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class="a11y-sr-only">Search</span></a> <div class="nav__primary__dropdown" data-nav="target" id="nav-search"> <p data-module="label-float"> <label for="site-search"> <span class="nav-search__label--desktop">What are you searching for?</span> <span class="nav-search__label--mobile">Search</span> </label> <input type="search" id="site-search" value=""> <button class="fat-button"><span class="a11y-sr-only">Submit</span></button> </p> </div> </li> </ul> </nav> </header>    <main class="site-main" id="main-content" tabindex="-1"> <div id="panelMainContent"> <article dcrname ="iwDCR0_111218"> <header class="-padding--horizontal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="content-header content-container -width--wide -centered"> <div class="tags"> <ul class="tag__list"> <li class="tag__item"> <a class="tag__link" href="/neuro/topic.aspx?id=1044">ADHD</a> </li> <li class="tag__item"> <a class="tag__link" href="/neuro/topic.aspx?id=1031">Depression</a> </li> <li class="tag__item"> <a class="tag__link" href="/neuro/specialty.aspx?id=1004">Neuroscience</a> </li> <li class="tag__item"> <a class="tag__link" href="/neuro/topic.aspx?id=1017">Psychiatry</a> </li> </ul> </div> <h1 class="content-header__heading" itemprop="name">Children of Parents With ADHD Are at Substantial Risk of Developing ADHD and Associated Impairments</h1> <div class="content-header__metadata"> <p class="content-metadata"> <span class="content-metadata__media -journal">Journal</span> <time class="date" datetime="2024-06-17" itemprop="datePublished">Published on June 17, 2024 </time> </p> <p data-module="share-links"> </p> <p class="citation"> Originally published on <cite itemprop="citation"><a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/10870547221136251">Journal of Attention Disorders</a></cite> </p> </div> </div> </header> <div class="-padding--vertical -padding--horizontal"> <div class="layout-columns -width--wide -centered"> <div class="layout-columns__main"> <div class="layout-columns__main__content"> <div class="content-summary"> <h3 class="content-summary__heading">Key findings</h3> <ul> <li>This study compared the risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its correlates in 205 children from 74 families with parental ADHD and 105 from 55 families without parental ADHD, major depressive disorder, or anxiety disorder</li> <li>Longitudinal data showed that compared with children who had no parent with ADHD, a significantly higher number of children ages 4 to 17 years old who had one or more parents with ADHD developed full or subthreshold ADHD</li> <li>Children of parents with ADHD also had significantly higher levels of disruptive behavior disorders, mood disorders, and anxiety disorders compared with their counterparts, as well as more educational, social, and cognitive problems</li> <li>Children of parents with ADHD could benefit from close observations for signs of ADHD and associated symptoms</li> </ul> </div> <p>Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is thought to be heritable, but the evidence base comprises only four small studies with limited scopes of assessment.</p><div class="article__signup-container"> <div class="email-signup-inline__container -background--white"> <style> #email-signup-inline { /* 540px */ background-image: url(/assets/raw/email-signup/cardiovascular-sub-callout.jpg); } @media only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (min--moz-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (-moz-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (-o-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2/1), only screen and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (min-resolution: 192dpi), only screen and (min-resolution: 2dppx) { #email-signup-inline { /* 1080 width */ background-image: url(/assets/raw/email-signup/cardiovascular-sub-callout.jpg); } } </style> <div class="content-container -width--wide -centered email-signup-inline__wrapper" id="email-signup-inline"> <div 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name="tfa_dbResponseId" id="tfa_dbResponseId"> <input type="hidden" value="05d7e041608a6e49abd40266b2379304" name="tfa_dbControl" id="tfa_dbControl"> <input type="hidden" value="" name="tfa_dbWorkflowSessionUuid" id="tfa_dbWorkflowSessionUuid"> <input type="hidden" value="4" name="tfa_dbVersionId" id="tfa_dbVersionId"> <input type="hidden" value="" name="tfa_switchedoff" id="tfa_switchedoff"> </form> </div> </div> </div> <script id="open-telemetry-script" type="text/javascript" src="https://massgeneral.tfaforms.net/dist/open-telemetry/open-telemetry.152f594b0ae29ae89d4a.js" data-customer-id="1118" data-exporter-url="https://us-east-1-otel.formassembly.com/v1/traces" data-exporter-console="0" ></script> <script src="https://massgeneral.tfaforms.net/api_v2/sst/copy-and-paste"></script> </div> </div> </div> <p>Now, researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have conducted a large, comprehensive analysis of this issue.