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id="toc-Jesuit_(1958–2013)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presbyterate_(1969–1992)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presbyterate_(1969–1992)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Presbyterate (1969–1992) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presbyterate_(1969–1992)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-papal_episcopate_(1992–2013)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-papal_episcopate_(1992–2013)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Pre-papal episcopate (1992–2013) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-papal_episcopate_(1992–2013)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cardinalate_(2001–2013)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardinalate_(2001–2013)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Cardinalate (2001–2013) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardinalate_(2001–2013)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentine_government_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentine_government_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Argentine government relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Argentine_government_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Argentine government relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Argentine_government_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dirty_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dirty_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Dirty War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dirty_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fernando_de_la_Rúa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fernando_de_la_Rúa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Fernando de la Rúa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fernando_de_la_Rúa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Néstor_and_Cristina_Kirchner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Néstor_and_Cristina_Kirchner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Néstor and Cristina Kirchner </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Néstor_and_Cristina_Kirchner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Javier_Milei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Javier_Milei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Javier Milei </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Javier_Milei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papacy_(2013–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papacy_(2013–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Papacy (2013–present) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Papacy_(2013–present)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Papacy (2013–present) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Papacy_(2013–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Name </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Curia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Early issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synodal_church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synodal_church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Synodal church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synodal_church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consultation_with_Catholic_laity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consultation_with_Catholic_laity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Consultation with Catholic laity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consultation_with_Catholic_laity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institute_for_the_Works_of_Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institute_for_the_Works_of_Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Institute for the Works of Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institute_for_the_Works_of_Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papal_documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papal_documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Papal documents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papal_documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecumenism_and_interreligious_dialogue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecumenism_and_interreligious_dialogue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Ecumenism and interreligious dialogue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecumenism_and_interreligious_dialogue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clerical_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clerical_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Clerical titles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clerical_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canonizations_and_beatifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canonizations_and_beatifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 Canonizations and beatifications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canonizations_and_beatifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doctors_of_the_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctors_of_the_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12 Doctors of the Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doctors_of_the_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consistories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consistories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.13 Consistories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consistories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Year_of_Mercy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Year_of_Mercy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.14 Year of Mercy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Year_of_Mercy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.15 COVID-19 pandemic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_penalty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_penalty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.16 Death penalty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_penalty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.17 Role of women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.18 Financial corruption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apologies_toward_Indigenous_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apologies_toward_Indigenous_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.19 Apologies toward Indigenous peoples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apologies_toward_Indigenous_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_abuse_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_abuse_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.20 Sexual abuse response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_abuse_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-G7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#G7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.21 G7 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-G7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memoir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memoir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.22 Memoir </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memoir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modifying_papal_funeral_and_burial_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modifying_papal_funeral_and_burial_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.23 Modifying papal funeral and burial requirements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modifying_papal_funeral_and_burial_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theological_emphases_and_teachings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theological_emphases_and_teachings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Theological emphases and teachings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theological_emphases_and_teachings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Theological emphases and teachings subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Theological_emphases_and_teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evangelization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evangelization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Evangelization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evangelization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Church governance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment_and_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment_and_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Environment and climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment_and_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Option_for_the_poor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Option_for_the_poor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Option for the poor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Option_for_the_poor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Morality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Sex </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LGBT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LGBT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 LGBT </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LGBT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 International policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Position_toward_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Position_toward_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8.1 Position toward China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Position_toward_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theological_disagreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theological_disagreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Theological disagreements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theological_disagreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amoris_laetitia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amoris_laetitia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Amoris laetitia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amoris_laetitia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Document_on_Human_Fraternity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Document_on_Human_Fraternity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10.1 Document on Human Fraternity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Document_on_Human_Fraternity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditionis_custodes_and_the_Tridentine_Mass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditionis_custodes_and_the_Tridentine_Mass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10.2 Traditionis custodes and the Tridentine Mass </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditionis_custodes_and_the_Tridentine_Mass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiducia_supplicans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiducia_supplicans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10.3 Fiducia supplicans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiducia_supplicans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_diplomatic_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_diplomatic_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 International diplomatic role </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_diplomatic_role-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International diplomatic role subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_diplomatic_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Cuba </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab–Israeli_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab–Israeli_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Arab–Israeli conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab–Israeli_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migrant_and_refugee_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migrant_and_refugee_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Migrant and refugee issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migrant_and_refugee_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Sovereign Military Order of Malta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Afghanistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia_and_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia_and_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Russia and Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia_and_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Muslim_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Muslim_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 In the Muslim world </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Muslim_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Elsewhere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elsewhere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Public image </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Public_image-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Public image subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Public_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_role_of_the_church_in_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_role_of_the_church_in_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 The role of the church in society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_role_of_the_church_in_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distinctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Distinctions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distinctions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Distinctions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Distinctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Titles_and_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_and_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Titles and styles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles_and_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_orders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_orders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Foreign orders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorific_eponyms_and_dedications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorific_eponyms_and_dedications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Honorific eponyms and dedications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorific_eponyms_and_dedications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appreciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appreciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Appreciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appreciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coat_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coat_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Coat of arms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coat_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Writings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_album" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_album"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Music album </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_album-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Films </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Films-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Films subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Documentary_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentary_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Documentary film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentary_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrayal_in_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayal_in_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Portrayal in film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrayal_in_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Pope Francis</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 161 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-161" aria-hidden="true" > 161 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Fransiskus" title="Paus Fransiskus – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Paus Fransiskus" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pous_Franciskus" title="Pous Franciskus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pous Franciskus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franziskus_(Papst)" title="Franziskus (Papst) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Franziskus (Papst)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%93%E1%8D%93_%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B2%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%B5" title="ፓፓ ፍራንሲስኮስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፓፓ ፍራንሲስኮስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="البابا فرنسيس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البابا فرنسيس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_(papa)" title="Francisco (papa) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Francisco (papa)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ou%C3%A9s_(Pape)" title="Françoués (Pape) – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Françoués (Pape)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Franciscu" title="Papa Franciscu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Papa Franciscu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa_Francisco" title="Pápa Francisco – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pápa Francisco" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisku" title="Francisku – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Francisku" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransisk" title="Fransisk – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fransisk" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="پاپ فرانسیس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پاپ فرانسیس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="পোপ ফ্রান্সিস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পোপ ফ্রান্সিস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0u-h%C3%B4ng_Franciscus" title="Kàu-hông Franciscus – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kàu-hông Franciscus" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA_(%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96)" title="Францыск (Папа Рымскі) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Францыск (Папа Рымскі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96)" title="Францішак (папа рымскі) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Францішак (папа рымскі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Francisco" title="Papa Francisco – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Papa Francisco" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Франциск – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Франциск" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_(Popst)" title="Franz (Popst) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Franz (Popst)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Franjo" title="Papa Franjo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Papa Franjo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra%C3%B1sez_(pab)" title="Frañsez (pab) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Frañsez (pab)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesc_(papa)" title="Francesc (papa) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Francesc (papa)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Francisco" title="Papa Francisco – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Papa Francisco" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_(pape%C5%BE)" title="František (papež) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="František (papež)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_(papa)" title="Francisco (papa) – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Francisco (papa)" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Francescu" title="Papa Francescu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Papa Francescu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pab_Ffransis" title="Pab Ffransis – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pab Ffransis" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pave_Frans" title="Pave Frans – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pave Frans" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baapscht_Francis" title="Baapscht Francis – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Baapscht Francis" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franziskus_(Papst)" title="Franziskus (Papst) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Franziskus (Papst)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciskus" title="Franciskus – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Franciskus" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus" title="Franciscus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Franciscus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πάπας Φραγκίσκος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πάπας Φραγκίσκος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_(papa)" title="Francesco (papa) – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Francesco (papa)" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_(papa)" title="Francisco (papa) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francisco (papa)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisko_(papo)" title="Francisko (papo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Francisko (papo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscu_(papa)" title="Franciscu (papa) – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Franciscu (papa)" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantzisko_(aita_santua)" title="Frantzisko (aita santua) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frantzisko (aita santua)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="پاپ فرانسیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاپ فرانسیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_p%C3%A1vi" title="Frans pávi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Frans pávi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_(pape)" title="François (pape) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="François (pape)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransiskus_(paus)" title="Fransiskus (paus) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fransiskus (paus)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape_Francesc" title="Pape Francesc – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Pape Francesc" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa_Proinsias" title="Pápa Proinsias – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pápa Proinsias" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0pa_Frangan" title="Pàpa Frangan – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pàpa Frangan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco,_papa" title="Francisco, papa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Francisco, papa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%B0_%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍀𐌰𐍀𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌿𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍀𐌰𐍀𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌿𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap_Saib_Francis" title="Pap Saib Francis – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Pap Saib Francis" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kau-f%C3%B2ng_Franciscus" title="Kau-fòng Franciscus – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kau-fòng Franciscus" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%99%A9_%ED%94%84%EB%9E%80%EC%B9%98%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94" title="교황 프란치스코 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교황 프란치스코" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_(fafaroma)" title="Francis (fafaroma) – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Francis (fafaroma)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BD_(%D5%80%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BA)" title="Ֆրանցիսկոս (Հռոմի պապ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրանցիսկոս (Հռոմի պապ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="पोप फ़्रांसिस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पोप फ़्रांसिस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciskus" title="Franciskus – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Franciskus" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franjo" title="Franjo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Franjo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papo_Franciskus" title="Papo Franciskus – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Papo Franciskus" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Francisco" title="Papa Francisco – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Papa Francisco" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Fransiskus" title="Paus Fransiskus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paus Fransiskus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Francisco" title="Papa Francisco – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Papa Francisco" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_(P%C3%A1pa)" title="Franciscus (Pápa) – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Franciscus (Pápa)" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_p%C3%A1fi" title="Frans páfi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frans páfi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Francesco" title="Papa Francesco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Papa Francesco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1" title="פרנציסקוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרנציסקוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Fransiskus" title="Paus