uri Zvi Greenberg">Uri Zvi Greenberg</a> (1896–1981), poet, journalist and activist, who wrote in Yiddish and Hebrew, immigrated in 1923.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Klausner" title="Joseph Klausner">Joseph Klausner</a> (1874–1958), historian from Lithuania, later-on professor of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Lamdan" title="Yitzhak Lamdan">Yitzhak Lamdan</a> (1899–1954), Hebrew–language poet, translator and editor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Magidovitch" title="Yehuda Magidovitch">Yehuda Magidovitch</a> (1886–1981), architect from <a href="/wiki/Uman" title="Uman">Uman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arieh_Navon" title="Arieh Navon">Arieh Navon</a> (1909–1996), painter, illustrator and cartoonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henya_Pekelman" title="Henya Pekelman">Henya Pekelman</a> (1903–1940), Zionist pioneer, woman manual laborer, women's equality activist partisan and rape victim; the autobiography she wrote provides a rare documentation of daily life in Eretz Yisrael of those times.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeev_Rechter" title="Zeev Rechter">Zeev Rechter</a> (1899–1960), architect from <a href="/wiki/Kovalivka,_Odesa_Oblast" title="Kovalivka, Odesa Oblast">Kovalivka, Odesa Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Sadeh" title="Yitzhak Sadeh">Yitzhak Sadeh</a> (1890–1952), one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Gdud_HaAvoda" title="Gdud HaAvoda">Gdud HaAvoda</a>, later-on commander of the <a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Ussishkin" title="Menachem Ussishkin">Menachem Ussishkin</a> (1863–1941), Zionist leader</li></ul> <p>Many of them arrived in Palestine in December 1919 on board the Ruslan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Aliyah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Kaplan: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.jewishagency.org/society-and-politics/content/36561/">Formative Groups and Ideologies</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency for Israel</a>, 27 April 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Quigley: <i>Britain and it's Mandate over Palestine</i>, A them Press 202$, ISBN 978-1-83998-464-8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JHthird-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JHthird_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JHthird_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJewish_History" class="citation web cs1">Jewish History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishhistory.org/the-third-aliyah/">"The Third Aliyah"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Third+Aliyah&rft.au=Jewish+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishhistory.org%2Fthe-third-aliyah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Aliyah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jewish Virtual Library: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Immigration/Third_Aliyah.html">Third Aliyah</a>, retrieved on 4 November 2023</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third_Aliyah&oldid=1258919149">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third_Aliyah&oldid=1258919149</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aliyah_waves" title="Category:Aliyah waves">Aliyah waves</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Europe" title="Category:Jews and Judaism in Europe">Jews and Judaism in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Category:Jews and Judaism in Mandatory Palestine">Jews and Judaism in Mandatory Palestine</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 10:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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