</p> <p><a title="Contributions by Joseph Biederman, MD" href="https://advances.massgeneral.org/contributors/contributor.aspx?id=1161">Joseph Biederman, MD</a>, deceased, former chief of the <a title="The Mass General Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD Program" href="https://www.massgeneral.org/psychiatry/treatments-and-services/pediatric-psychopharmacology-and-adult-adhd">Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD Program</a>,<span> </span><a title="Contributions by Mai Uchida, MD" href="https://advances.massgeneral.org/contributors/contributor.aspx?id=2594">Mai Uchida, MD</a>,<span> </span>director of the<span> </span><a title="The Child Depression Program at Mass General" href="https://www.massgeneral.org/psychiatry/treatments-and-services/child-depression-program">Child Depression Program</a>, and colleagues found that children of parents with ADHD are at significant risk of ADHD and ADHD-related impairments, as they report in the<span> </span><a title="The Heritability of ADHD in Children of ADHD Parents: A Post-hoc Analysis of Longitudinal Data" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/10870547221136251" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Journal of Attention Disorders</em></a><em>.</em></p> <h2>Methods</h2> <p>The data sources for the retrospective study were two identically designed longitudinal case–control family studies focusing on youth 6 to 17 years old with and without ADHD (the<span> </span><a title="Further Evidence for Family-Genetic Risk Factors in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder" href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/495879" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Boys Study</a><span> </span>and the<span> </span><a title="Clinical Correlates of ADHD in Females: Findings From a Large Group of Girls Ascertained From Pediatric and Psychiatric Referral Sources" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0890856709629786" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Girls Study</a>) and<span> </span><a title="A Controlled Study of Behavioral Inhibition in Children of Parents With Panic Disorder and Depression" href="https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.12.2002" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">a longitudinal case–control family study</a><span> </span>of parents with and without panic disorder or major depressive disorder (MDD) who had at least one child 2 to 6 years old.</p> <p>In all three studies, psychiatrists interviewed adults with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R. They interviewed children ages 5 to 18 with the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children Epidemiologic Version. A parent of each child ages 4 to 18 completed the 1991 version of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL).</p> <p>Children's social functioning was assessed using the clinician-rated Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), the parent-rated Family Environment Scale (FES), and the parent-rated Social Adjustment Inventory for Children and Adolescents (SAICA). Neurocognitive ability was measured using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Revised Version (WISC-R).</p> <p>After restricting the sample to children who were 4 to 17 years old at the time of the original study and had parents with or without ADHD, the final pool for analysis consisted of 310 children: 205 from 74 families with parental ADHD (5% had both maternal and paternal ADHD) and 105 from 55 families without parental ADHD, MDD, or anxiety disorder.</p> <h2>Child Diagnoses</h2> <p>Compared to children without parental ADHD, children with parental ADHD:</p> <ul> <li>Had significantly more full or subthreshold psychiatric disorders (including ADHD, average 1.5 vs. 0.8; P<0.001)</li> <li>Were significantly more likely to have full or subthreshold ADHD</li> <li>Had significantly higher rates of full or subthreshold MDD, anxiety disorders and conduct disorder</li> </ul> <h2>ADHD Correlates</h2> <p>Compared to children without parental ADHD, children with parental ADHD:</p> <ul> <li>Had significantly higher proportions of impairment on all CBCL composite scales and individual scales</li> <li>Were rated on the GAF as having significantly worse overall functioning, were rated significantly more poorly on the Interpersonal Relationship dimension of the FES and were rated on the SAICA as having significantly more problems with school, peers or family</li> <li>Were significantly more likely to repeat a grade in school</li> <li>Had significantly lower Digit Symbol and Arithmetic scores on the WISC-R and significantly lower Freedom from Distractibility IQ</li> </ul> <p>The results were similar when the team adjusted for age, sex and study source.</p> <h2>The Potential for Early Intervention</h2> <p>This insight into the magnitude of the risk for ADHD and related conditions could aid in early identification of children at high risk and facilitate development of early interventions.</p> <p>In a meta-analysis of the four previous small studies, also published in the<span> </span><a title="Assessing the Magnitude of Risk for ADHD in Offspring of Parents with ADHD: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1087054720950815" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Journal of Attention Disorders</em></a><em>,</em><span> </span>Mass General researchers concluded more than 60% of children at high risk of ADHD do not develop ADHD. Still, close observation is advisable.