Fransiskus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paus Fransiskus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Fran%C3%A7ois" title="Papa François – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Papa François" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Francisco" title="Papa Francisco – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Papa Francisco" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%94" title="ფრანცისკე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრანცისკე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A3c%C3%ABszk_(papi%C3%A9%C5%BC)" title="Frãcëszk (papiéż) – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Frãcëszk (papiéż)" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA_(%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B)" title="Франциск (рим папасы) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Франциск (рим папасы)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pab_Fransis" title="Pab Fransis – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pab Fransis" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Fransisko" title="Papa Fransisko – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Papa Fransisko" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Frans%C3%AEs" title="Papa Fransîs – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Papa Fransîs" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchis_I" title="Franchis I – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Franchis I" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9F%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A7" title="ສົມເດັດພະສັນຕະປາປາຟຣັງຊົວ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສົມເດັດພະສັນຕະປາປາຟຣັງຊົວ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_(papa)" title="Franciscus (papa) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Franciscus (papa)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisks" title="Francisks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Francisks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_(Poopst)" title="Franciscus (Poopst) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Franciscus (Poopst)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popie%C5%BEius_Pranci%C5%A1kus" title="Popiežius Pranciškus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Popiežius Pranciškus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0ppa_Fran%C3%A7esco" title="Pàppa Françesco – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Pàppa Françesco" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_(paus)" title="Franciscus (paus) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Franciscus (paus)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa_Falaswa" title="Pápa Falaswa – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Pápa Falaswa" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransisco_(pape)" title="Fransisco (pape) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Fransisco (pape)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Francesch" title="Papa Francesch – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Papa Francesch" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc_p%C3%A1pa" title="Ferenc pápa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ferenc pápa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="पोप फ्रान्सिस – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पोप फ्रान्सिस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Папа Франциск – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Папа Франциск" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franso%C3%A0_(papa)" title="Fransoà (papa) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fransoà (papa)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA" title="ഫ്രാൻസിസ് മാർപ്പാപ്പ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രാൻസിസ് മാർപ്പാപ്പ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Fran%C4%A1isku" title="Papa Franġisku – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Papa Franġisku" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="पोप फ्रांसिस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोप फ्रांसिस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%94" title="ფრანცისკე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფრანცისკე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="فرانسيسكو الاولانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرانسيسكو الاولانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="پاپ فرانسیس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پاپ فرانسیس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Fransiskus" title="Paus Fransiskus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paus Fransiskus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1u-hu%C3%B2ng_Franciscus" title="Gáu-huòng Franciscus – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gáu-huòng Franciscus" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Francisco" title="Papa Francisco – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Papa Francisco" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Францис – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Францис" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%9F%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ပုပ်ရဟန်းမင်းကြီး ဖရန်စစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပုပ်ရဟန်းမင်းကြီး ဖရန်စစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I" title="Francisco I – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Francisco I" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Franciscus" title="Paus Franciscus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paus Franciscus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="पोप फ्रान्सिस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पोप फ्रान्सिस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3_(%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E6%95%99%E7%9A%87)" title="フランシスコ (ローマ教皇) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランシスコ (ローマ教皇)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Francesco" title="Papa Francesco – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Papa Francesco" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransiskus_(Poop)" title="Fransiskus (Poop) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Fransiskus (Poop)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_(pave)" title="Frans (pave) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frans (pave)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pave_Frans" title="Pave Frans – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pave Frans" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papo_Francis" title="Papo Francis – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Papo Francis" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s_I_(papa)" title="Francés I (papa) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Francés I (papa)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis" title="Francis – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Francis" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AA_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8" title="ਪੋਪ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸਿਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੋਪ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸਿਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%BE_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B3" title="پوپ فرانسس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پوپ فرانسس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Francisco" title="Papa Francisco – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Papa Francisco" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%9A" title="សម្ដេចប៉ាបហ្វ្រង់ស័រ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សម្ដេចប៉ាបហ្វ្រង់ស័រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francho%C3%A9s_(Pape)" title="Franchoés (Pape) – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Franchoés (Pape)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransesch_(v%C3%ABsco_%C3%ABd_Roma)" title="Fransesch (vësco ëd Roma) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fransesch (vësco ëd Roma)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Francis" title="Pop Francis – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Pop Francis" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franziskus_(Paapst)" title="Franziskus (Paapst) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Franziskus (Paapst)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek_(papie%C5%BC)" title="Franciszek (papież) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Franciszek (papież)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Francisco" title="Papa Francisco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Papa Francisco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Francisc" title="Papa Francisc – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Papa Francisc" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransisku_(Tayta_Papa)" title="Ransisku (Tayta Papa) – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ransisku (Tayta Papa)" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9)" title="Франциск (папа римский) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Франциск (папа римский)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paba_Frantziscu" title="Paba Frantziscu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Paba Frantziscu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape_Francis" title="Pape Francis – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pape Francis" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7esku" title="Françesku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Françesku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscu_(papa)" title="Franciscu (papa) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Franciscu (papa)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9A" title="ෆ්‍රැන්සිස් පාප්වහන්සේ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ෆ්‍රැන්සිස් පාප්වහන්සේ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pope Francis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Francis" title="Papa Francis – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Papa Francis" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_(p%C3%A1pe%C5%BE)" title="František (pápež) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="František (pápež)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape%C5%BE_Fran%C4%8Di%C5%A1ek" title="Papež Frančišek – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Papež Frančišek" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C4%87iszek_(papjy%C5%BC)" title="Franćiszek (papjyż) – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Franćiszek (papjyż)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="پاپا فرانسیس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پاپا فرانسیس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Папа Фрања – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Папа Фрања" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Franjo" title="Papa Franjo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Papa Franjo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Fransiskus" title="Paus Fransiskus – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Paus Fransiskus" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_(paavi)" title="Franciscus (paavi) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Franciscus (paavi)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciskus_(p%C3%A5ve)" title="Franciskus (påve) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Franciskus (påve)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Francisco" title="Papa Francisco – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Papa Francisco" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="திருத்தந்தை பிரான்சிசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திருத்தந்தை பிரான்சிசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape_Frang%C3%ADske/Bar%C3%A9se" title="Pape Frangíske/Barése – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Pape Frangíske/Barése" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0)" title="Франциск (папа) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Франциск (папа)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="పోప్ ఫ్రాన్సిస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పోప్ ఫ్రాన్సిస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA" title="สมเด็จพระสันตะปาปาฟรานซิส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมเด็จพระสันตะปาปาฟรานซิส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus" title="Franciscus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Franciscus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0)" title="Франциск (папа) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Франциск (папа)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%BE_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B3" title="پوپ فرانسس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پوپ فرانسس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Francesco" title="Papa Francesco – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Papa Francesco" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_ho%C3%A0ng_Phanxic%C3%B4" title="Giáo hoàng Phanxicô – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáo hoàng Phanxicô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus" title="Franciscus – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Franciscus" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A5pe_Fran%C3%A7w%C3%A8s" title="Påpe Françwès – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Påpe Françwès" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Francisco" title="Papa Francisco – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Papa Francisco" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E6%BF%9F%E5%90%84%EF%BC%88%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%EF%BC%89" title="方濟各（教宗） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="方濟各（教宗）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3p%C3%B9_Fransisi_1k" title="Pópù Fransisi 1k – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pópù Fransisi 1k" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E6%BF%9F%E5%90%84" title="方濟各 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="方濟各" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_(papa)" title="Franciscus (papa) – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Franciscus (papa)" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Franciscus" title="Paus Franciscus – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Paus Franciscus" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranc%C4%97%C5%A1kos" title="Prancėškos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Prancėškos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Head of the Catholic Church since 2013</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #F7D79C;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">Pope</a></div> <div style="display:inline" class="fn">Francis</div> <div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">SJ</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role"><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Pope_Francis_(2021)_FXD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Portrait_of_Pope_Francis_%282021%29_FXD.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Pope_Francis_%282021%29_FXD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Portrait_of_Pope_Francis_%282021%29_FXD.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Pope_Francis_%282021%29_FXD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Portrait_of_Pope_Francis_%282021%29_FXD.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Pope_Francis_%282021%29_FXD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="1316" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Pope Francis in 2021</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Papacy began</th><td class="infobox-data">13 March 2013</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Previous post(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial Superior">Provincial Superior</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a> in Argentina (1973–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires">Auxiliary Bishop of Buenos Aires</a> (1992–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auca_(titular_diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auca (titular diocese)">Titular Bishop of Auca</a> (1992–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Buenos Aires">Archbishop of Buenos Aires</a> (1998–2013)</li> <li>Cardinal Priest of <a href="/wiki/San_Roberto_Bellarmino_(church)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Roberto Bellarmino (church)">San Roberto Bellarmino</a> (2001–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinariate_for_the_faithful_of_eastern_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinariate for the faithful of eastern rite">Ordinary for the Faithful of the Eastern Rites in Argentina</a> (1998–2013)</li> <li>President of the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Episcopal_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine Episcopal Conference">Argentine Episcopal Conference</a> (2005–2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordination</th><td class="infobox-data">13 December 1969 by <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Jos%C3%A9_Castellano" title="Ramón José Castellano">Ramón José Castellano</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecration</th><td class="infobox-data">27 June 1992 by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Quarracino" title="Antonio Quarracino">Antonio Quarracino</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created cardinal</th><td class="infobox-data">21 February 2001 by <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Jorge Mario Bergoglio</div> (1936-12-17) 17 December 1936 (age 87) <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, Argentina</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Argentine (with Vatican citizenship)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Denomination</th><td class="infobox-data category">Catholic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Domus_Sanctae_Marthae" title="Domus Sanctae Marthae">Domus Sanctae Marthae</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colegio_M%C3%A1ximo_de_San_Jos%C3%A9" title="Colegio Máximo de San José">Maximum College of St. Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facultades_de_Filosof%C3%ADa_y_Teolog%C3%ADa_de_San_Miguel" title="Facultades de Filosofía y Teología de San Miguel">Philosophical and Theological Faculty of San Miguel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milltown_Institute_of_Theology_and_Philosophy" title="Milltown Institute of Theology and Philosophy">Milltown Institute of Theology and Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankt_Georgen_Graduate_School_of_Philosophy_and_Theology" title="Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology">Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data">Miserando atque eligendo<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:FirmaPapaFrancisco.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Francis's signature"><img alt="Francis's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/FirmaPapaFrancisco.svg/130px-FirmaPapaFrancisco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/FirmaPapaFrancisco.svg/195px-FirmaPapaFrancisco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/FirmaPapaFrancisco.svg/260px-FirmaPapaFrancisco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="180" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coat of arms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Francis's coat of arms"><img alt="Francis's coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="1190" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-weight:bold; background-color: #FFCF00 ;"> Ordination history</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em; background-color:#eee">History</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #333; border-top: 3px solid #333">Priestly ordination</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordained by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Jos%C3%A9_Castellano" title="Ramón José Castellano">Ramón José Castellano</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">13 December 1969</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #800080; border-top: 3px solid #800080">Episcopal consecration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Principal consecrator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Quarracino" title="Antonio Quarracino">Antonio Cardinal Quarracino</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Co-consecrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ubaldo_Calabresi" title="Ubaldo Calabresi">Ubaldo Calabresi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Og%C3%B1%C3%A9novich" title="Emilio Ogñénovich">Emilio Ogñénovich</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">27 June 1992</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Metropolitan_Cathedral" title="Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral">Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q450675?uselang=en#P793" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q450675?uselang=en#P793" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #FF2400; border-top: 3px solid #FF2400">Cardinalate</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">21 February 2001</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em; background-color:#eee">Episcopal succession</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #800080; border-top: 3px solid #800080">Bishops consecrated by Pope Francis as principal consecrator</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Horacio_Ernesto_Benites_Astoul" title="Horacio Ernesto Benites Astoul">Horacio Ernesto Benites Astoul</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 May 1999</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rub%C3%A9n_Lugones" title="Jorge Rubén Lugones">Jorge Rubén Lugones</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30 July 1999</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Eduardo_Lozano" title="Jorge Eduardo Lozano">Jorge Eduardo Lozano</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25 March 2000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Mariano_Sucunza" title="Joaquín Mariano Sucunza">Joaquín Mariano Sucunza</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21 October 2000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Gentico" title="José Antonio Gentico">José Antonio Gentico</a></th><td class="infobox-data">28 April 2001</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Carlos_Maletti" title="Fernando Carlos Maletti">Fernando Carlos Maletti</a></th><td class="infobox-data">18 September 2001</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Stanovnik" title="Andrés Stanovnik">Andrés Stanovnik</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16 December 2001</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Aurelio_Poli" title="Mario Aurelio Poli">Mario Aurelio Poli</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20 April 2002</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Horacio_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Eduardo Horacio García">Eduardo Horacio García</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16 August 2003</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Armando_Uriona" title="Adolfo Armando Uriona">Adolfo Armando Uriona</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8 May 2004</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Maria_Taussig" title="Eduardo Maria Taussig">Eduardo Maria Taussig</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25 September 2004</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Mart%C3%ADn_(bishop)" title="Raúl Martín (bishop)">Raúl Martín</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20 May 2006</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Manuel_Salaberry_Goyeneche" title="Hugo Manuel Salaberry Goyeneche">Hugo Manuel Salaberry Goyeneche</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21 August 2006</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Vicente_Ojea_Quintana" title="Óscar Vicente Ojea Quintana">Óscar Vicente Ojea Quintana</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2 September 2006</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Nicol%C3%A1s_Barbaro" title="Hugo Nicolás Barbaro">Hugo Nicolás Barbaro</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4 July 2008</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Egu%C3%ADa_Segu%C3%AD" title="Enrique Eguía Seguí">Enrique Eguía Seguí</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11 October 2008</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Edgardo_Torrado_Mosconi" title="Ariel Edgardo Torrado Mosconi">Ariel Edgardo Torrado Mosconi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13 December 2008</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Alberto_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Alara" title="Luis Alberto Fernández Alara">Luis Alberto Fernández Alara</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27 March 2009</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Bokalic_Iglic" title="Vicente Bokalic Iglic">Vicente Bokalic Iglic</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29 May 2010</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Horacio_Zecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfredo Horacio Zecca">Alfredo Horacio Zecca</a></th><td class="infobox-data">18 August 2011</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Speich" title="Jean-Marie Speich">Jean-Marie Antoine Joseph Speich</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24 October 2013</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Giampiero_Gloder" title="Giampiero Gloder">Giampiero Gloder</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24 October 2013</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_V%C3%A9rgez_Alzaga" title="Fernando Vérgez Alzaga">Fernando Vérgez Alzaga</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15 November 2013</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fabio_Fabene" title="Fabio Fabene">Fabio Fabene</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30 May 2014</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Angelo_De_Donatis" title="Angelo