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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predatory_conferences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predatory_conferences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Predatory conferences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predatory_conferences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critique_of_in-person_conferences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critique_of_in-person_conferences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Critique of in-person conferences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critique_of_in-person_conferences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div 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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmi_konfrans" title="Elmi konfrans – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elmi konfrans" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8" title="উচ্চশিক্ষায়তনিক সম্মেলন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উচ্চশিক্ষায়তনিক সম্মেলন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Навуковая канферэнцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Навуковая канферэнцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Научна конференция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Научна конференция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simposi" title="Simposi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Simposi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%9Bdeck%C3%A1_konference" title="Vědecká konference – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vědecká konference" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissenschaftliche_Konferenz" title="Wissenschaftliche Konferenz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wissenschaftliche Konferenz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congreso_(reuni%C3%B3n)" title="Congreso (reunión) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Congreso (reunión)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C" title="همایش دانشگاهی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="همایش دانشگاهی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congr%C3%A8s_scientifique" title="Congrès scientifique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Congrès scientifique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%99%EC%88%A0%ED%9A%8C%EC%9D%98" title="학술회의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="학술회의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokakarya" title="Lokakarya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lokakarya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congresso_scientifico" title="Congresso scientifico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Congresso scientifico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpoziumas" title="Simpoziumas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Simpoziumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symposium_(wetenschap)" title="Symposium (wetenschap) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Symposium (wetenschap)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A_(%E4%BC%9A%E8%AD%B0)" title="学会 (会議) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="学会 (会議)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Symposium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konferencja_naukowa" title="Konferencja naukowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konferencja naukowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Научная конференция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Научная конференция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konferenca" title="Konferenca – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Konferenca" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symp%C3%B3zium" title="Sympózium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sympózium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="کۆنفرانسی ئەکادیمی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆنفرانسی ئەکادیمی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="การประชุมทางวิชาการ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การประชุมทางวิชาการ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sempozyum_(anlat%C4%B1m_t%C3%BCr%C3%BC)" title="Sempozyum (anlatım türü) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sempozyum (anlatım türü)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Наукова конференція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Наукова конференція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E7%A0%94%E8%A8%8E%E6%9C%83" title="學術研討會 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="學術研討會" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E7%A0%94%E8%A8%8E%E6%9C%83" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Conference for researchers to present and discuss their work</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LAR-Konferanse_06_Foto_Lars-Andreas_Kvisle_-_forsamling_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/LAR-Konferanse_06_Foto_Lars-Andreas_Kvisle_-_forsamling_5.jpg/220px-LAR-Konferanse_06_Foto_Lars-Andreas_Kvisle_-_forsamling_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/LAR-Konferanse_06_Foto_Lars-Andreas_Kvisle_-_forsamling_5.jpg/330px-LAR-Konferanse_06_Foto_Lars-Andreas_Kvisle_-_forsamling_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/LAR-Konferanse_06_Foto_Lars-Andreas_Kvisle_-_forsamling_5.jpg/440px-LAR-Konferanse_06_Foto_Lars-Andreas_Kvisle_-_forsamling_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Conference on <a href="/wiki/Opioid_agonist_therapy" title="Opioid agonist therapy">Opioid agonist therapy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>academic conference</b> or <b>scientific conference</b> (also <b>congress</b>, <b>symposium</b>, <b>workshop</b>, or <b>meeting</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Convention_(meeting)" title="Convention (meeting)">event</a> for <a href="/wiki/Researcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Researcher">researchers</a> (not necessarily <a href="/wiki/Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic">academics</a>) to present and discuss their scholarly