</p><p class="fat-link__wrapper u-text-right"> <a class="fat-link -caret -large" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/10870547221136251">view original journal article <em>Subscription may be required</em></a> </p> <div class="article-attribution" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <p class="article-attribution__logo" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical"> <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/10870547221136251"> <span class="a11y-sr-only" itemprop="name">Journal of Attention Disorders</span> </a> </p> <p class="article-attribution__metadata" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationIssue"> <span> Journal Article Published: <time datetime="2022-11-16" itemprop="datePublished">November 16, 2022</time> </span> </p> </div> <p class="cta">Learn more about the <a href="https://www.massgeneral.org/psychiatry/treatments-and-services/pediatric-psychopharmacology-and-adult-adhd">Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD Program</a></p> <p class="cta">Learn more about the <a href="https://www.massgeneral.org/psychiatry/treatments-and-services/child-depression-program">Child Depression Program</a></p> </div> </div> <aside class="layout-columns__sidebar -article__contributors"> <div class="layout-columns__sidebar__content"> <div class="profile-compact__wrapper"> <p class="u-no-margin"> <strong>Contributors</strong> </p> <div class="profile -compact" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <div class="profile__content"> <h3 class="profile__name" itemprop="name"> <a href="/contributors/contributor.aspx?id=1161" itemprop="url">Joseph Biederman, MD ›</a></h3><p class="profile__title" itemprop="jobTitle">Former Chief, Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Former Director, Alan and Lorraine Bressler Clinical and Research Program for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Massachusetts General Hospital</p> </div> <p class="profile__image"> <img alt="Joseph Biederman, MD" itemprop="image" srcset="/assets/images/contributors/Joseph_Biederman_advances.png, /assets/images/contributors/Joseph_Biederman_advances_2x.png 2x" src="/assets/images/contributors/Joseph_Biederman_advances.png"> </p> </div> <div class="profile -compact" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <div class="profile__content"> <h3 class="profile__name" itemprop="name"> <a href="/contributors/contributor.aspx?id=2594" itemprop="url">Mai Uchida, MD ›</a></h3><p class="profile__title" itemprop="jobTitle">Director, Child Depression Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </aside> <section class="topics-layout -article__related"> <div class="topics-layout__inner"> <div class="topics-layout__sidebar"> <h2 class="section-heading">Related topics</h2> </div> <div class="topics-layout__main"> <ul class="topics-list" data-module="topics-list"> <li><a href="/neuro/topic.aspx?id=1044">ADHD</a></li> <li><a href="/neuro/topic.aspx?id=1031">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/neuro/topic.aspx?id=1017">Psychiatry</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section> <section class="-padding--horizontal -padding--vertical -article__related"> <div class="layout-columns -width--wide -centered"> <div class="layout-columns__pod--half"> <div class="content-tease" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <p class="content-tease__topic"> <span class="highlight">Related</span> </p> <h3 class="content-tease__heading" itemprop="name"> <a href="/neuro/journal.aspx?id=1593" itemprop="url">Artificial Intelligence Identifies Adults with ADHD Using EEG Features</a> </h3> <p itemprop="description"> <p>Massachusetts General Hospital researchers have created a deep learning convolutional neural network capable of discriminating adult ADHD patients from healthy controls.</p></p> <p class="content-tease__related"> <a href="/neuro/topic.aspx?id=1044" itemprop="relatedLink">ADHD</a>, <a href="/research-and-innovation/topic.aspx?id=1111" itemprop="relatedLink">Artificial Intelligence</a>, <a href="/neuro/specialty.aspx?id=1004" itemprop="relatedLink">Neuroscience</a>, <a href="/neuro/topic.aspx?id=1017" itemprop="relatedLink">Psychiatry</a> </p> <p class="content-metadata"> <span class="content-metadata__media -journal">Journal</span> <time class="date" datetime="2020-06-30" itemprop="datePublished">June 30, 2020</time> </p> </div> </div> <div class="layout-columns__pod--half"> <div class="content-tease" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <p class="content-tease__topic"> <span class="highlight">Related</span> </p> <h3 class="content-tease__heading" itemprop="name"> <a href="/neuro/journal.aspx?id=1980" itemprop="url">Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Improves Cognitive Control in Adults with ADHD</a> </h3> <p itemprop="description"> <p>Transcranial direct current stimulation targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex improves the ability of adults with ADHD to resist distractors, according to a randomized, controlled study by Laura Dubreuil-Vall, PhD, and Joan A. Camprodon, MD, MPH, PhD, of the Department of Psychiatry, and colleagues.</p></p> <p class="content-tease__related"> <a href="/neuro/topic.aspx?id=1044" itemprop="relatedLink">ADHD</a>, <a href="/neuro/specialty.aspx?id=1004" itemprop="relatedLink">Neuroscience</a>, <a href="/neuro/topic.aspx?id=1017" itemprop="relatedLink">Psychiatry</a> </p> <p class="content-metadata"> <span class="content-metadata__media -journal">Journal</span> <time class="date" datetime="2021-06-30" itemprop="datePublished">June 30, 2021</time> </p> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </article> </div> </main>  <footer class="site-footer"> <div class="-padding--horizontal"> <nav aria-label="Footer links" class="content-container -width--wide -centered -padding--bottom"> <ul class="footer__nav" role="presentation"> <li> <a href="https://www.massgeneral.org/about">About Mass General</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.massgeneral.org/about/support">Giving</a> </li> <li> <a 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