De Donatis">Angelo De Donatis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9 November 2015</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Ayuso_Guixot" title="Miguel Ángel Ayuso Guixot">Miguel Ángel Ayuso Guixot</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19 March 2016</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bryan_Wells" title="Peter Bryan Wells">Peter Bryan Wells</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19 March 2016</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Stanis%C5%82aw_Sommertag" title="Waldemar Stanisław Sommertag">Waldemar Stanisław Sommertag</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19 March 2018</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Xuereb" title="Alfred Xuereb">Alfred Xuereb</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19 March 2018</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Avelino_Bettencourt" title="José Avelino Bettencourt">José Avelino Bettencourt</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19 March 2018</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Ricardo_Lorenzelli_Rossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberto Ricardo Lorenzelli Rossi">Alberto Ricardo Lorenzelli Rossi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22 June 2019</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Czerny" title="Michael Czerny">Michael F. Czerny</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4 October 2019</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Borgia" title="Paolo Borgia">Paolo Borgia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4 October 2019</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Camilleri_(prelate)" title="Antoine Camilleri (prelate)">Antoine Camilleri</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4 October 2019</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Rudelli" title="Paolo Rudelli">Paolo Rudelli</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4 October 2019</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Guido_Marini" title="Guido Marini">Guido Marini</a></th><td class="infobox-data">17 October 2021</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Gabriel_Ferrada_Moreira" title="Andrés Gabriel Ferrada Moreira">Andrés Gabriel Ferrada Moreira</a></th><td class="infobox-data">17 October 2021</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="St. Peter's Basilica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg/220px-Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg/330px-Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg/440px-Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13066" data-file-height="6823" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, Vatican City</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Overview</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Liturgy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mary</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">Magisterium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four Marks of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Organisation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal polity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theologies</a></li><li>Doctrine</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Ghost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantialitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinum_illud_munus" title="Divinum illud munus">Divinum illud munus</a></li></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">Divine law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Decalogus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Ex Cathedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Deificatio</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Realms beyond the States of the Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo">Limbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity#Roman_Catholicism" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Paschal_mystery" title="Paschal mystery">Paschal mystery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell" title="Harrowing of Hell">Harrowing of Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension of Jesus</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Blessed Virgin Mary</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mater Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">Mediatrix</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_desire" title="Baptism of desire">Baptism of desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_blood" title="Baptism of blood">Baptism of blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra_Ecclesiam_nulla_salus" title="Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus">Outside the Church there is no salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infused_righteousness" title="Infused righteousness">Infused righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invincible_ignorance_(Catholic_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invincible ignorance (Catholic theology)">Invincible ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">Means of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Christianity)" title="Merit (Christianity)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_theory_of_atonement" title="Satisfaction theory of atonement">Satisfaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_influence_theory_of_atonement" title="Moral influence theory of atonement">Moral influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">Synergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Bishops" title="College of Bishops">College of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_of_faith" title="Deposit of faith">Deposit of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystici_corporis_Christi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystici corporis Christi">Mystical Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Perfect community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Other teachings</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_of_the_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic theology of the body">Body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Body" title="Theology of the Body">Lectures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_of_sexuality" title="Catholic theology of sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination#Catholicism" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatific_vision" title="Beatific vision">Beatific vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Official Bible</li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_exhortation" title="Apostolic exhortation">Apostolic exhortation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">Epistula Encyclica</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Virtues">Cardinal Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Catholic ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism#Catholic_personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> Schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Worship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbana" title="Holy Qurbana">Holy Qurbana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbono" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Qurbono">Holy Qurbono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Prayer in the Catholic Church">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_devotions" title="Catholic devotions">Devotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Rites</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin liturgy</a>:</li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Post-Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Sarum" title="Use of Sarum">Use of Sarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire Use</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallican_Rite" title="Gallican Rite">Gallican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a>:</li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Miscellaneous</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Deism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Deism">Deism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Pandeism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Monasticism</a></li></ul> Relations with: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Eastern_Orthodox_relations" title="Catholic–Eastern Orthodox relations">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic-Protestant_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic-Protestant relations">Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Societal issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_homosexuality" title="Catholic Church and homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">in the United States</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_gender_roles_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sex and gender roles in the Catholic Church">Sex and gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">the Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Links and resources</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Catholic_Church_articles" title="Index of Catholic Church articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Glossary of the Catholic Church">Glossary</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Catholic Church">Media</a></li> <li><img alt="" 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#aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/48px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/64px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_sidebar" title="Template:Catholic Church sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_sidebar" title="Template talk:Catholic Church sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Pope Francis (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Franciscus; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Francesco; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Francisco; born Jorge Mario Bergoglio;<a href="#cite_note-3">[b]</a> 17 December 1936) is head of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">sovereign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City State">Vatican City State</a>. He is the first pope to be a member of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a> (the Jesuit Order), the first from the Americas and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>, and the first born or raised outside Europe since the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Papacy" title="Byzantine Papacy">8th-century papacy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrian</a> pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a>. Born in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires,_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Buenos Aires, Argentina">Buenos Aires, Argentina</a>, Bergoglio worked for a time as a <a href="/wiki/Bouncer" title="Bouncer">bouncer</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Janitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Janitor">janitor</a> as a young man before training to be a <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> and working as a technician in a <a href="/wiki/Food_science" title="Food science">food science</a> laboratory. After recovering from a severe illness of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyst" title="Cyst">cysts</a>, he was inspired to join the Jesuits in 1958. He was <a href="/wiki/Ordination#Roman_Catholic,_Orthodox,_Lutheran_and_Anglican_churches" title="Ordination">ordained</a> a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic priest">Catholic priest</a> in 1969, and from 1973 to 1979 was the Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">provincial superior</a> in Argentina. He became the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Buenos Aires">archbishop of Buenos Aires</a> in 1998 and was created a <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinal</a> in 2001 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>. He led the Argentine Church during the <a href="/wiki/December_2001_riots_in_Argentina" title="December 2001 riots in Argentina">December 2001 riots in Argentina</a>. The administrations of <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner" title="Néstor Kirchner">Néstor Kirchner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner" title="Cristina Fernández de Kirchner">Cristina Fernández de Kirchner</a> considered him to be a political rival. Following the <a href="/wiki/Resignation_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI">resignation of Pope Benedict XVI</a> on 28 February 2013, <a href="/wiki/2013_papal_conclave" title="2013 papal conclave">a papal conclave</a> elected Bergoglio as his successor on 13 March. He chose Francis as his <a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">papal name</a> in honour of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_of_Assisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Francis of Assisi">Saint Francis of Assisi</a>. Throughout his public life, Francis has been noted for his humility, emphasis on God's mercy, international visibility as pope, concern for the poor, and commitment to <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism_and_interreligious_dialogue_of_Pope_Francis" title="Ecumenism and interreligious dialogue of Pope Francis">interreligious dialogue</a>. He is known for having a less formal approach to the papacy than his predecessors, for instance choosing to reside in the <a href="/wiki/Domus_Sanctae_Marthae" title="Domus Sanctae Marthae">Domus Sanctae Marthae</a> guesthouse rather than in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_apartments" title="Papal apartments">papal apartments</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a> used by previous popes.<a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a> Francis has made women full members of <a href="/wiki/Dicasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicasteries">dicasteries</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dallas-2023-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Faiola-2023-6">[4]</a> He maintains that the Catholic Church should be more sympathetic toward members of the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT community">LGBT community</a>, and has stated that while <a href="/wiki/Blessing_of_same-sex_unions_in_Christian_churches" title="Blessing of same-sex unions in Christian churches">blessings of same-sex unions</a> are not permitted, the <a href="/wiki/Fiducia_supplicans" title="Fiducia supplicans">individuals can be blessed</a>, as long as the blessings are not given in a <a href="/wiki/Liturgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical">liturgical</a> context.<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> Francis is a critic of unbridled <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Overdevelopment" title="Overdevelopment">overdevelopment</a>;<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> he has made action on <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> a leading focus of his papacy.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> Widely interpreted as denouncing the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">death penalty</a> as intrinsically evil,<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> he has termed it "an attack on the inviolability and dignity of the person", "inadmissible", and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_capital_punishment" title="Catholic Church and capital punishment">committed the Church to its abolition</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> saying that there can be "no going back from this position".<a href="#cite_note-Pullella-2023-12">[10]</a> In international diplomacy, Francis has criticized the rise of <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populism</a>, called for the <a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">decriminalization of homosexuality</a> (though still considering same-sex acts as sinful),<a href="#cite_note-Staff-2023-13">[11]</a> called for the worldwide abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">death penalty</a>, helped to restore <a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">full diplomatic relations between the United States and Cuba</a>, negotiated a <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Holy_See_relations#2018_Holy_See–China_agreement" title="China–Holy See relations">deal with China</a> to define how much influence the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a> has in appointing <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_China" title="Catholic Church in China">Chinese bishops</a>, and has <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Francis#Refugees_and_migrants" title="Theology of Pope Francis">supported the cause of refugees</a> during the <a href="/wiki/European_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European migrant crisis">European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_American_migrant_caravans" title="Central American migrant caravans">Central American migrant</a> crises, calling on the Western World to significantly increase immigration levels.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lauter-2016-15">[13]</a> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Visit_by_Pope_Francis_to_Canada" title="Visit by Pope Francis to Canada">he apologized</a> for <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Canada" title="Catholic Church in Canada">the Church</a>'s role in the "<a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">cultural genocide</a>" of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Canadian indigenous peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Horowitz-2022-16">[14]</a> On 4 October 2023, Francis convened the beginnings of the <a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Ordinary_General_Assembly_of_the_Synod_of_Bishops" title="Sixteenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops">Synod on Synodality</a>, described as the culmination of his papacy and the most important event in the Catholic Church since the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Faiola-2023-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Horowitz-2023-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Horowitz-2023a-18">[16]</a> In October 2024, it was revealed that Pope Francis would be the first sitting pope to publish a memoir, Hope, which is set to be published in January 2025.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jorge_Mario_Bergoglio_attended_a_salesian_school_between_1948_and_1949.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Jorge_Mario_Bergoglio_attended_a_salesian_school_between_1948_and_1949.jpg/220px-Jorge_Mario_Bergoglio_attended_a_salesian_school_between_1948_and_1949.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Jorge_Mario_Bergoglio_attended_a_salesian_school_between_1948_and_1949.jpg/330px-Jorge_Mario_Bergoglio_attended_a_salesian_school_between_1948_and_1949.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Jorge_Mario_Bergoglio_attended_a_salesian_school_between_1948_and_1949.jpg/440px-Jorge_Mario_Bergoglio_attended_a_salesian_school_between_1948_and_1949.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>Jorge Mario Bergoglio (fourth boy from the left in the third row from the top) at age 12, Salesian College (c. 1948–1949)</figcaption></figure> Pope Francis was born as Jorge Mario Bergoglio on 17 December 1936<a href="#cite_note-directory-20">[18]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Flores,_Buenos_Aires" title="Flores, Buenos Aires">Flores</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Remeseira-21">[19]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Subdivisions of Buenos Aires">neighbourhood</a> of <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>.<a href="#cite_note-directory-20">[18]</a> He was the eldest<a href="#cite_note-Garrido-22">[20]</a> of five children of Mario José Bergoglio (1908–1959) and Regina María Sívori (1911–1981). Mario Bergoglio was an <a href="/wiki/Italian_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Argentine">Italian immigrant</a> accountant<a href="#cite_note-biografia-23">[21]</a> born in <a href="/wiki/Portacomaro" title="Portacomaro">Portacomaro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Province_of_Asti" title="Province of Asti">Province of Asti</a>) in Italy's <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> region. Regina Sívori<a href="#cite_note-Sivori-24">[22]</a> was a housewife born in Buenos Aires to a family of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italian" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Italian">northern Italian</a> (Piedmontese-Genoese) origin.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Donovan-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Henderson-27">[25]</a> Mario José's family left Italy in 1929 to escape the fascist rule of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosalesOlivera20135-28">[26]</a> According to María Elena Bergoglio (born 1948), the pope's only living sibling, they did not emigrate for economic reasons.<a href="#cite_note-fascism-29">[27]</a> His other siblings were Oscar Adrián (1938–deceased), Marta Regina (1940–2007), and Alberto Horacio (1942–2010).<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> Two great-nephews, Antonio and Joseph, died in a traffic collision.<a href="#cite_note-Tribune-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-nephews-33">[31]</a> His niece, <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Bergoglio" title="Cristina Bergoglio">Cristina Bergoglio</a>, is a painter based in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> In the sixth grade, Bergoglio attended Wilfrid Barón de los Santos Ángeles, a school of the <a href="/wiki/Salesians_of_Don_Bosco" title="Salesians of Don Bosco">Salesians of Don Bosco</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Ramos_Mej%C3%ADa" title="Ramos Mejía">Ramos Mejía</a>, Buenos Aires Province. He attended the technical secondary school Escuela Técnica Industrial Nº 27 Hipólito Yrigoyen,<a href="#cite_note-techniciandegree-36">[34]</a> named after <a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_Yrigoyen" title="Hipólito Yrigoyen">a past Argentine president</a>, and graduated with a chemical technician's diploma.<a href="#cite_note-directory-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> In that capacity, he spent several years working in the food section of Hickethier-Bachmann Laboratory,<a href="#cite_note-Clarin-39">[37]</a> where he worked under <a href="/wiki/Esther_Ballestrino" title="Esther Ballestrino">Esther Ballestrino</a>. Earlier, he was a bouncer and a janitor.<a href="#cite_note-burke-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chua-41">[39]</a> When he was 21 years old, after life-threatening <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> and three <a href="/wiki/Cysts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cysts">cysts</a>, Bergoglio had part of a lung excised.<a href="#cite_note-techniciandegree-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters-42">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jesuit_(1958–2013)">Jesuit (1958–2013)</h2></div> Bergoglio found his vocation to the priesthood while he was on his way to celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Spring_Day_(Argentina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring Day (Argentina)">Spring Day</a>. He passed by a church to go to <a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance_%26_Reconciliation_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrament of Penance & Reconciliation (Catholic Church)">confession</a>, and was inspired by the priest.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> Bergoglio studied at the archdiocesan <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_Seminary" title="Inmaculada Concepción Seminary">Inmaculada Concepción Seminary</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Villa_Devoto" title="Villa Devoto">Villa Devoto</a>, Buenos Aires, and, after three years, entered the Society of Jesus as a novice on 11 March 1958.<a href="#cite_note-aicabio-44">[42]</a> Bergoglio has said that, as a young seminarian, he had a crush on a girl he met and briefly doubted about continuing the religious career.<a href="#cite_note-celibacy-45">[43]</a> As a Jesuit novice he studied humanities in <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a>, Chile.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> After his novitiate in the Society of Jesus, Bergoglio officially became a Jesuit on 12 March 1960, when he made the religious profession of the initial, perpetual vows of <a href="/wiki/Poverty,_chastity_and_obedience" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty, chastity and obedience">poverty, chastity and obedience</a> of a member of the order.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-RO42-48">[46]</a> In 1960, Bergoglio obtained a <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)" title="Licentiate (degree)">licentiate</a> in philosophy from the <a href="/wiki/Colegio_M%C3%A1ximo_de_San_Jos%C3%A9" title="Colegio Máximo de San José">Colegio Máximo de San José</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel,_Buenos_Aires" title="San Miguel, Buenos Aires">San Miguel</a>, Buenos Aires Province. He taught literature and <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> at the Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepción, a high school in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_Argentina" title="Santa Fe, Argentina">Santa Fe</a>, from 1964 to 1965. In 1966, he taught the same courses at the <a href="/wiki/Colegio_del_Salvador_(Argentina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colegio del Salvador (Argentina)">Colegio del Salvador</a> in Buenos Aires.<a href="#cite_note-directory-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presbyterate_(1969–1992)">Presbyterate (1969–1992)</h3></div> In 1967, Bergoglio began his theological studies at <a href="/wiki/Facultades_de_Filosof%C3%ADa_y_Teolog%C3%ADa_de_San_Miguel" title="Facultades de Filosofía y Teología de San Miguel">Facultades de Filosofía y Teología de San Miguel</a>. On 13 December 1969, he was <a href="/wiki/Holy_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Orders">ordained</a> to the priesthood by Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Jos%C3%A9_Castellano" title="Ramón José Castellano">Ramón José Castellano</a>. He served as the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_novices" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of novices">master of novices</a> for the province there and became a professor of theology.