work. Together with <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">scientific journals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">preprint</a> archives, conferences provide an important channel for exchange of information between researchers. Further benefits of participating in academic conferences include learning effects in terms of presentation skills and "academic <a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">habitus</a>", receiving feedback from peers for one's own research, the possibility to engage in informal communication with peers about work opportunities and collaborations, and getting an overview of current research in one or more <a href="/wiki/Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline">disciplines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_conference&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:America%E2%80%99s_Got_Regulatory_Science_Talent_2017_Competition_(02176)_(34031793065).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/America%E2%80%99s_Got_Regulatory_Science_Talent_2017_Competition_%2802176%29_%2834031793065%29.jpg/220px-America%E2%80%99s_Got_Regulatory_Science_Talent_2017_Competition_%2802176%29_%2834031793065%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/America%E2%80%99s_Got_Regulatory_Science_Talent_2017_Competition_%2802176%29_%2834031793065%29.jpg/330px-America%E2%80%99s_Got_Regulatory_Science_Talent_2017_Competition_%2802176%29_%2834031793065%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/America%E2%80%99s_Got_Regulatory_Science_Talent_2017_Competition_%2802176%29_%2834031793065%29.jpg/440px-America%E2%80%99s_Got_Regulatory_Science_Talent_2017_Competition_%2802176%29_%2834031793065%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4240" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Presentations form the core of most conferences</figcaption></figure> <p>Conferences usually encompass various <a href="/wiki/Presentation" title="Presentation">presentations</a>. They tend to be short and concise, with a time span of about 10 to 30 minutes; <a href="/wiki/Presentation" title="Presentation">presentations</a> are usually followed by a <a href="/wiki/Discussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Discussion"><span lang="en">discussion</span></a>. The work may be bundled in written form as <a href="/wiki/Academic_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic paper">academic papers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Publish" class="mw-redirect" title="Publish">published</a> as the conference <a href="/wiki/Proceedings" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings">proceedings</a>. </p><p>Usually a conference will include <a href="/wiki/Keynote_speaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynote speaker">keynote speakers</a> (often, scholars of some standing, but sometimes individuals from outside academia). The keynote lecture is often longer, lasting sometimes up to an hour and a half, particularly if there are several keynote speakers on a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_panel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Convention panel (page does not exist)">panel</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panel_Discussion_(19307220363).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Panel_Discussion_%2819307220363%29.jpg/220px-Panel_Discussion_%2819307220363%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Panel_Discussion_%2819307220363%29.jpg/330px-Panel_Discussion_%2819307220363%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Panel_Discussion_%2819307220363%29.jpg/440px-Panel_Discussion_%2819307220363%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Panel discussions are intended to bring multiple perspectives on a topic</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to presentations, conferences also feature <a href="/wiki/Panel_discussion" title="Panel discussion">panel discussions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Round_table_(discussion)" title="Round table (discussion)">round tables</a> on various issues, <a href="/wiki/Poster_session" title="Poster session">poster sessions</a> and workshops. Some conferences take more interactive formats, such as the participant driven "<a href="/wiki/Unconference" title="Unconference">unconference</a>" or various conversational formats.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Format">Format</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_conference&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Academic conferences have been held in three general formats: in-person, <a href="/wiki/Virtual_event" title="Virtual event">virtual or online</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_event" title="Hybrid event">hybrid</a> (in-person and virtual). Conferences have traditionally been organized in-person. Since the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> many conferences have either temporarily or permanently switched to a virtual or hybrid format. Some virtual conferences involve both <a href="/wiki/Educational_technology#Synchronous_and_asynchronous" title="Educational technology">asynchronous and synchronous</a> formats. For example, there is a mix of pre-recorded and live presentations.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because virtual or hybrid events allow people from different time zones to participate simultaneously, some will have to participate during their night-time. Some virtual conferences try to mitigate this issue by alternating their schedule in a way so that everyone has the chance to participate at day time at least once.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presentations">Presentations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_conference&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Presentations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PhUSE_Computational_Science_Symposium_2016_(26133831630).