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> Bergoglio completed his final stage of spiritual training as a Jesuit, <a href="/wiki/Tertianship" title="Tertianship">tertianship</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares" title="Alcalá de Henares">Alcalá de Henares</a>, Spain, and took final, solemn vows as a Jesuit, including the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_vow" title="Fourth vow">fourth vow</a> of obedience to missioning by the pope, on 22 April 1973.<a href="#cite_note-RO42-48">[46]</a> He was named <a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">provincial superior</a> of the Society of Jesus in Argentina that July, for a six-year term which ended in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-directory-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-sjvows-51">[49]</a> In 1973, shortly after being named provincial superior, he had made a <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> to Jerusalem but his stay was shortened by the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-travel-52">[50]</a> After the completion of his term of office, in 1980 he was named the <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rector (academic)">rector</a> of the Philosophical and Theological Faculty of San Miguel where he had studied.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> Before taking up this new appointment, he spent the first three months of 1980 in Ireland to learn English, staying at the Jesuit Centre at the <a href="/wiki/Milltown_Institute_of_Theology_and_Philosophy" title="Milltown Institute of Theology and Philosophy">Milltown Institute of Theology and Philosophy</a>, Dublin.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> He served at San Miguel for six years until 1986<a href="#cite_note-directory-20">[18]</a> when, at the discretion of Jesuit superior-general <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hans_Kolvenbach" title="Peter Hans Kolvenbach">Peter Hans Kolvenbach</a>, he was replaced by someone more in tune with the worldwide trend in the Society of Jesus toward emphasizing social justice, rather than his emphasis on popular religiosity and direct pastoral work.<a href="#cite_note-Austen_Ivereigh-55">[53]</a> He spent several months at the <a href="/wiki/Sankt_Georgen_Graduate_School_of_Philosophy_and_Theology" title="Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology">Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology</a> in Frankfurt, Germany, considering possible <a href="/wiki/Dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation">dissertation</a> topics.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> He settled on exploring the work of the German / Italian theologian <a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a>, particularly his study of 'Contrast' published in his 1925 work Der Gegensatz. He returned to Argentina earlier than expected to serve as a <a href="/wiki/Confessor" title="Confessor">confessor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_director" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual director">spiritual director</a> to the Jesuit community in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Argentina" title="Córdoba, Argentina">Córdoba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-litoral-57">[55]</a> It was believed that while in Germany, he saw the painting of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Untier_of_Knots" title="Mary, Untier of Knots">Mary, Untier of Knots</a> in <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> and brought a copy of the painting to Argentina, but in an interview for the German newsweekly Die Zeit in 2017, Pope Francis stated that he had never been to Augsburg.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[c]</a> As a student at the Salesian school, Bergoglio was mentored by <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic">Ukrainian Greek Catholic</a> priest <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Czmil" title="Stefan Czmil">Stefan Czmil</a>. Bergoglio often rose hours before his classmates to serve <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> for Czmil.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-greek-63">[60]</a> In 1992, Jesuit authorities asked Bergoglio not to live in Jesuit residences due to ongoing tensions with leaders and scholars, concerns about his "dissent," views on Catholic orthodoxy, opposition to <a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">liberation theology</a>, and his role as auxiliary bishop of Buenos Aires.<a href="#cite_note-ncronline.org-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> As a bishop he was no longer subject to his Jesuit superior.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> From then on, he did not visit Jesuit houses and was in "virtual estrangement from the Jesuits" until after his election as pope.<a href="#cite_note-Austen_Ivereigh-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-ncronline.org-64">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-papal_episcopate_(1992–2013)">Pre-papal episcopate (1992–2013)</h3></div> Bergoglio was named Auxiliary Bishop of Buenos Aires in 1992 and <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_ordination" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal ordination">consecrated</a> on 27 June 1992 as <a href="/wiki/Auca_(titular_diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auca (titular diocese)">titular bishop of Auca</a>,<a href="#cite_note-directory-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> with Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Quarracino" title="Antonio Quarracino">Antonio Quarracino</a>, archbishop of Buenos Aires, serving as principal consecrator.<a href="#cite_note-aica-69">[66]</a> He chose as his episcopal motto Miserando atque eligendo.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> It is drawn from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Bede" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Bede">Saint Bede</a>'s homily on Matthew 9:9–13: "because he saw him through the eyes of mercy and chose him".<a href="#cite_note-Catholic_News_Service-71">[68]</a> On 3 June 1997, Bergoglio was appointed <a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_archbishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Coadjutor archbishop">coadjutor archbishop</a> of Buenos Aires and succeeded as metropolitan archbishop after Quarracino's death on 28 February 1998. As archbishop, he established new parishes, restructured the archdiocese, led pro-life efforts, and formed a commission on divorces.<a href="#cite_note-directory-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> One of Bergoglio's major initiatives as archbishop was to increase the church's presence in the slums of Buenos Aires. Under his leadership, the number of priests assigned to work in the slums doubled.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> This work led to him being called the "Slum Bishop."<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> Early in his tenure as archbishop, Bergoglio sold the archdiocese's bank shares and moved its accounts to regular international banks. This ended the church's high spending habits, which had nearly led to bankruptcy, and enforced stricter fiscal discipline.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> On 6 November 1998, while remaining archbishop of Buenos Aires, he was named <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinary (Catholic Church)">ordinary</a> for those <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rite_Catholic_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Rite Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholics</a> in Argentina who lacked a <a href="/wiki/Prelate" title="Prelate">prelate</a> of their own church.<a href="#cite_note-aica-69">[66]</a> Major Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_Shevchuk" title="Sviatoslav Shevchuk">Sviatoslav Shevchuk</a> said that Bergoglio understands the liturgy, rites, and spirituality of Shevchuk's <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a> and always "took care of our Church in Argentina" as ordinary for Eastern Catholics during his time as archbishop of Buenos Aires.<a href="#cite_note-greek-63">[60]</a> In 2000, Bergoglio was the only church official to reconcile with <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Podest%C3%A1" title="Jerónimo Podestá">Jerónimo Podestá</a>, a former bishop who had been suspended as a priest after opposing the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a> military dictatorship in 1972. He defended Podestá's wife from Vatican attacks on their marriage.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> That same year, Bergoglio said the Argentine Catholic Church needed "to put on garments of public penance for the sins committed during the years of the dictatorship" in the 1970s, during the <a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> Bergoglio regularly celebrated the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Thursday" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Thursday">Holy Thursday</a> <a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)#Catholic_practice" title="Maundy (foot washing)">foot-washing</a> ritual in jails, hospitals, retirement homes, and slums.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> In 2007, shortly after Benedict XVI introduced new rules for pre-Vatican II liturgical forms, Cardinal Bergoglio established a weekly Mass in this <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">extraordinary form</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> On 8 November 2005, Bergoglio was elected president of the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Episcopal_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine Episcopal Conference">Argentine Episcopal Conference</a> for a three-year term (2005–08).<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> He was reelected to another three-year term on 11 November 2008.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> He remained a member of that commission's permanent governing body, president of its committee for the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Argentina" title="Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina">Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina</a>, and a member of its liturgy committee for the care of shrines.<a href="#cite_note-aica-69">[66]</a> While head of the Argentine Catholic bishops' conference, Bergoglio issued a collective apology for his church's failure to protect people from the Junta during the Dirty War.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> When he turned 75 in December 2011, Bergoglio submitted his resignation as archbishop of Buenos Aires to Pope Benedict XVI as required by <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">canon law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-travel-52">[50]</a> Still, as he had no coadjutor archbishop, he stayed in office, waiting for an eventual replacement appointed by the Vatican.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardinalate_(2001–2013)">Cardinalate (2001–2013)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cat%C3%A9ch%C3%A8se_18_juin_2008_par_le_cardinal_Bergoglio_-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cat%C3%A9ch%C3%A8se_18_juin_2008_par_le_cardinal_Bergoglio_-2.jpg/150px-Cat%C3%A9ch%C3%A8se_18_juin_2008_par_le_cardinal_Bergoglio_-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cat%C3%A9ch%C3%A8se_18_juin_2008_par_le_cardinal_Bergoglio_-2.jpg/225px-Cat%C3%A9ch%C3%A8se_18_juin_2008_par_le_cardinal_Bergoglio_-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cat%C3%A9ch%C3%A8se_18_juin_2008_par_le_cardinal_Bergoglio_-2.jpg/300px-Cat%C3%A9ch%C3%A8se_18_juin_2008_par_le_cardinal_Bergoglio_-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption>Bergoglio on 18 June 2008 giving a <a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">catechesis</a></figcaption></figure> On 21 February 2001, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> made Archbishop Bergoglio a <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinal</a>, assigning him the <a href="/wiki/Titular_church" title="Titular church">title</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal priest">cardinal priest</a> of <a href="/wiki/San_Roberto_Bellarmino_(church)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Roberto Bellarmino (church)">San Roberto Bellarmino</a>, a Jesuit church. Bergoglio was installed there on 14 October. During his trip to Rome for the ceremony, he and his sister María Elena visited their father's hometown in northern Italy.<a href="#cite_note-fascism-29">[27]</a> As cardinal, Bergoglio was appointed to five administrative positions in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a>. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Divine_Worship_and_the_Discipline_of_the_Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments">Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Clergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Clergy">Congregation for the Clergy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Institutes_of_Consecrated_Life_and_Societies_of_Apostolic_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life">Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_the_Family" title="Pontifical Council for the Family">Pontifical Council for the Family</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Latin_America" title="Pontifical Commission for Latin America">Commission for Latin America</a>. Later that year, when Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Edward_Egan" title="Edward Egan">Edward Egan</a> returned to New York following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, Bergoglio replaced him as relator (recording secretary) in the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Synod of Bishops (Catholic)">Synod of Bishops</a>,<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> and, according to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Herald" title="Catholic Herald">Catholic Herald</a>, created "a favourable impression as a man open to communion and dialogue".<a href="#cite_note-thunder-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Card._Jorge_Bergoglio_SJ,_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Card._Jorge_Bergoglio_SJ%2C_2008.jpg/170px-Card._Jorge_Bergoglio_SJ%2C_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Card._Jorge_Bergoglio_SJ%2C_2008.jpg/255px-Card._Jorge_Bergoglio_SJ%2C_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Card._Jorge_Bergoglio_SJ%2C_2008.jpg/340px-Card._Jorge_Bergoglio_SJ%2C_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="1177" /></a><figcaption>Cardinal Jorge Bergoglio in 2008</figcaption></figure> Cardinal Bergoglio was known for his personal humility, doctrinal conservatism, and commitment to <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Allen-90">[87]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">simple lifestyle</a>, including living in a small apartment rather than the elegant bishop's residence, using public transportation, and cooking his own meals, enhanced his reputation for humility.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> He limited his time in Rome to "lightning visits."<a href="#cite_note-falasca-92">[89]</a> He was devoted to <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">St. Thérèse of Lisieux</a> and enclosed a small picture of her in the letters he wrote, calling her "a great missionary saint".<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> After Pope John Paul II died on 2 April 2005, Bergoglio attended <a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Pope_John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral of Pope John Paul II">his funeral</a> and was considered one of the <a href="/wiki/Papabile" title="Papabile">papabile</a> for succession to the papacy.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> He participated as a <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_electors_for_the_2005_papal_conclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal electors for the 2005 papal conclave">cardinal elector</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2005_papal_conclave" title="2005 papal conclave">2005 papal conclave</a> that elected Pope Benedict XVI. In the <a href="/wiki/National_Catholic_Reporter" title="National Catholic Reporter">National Catholic Reporter</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_L._Allen_Jr." title="John L. Allen Jr.">John L. Allen Jr.</a> reported that Bergoglio was a frontrunner in the 2005 conclave.<a href="#cite_note-Allen-90">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> In September 2005, the Italian magazine <a href="/wiki/Limes_(magazine)" title="Limes (magazine)">Limes</a> published claims that Bergoglio had been the runner-up and main challenger to Cardinal Ratzinger at that conclave and that he had received 40 votes in the third ballot, but fell back to 26 at the fourth and decisive ballot.<a href="#cite_note-CNN05-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-votes2005-97">[94]</a> The claims were based on a diary purportedly belonging to an anonymous cardinal who had been present at the conclave.<a href="#cite_note-CNN05-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rubin13-98">[95]</a> According to the Italian journalist <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Tornielli" title="Andrea Tornielli">Andrea Tornielli</a>, this number of votes had no precedent for a Latin American papabile.<a href="#cite_note-Rubin13-98">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/La_Stampa" title="La Stampa">La Stampa</a> reported that Bergoglio was in close contention with Ratzinger during the election, until he made an emotional plea that the cardinals should not vote for him.<a href="#cite_note-tears-99">[96]</a> According to Tornielli, Bergoglio made this request to prevent the conclave from delaying too much in the election of a pope.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> As a cardinal, Bergoglio was associated with <a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a>, a Catholic evangelical lay movement of the type known as <a href="/wiki/Associations_of_the_faithful" class="mw-redirect" title="Associations of the faithful">associations of the faithful</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Allen-90">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> He sometimes made appearances at the annual gathering known as the <a href="/wiki/Meeting_for_friendship_among_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Meeting for friendship among peoples">Rimini Meeting</a> held during the late summer months in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-Allen-90">[87]</a> In 2005, Cardinal Bergoglio authorized the request for <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">beatification</a>—the third step toward <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">sainthood</a>—for six members of the <a href="/wiki/Pallottines" title="Pallottines">Pallottine</a> community murdered in the <a href="/wiki/San_Patricio_Church_massacre" title="San Patricio Church massacre">San Patricio Church massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-CT2005-103">[100]</a> At the same time, Bergoglio ordered an investigation into the murders themselves, which had been widely blamed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">National Reorganization Process</a>, the military junta that ruled Argentina at the time.<a href="#cite_note-CT2005-103">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Argentine_government_relations">Argentine government relations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dirty_War">Dirty War</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War</a></div> Bergoglio was the subject of allegations regarding the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Navy" title="Argentine Navy">Argentine Navy</a>'s kidnapping of two <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> priests, Orlando Yorio and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Jalics" title="Franz Jalics">Franz Jalics</a>, in May 1976, during Argentina's <a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes1-104">[101]</a> He feared for the priests' safety and had tried to change their work prior to their arrest; contrary to reports, he did not try to throw them out of the Jesuit order.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Myriam_Bregman" title="Myriam Bregman">Myriam Bregman</a>, a human rights lawyer, filed a criminal complaint against Bergoglio, as superior in the Society of Jesus of Argentina, accusing him of involvement in the kidnapping.<a href="#cite_note-latimes1-106">[103]</a> Her complaint did not specify how Bergoglio was involved; Bergoglio's spokesman flatly denied the allegations. The complaint was ultimately dismissed.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes1-104">[101]</a> The priests were tortured,<a href="#cite_note-rubin-107">[104]</a> but were found alive five months later, drugged and semi-naked. Yorio accused Bergoglio of effectively handing them over to the death squads by declining to tell the authorities that he endorsed their work. Yorio, who died in 2000, said in a 1999 interview that he believed that Bergoglio did nothing "to free us, in fact just the opposite".<a href="#cite_note-WAPO-108">[105]</a> Jalics initially refused to discuss the complaint after moving into seclusion in a German monastery.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> Two days after the election of Francis, Jalics issued a statement confirming the kidnapping and attributing the cause to a former lay colleague who became a guerrilla, was captured, then named Yorio and Jalics when interrogated.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> The following week, Jalics issued a second, clarifying statement: "It is wrong to assert that our capture took place at the initiative of Father Bergoglio (…) the fact is, Orlando Yorio and I were not denounced by Father Bergoglio."<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> Bergoglio told his authorized biographer, <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Rubin" title="Sergio Rubin">Sergio Rubin</a>, that after the priests' imprisonment, he worked behind the scenes for their release; Bergoglio's intercession with dictator <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla" title="Jorge Rafael Videla">Jorge Rafael Videla</a> on their behalf may have saved their lives.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> Bergoglio also told Rubin that he had often sheltered people from the dictatorship on church property, and once gave his own identity papers to a man who looked like him, so he could flee Argentina.<a href="#cite_note-rubin-107">[104]</a> The interview with Rubin, reflected in the biography <a href="/wiki/El_jesuita" class="mw-redirect" title="El jesuita">El jesuita</a>, is the only time Bergoglio has spoken to the press about those events.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alicia_Oliveira" title="Alicia Oliveira">Alicia Oliveira</a>, a former Argentine judge, has also reported that Bergoglio helped people flee Argentina during the rule of the junta.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> Since Francis became pope, Gonzalo Mosca<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> and José Caravias<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> have related to journalists accounts of how Bergoglio helped them flee the Argentine dictatorship. Oliveira described the future pope as "anguished" and "very critical of the dictatorship" during the Dirty War.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> Oliveira met with him at the time and urged Bergoglio to speak out—he told her that "he couldn't. That it wasn't an easy thing to do."<a href="#cite_note-WAPO-108">[105]</a> Artist and human rights activist <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_P%C3%A9rez_Esquivel" title="Adolfo Pérez Esquivel">Adolfo Pérez Esquivel</a>, the 1980 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> laureate, said: "Perhaps he didn't have the courage of other priests, but he never collaborated with the dictatorship. … Bergoglio was no accomplice of the dictatorship."<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Graciela_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Meijide" title="Graciela Fernández Meijide">Graciela Fernández Meijide</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Assembly_for_Human_Rights" title="Permanent Assembly for Human Rights">Permanent Assembly for Human Rights</a>, also said that there was no proof linking Bergoglio with the dictatorship. She told the <a href="/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_(Argentine_newspaper)" title="Clarín (Argentine newspaper)">Clarín</a> newspaper: "There is no information and Justice couldn't prove it. I was in the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Assembly_for_Human_Rights" title="Permanent Assembly for Human Rights">APDH</a> during all the dictatorship years and I received hundreds of testimonies. Bergoglio was never mentioned. It was the same in the <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_on_the_Disappearance_of_Persons" title="National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons">CONADEP</a>. Nobody mentioned him as instigator or as anything."<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Lorenzetti" title="Ricardo Lorenzetti">Ricardo Lorenzetti</a>, President of the Argentine Supreme Court, also has said that Bergoglio is "completely innocent" of the accusations.<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Uki_Go%C3%B1i" title="Uki Goñi">Uki Goñi</a> pointed that, during early 1976, the military junta still had a good image among society, and that the <a href="/wiki/Detention_Centers_in_the_Dirty_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Detention Centers in the Dirty War">scale of the political repression</a> was not known until much later; Bergoglio would have had little reason to suspect that the detention of Yorio and Jalics could end up in their deaths.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> When Bergoglio became pope, an alleged photo of him giving the <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_bread" title="Sacramental bread">sacramental bread</a> to dictator Jorge Rafael Videla became popular in social networks. It has also been used by the newspaper <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1gina/12" class="mw-redirect" title="Página/12">Página/12</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> The photo was soon proved to be false. It was revealed that the priest, whose face is not visible in the photo, was Carlos Berón de Astrada. The photo was taken at the church "Pequeña Obra de la Divina Providencia Don Orione" in 1990, not during the Dirty War, and after Videla's presidential pardon. The photo was produced by the agency AFP and it was initially published by the <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%B3nica_(newspaper)" title="Crónica (newspaper)">Crónica</a> newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fernando_de_la_Rúa">Fernando de la Rúa</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_la_R%C3%BAa" title="Fernando de la Rúa">Fernando de la Rúa</a> replaced <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Menem" title="Carlos Menem">Carlos Menem</a> as president of Argentina in 1999. As an archbishop, Bergoglio celebrated the annual Mass at the <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Metropolitan_Cathedral" title="Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral">Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral</a> on the <a href="/wiki/First_National_Government" title="First National Government">First National Government</a> holiday, 25 May. In 2000, Bergoglio criticized the perceived apathy of society.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> During Argentina's <a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%932002_Argentine_great_depression" title="1998–2002 Argentine great depression">economic depression</a>, the Catholic Church criticized the government's austerity measures, which worsened poverty. De la Rúa asked the church to facilitate dialogue between economic and political leaders to address the crisis. Although he claimed to have spoken with Bergoglio about participating, Bergoglio reportedly said the meeting was canceled due to a misunderstanding by De la Rúa's assistant. Bishop Jorge Casaretto doubts this, noting that De la Rúa only made the request in newspaper interviews, not formally to the church.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_legislative_election,_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine legislative election, 2001">2001 elections</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Justicialist_Party" title="Justicialist Party">Justicialist Party</a> won a majority in Congress and appointed <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Puerta" title="Ramón Puerta">Ramón Puerta</a> as Senate president. With Vice-President <a href="/wiki/Carlos_%C3%81lvarez_(Argentine_politician)" title="Carlos Álvarez (Argentine politician)">Carlos Álvarez</a> having resigned, the opposing party was <a href="/wiki/Argentine_order_of_precedence" title="Argentine order of precedence">next in line</a>. Bergoglio met with Puerta and was positively impressed. Puerta assured him that the Justicialist Party was not planning to oust De la Rúa and promised to support the president in advancing necessary legislation.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> During police repression of the <a href="/wiki/December_2001_riots_in_Argentina" title="December 2001 riots in Argentina">riots of December 2001</a>, he contacted the Ministry of the Interior and asked that the police distinguish rioters and vandals from peaceful protesters.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Néstor_and_Cristina_Kirchner">Néstor and Cristina Kirchner</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Francis_with_Cristina_Fernandez_de_Kirchner_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pope_Francis_with_Cristina_Fernandez_de_Kirchner_4.jpg/220px-Pope_Francis_with_Cristina_Fernandez_de_Kirchner_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pope_Francis_with_Cristina_Fernandez_de_Kirchner_4.jpg/330px-Pope_Francis_with_Cristina_Fernandez_de_Kirchner_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pope_Francis_with_Cristina_Fernandez_de_Kirchner_4.jpg/440px-Pope_Francis_with_Cristina_Fernandez_de_Kirchner_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1342" /></a><figcaption>Francis with Argentine president <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner" title="Cristina Fernández de Kirchner">Cristina Fernández de Kirchner</a>, holding traditional Argentine <a href="/wiki/Mate_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mate (beverage)">mate</a> drinkware</figcaption></figure> When Bergoglio celebrated Mass at the cathedral for the 2004 First National Government holiday, President <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner" title="Néstor Kirchner">Néstor Kirchner</a> attended and heard Bergoglio request more political dialogue, reject intolerance, and criticize exhibitionism and strident announcements.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> Kirchner celebrated the national day elsewhere the following year and the Mass in the cathedral was suspended.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> In 2006, Bergoglio helped the fellow Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Pi%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Joaquín Piña">Joaquín Piña</a> to win the elections in the <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Province" title="Misiones Province">Misiones Province</a> and prevent an amendment of the local constitution that would allow indefinite re-elections. Kirchner intended to use that project to start similar amendments at other provinces, and eventually to the national constitution.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> Kirchner considered Bergoglio as a political rival to the day he died in October 2010.<a href="#cite_note-anios-133">[130]</a> Bergoglio's relations with Kirchner's widow and successor, <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner" title="Cristina Fernández de Kirchner">Cristina Fernández de Kirchner</a>, have been similarly tense. In 2008, Bergoglio called for national reconciliation during <a href="/wiki/2008_Argentine_government_conflict_with_the_agricultural_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector">disturbances</a> in the country's agricultural regions, which the government interpreted as a support for anti-government demonstrators.<a href="#cite_note-anios-133">[130]</a> The campaign to enact <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Argentina" title="Same-sex marriage in Argentina">same-sex marriage legislation</a> was a particularly tense period in their relations.<a href="#cite_note-anios-133">[130]</a> When Bergoglio was elected pope, the initial reactions were mixed. Most of the Argentine society cheered it, but the pro-government newspaper <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1gina/12" class="mw-redirect" title="Página/12">Página/12</a> published renewed allegations about the Dirty War, and the president of the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Argentine_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Argentine Republic">National Library</a> described a global conspiracy theory. The president took more than an hour before congratulating the new pope, and only did so in a passing reference within a routine speech. Due to the pope's popularity in Argentina, Cristina Kirchner made what the political analyst Claudio Fantini called a "<a href="/wiki/Copernican_Revolution_(metaphor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernican Revolution (metaphor)">Copernican shift</a>" in her relations with him and fully embraced the Francis phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> On the day before his inauguration as pope, Bergoglio, now Francis, had a private meeting with Kirchner. They exchanged gifts and lunched together. This was the new pope's first meeting with a head of state, and there was speculation that the two were mending their relations.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> Página/12 <a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">removed</a> their controversial articles about Bergoglio, written by <a href="/wiki/Horacio_Verbitsky" title="Horacio Verbitsky">Horacio Verbitsky</a>, from their web page, as a result of this change.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Javier_Milei">Javier Milei</h3></div> Before <a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Javier Milei</a>'s election to the Argentine presidency, he was very critical of Francis, describing him as "imbecile" and a "communist turd." His disparaging comments sparked controversy among Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> However, following his inauguration, Milei softened his position and formally invited Francis to Argentina. Milei visited the Vatican on 11 February 2024, the day Francis canonized <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Antonia_de_Paz_y_Figueroa" title="María Antonia de Paz y Figueroa">María Antonia de Paz y Figueroa</a>, the first female Argentine saint.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Papacy_(2013–present)">Papacy (2013–present)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Francis#Vatican_II_revisited" title="Theology of Pope Francis">Theology of Pope Francis § Vatican II revisited</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Francis#Church_leadership" title="Theology of Pope Francis">Theology of Pope Francis § Church leadership</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:271px;max-width:271px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Pope_Francis" title="Coat of arms of Pope Francis">Coat of arms of Pope Francis</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Jorge_Mario_Bergoglio.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_Jorge_Mario_Bergoglio.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Jorge_Mario_Bergoglio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_Jorge_Mario_Bergoglio.svg/225px-Coat_of_arms_of_Jorge_Mario_Bergoglio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_Jorge_Mario_Bergoglio.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_Jorge_Mario_Bergoglio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="1218" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">As cardinal</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="113" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg/226px-Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="1190" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">As pope</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The gold star represents the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>, the grape-like plant—the <a href="/wiki/Spikenard" title="Spikenard">spikenard</a>—is associated with <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Saint Joseph</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Name_of_Jesus" title="Holy Name of Jesus">IHS</a> is the symbol of the Jesuits.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCR-142">[139]</a></div></div></div></div> Elected at 76 years old, Francis was reported to be healthy and his doctors have said his missing lung tissue, removed in his youth, does not significantly affect his health.<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-2013b-143">[140]</a> The only concern would be decreased respiratory reserve if he had a respiratory infection.<a href="#cite_note-Park-2013-144">[141]</a> In the past, one attack of <a href="/wiki/Sciatica" title="Sciatica">sciatica</a> in 2007 prevented him from attending a consistory and delayed his return to Argentina for several days.<a href="#cite_note-falasca-92">[89]</a> Francis is the first <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> pope. This was a significant appointment, because of the sometimes tense relations between the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> He came in second to Cardinal Ratzinger on all the ballots in the 2005 conclave and at the time appeared as the only other viable candidate.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> He is also the first from the Americas,<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> and the first from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> Many media reported him as being the first non-European pope, but he is actually the 11th; the previous was <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a> from Syria, who died in 741. Moreover, although Francis was not born in Europe, he is <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">ethnically European</a>; his father and maternal grandparents were from northern Italy.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> As pope, his manner is less formal than that of his immediate predecessors: a style that news coverage has referred to as "no frills", noting that it is "his common touch and accessibility that is proving the greatest inspiration".<a href="#cite_note-nofrills-150">[147]</a> On the night of his election, he took a bus back to his hotel with the cardinals, rather than be driven in the papal car.<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> The next day, he visited Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Mar%C3%ADa_Mej%C3%ADa" title="Jorge María Mejía">Jorge María Mejía</a> in the hospital and chatted with patients and staff.<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> At his first media audience, the Saturday after his election, the pope explained his papal name choice, citing Saint Francis of Assisi as "the man who gives us this spirit of peace, the poor man", and he added "[h]ow I would like a poor Church, and for the poor".<a href="#cite_note-PapalName-153">[150]</a> In addition to his <a href="/wiki/Native_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Native language">native</a> Spanish, he speaks fluent Italian (the official language of Vatican City and the "everyday language" of the Holy See) and German. He is also conversant in Latin (the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the Holy See),<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> French,<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> Portuguese,<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> and English,<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-languages-158">[155]</a> and he understands the <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese language</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> Francis chose not to live in the official <a href="/wiki/Papal_apartments" title="Papal apartments">papal residence</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a>, but to remain in the <a href="/wiki/Domus_Sanctae_Marthae" title="Domus Sanctae Marthae">Vatican guest house</a>, in a suite in which he can receive visitors and hold meetings. He is the first pope since <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> to live outside the papal apartments.<a href="#cite_note-Vatican_guesthouse-160">[157]</a> Francis still appears at the window of the Apostolic Palace for the Sunday <a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guesthouse-161">[158]</a> As a Jesuit pope, he has been "making clear that a fundamental task of the faithful is not so much to follow rules but to discern what God is calling them to do. He is altering the culture of the clergy, steering away from what he has named as "clericalism" (which dwells on priestly status and authority) and toward an ethic of service (Francis says the church's shepherds must have the "smell of the sheep", always staying close to the People of God)."<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> On 13 December 2023, in an interview with Mexican broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Televisa" title="Televisa">Televisa</a>, Francis said that his "<a href="/wiki/Catholic_devotions" title="Catholic devotions">great devotion</a>" was to the <a href="/wiki/Salus_Populi_Romani" title="Salus Populi Romani">Salus populi Romani</a> icon at the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Santa Maria Maggiore</a> in Rome. Francis also told the news outlet that <a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs" title="List of extant papal tombs">his tomb</a> was already prepared at the basilica near the icon. Francis will be the first pope since <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> to be buried outside the Vatican.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election">Election</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2013_papal_conclave" title="2013 papal conclave">2013 papal conclave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papal_inauguration_of_Pope_Francis" title="Papal inauguration of Pope Francis">Papal inauguration of Pope Francis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papa_Francisco_reci%C3%A9n_elegido_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Papa_Francisco_reci%C3%A9n_elegido_2.jpg/220px-Papa_Francisco_reci%C3%A9n_elegido_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Papa_Francisco_reci%C3%A9n_elegido_2.jpg/330px-Papa_Francisco_reci%C3%A9n_elegido_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Papa_Francisco_reci%C3%A9n_elegido_2.jpg/440px-Papa_Francisco_reci%C3%A9n_elegido_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>Francis appears in public for the first time as pope, at St. Peter's Basilica balcony, 13 March 2013.</figcaption></figure> Bergoglio was elected pope on 13 March 2013,<a href="#cite_note-directory-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> the second day of the <a href="/wiki/2013_papal_conclave" title="2013 papal conclave">2013 papal conclave</a>, taking the <a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">papal name</a> Francis.<a href="#cite_note-directory-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnbc-166">[163]</a> Francis was elected on the fifth ballot of the conclave.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Habemus_papam" title="Habemus papam">Habemus papam</a> announcement was delivered by the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_protodeacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal protodeacon">cardinal protodeacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Tauran" title="Jean-Louis Tauran">Jean-Louis Tauran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SuarezPBS-168">[165]</a> Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Sch%C3%B6nborn" title="Christoph Schönborn">Christoph Schönborn</a> later said that Bergoglio was elected following two supernatural signs, one in the conclave - and hence confidential - and a Latin-American couple, friends of Schönborn at Vatican City, who whispered Bergoglio's name in the elector's ear; Schönborn commented "if these people say Bergoglio, that's an indication of the Holy Spirit".<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> Instead of accepting his cardinals' congratulations while seated on the <a href="/wiki/Papal_throne" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal throne">papal throne</a>, Francis received them standing, reportedly an immediate sign of a changing approach to formalities at the Vatican.<a href="#cite_note-NewEuropeHabemus-170">[167]</a> During his first appearance as pontiff on the balcony of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's Basilica</a>, he wore a white <a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">cassock</a>, not the red, ermine-trimmed <a href="/wiki/Mozzetta" title="Mozzetta">mozzetta</a><a href="#cite_note-NewEuropeHabemus-170">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Uebbing-171">[168]</a> used by previous popes.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> He also wore the same iron <a href="/wiki/Pectoral_cross" title="Pectoral cross">pectoral cross</a> that he had worn as archbishop of Buenos Aires, rather than the gold one worn by his predecessors.<a href="#cite_note-Uebbing-171">[168]</a> After being elected and choosing his name, his first act was bestowing the <a href="/wiki/Urbi_et_Orbi" title="Urbi et Orbi">Urbi et Orbi</a> blessing on thousands of pilgrims gathered in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">St. Peter's Square</a>. Before blessing the crowd, he asked those in St. Peter's Square to pray for his predecessor, "the bishop emeritus of Rome" Pope Benedict XVI, and for himself as the new "bishop of Rome".<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> Francis held his <a href="/wiki/Papal_inauguration" title="Papal inauguration">papal inauguration</a> on 19 March 2013 in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">St. Peter's Square</a> in the Vatican.<a href="#cite_note-directory-20">[18]</a> He celebrated Mass in the presence of various political and religious leaders from around the world.<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> In his homily Francis focused on the <a href="/wiki/Solemnity_of_Saint_Joseph" class="mw-redirect" title="Solemnity of Saint Joseph">Solemnity of Saint Joseph</a>, the liturgical day on which the Mass was celebrated.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name">Name</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Francis_among_the_people_at_St._Peter%27s_Square_-_12_May_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Pope_Francis_among_the_people_at_St._Peter%27s_Square_-_12_May_2013.jpg/220px-Pope_Francis_among_the_people_at_St._Peter%27s_Square_-_12_May_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Pope_Francis_among_the_people_at_St._Peter%27s_Square_-_12_May_2013.jpg/330px-Pope_Francis_among_the_people_at_St._Peter%27s_Square_-_12_May_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Pope_Francis_among_the_people_at_St._Peter%27s_Square_-_12_May_2013.jpg/440px-Pope_Francis_among_the_people_at_St._Peter%27s_Square_-_12_May_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Francis in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">St. Peter's Square</a>, two months after his election</figcaption></figure> At his first audience on 16 March 2013, Francis told journalists that he had chosen the name in honour of <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Saint Francis of Assisi</a>, and had done so because he was especially concerned for the well-being of the poor.<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-2013a-176">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vatican_Today-2013-177">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> He explained that, as it was becoming clear during the conclave voting that he would be elected the new bishop of Rome, the Brazilian Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A1udio_Hummes" title="Cláudio Hummes">Cláudio Hummes</a> had embraced him and whispered, "Don't forget the poor", which had made Bergoglio think of the saint.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> Bergoglio had previously expressed his admiration for St. Francis, explaining that: "He brought to Christianity an idea of poverty against the luxury, pride, vanity of the civil and ecclesiastical powers of the time. He changed history."<a href="#cite_note-bethune-181">[178]</a> This is the first time that a pope has been named Francis. On the day of his election, the Vatican clarified that his official papal name was "Francis", not "Francis I", i.e. no <a href="/wiki/Regnal_number" title="Regnal number">regnal number</a> is used for him. A Vatican spokesman said that the name would become Francis I if and when there is a Francis II.<a href="#cite_note-Vatican_Today-2013-177">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vatican:_It's_Pope_Francis,_not_Pope_Francis_I-182">[179]</a> It is the first time since <a href="/wiki/Pope_Lando" title="Pope Lando">Lando</a>'s 913–914 pontificate that a serving pope holds a name not used by a predecessor.<a href="#cite_note-184">[d]</a> Francis also said that some cardinal electors had jokingly suggested to him that he should choose either "Adrian", since <a href="/wiki/Adrian_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrian VI">Adrian VI</a> had been a reformer of the church, or "Clement" to settle the score with <a href="/wiki/Clement_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement XIV">Clement XIV</a>, who had <a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">suppressed the Jesuit order</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PapalName-153">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> In February 2014, it was reported that Bergoglio, had he been elected in 2005, would have chosen the pontifical name of "John XXIV" in honour of <a href="/wiki/John_XXIII" class="mw-redirect" title="John XXIII">John XXIII</a>. It was said that he told Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Marchisano" title="Francesco Marchisano">Francesco Marchisano</a>: "John, I would have called myself John, like the Good Pope; I would have been completely inspired by him".<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Curia">Curia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Inauguration_fc10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Francis_Inauguration_fc10.jpg/220px-Francis_Inauguration_fc10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Francis_Inauguration_fc10.jpg/330px-Francis_Inauguration_fc10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Francis_Inauguration_fc10.jpg/440px-Francis_Inauguration_fc10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Inauguration of Francis, 19 March 2013</figcaption></figure> On 16 March 2013, Francis asked all those in senior positions of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> to provisionally continue in office.<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> He named <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Xuereb" title="Alfred Xuereb">Alfred Xuereb</a> as his personal secretary.<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> On 6 April he named <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Carballo" title="José Rodríguez Carballo">José Rodríguez Carballo</a> as secretary for the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Institutes_of_Consecrated_Life_and_Societies_of_Apostolic_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life">Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life</a>, a position that had been vacant for several months.