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/PhUSE_Computational_Science_Symposium_2016_%2826133831630%29.jpg/220px-PhUSE_Computational_Science_Symposium_2016_%2826133831630%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/PhUSE_Computational_Science_Symposium_2016_%2826133831630%29.jpg/330px-PhUSE_Computational_Science_Symposium_2016_%2826133831630%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/PhUSE_Computational_Science_Symposium_2016_%2826133831630%29.jpg/440px-PhUSE_Computational_Science_Symposium_2016_%2826133831630%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3468" data-file-height="2306" /></a><figcaption>Presentations may be <a href="/wiki/Plenary_session" title="Plenary session">Plenary sessions</a> designed for all attendees (shown here) or breakout sections designed for smaller groups.</figcaption></figure> <p>Prospective <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/presenter" class="extiw" title="wikt:presenter">presenters</a> are usually asked to submit a short abstract of their presentation, which will be reviewed before the presentation is accepted for the meeting. Some organizers, and therefore disciplines require presenters to submit a paper, which is <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer reviewed</a> by members of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Program committee (page does not exist)">program committee</a> or referees chosen by them. </p><p>In some disciplines, such as English and other languages, it is common for presenters to read from a prepared script. In other disciplines such as the <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">sciences</a>, presenters usually base their talk around a visual presentation that displays key figures and research results. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_conference&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A large meeting will usually be called a conference, while a smaller is termed a workshop. They might be <i>single track</i> or <i>multiple track</i>, where the former has only one session at a time, while a multiple track meeting has several parallel sessions with speakers in separate rooms speaking at the same time. However, there are no commonly shared definitions even within disciplines for each event type. There might be no conceivable difference between a symposium, a congress or a conference. </p><p>The larger the conference, the more likely it is that <a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">academic publishing houses</a> may set up displays. Large conferences also may have a career and job search and interview activities. </p><p>At some conferences, social or entertainment activities such as tours and receptions can be part of the program. Business meetings for <a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">learned societies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interest_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Interest group">interest groups</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">affinity groups</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can also be part of the conference activities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_conference&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Academic conferences typically fall into three categories: </p> <ul><li>the themed conference, small conferences organized around a particular topic;</li> <li>the general conference, a conference with a wider focus, with sessions on a wide variety of topics. These conferences are often organized by regional, national, or international <a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">learned societies</a>, and held annually or on some other regular basis.</li> <li>the professional conference, large conferences not limited to academics but with academically related issues.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_conference&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PhUSE_Computational_Science_Symposium_2016_C_1089_(26340497691).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/PhUSE_Computational_Science_Symposium_2016_C_1089_%2826340497691%29.jpg/220px-PhUSE_Computational_Science_Symposium_2016_C_1089_%2826340497691%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/PhUSE_Computational_Science_Symposium_2016_C_1089_%2826340497691%29.jpg/330px-PhUSE_Computational_Science_Symposium_2016_C_1089_%2826340497691%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/PhUSE_Computational_Science_Symposium_2016_C_1089_%2826340497691%29.jpg/440px-PhUSE_Computational_Science_Symposium_2016_C_1089_%2826340497691%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3468" data-file-height="2306" /></a><figcaption>Larger conferences may have exhibits and displays for participants between sessions</figcaption></figure> <p>Increasing numbers of <a href="/wiki/Amplified_conference" title="Amplified conference">amplified conferences</a> are being provided which exploit the potential of WiFi networks and mobile devices in order to enable remote participants to contribute to discussions and listen to ideas. </p><p>Advanced technology for meeting with any yet unknown person in a conference is performed by active RFID that may indicate wilfully identified and relatively located upon approach via electronic tags. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_conference&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conferences are usually organized either by a scientific society or by a group of researchers with a common interest. Larger meetings may be handled on behalf of the scientific society by a <a href="/wiki/Professional_Conference_Organiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional Conference Organiser">Professional Conference Organiser</a> or PCO.