<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> Francis abolished the bonuses paid to Vatican employees upon the election of a new pope, amounting to several million Euros, opting instead to donate the money to charity.<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> He also abolished the €25,000 annual bonus paid to the cardinals serving on the Board of Supervisors for the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Works_of_Religion" title="Institute for the Works of Religion">Vatican bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> On 13 April 2013, he named eight cardinals to a new <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Council of Cardinal Advisers</a> to advise him on revising the organizational structure of the Roman Curia. The group included several known as critics of Vatican operations and only one member of the Curia.<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> They are <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bertello" title="Giuseppe Bertello">Giuseppe Bertello</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">Vatican City State governorate</a>; <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Errazuriz_Ossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Javier Errazuriz Ossa">Francisco Javier Errazuriz Ossa</a> from Chile; <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Gracias" title="Oswald Gracias">Oswald Gracias</a> from India; <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Marx" title="Reinhard Marx">Reinhard Marx</a> from Germany; <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Monsengwo_Pasinya" title="Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya">Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya</a> from the Democratic Republic of the Congo; <a href="/wiki/George_Pell" title="George Pell">George Pell</a> from Australia; <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Patrick_O%27Malley" title="Seán Patrick O'Malley">Seán O'Malley</a> from the United States; and <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Maradiaga" title="Óscar Rodríguez Maradiaga">Óscar Andrés Rodríguez Maradiaga</a> from Honduras. He appointed Bishop <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Semeraro" title="Marcello Semeraro">Marcello Semeraro</a> secretary for the group and scheduled its first meeting for 1–3 October.<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_issues">Early issues</h3></div> In March 2013, 21 British Catholic <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">peers</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">members of Parliament</a> from all <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in the United Kingdom">parties</a> asked Francis to allow married men in Great Britain to be ordained as priests, keeping celibacy as the rule for bishops. They asked it on the grounds that it would be anomalous that married Anglican priests can be received into the Catholic Church and ordained as priests, by means of either the <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_Provision" title="Pastoral Provision">Pastoral Provision</a> of 20 June 1980 or the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Anglican_ordinariate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican ordinariate">Anglican ordinariate</a>, but married Catholic men cannot do the same.<a href="#cite_note-teahan-194">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fouad_Twal" title="Fouad Twal">Fouad Twal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Latin_patriarch_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin patriarch of Jerusalem">Latin patriarch of Jerusalem</a>, included a call in his 2013 Easter homily for the pope to visit <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Rapha%C3%ABl_I_Sako" title="Louis Raphaël I Sako">Louis Raphael I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Patriarch</a>, asked the pope to visit the "embattled Christian community" in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-iraq-196">[192]</a> In March 2021, Pope Francis went to Iraq on a first-ever papal visit to the diminishing Christian communities of Mesopotamia fallen apart after years of conflict.<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> On the first <a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Holy Thursday</a> following his election, Francis washed and kissed the feet of ten male and two female juvenile offenders, not all Catholic, aged from 14 to 21, imprisoned at Rome's Casal del Marmo detention facility, telling them <a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)" title="Maundy (foot washing)">the ritual of foot washing</a> is a sign that he is at their service.<a href="#cite_note-muslimfeetwashing-198">[194]</a> This was the first time that a pope had included women in this ritual; although he had already done so when he was archbishop.<a href="#cite_note-muslimfeetwashing-198">[194]</a> One of the male and one of the female prisoners were <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-muslimfeetwashing-198">[194]</a> On 31 March 2013, Francis used his first <a href="/wiki/Urbi_et_Orbi" title="Urbi et Orbi">Easter homily</a> to make a plea for peace throughout the world, specifically mentioning the Middle East, Africa, and North and South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-eastersermon-199">[195]</a> He also spoke out against those who give in to "easy gain" in a world filled with greed, and made a plea for humanity to become a better guardian of creation by protecting the environment.<a href="#cite_note-eastersermon-199">[195]</a> He said that "[w]e ask the risen Jesus, who turns death into life, to change hatred into love, vengeance into forgiveness, war into peace."<a href="#cite_note-risenjesus-200">[196]</a> In 2019 he stated that <a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">ecocide</a> was a sin and should be made "a fifth category of crimes against peace, which should be recognised as such by the international community".<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> Although the Vatican had prepared greetings in 65 languages, Francis chose not to read them.<a href="#cite_note-languages-158">[155]</a> According to the Vatican, the pope "at least for now, feels at ease using Italian, the everyday language of the Holy See".<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VISITA_PAPA_FRANCISCO_I_(19473235041).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/VISITA_PAPA_FRANCISCO_I_%2819473235041%29.jpg/220px-VISITA_PAPA_FRANCISCO_I_%2819473235041%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/VISITA_PAPA_FRANCISCO_I_%2819473235041%29.jpg/330px-VISITA_PAPA_FRANCISCO_I_%2819473235041%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/VISITA_PAPA_FRANCISCO_I_%2819473235041%29.jpg/440px-VISITA_PAPA_FRANCISCO_I_%2819473235041%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2447" /></a><figcaption>Thousands welcomed Francis in <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a>, Ecuador, 6 July 2015.</figcaption></figure> In 2013, Francis initially reaffirmed the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a>'s program to <a href="/wiki/Leadership_Conference_of_Women_Religious#Doctrinal_issues" title="Leadership Conference of Women Religious">reform the U.S. Leadership Conference of Women Religious</a>,<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a> initiated under his predecessor, Pope Benedict XVI. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported that the Vatican had formed the opinion in 2012 that the <a href="/wiki/Religious_sister_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious sister (Catholic)">sisters</a>' group was tinged with feminist influences, focused too much on ending social and economic injustice and not enough on stopping abortion, and permitted speakers at its meetings who questioned church doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> In April 2015 the investigation was brought to a close. While the timing of the closure may have anticipated <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis%27s_visit_to_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Francis's visit to the United States">a visit by Francis to the U.S.</a> in September 2015, it was noted that the sisters' emphasis is close to that of Francis.<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> On 12 May, Francis carried out his first <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonizations</a> of candidates approved for sainthood during the reign of Benedict XVI: the first Colombian saint, <a href="/wiki/Laura_of_Saint_Catherine_of_Siena" class="mw-redirect" title="Laura of Saint Catherine of Siena">Laura of Saint Catherine of Siena</a>, the second female Mexican saint, <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Guadalupe_Garc%C3%ADa_Zavala" title="María Guadalupe García Zavala">María Guadalupe García Zavala</a>, both of the 20th century, and the 813 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Otranto" title="Martyrs of Otranto">Martyrs of Otranto</a>. He said: "While we venerate the martyrs of Otranto, ask God to support the many Christians who still suffer from violence and give them the courage and fate and respond to evil with goodness."<a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-2013-209">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synodal_church">Synodal church</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Francis#Decentralization" title="Theology of Pope Francis">Theology of Pope Francis § Decentralization</a></div> Francis has overseen synods on <a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_General_Assembly_of_the_Synod_of_Bishops" title="Third Extraordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops">the family</a> (2014), on <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Ordinary_General_Assembly_of_the_Synod_of_Bishops" title="Fifteenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops">youth</a> (2018), and on the church in the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon region</a> (2019). In 2019 Francis's apostolic constitution Episcopalis communio allowed that the final document of a synod may become magisterial teaching simply with papal approval. The constitution also allowed for laity to contribute input directly to the synod's secretary general.<a href="#cite_note-sept18-210">[206]</a> Some analysts see the creation of a truly synodal church as likely to become the greatest contribution of Francis's papacy.<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> On 4 October 2023, Francis convened the beginnings of the <a href="/wiki/Synod_on_Synodality" class="mw-redirect" title="Synod on Synodality">Synod on Synodality</a> (the Sixteenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops). This synod is described as the culmination of his papacy and the most important event in the Church since the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Horowitz-2023-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Horowitz-2023a-18">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consultation_with_Catholic_laity">Consultation with Catholic laity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrancisQuitoR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/FrancisQuitoR.png/220px-FrancisQuitoR.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/FrancisQuitoR.png/330px-FrancisQuitoR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/FrancisQuitoR.png/440px-FrancisQuitoR.png 2x" data-file-width="2009" data-file-height="2209" /></a><figcaption>Francis in <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>, Ecuador, 2015</figcaption></figure> A February 2014 survey by the <a href="/wiki/World_Values_Survey" title="World Values Survey">World Values Survey</a> cited in <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> shows how the unity Francis had created could be challenged. Although views about Francis personally were favourable, many Catholics disagreed with at least some of his teachings. The survey found that members of the Catholic Church are deeply divided over abortion, artificial contraception, divorce, the ordination of women, and married priests.<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a> In the same month Francis asked parishes to provide answers to an official questionnaire<a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a> described as a "much broader consultation than just a survey"<a href="#cite_note-bbc27060172-215">[211]</a> regarding opinions among the laity. He continued to assert <a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic doctrine</a>, in less dramatic tone than his recent predecessors, who maintained that the Catholic Church is not a democracy of popular opinion.<a href="#cite_note-Clement-216">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Linda_Woodhead" title="Linda Woodhead">Linda Woodhead</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_University" title="Lancaster University">Lancaster University</a> wrote of the survey Francis initiated, "it's not a survey in any sense that a social scientist would recognize". Woodhead said that many ordinary Catholics would have difficulty understanding theological <a href="/wiki/Jargon" title="Jargon">jargon</a> there. Nonetheless, she suspected the survey might be influential.<a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Catholic Church in England and Wales</a> as of April 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pope_Francis&action=edit">[update]</a> had refused to publish results of this survey; a church spokesman said a senior Vatican official had expressly asked for summaries to remain confidential, and that orders had come from the pope that the information should not be made public until after October. This disappointed many reformers who hoped the laity would be more involved in decision-making. Some other Catholic churches, for example in <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Germany" title="Catholic Church in Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Austria" title="Catholic Church in Austria">Austria</a>, published summaries of the responses to the survey, which showed a wide gap between church teaching and the behaviour of ordinary Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-bbc27060172-215">[211]</a> In a column he wrote for the Vatican's semi-official newspaper <a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a>, the then-Prefect of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_the_Apostolic_Signatura" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura">Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura</a>, American cardinal <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Leo_Burke" title="Raymond Leo Burke">Raymond Leo Burke</a>, who has a long-standing reputation as one of the church's most vocal conservative hard-liners, said that Francis opposed both abortion and <a href="/wiki/Gay_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay marriage">gay marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a> The Vatican's chief spokesman, Father <a href="/wiki/Federico_Lombardi" title="Federico Lombardi">Federico Lombardi</a>, also noted in the Vatican press office during the 2014 consistory meetings that Francis and Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a> would not change or redefine any dogmas pertaining to church theology on doctrinal matters.<a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institute_for_the_Works_of_Religion">Institute for the Works of Religion</h3></div> In the first months of Francis's papacy, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Works_of_Religion" title="Institute for the Works of Religion">Institute for the Works of Religion</a>, informally known as the Vatican Bank, said that it would become more transparent in its financial dealings<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> There had long been allegations of corruption and <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a> connected with the bank.<a href="#cite_note-bank1-221">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-bank2-222">[218]</a> Francis appointed a commission to advise him about reform of the Bank,<a href="#cite_note-bank1-221">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-bank2-222">[218]</a> and the finance consulting firm <a href="/wiki/Promontory_Financial_Group" title="Promontory Financial Group">Promontory Financial Group</a> was assigned to carry out a comprehensive investigation of all customer contacts of the bank on these facts.<a href="#cite_note-223">[219]</a> Because of this affair the <a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_advocate#Origin_and_history" title="Devil's advocate">Promoter of Justice</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Vatican_City" title="Law of Vatican City">Vatican Tribunal</a> applied a <a href="/wiki/Letter_rogatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter rogatory">letter rogatory</a> for the first time in the history of the Republic of Italy at the beginning of August 2013.<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a> In January 2014, Francis replaced four of the five cardinal overseers of the Vatican Bank, who had been confirmed in their positions in the final days of Benedict XVI's papacy.<a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a> Lay experts and clerics were looking into how the bank was run. <a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Freyberg" title="Ernst von Freyberg">Ernst von Freyberg</a> was put in charge. <a href="/wiki/Moneyval" title="Moneyval">Moneyval</a> feels more reform is needed, and Francis may be willing to close the bank if the reforms prove too difficult.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-226">[222]</a> There is uncertainty how far reforms can succeed.<a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papal_documents">Papal documents</h3></div> On 29 June 2013, Francis published the <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> <a href="/wiki/Lumen_fidei" title="Lumen fidei">Lumen fidei</a>, which was largely the work of Benedict XVI but awaiting a final draft at his retirement.<a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a> On 24 November 2013, Francis published his first major letter as pope, the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_exhortation" title="Apostolic exhortation">apostolic exhortation</a> <a href="/wiki/Evangelii_gaudium" title="Evangelii gaudium">Evangelii gaudium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a> which he described as the programmatic of his papacy.<a href="#cite_note-National_Catholic_Reporter-2013-230">[226]</a> On 18 June 2015, he published his first own, original encyclical <a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a> concerning care for the planet.<a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a> On 8 April 2016, Francis published his second apostolic exhortation, <a href="/wiki/Amoris_laetitia" title="Amoris laetitia">Amoris laetitia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Amoris_laetitia-232">[228]</a> remarking on love within the family. Controversy arose at the end of 2016 when four cardinals formally asked Francis for clarifications, particularly on the issue of giving communion to divorced and civilly remarried Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Motu_proprio" title="Motu proprio">motu proprios</a> include Ai nostri tempi and De concordia inter codices. Francis issued another titled <a href="/wiki/Maiorem_hac_dilectionem" title="Maiorem hac dilectionem">Maiorem hac dilectionem</a> which created a new path toward canonization for certain causes. Francis established two new Secretariats (top-level departments) in the Roman Curia: the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_the_Economy" title="Secretariat for the Economy">Secretariat for the Economy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Communications">Secretariat for Communications</a>. He <a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_nullity_trial_reforms_of_Pope_Francis" title="Matrimonial nullity trial reforms of Pope Francis">simplified</a> the process for declaring <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_nullity" title="Declaration of nullity">matrimonial nullity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-trials-234">[230]</a> On 8 December 2017, Francis signed a new apostolic constitution on ecclesiastical universities and faculties <a href="/wiki/Veritatis_gaudium" title="Veritatis gaudium">Veritatis gaudium</a>, published 29 January 2018.<a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a> A further Apostolic Exhortation, <a href="/wiki/Gaudete_et_exsultate" title="Gaudete et exsultate">Gaudete et exsultate</a> (Rejoice and be glad), was published on 19 March 2018, dealing with "the <a href="/wiki/Universal_call_to_holiness" title="Universal call to holiness">call to holiness</a> in today's world" for all persons. He counters contemporary versions of the <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">gnostic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagian</a> <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heresies</a> and describes how Jesus's beatitudes call people to "go against the flow".<a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a> In February 2019, Francis acknowledged that priests and bishops were sexually abusing <a href="/wiki/Religious_sister_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious sister (Catholic)">religious sisters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a> He addressed this and the <a href="/wiki/Clergy_sex_abuse_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Clergy sex abuse scandal">clergy sex abuse scandal</a> by convening a summit on clergy sexual abuse in Rome 21–24 February 2019.<a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a> As a follow-up to that summit, on 9 May 2019 Francis <a href="/wiki/Promulgated" class="mw-redirect" title="Promulgated">promulgated</a> the <a href="/wiki/Motu_proprio" title="Motu proprio">motu proprio</a> <a href="/wiki/Vos_estis_lux_mundi" title="Vos estis lux mundi">Vos estis lux mundi</a> which specified responsibilities, including reporting directly to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> on bishops and on one's superior, while simultaneously involving another bishop in the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese">archdiocese</a> of the accused bishop.<a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a> On 30 September 2020, he published the apostolic letter <a href="/wiki/Scripturae_sacrae_affectus" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripturae sacrae affectus">Scripturae sacrae affectus</a> to celebrate the 16th centenary of the death of <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[237]</a> On 4 October 2020, on the feast of St. Francis of Assisi, Francis published the encyclical <a href="/wiki/Fratelli_tutti" title="Fratelli tutti">Fratelli tutti</a> on fraternity and social friendship, using St. Francis's own words to describe our universal brotherhood and sisterhood.<a href="#cite_note-Pentin-2020-242">[238]</a> On 8 December 2020, on the Feast of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a>, Pope Francis published the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_letter#Letters_of_the_popes_in_modern_times" title="Ecclesiastical letter">apostolic letter</a> Patris corde ("With a Father's Heart").<a href="#cite_note-243">[239]</a> To mark the occasion, the Pope proclaimed a "Year of Saint Joseph" from 8 December 2020, to 8 December 2021 on the 150th Anniversary of the Proclamation of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Saint Joseph</a> as <a href="/wiki/Patron" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron">Patron</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Universal Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a> On 1 June 2021, Francis published the apostolic constitution <a href="/wiki/Pascite_gregem_Dei" title="Pascite gregem Dei">Pascite gregem Dei</a>. The document reformed Vatican penal law by strengthening the penalties for sexual abuse and financial crimes; it also more harshly punishing the ordination of women.<a href="#cite_note-Giangravé-245">[241]</a> Francis issued the motu proprio <a href="/wiki/Traditionis_custodes" title="Traditionis custodes">Traditionis custodes</a> on 16 July 2021. The document abrogated the permissions for the celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> previously established by Benedict XVI in the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Summorum_Pontificum" title="Summorum Pontificum">Summorum Pontificum</a>, with Traditionis custodes instituting increased restrictions on the use of the 1962 <a href="/wiki/Roman_Missal" title="Roman Missal">Roman Missal</a>. Pope Francis stated in a letter accompanying the motu proprio that emphasizing the <a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Mass of Paul VI</a> would bring "unity I intend to re-establish throughout the Church of the Roman Rite".<a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a> On 11 February, Pope Francis met with two priests from the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_Fraternity_of_Saint_Peter" title="Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter">Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter</a> (FSSP) and reassured them that Traditionis Custodes did not affect their community and gave them permission, in writing, to use all the liturgical books of 1962. He also implied that Traditionis Custodes did not apply to all traditional Catholic communities, not just the FSSP.<a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecumenism_and_interreligious_dialogue">Ecumenism and interreligious dialogue</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism_and_interreligious_dialogue_of_Pope_Francis" title="Ecumenism and interreligious dialogue of Pope Francis">Ecumenism and interreligious dialogue of Pope Francis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamps_of_Azerbaijan,_2016-1283s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Stamps_of_Azerbaijan%2C_2016-1283s.jpg/220px-Stamps_of_Azerbaijan%2C_2016-1283s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Stamps_of_Azerbaijan%2C_2016-1283s.jpg/330px-Stamps_of_Azerbaijan%2C_2016-1283s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Stamps_of_Azerbaijan%2C_2016-1283s.jpg/440px-Stamps_of_Azerbaijan%2C_2016-1283s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>The stamp is dedicated to the pastoral visit of Francis to Azerbaijan on 2 October 2016.</figcaption></figure> Pope Francis upheld the Second Vatican Council's tradition by promoting <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenism</a> with other <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a>, encouraging dialogue with other religions, and supporting peace with secular individuals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clerical_titles">Clerical titles</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Francis#Clericalism" title="Theology of Pope Francis">Theology of Pope Francis § Clericalism</a></div> In January 2014, Francis said that he would appoint fewer <a href="/wiki/Monsignor" title="Monsignor">monsignors</a> and only assign those honoured to the lowest of the three surviving ranks of monsignor, <a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_His_Holiness" title="Chaplain of His Holiness">chaplain of His Holiness</a>. It would be awarded only to <a href="/wiki/Diocesan_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocesan priest">diocesan priests</a> at least 65 years old. During his 15 years as archbishop of Buenos Aires, Francis never sought the title for any of his priests. It is believed he associates it with clerical careerism and hierarchy, though he did not apply this restriction to clergy working in the Roman Curia or diplomatic corps, where careerism is an even greater concern.<a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canonizations_and_beatifications">Canonizations and beatifications</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_canonized_by_Pope_Francis" title="List of saints canonized by Pope Francis">List of saints canonized by Pope Francis</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_beatified_by_Pope_Francis" title="List of people beatified by Pope Francis">List of people beatified by Pope Francis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_declared_venerable_by_Pope_Francis" title="List of people declared venerable by Pope Francis">List of people declared venerable by Pope Francis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canonization_2014-_The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_(14036831824).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Canonization_2014-_The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036831824%29.jpg/220px-Canonization_2014-_The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036831824%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Canonization_2014-_The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036831824%29.jpg/330px-Canonization_2014-_The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036831824%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Canonization_2014-_The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036831824%29.jpg/440px-Canonization_2014-_The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036831824%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3225" data-file-height="2216" /></a><figcaption>Francis on the occasion of the <a href="/wiki/Canonization_of_Pope_John_XXIII_and_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Canonization of Pope John XXIII and Pope John Paul II">canonization of John XXIII and John Paul II</a> on 27 April 2014</figcaption></figure> Francis presided over the first canonizations of his pontificate on 12 May 2013 in which he canonized the <a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Otranto" title="Martyrs of Otranto">Martyrs of Otranto</a>. Antonio Primaldo and his 812 companions who had been <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_Otranto" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of Otranto">executed by the Ottomans</a> in 1480,<a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Religious_sister_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious sister (Catholic)">religious sisters</a> <a href="/wiki/Laura_Montoya" title="Laura Montoya">Laura of St. Catherine of Siena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Guadalupe_Garc%C3%ADa_Zavala" title="María Guadalupe García Zavala">María Guadalupe García Zavala</a> – in this first canonization he surpassed the <a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_canonized_by_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="List of saints canonized by Pope John Paul II">record of Pope John Paul II</a> in canonizing the most saints in a pontificate.<a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-2013-209">[205]</a> Francis approved the <a href="/wiki/Equipollent_canonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Equipollent canonization">equipollent canonization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Angela_of_Foligno" title="Angela of Foligno">Angela of Foligno</a> the following 9 October and then the Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Peter_Faber" title="Peter Faber">Peter Faber</a> the following 17 December.<a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a> The pope approved further equipollent canonizations on 3 April 2014 for the Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Anchieta" class="mw-redirect" title="José de Anchieta">José de Anchieta</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Ursulines" title="Ursulines">Ursuline</a> nun <a href="/wiki/Marie_of_the_Incarnation_(Ursuline)" title="Marie of the Incarnation (Ursuline)">Marie of the Incarnation</a> and bishop <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laval" title="François de Laval">François de Laval</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[248]</a> Francis canonized his two predecessors John XXIII and John Paul II on 27 April 2014 and canonized six additional saints the following 23 November.<a href="#cite_note-253">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[250]</a> The pope canonized <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vaz" title="Joseph Vaz">Joseph Vaz</a> on his visit to Sri Lanka on 14 January 2015 and canonized a further four saints on the following 17 May; he canonized Junípero Serra on 23 September while visiting the United States and then canonized four saints on 18 October including the <a href="/wiki/Louis_Martin_and_Marie-Az%C3%A9lie_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Louis Martin and Marie-Azélie Guérin">first married couple</a> to be named as saints.<a href="#cite_note-255">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[254]</a> Francis canonized <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Hesselblad" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth Hesselblad">Maria Elisabeth Hesselblad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_Papczy%C5%84ski" title="Stanislaus Papczyński">Stanislaus Papczyński</a> on 5 June 2016 and then canonized <a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Teresa of Calcutta">Teresa of Calcutta</a> on 4 September; he canonized seven additional saints on 16 October.<a href="#cite_note-259">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[257]</a> The pope canonized the two child visionaries <a href="/wiki/Francisco_and_Jacinta_Marto" title="Francisco and Jacinta Marto">Francisco and Jacinta Marto</a> during his visit to Fátima in mid-2017 and canonized 35 additional saints on 15 October.<a href="#cite_note-262">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[259]</a> Francis recognized seven saints, including his predecessor Pope Paul VI and <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a>, on 14 October 2018.<a href="#cite_note-264">[260]</a> Francis later confirmed the equipollent canonization for <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_of_Braga" title="Bartholomew of Braga">Bartholomew of Braga</a> in mid-2019.<a href="#cite_note-265">[261]</a> On 13 October 2019, Francis canonized five new saints, including Cardinal <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[262]</a> The pope confirmed the equipollent canonization for <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Castello" title="Margaret of Castello">Margherita della Metola</a> on 24 April 2021.<a href="#cite_note-267">[263]</a> The pope has also continued the practice of having beatifications celebrated in the place of the individual's origin though has presided over beatifications himself on three occasions: for <a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Paul Yun Ji-Chung and 123 companions</a> on 16 August 2014, his predecessor Pope Paul VI on 19 October 2014, and two Colombian martyrs on 8 September 2017.<a href="#cite_note-268">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[266]</a> The pope has approved beatifications for a range of men and women including the likes of <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_del_Portillo" title="Álvaro del Portillo">Álvaro del Portillo</a> of <a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a> (27 September 2014), the martyred archbishop Óscar Romero (23 May 2015), the prominent Polish cardinal <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Wyszy%C5%84ski" title="Stefan Wyszyński">Stefan Wyszyński</a> (12 September 2021), and several large groups of <a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Spanish martyrs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[267]</a> Francis also confirmed his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">John Paul I</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Venerable" class="mw-redirect" title="Venerable">Venerable</a> on 8 November 2017,<a href="#cite_note-272">[268]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a> on 4 September 2022.<a href="#cite_note-273">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doctors_of_the_Church">Doctors of the Church</h3></div> Francis declared two new <a href="/wiki/Doctors_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctors of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Saint Gregory of Narek</a> as the 36th Doctor of the Church (conferred in 2015 with delegations from the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> present),<a href="#cite_note-274">[270]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Saint Irenaeus of Lyon</a> as the 37th Doctor of the Church (conferred in 2022).<a href="#cite_note-Esteves2022-275">[271]</a> Francis also conferred upon Irenaeus the supplementary title Doctor unitatis ("Doctor of Unity").<a href="#cite_note-Esteves2022-275">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consistories">Consistories</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_Francis" title="Cardinals created by Francis">Cardinals created by Francis</a></div> As of March 2024, Francis had, over the 11 years of his papacy, created 142 cardinals from 70 nations across nine <a href="/wiki/Papal_consistory" title="Papal consistory">consistories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gagliarducci2024-276">[272]</a> He held his first consistory in February 2014, a rare occasion in which he publicly appeared with his predecessor, Benedict XVI.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-277">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[274]</a> As of early 2023, the cardinals created by Francis, 113 were under the age of eighty, and thus eligible to vote for the pope at a <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">papal conclave</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gagliarducci2024-276">[272]</a> There were at that point 94 cardinal-electors created by Francis, 27 created by Benedict XVI, and eight created by John Paul II.<a href="#cite_note-Gagliarducci2024-276">[272]</a> Francis' appointments made the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> less European-dominated.<a href="#cite_note-Diamant-279">[275]</a> Of cardinals appointed by Francis, 22 were based in countries that had never before had a cardinal.<a href="#cite_note-Gagliarducci2024-276">[272]</a> In 2023, Europe accounted for 39% of voting-age cardinals (down from 52% in 2013) and North America accounted for 10% of voting-age cardinals (down from 12% in 2013).<a href="#cite_note-Diamant-279">[275]</a> Other regions of the world increased: the <a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a> accounted for 18% of voting-age cardinals (up from 9% and 16%, respectively, in 2013).<a href="#cite_note-Diamant-279">[275]</a> Francis appointed many cardinals from <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>, including some of the world's poorest, and from countries on the peripheries of the church.<a href="#cite_note-Reese2023Conclave-280">[276]</a> He raised to the cardinalate <a href="/wiki/Chibly_Langlois" title="Chibly Langlois">Chibly Langlois</a> from Haiti and <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Ou%C3%A9draogo_(bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe Ouédraogo (bishop)">Philippe Nakellentuba Ouedraogo</a> from Burkina Faso (in 2014),<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-277">[273]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maung_Bo" title="Charles Maung Bo">Charles Maung Bo</a> of Myanmar and <a href="/wiki/Soane_Patita_Paini_Mafi" title="Soane Patita Paini Mafi">Soane Patita Paini Mafi</a> of Tonga (in 2015),<a href="#cite_note-281">[277]</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_D%27Rozario" title="Patrick D'Rozario">Patrick D'Rozario</a> from Bangladesh and <a href="/wiki/Dieudonn%C3%A9_Nzapalainga" title="Dieudonné Nzapalainga">Dieudonné Nzapalainga</a> from the Central African Republic (in 2018).<a href="#cite_note-282">[278]</a> In a 2020 consistory,<a href="#cite_note-25October2020-283">[279]</a> the pope appointed the first cardinals from <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, as well as the first <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> cardinal (<a href="/wiki/Wilton_Daniel_Gregory" title="Wilton Daniel Gregory">Wilton Daniel Gregory</a>), the first <a href="/wiki/Conventual_Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conventual Franciscan">Conventual Franciscan</a> in almost 160 years (<a href="/wiki/Mauro_Gambetti" title="Mauro Gambetti">Mauro Gambetti</a>), and the first cardinal from <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a> since 1801 (<a href="/wiki/Augusto_Paolo_Lojudice" title="Augusto Paolo Lojudice">Augusto Paolo Lojudice</a>).<a href="#cite_note-284">[280]</a> Compared to his predecessors, Francis made fewer appointments of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> officials to the cardinalate. At the 2013 conclave that elected Francis pope, 35% of cardinals were from the Curia; by late 2023, Curia officials made up just under 23% of cardinal-electors.<a href="#cite_note-Reese2023Conclave-280">[276]</a> This was part of a general trend under Francis to a more decentralized church.<a href="#cite_note-285">[281]</a> Compared to his predecessor Benedict, who preferred to appoint academically inclined churchmen as cardinal, Francis favored cardinals with a more pastoral focus,<a href="#cite_note-Reese2023Conclave-280">[276]</a> especially those known for a focus on the poor and marginalized, such as refugees and the homeless.<a href="#cite_note-286">[282]</a> Francis dropped the traditional custom of always appointing the archbishops of certain historically prominent <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">sees</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Venice" title="Patriarch of Venice">Patriarch of Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Milan">Archbishop of Milan</a>) as cardinals.<a href="#cite_note-Reese2023Conclave-280">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Year_of_Mercy">Year of Mercy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_Jubilee_of_Mercy" title="Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy">Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Szent%C3%A9v_kapuj%C3%A1nak_megnyit%C3%A1sa_2015_-_Opening_of_the_Holy_Door_2015_4.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/A_Szent%C3%A9v_kapuj%C3%A1nak_megnyit%C3%A1sa_2015_-_Opening_of_the_Holy_Door_2015_4.jpeg/190px-A_Szent%C3%A9v_kapuj%C3%A1nak_megnyit%C3%A1sa_2015_-_Opening_of_the_Holy_Door_2015_4.jpeg" decoding="async" width="190" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/A_Szent%C3%A9v_kapuj%C3%A1nak_megnyit%C3%A1sa_2015_-_Opening_of_the_Holy_Door_2015_4.jpeg/285px-A_Szent%C3%A9v_kapuj%C3%A1nak_megnyit%C3%A1sa_2015_-_Opening_of_the_Holy_Door_2015_4.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/A_Szent%C3%A9v_kapuj%C3%A1nak_megnyit%C3%A1sa_2015_-_Opening_of_the_Holy_Door_2015_4.jpeg/380px-A_Szent%C3%A9v_kapuj%C3%A1nak_megnyit%C3%A1sa_2015_-_Opening_of_the_Holy_Door_2015_4.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Francis opens the <a href="/wiki/Holy_door" title="Holy door">Holy Door</a>, marking the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_Jubilee_of_Mercy" title="Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy">Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy</a>.</figcaption></figure> With his April 2015 <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> of indiction, Misericordiae Vultus (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: "The Face of <a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">Mercy</a>"), Francis inaugurated a Special <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilee (Christianity)">Jubilee Year</a> of Mercy, to run from 8 December 2015, <a href="/wiki/Solemnity" title="Solemnity">Solemnity</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Blessed Virgin Mary</a>, to the last Sunday before <a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a> and the Solemnity of the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Christ_the_King" title="Feast of Christ the King">Feast of Christ the King</a> of the Universe on 20 November 2016. The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Door" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Door">Holy Doors</a> of the major basilicas of Rome (including the Great Door of St. Peter's) were opened, and special "Doors of Mercy" were opened at cathedrals and other major churches around the world, where the faithful can earn indulgences by fulfilling the usual conditions of prayer for the pope's intentions, confession, and detachment from sin, and communion.<a href="#cite_note-opening-287">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[284]</a> During Lent of that year, special 24-hour penance services will be celebrated, and during the year, special qualified and experienced priests called "Missionaries of Mercy" will be available in every diocese to forgive even severe, special-case sins normally reserved to the Holy See's <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Penitentiary" title="Apostolic Penitentiary">Apostolic Penitentiary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Misericordiae-289">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-time-290">[286]</a> Francis established the <a href="/wiki/World_Day_of_the_Poor" title="World Day of the Poor">World Day of the Poor</a> in his Apostolic Letter, Misericordia et Misera, issued on 20 November 2016 to celebrate the end of the Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy.<a href="#cite_note-291">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19_pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City">COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City</a></div> During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, Francis cancelled his regular <a href="/wiki/Papal_audience" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal audience">general audiences</a> at <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">St. Peter's Square</a> to prevent crowds from gathering and spreading the virus, which <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">seriously affected Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-293">[289]</a> He encouraged priests to visit patients and health workers;<a href="#cite_note-294">[290]</a> urged the faithful not to forget the poor during the time of crisis;<a href="#cite_note-295">[291]</a> offered prayers for people with the virus in China;<a href="#cite_note-296">[292]</a> and invoked the Blessed Virgin Mary under her title <a href="/wiki/Salus_Populi_Romani" title="Salus Populi Romani">Salus Populi Romani</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese of Rome</a> observed a period of prayer and fasting in recognition of the victims.<a href="#cite_note-297">[293]</a> The pontiff reacted with displeasure on 13 March 2020, at the news that the Vicar General had closed all churches in the Diocese of Rome. Despite <a href="/wiki/2020_Italy_coronavirus_lockdown" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Italy coronavirus lockdown">Italy being under a quarantine lockdown</a>, Francis pleaded "not to leave the ... people alone" and worked to partially reverse the closures. On 20 March 2020, Francis asked the <a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_Promoting_Integral_Human_Development" title="Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development">Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development (DPIHD)</a> to create a <a href="/wiki/Vatican_COVID-19_Commission" title="Vatican COVID-19 Commission">Vatican COVID-19 Commission</a> to express the church's concern for the crisis generated by the COVID-19 pandemic and propose responses to the potential socio-economic challenges deriving from it.<a href="#cite_note-298">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[295]</a> On 27 March, Francis gave an extraordinary benediction <a href="/wiki/Urbi_et_Orbi" title="Urbi et Orbi">Urbi et Orbi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-300">[296]</a> In his homily on <a href="/wiki/Calming_the_storm" title="Calming the storm">calming the storm</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a>, Francis described the setting: "Dense darkness has thickened on our squares, streets and cities; it looks over our lives filling everything with a deafening silence and a desolate void that paralyzes everything in its passage: you can feel it in the air, you can feel it in your gestures. ...In the face of suffering, where the true development of our peoples is measured, we discover and experience the priestly prayer of Jesus: 'may all be one'."<a href="#cite_note-301">[297]</a> Francis maintains getting <a href="/wiki/COVID_vaccination" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID vaccination">COVID vaccination</a> is a moral obligation. Francis stated that people had a responsibility to look after themselves, "and this translates into respect for the health of those around us. Health care is a moral obligation."<a href="#cite_note-302">[298]</a> In response to the <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">economic harm</a> created by the COVID-19 pandemic, Francis stated that now is the time to consider implementing a <a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">universal basic wage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-303">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_penalty">Death penalty</h3></div> Francis has <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_capital_punishment" title="Catholic Church and capital punishment">committed the Catholic Church</a> to the worldwide abolition of the death penalty in any circumstance.<a href="#cite_note-Brockhaus-2018-304">[300]</a> In 2018, Francis revised the <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> to read that "in the light of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a>" the death penalty is "inadmissible because it is an attack on the inviolability and <a href="/wiki/Human_dignity" class="mw-redirect" title="Human dignity">dignity of the person</a>" and that the Catholic Church "works with determination for its abolition worldwide".<a href="#cite_note-Brockhaus-2018-304">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harlan-2018-305">[301]</a> In his 2020 encyclical <a href="/wiki/Fratelli_tutti" title="Fratelli tutti">Fratelli tutti</a>, Francis repeated that the death penalty is "inadmissible" and that "there can be no stepping back from this position".<a href="#cite_note-Pentin-2020a-306">[302]</a> On 9 January 2022, Pope Francis stated in his annual speech to Vatican ambassadors: "The death penalty cannot be employed for a purported state justice, since it does not constitute a deterrent nor render justice to victims, but only fuels the thirst for vengeance".<a href="#cite_note-Pullella-2023-12">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_women">Role of women</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Women in the Catholic Church">Women in the Catholic Church</a></div> Francis has categorically rejected the <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women" title="Ordination of women">ordination of women</a> as priests.<a href="#cite_note-Horowitz-2023-17">[15]</a> Early in his papacy, he initiated dialogue on the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Deaconesses" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaconesses">deaconesses</a>, creating in 2016 a <a href="/wiki/Study_Commission_on_the_Women%27s_Diaconate" title="Study Commission on the Women's Diaconate">Study Commission on the Women's Diaconate</a> to research the role of female deacons in early Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-307">[303]</a> Its report was not made public,<a href="#cite_note-Dulle-308">[304]</a> but Francis said in 2019 that the commission issued a split report and was unable to come to a consensus.<a href="#cite_note-SplitRpt-309">[305]</a> In April 2020, Francis empaneled a new commission, led by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Petrocchi" title="Giuseppe Petrocchi">Giuseppe Petrocchi</a> and with an entirely new membership, to study the issue.<a href="#cite_note-310">[306]</a> Francis delayed a decision on the issue for several years.<a href="#cite_note-Horowitz-2023-17">[15]</a> In interviews in late 2023 and 2024, he appeared to reject the idea of women deacons, saying that "<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">holy orders</a> is reserved for men."<a href="#cite_note-CNA2023-311">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dulle-308">[304]</a> Francis said that "the fact that the woman does not access ministerial life is not a deprivation, because her place is much more important"<a href="#cite_note-CNA2023-311">[307]</a> and that women had a <a href="/wiki/Charism" class="mw-redirect" title="Charism">charism</a> separate from "the ministerial way."