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The meeting is announced by way of a Call For Papers (CFP) or a Call For Abstracts, which is sent to prospective presenters and explains how to submit their abstracts or papers. It describes the broad theme and lists the meeting's topics and formalities such as what kind of <a href="/wiki/Abstract_(summary)" title="Abstract (summary)">abstract (summary)</a> or paper has to be submitted, to whom, and by what <a href="/wiki/Time_limit" title="Time limit">deadline</a>. A CFP is usually distributed using a mailing list or on specialized online services. Contributions are usually submitted using an online <a href="/wiki/Paper_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper management">abstract or paper management</a> service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predatory_conferences">Predatory conferences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_conference&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Predatory conferences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Predatory_conferences" class="mw-redirect" title="Predatory conferences">Predatory conferences</a></div> <p>Predatory conferences or predatory meetings are meetings set up to appear as legitimate <a href="/wiki/Scientific_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific conference">scientific conferences</a> but which are exploitative as they do not provide proper editorial control over presentations, and advertising can include claims of involvement of prominent academics who are, in fact, uninvolved. They are an expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Predatory_publishing" title="Predatory publishing">predatory publishing</a> business model, which involves the creation of academic publications built around an exploitative business model that generally involves charging publication fees to authors without providing the editorial and publishing services associated with legitimate journals.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/BIT_Life_Sciences" title="BIT Life Sciences">BIT Life Sciences</a> and <a href="/wiki/SCIgen#In_conferences" title="SCIgen">SCIgen § In conferences</a> are some of the conferences labeled as predatory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_conference&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Academic conferences are criticized for being environmentally unfriendly, due to the amount of airplane traffic generated by them.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A correspondence on <i>Nature.com</i> points out the "paradox of needing to fly to conferences" despite increased calls for sustainability by environmental scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The academic community's <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon footprint</a> is comprised in large parts by emissions caused by air travel.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few conferences enacted practices to reduce their environmental impact by 2017, despite guidelines being widely available: An analysis of academic conferences taking place in 2016 showed that only 4% of 116 conferences sampled offered <a href="/wiki/Carbon_offset" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon offset">carbon offset</a> options and only 9% of these conferences implemented any form of action to their reduce environmental impact.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More conferences included the use of <a href="/wiki/Teleconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleconferencing">teleconferencing</a> after the COVID-19 pandemic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critique_of_in-person_conferences">Critique of in-person conferences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_conference&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Critique of in-person conferences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In-person conferences suffer from a number of issues.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most importantly, they are fostering the existing social inequality in academia due to their inaccessibility for researchers from low income countries, researchers with care duties or researchers facing visa restrictions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_conference&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_management" title="Abstract management">Abstract management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">Academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_terminology" title="Category:Academic terminology">Category:Academic terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_writing" title="Academic writing">Academic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullying in academia">Bullying in academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress" title="Congress">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(meeting)" title="Convention (meeting)">Convention (meeting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_mathematical_seminars" title="French mathematical seminars">French mathematical seminars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">Learned society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenary_session" title="Plenary session">Plenary session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poster_session" title="Poster session">Poster session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proceedings" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings">Proceedings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_conference" title="Professional conference">Professional conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholarly article">Scholarly article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_method" title="Scholarly method">Scholarly method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_community" title="Scientific community">Scientific community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">Scientific journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminar" title="Seminar">Seminar</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_conference&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHauss2021" class="citation journal cs1">Hauss, Kalle (7 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7499794">"What are the social and scientific benefits of participating at academic conferences? Insights from a survey among doctoral students and postdocs in Germany"</a>. <i>Research Evaluation</i>. <b>30</b> (1): rvaa018. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Freseval%2Frvaa018">10.1093/reseval/rvaa018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7499794">7499794</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Evaluation&rft.atitle=What+are+the+social+and+scientific+benefits+of+participating+at+academic+conferences%3F+Insights+from+a+survey+among+doctoral+students+and+postdocs+in+Germany&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=rvaa018&rft.date=2021-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7499794%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Freseval%2Frvaa018&rft.aulast=Hauss&rft.aufirst=Kalle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7499794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSha2019" class="citation journal cs1">Sha, Mandy (2019-05-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.surveypractice.org/article/8192-professional-association-and-pathways-to-leadership-in-our-profession">"Professional Association and Pathways to Leadership in Our Profession"</a>. <i>Survey Practice</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29115%2FSP-2018-0039">10.29115/SP-2018-0039</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Survey+Practice&rft.atitle=Professional+Association+and+Pathways+to+Leadership+in+Our+Profession&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2019-05-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.29115%2FSP-2018-0039&rft.aulast=Sha&rft.aufirst=Mandy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.surveypractice.org%2Farticle%2F8192-professional-association-and-pathways-to-leadership-in-our-profession&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g. Hohl, M., & Sweeting, B. (Eds.). (2015). Composing conferences. Special issue of Constructivist Foundations, 11(1). Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.univie.ac.at/constructivism/journal/11/1">http://www.univie.ac.at/constructivism/journal/11/1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aapor.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/AAPOR-20-CP_FNL.pdf">"75th Anniversary Conference"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Association for Public Opinion Research</i>. Chaired by Mandy Sha. June 11, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Association+for+Public+Opinion+Research&rft.atitle=75th+Anniversary+Conference&rft.date=2020-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faapor.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F11%2FAAPOR-20-CP_FNL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+conference" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205026/http://www.sloveniatimes.com/oxford-cambridge-and-harvard-professors-at-the-alma-mater-europaea-symposium">"Oxford, Cambridge and Harvard Professors at the Alma Mater Europaea Symposium"</a>. <i>www.sloveniatimes.com</i>. 10 July 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sloveniatimes.com/oxford-cambridge-and-harvard-professors-at-the-alma-mater-europaea-symposium">the original</a> on 2020-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sloveniatimes.com&rft.atitle=Oxford%2C+Cambridge+and+Harvard+Professors+at+the+Alma+Mater+Europaea+Symposium&rft.date=2020-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sloveniatimes.com%2Foxford-cambridge-and-harvard-professors-at-the-alma-mater-europaea-symposium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.almamater.si/oxford-cambridge-and-harvard-professors-at-the-alma-mater-europaea-symposium-n586">"Oxford, Cambridge and Harvard Professors at the Alma Mater Europaea symposium"</a>. <i>en.almamater.si</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.almamater.si&rft.atitle=Oxford%2C+Cambridge+and+Harvard+Professors+at+the+Alma+Mater+Europaea+symposium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.almamater.si%2Foxford-cambridge-and-harvard-professors-at-the-alma-mater-europaea-symposium-n586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aapor.org/affinity-groups/cross-cultural-and-multilingual-research-affinity-group/">"Cross-cultural & Multilingual Research Affinity Group"</a>. <i>American Association for Public Opinion Research</i>. Chaired by Mandy Sha. 2022-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Association+for+Public+Opinion+Research&rft.atitle=Cross-cultural+%26+Multilingual+Research+Affinity+Group&rft.date=2022-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faapor.org%2Faffinity-groups%2Fcross-cultural-and-multilingual-research-affinity-group%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+conference" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2003" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Tony (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q9u11fI4Nc8C&q=pco+conferences&pg=PT321"><i>Conferences and Conventions: a global industry by Tony Rogers</i></a>. Butterworth-Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780750657471" title="Special:BookSources/9780750657471"><bdi>9780750657471</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conferences+and+Conventions%3A+a+global+industry+by+Tony+Rogers&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780750657471&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq9u11fI4Nc8C%26q%3Dpco%2Bconferences%26pg%3DPT321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirwanPower2013" class="citation book cs1">Kirwan, Gráinne; Power, Andrew (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U35HVJyADlEC&pg=PT172"><i>Cybercrime: The Psychology of Online Offenders</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107276420" title="Special:BookSources/9781107276420"><bdi>9781107276420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cybercrime%3A+The+Psychology+of+Online+Offenders&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781107276420&rft.aulast=Kirwan&rft.aufirst=Gr%C3%A1inne&rft.au=Power%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU35HVJyADlEC%26pg%3DPT172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRymer1998" class="citation journal cs1">Rymer, J (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1114400">"Fraud. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Indicators&rft.atitle=Carbon+footprint+of+science%3A+More+than+flying&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=352-355&rft.date=2013-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ecolind.2013.05.025&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013EcInd..34..352A&rft.aulast=Achten&rft.aufirst=Wouter+M.+J.&rft.au=Almeida%2C+Joana&rft.au=Muys%2C+Bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarabipourKhanSeahMwakilili2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sarabipour, Sarvenaz; Khan, Aziz; Seah, Yu Fen Samantha; Mwakilili, Aneth D.; Mumoki, Fiona N.; Sáez, Pablo J.; Schwessinger, Benjamin; Debat, Humberto J.; Mestrovic, Tomislav (March 2021). <a 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