<a href="#cite_note-Dulle-308">[304]</a> In January 2021, Francis issued a <a href="/wiki/Spiritus_Domini_(Pope_Francis)" title="Spiritus Domini (Pope Francis)">Spiritus Domini</a>, allowing bishops to institute women to the ministries of <a href="/wiki/Acolyte" title="Acolyte">acolyte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reader_(liturgy)" title="Reader (liturgy)">lector</a>. While these instituted ministries were previously reserved to men, Catholic women already carried out these duties without institution in most of the world. Francis wrote that these <a href="/wiki/Christian_ministry" title="Christian ministry">ministries</a> are fundamentally distinct from those reserved to ordained clergy.<a href="#cite_note-312">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mares-2021-313">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[310]</a> The following month, Francis appointed women to several positions previously held only by men: a French member of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Xavi%C3%A8res" title="Congregation of Xavières">Xaviere Missionary Sisters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathalie_Becquart" title="Nathalie Becquart">Nathalie Becquart</a>, was appointed co-undersecretary of the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a>, and Italian magistrate <a href="/wiki/Catia_Summaria" title="Catia Summaria">Catia Summaria</a> became the first woman Promoter of Justice in the Vatican's Court of Appeals.<a href="#cite_note-315">[311]</a> In April 2023, Francis announced that 35 women would be allowed to vote at the <a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Ordinary_General_Assembly_of_the_Synod_of_Bishops" title="Sixteenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops">Sixteenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops</a> (making up "just over 10 percent" of all voters),<a href="#cite_note-316">[312]</a> marking the first time women are allowed to vote at any Catholic Synod of Bishops.<a href="#cite_note-317">[313]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_corruption">Financial corruption</h3></div> Francis was mandated by electing cardinals to sort out Vatican finances following scandals during the papacies of Pope Benedict and Pope John Paul II. He stated he is determined to end corruption in the Catholic Church but is not very optimistic due to it being a human problem dating back centuries.<a href="#cite_note-318">[314]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apologies_toward_Indigenous_peoples">Apologies toward Indigenous peoples</h3></div> Early in 2022, Francis expressed "shame and sorrow" for the Catholic Church's role in abuses against the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous peoples in Canada</a> and "the lack of respect" toward indigenous cultures.<a href="#cite_note-Neuman2022-319">[315]</a> Late, in July 2022, Francis <a href="/wiki/Visit_by_Pope_Francis_to_Canada" title="Visit by Pope Francis to Canada">made an apostolic journey</a> to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Canada" title="Catholic Church in Canada">Canada</a>, where he expressed sorrow, indignation, and shame over the church's abuse of Canadian indigenous children in <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">residential schools</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-2022-320">[316]</a> Francis described the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Canada" title="Catholic Church in Canada">Canadian Catholic Church</a>'s role as compromising a "<a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">cultural genocide</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Horowitz-2022-16">[14]</a> He apologized for the church's role in "projects of cultural destruction" and forced <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural assimilation of indigenous peoples">assimilation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-2022-320">[316]</a> Near the former Ermineskin Indian Residential School, the site of several <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_gravesites" title="Canadian Indian residential school gravesites">unmarked graves</a>, Francis said: "I humbly beg forgiveness for the evil committed by so many Christians against the Indigenous peoples."<a href="#cite_note-Neuman2022-319">[315]</a> He visited the <a href="/wiki/Ermineskin_Cree_Nation" title="Ermineskin Cree Nation">Ermineskin Cree Nation</a>'s cemetery at its <a href="/wiki/Ermineskin_138" title="Ermineskin 138">Maskwacis reservation</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Neuman2022-319">[315]</a> Francis promised a serious investigation into the history of abuse.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-2022-320">[316]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_abuse_response">Sexual abuse response</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Catholic Church sexual abuse cases</a></div> In 2010, then-Cardinal Bergoglio commissioned a study which concluded that Father <a href="/wiki/Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Grassi" title="Julio César Grassi">Julio César Grassi</a>, a priest convicted of child sexual abuse, was innocent, that his victims were lying, and that the case against him never should have gone to trial.<a href="#cite_note-study-321">[317]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Argentina" title="Supreme Court of Argentina">Supreme Court of Argentina</a> upheld the conviction and 15-year prison sentence against Grassi in March 2017.<a href="#cite_note-study-321">[317]</a> Early in his papacy, Francis chosen a more lenient sentence for Mauro Inzoli, an Italian priest accused of child sexual abuse.<a href="#cite_note-Ide2017-322">[318]</a> A church tribunal had ruled that Inzoli should be <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_clerical_state" title="Loss of clerical state">laicized</a> (defrocked),<a href="#cite_note-Pullella2017Admit-323">[319]</a> and he was defrocked in 2012 by Francis's predecessor Benedict.<a href="#cite_note-Ide2017-322">[318]</a> Francis, however, reversed this decision in 2014; Francis agreed with the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Crema" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Crema">bishop of Crema</a> that Inzoli should remain a priest but be removed from public ministry and ordered to retire to "a life of prayer and humble discretion."<a href="#cite_note-Ide2017-322">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pullella2017Admit-323">[319]</a> Izoli was convicted of sexually abusing children in Italian civil court in 2016, and sentenced to prison.<a href="#cite_note-Ide2017-322">[318]</a> In unscripted remarks to the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_the_Protection_of_Minors" title="Pontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors">Pontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors</a> in September 2017, Francis admitted that he mishandled the Inzoli case, saying that as a new pope, "I did not understand these things well and chose the more benevolent of the two sentences but after two years the priest had a relapse. I learned from this."<a href="#cite_note-Pullella2017Admit-323">[319]</a> In the same remarks, he that the church "arrived late" in dealing with sexual abuse cases.<a href="#cite_note-Pullella2017Admit-323">[319]</a> In 2015, Francis was criticized for supporting Chilean bishop <a href="/wiki/Juan_Barros" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Barros">Juan Barros</a>, who was accused of covering up <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases_in_Chile" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases in Chile">Catholic Church sexual abuse cases in Chile</a>, including crimes committed against minors.<a href="#cite_note-324">[320]</a> In 2018, Francis acknowledged he had made "grave errors" in judgement about Barros, apologized to the victims and launched a Vatican investigation that resulted in the resignation of three Chilean bishops: Barros, <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Duarte_Garc%C3%ADa_de_Cort%C3%A1zar" title="Gonzalo Duarte García de Cortázar">Gonzalo Duarte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cristi%C3%A1n_Caro_Cordero" title="Cristián Caro Cordero">Cristián Caro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-325">[321]</a> In 2019, Francis defrocked <a href="/wiki/Theodore_McCarrick" title="Theodore McCarrick">Theodore McCarrick</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Washington" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington">archbishop of Washington</a>, who maintained a prominent position in the church for decades despite repeated reports of sexual misconduct against him dating back to the 1980s. In 2017, after renewed allegations against McCarrick, Francis commissioned a Vatican investigation, which found that McCarrick had sexually molested both adults and minors.<a href="#cite_note-WinfieldNov2020-326">[322]</a> In July 2018, McCarrick resigned from the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a>; in October 2018, Francis ordered a review of the Church's "institutional knowledge and decision-making" related to McCarrick.<a href="#cite_note-McCarrickReport-327">[323]</a> Francis authorized the release, in November 2020, of the 449-page report of the Vatican's two-year investigation into McCarrick's career, based on a review of documents and interviews with more than 90 people.<a href="#cite_note-McCarrickReport-327">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-WinfieldNov2020-326">[322]</a> The report largely faulted <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>, who appointed McCarrick as archbishop in 2000 and accepted the churchman's denials of sexual abuse, despite multiple reports.<a href="#cite_note-WinfieldNov2020-326">[322]</a> The report also found that <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> placed informal restrictions on McCarrick, but these were never enforced, and Benedict did not investigate or formally sanction McCarrick even after he disregarded those informal restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-WinfieldNov2020-326">[322]</a> The report concluded that Francis, before 2017, "had heard only that there had been allegations and rumors related to immoral conduct with adults occurring prior to McCarrick's appointment to Washington" and continued the approach of his predecessors John Paul and Benedict.<a href="#cite_note-WinfieldNov2020-326">[322]</a> Francis convened a four-day summit on sexual abuse in February 2019, organized by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Zollner" title="Hans Zollner">Hans Zollner</a>; some abuse survivors expressed disappointment that the summit did not result in concrete rules on abuse prevention, responses to abuse, and Church cooperation with law enforcement authorities.<a href="#cite_note-328">[324]</a> In December 2019, Francis abolished the "<a href="/wiki/Pontifical_secrecy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical secrecy">pontifical secrecy</a>" privilege in sexual abuse cases, clarifying that bishops do not need authorization from the Vatican to turn over to materials from canonical trials upon request of civil law enforcement authorities.<a href="#cite_note-Giangravé-245">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chakraborty-329">[325]</a> The liftng of the confidentiality rule was praised by victim advocates, but did not require the Church to affirmatively turn over canonical documents to civil authorities.<a href="#cite_note-Giangravé-245">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chakraborty-329">[325]</a> In November 2021, Francis thanked journalists for their work uncovering child sexual abuse scandals in the church, thanking journalists also for "helping us not to sweep it under the carpet, and for the voice you have given to the abuse victims".<a href="#cite_note-330">[326]</a> In November 2022, French Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Ricard" title="Jean-Pierre Ricard">Jean-Pierre Ricard</a> admitted to having sexually abused a 14-year-old girl in the 1980s in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>. Ricard (who was named as cardinal by Benedict XVI in 2006<a href="#cite_note-331">[327]</a>) said that he committed "reprehensible" acts with the girl while he was a priest. French authorities opened an investigation into the case while Francis commented that now that "everything is clearer [...] more cases like this shouldn't surprise [anyone]", and added condemnation for sexual abuse, saying it's "against priestly nature, and also against social nature".<a href="#cite_note-332">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[329]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis%27s_visit_to_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Francis's visit to Ireland">Francis visited Ireland in 2018</a>, marking the first papal tour of the country since <a href="/wiki/Visit_by_Pope_John_Paul_II_to_Ireland" title="Visit by Pope John Paul II to Ireland">John Paul II's historic trip in 1979</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[330]</a> He apologized for sexual abuses by clergy in the United States and Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-335">[331]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="G7">G7</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/50th_G7_summit" title="50th G7 summit">50th G7 summit</a></div> During his speech at the G7 forum in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, he stressed that humanity is in great danger, due to the wars that are taking place such as the war in <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">in Gaza</a>, the excessive use of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> that is posing a risk to jobs in the world, and reproductive practices without mentioning <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>. Pope Francis made history as the first pontiff to participate in the G7, a meeting of leaders of the largest economies in the world.<a href="#cite_note-336">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[335]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memoir">Memoir</h3></div> On 16 October 2024, it was revealed that Pope Francis would be the first sitting pontiff to write and publish an memoir, which will be titled Hope. The English versions of the memoir's book and audiobook will be published by <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Random_House" title="Penguin Random House">Penguin Random House</a> on 14 January 2025.<a href="#cite_note-340">[336]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modifying_papal_funeral_and_burial_requirements">Modifying papal funeral and burial requirements</h3></div> On 20 November 2024, Francis modified papal funeral rites in order to make his funeral rites similar to that of a bishop.<a href="#cite_note-funeralandburial-341">[337]</a> He also modified the papal burial requirements to no longer include the traditional three coffins of cypress, lead, and oak, opting to instead be buried in a simple wooden casket.<a href="#cite_note-funeralandburial-341">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-woodencasketoutsidevatican-342">[338]</a> Pope Francis will also be the first Pope since <a href="/wiki/Leo_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a> to be buried outside the Vatican.<a href="#cite_note-woodencasketoutsidevatican-342">[338]</a> Plans were previously made to bury Pope Francis in Rome's <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Santa Maria Maggiore</a> basilica.<a href="#cite_note-343">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[340]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theological_emphases_and_teachings">Theological emphases and teachings</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Francis" title="Theology of Pope Francis">Theology of Pope Francis</a></div> In Evangelii gaudium Francis revealed what would be the emphases of his pontificate: a missionary impulse among all Catholics, sharing the faith more actively, avoiding worldliness and more visibly living the gospel of God's mercy, and helping the poor and working for <a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">social justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-345">[341]</a> Since 2016, criticism against Francis by theological conservatives has intensified.<a href="#cite_note-Pepinster-2017-346">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-Winfield-2017-347">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schneider-2017-348">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brown-2017-349">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2017-350">[346]</a> One commentator has described the conservative resistance against Francis as "unique in its visibility" in recent church history.<a href="#cite_note-351">[347]</a> Some have explained the level of disagreement as due to his going beyond theoretical principles to pastoral discernment.<a href="#cite_note-352">[348]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evangelization">Evangelization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Francis#The_Church's_mission" title="Theology of Pope Francis">Theology of Pope Francis § The Church's mission</a></div> From his first major letter <a href="/wiki/Evangelii_gaudium" title="Evangelii gaudium">Evangelii gaudium</a> (Joy to the World), Francis called for "a missionary and pastoral conversion" whereby the laity would fully share in the missionary task of the church.<a href="#cite_note-National_Catholic_Reporter-2013-230">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[349]</a> Then in his letter on the call of all to the same holiness, <a href="/wiki/Gaudete_et_exsultate" title="Gaudete et exsultate">Gaudete et exsultate</a>, Francis describes holiness as "an impulse to evangelize and to leave a mark in this world".<a href="#cite_note-354">[350]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_governance">Church governance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Francis#Church_governance" title="Theology of Pope Francis">Theology of Pope Francis § Church governance</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%BCsseldorf_Rosenmontag_2014_IMG_1350_(12915484354).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/D%C3%BCsseldorf_Rosenmontag_2014_IMG_1350_%2812915484354%29.jpg/259px-D%C3%BCsseldorf_Rosenmontag_2014_IMG_1350_%2812915484354%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="259" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/D%C3%BCsseldorf_Rosenmontag_2014_IMG_1350_%2812915484354%29.jpg/389px-D%C3%BCsseldorf_Rosenmontag_2014_IMG_1350_%2812915484354%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/D%C3%BCsseldorf_Rosenmontag_2014_IMG_1350_%2812915484354%29.jpg/518px-D%C3%BCsseldorf_Rosenmontag_2014_IMG_1350_%2812915484354%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>A Carnival float of Francis and Germany's prelate <a href="/wiki/Franz-Peter_Tebartz-van_Elst" title="Franz-Peter Tebartz-van Elst">Franz-Peter Tebartz-van Elst</a>, Düsseldorf, 2014</figcaption></figure> Francis called for decentralization of governance away from Rome, and for a synodal manner of decision making in dialogue with the people.<a href="#cite_note-355">[351]</a> He strongly opposed <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Francis#Clericalism" title="Theology of Pope Francis">clericalism</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[352]</a> and made <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Francis#Important_role_of_women" title="Theology of Pope Francis">women</a> full members of the church's dicasteries in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-357">[353]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment_and_climate_change">Environment and climate change</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Francis#Environmentalism" title="Theology of Pope Francis">Theology of Pope Francis § Environmentalism</a></div> Francis's naming of himself after Francis of Assisi was an early indication of how he shared Francis's care for all of creation. This was followed in May 2015 with his major <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> on the environment, <a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a> (Praise be to you).<a href="#cite_note-358">[354]</a> In October 2023, in advance to the <a href="/wiki/2023_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference">2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference</a> (COP28), Francis issued the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_exhortation" title="Apostolic exhortation">apostolic exhortation</a> <a href="/wiki/Laudate_Deum" title="Laudate Deum">Laudate Deum</a> (Praise god), in which he called for decisive action to against the <a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">climate crisis</a> and condemned <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">climate change denial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-katholisch.de-359">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-Povoledo-2023-360">[356]</a> Francis also argued that the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, which hosted COP28, had a "conflict of interest" because "although it has made significant investments in renewable energy sources" it was still "a great exporter of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>."<a href="#cite_note-361">[357]</a> Francis planned to attend the conference, which would have been the first time for a pope to personally visit the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">a UN climate change conference</a>,<a href="#cite_note-362">[358]</a> but cancelled the trip after developing flu-like symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-363">[359]</a> In a May 2017 meeting with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Vatican's secretary of state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parolin" title="Pietro Parolin">Pietro Parolin</a>, raised the issue of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and encouraged Trump not to <a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Paris_Agreement" title="United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement">withdraw the U.S. from the Paris Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-364">[360]</a> At the 2017 <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Day" title="World Food Day">World Food Day</a> ceremony, Francis highlighted the daily impacts of climate change and the solutions provided by scientific knowledge. He pointed out that while the international community has established legal frameworks like the Paris Agreement, some nations are withdrawing. He expressed concern over a renewed indifference to ecosystem balance, the belief in controlling limited resources, and a greed for profit.<a href="#cite_note-Vatican_FAO_20171016-365">[361]</a> In 2024, Francis organized a climate summit that issued a Planetary Protocol for Climate Change Resilience including three main pillars: reducing greenhouse gas emissions (while prioritizing <a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">nature-based solutions</a>), <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">climate change adaptation</a> and societal transformation.<a href="#cite_note-366">[362]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Option_for_the_poor">Option for the poor</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Francis#Option_for_the_poor" title="Theology of Pope Francis">Theology of Pope Francis § Option for the poor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Francis#Capitalism" title="Theology of Pope Francis">Theology of Pope Francis § Capitalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Francis#Liberation_Theology" title="Theology of Pope Francis">Theology of Pope Francis § Liberation Theology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Francis_at_Vargihna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pope_Francis_at_Vargihna.jpg/220px-Pope_Francis_at_Vargihna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pope_Francis_at_Vargihna.jpg/330px-Pope_Francis_at_Vargihna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pope_Francis_at_Vargihna.jpg/440px-Pope_Francis_at_Vargihna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Francis visits a <a href="/wiki/Favela" title="Favela">favela</a> in Brazil during <a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">World Youth Day 2013</a>.</figcaption></figure> Francis has highly extolled "popular movements", which demonstrate the "strength of us", serve as a remedy to the "culture of the self", and are based on solidarity with the poor and the common good.<a href="#cite_note-367">[363]</a> He has praised liberation theology founder <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutierrez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-368">[364]</a> In 2024, while meeting with representatives of the Dialop group, a discussion group between Christians and Marxists, Pope Francis encouraged them to fight together, and stated that marxists and Christians have a common mission.<a href="#cite_note-369">[365]</a> In September 2024, Francis renewed calls for a universal basic income, as well as higher taxes on billionaires.<a href="#cite_note-370">[366]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morality">Morality</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Francis#Morality_as_a_vehicle_of_God's_mercy" title="Theology of Pope Francis">Theology of Pope Francis § Morality as a vehicle of God's mercy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Francis#Sexual_morality_as_Good_News" title="Theology of Pope Francis">Theology of Pope Francis § Sexual morality as Good News</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis_and_LGBT_topics" title="Pope Francis and LGBT topics">Pope Francis and LGBT topics</a></div> Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a> has called mercy "the key word of his pontificate".<a href="#cite_note-Austen-2015-371">[367]</a>: 31–32  His papal motto Miserando atque eligendo ("by having mercy and by choosing") contains a central theme of his papacy, God's mercy,<a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org2-372">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-373">[369]</a> While maintaining the Catholic Church's traditional teaching against abortion, Francis, has referred to the "obsession" of some Catholics with a few issues like "abortion, gay marriage and the use of contraceptive methods" which "do not show the heart of the message of Jesus Christ".<a href="#cite_note-374">[370]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sex">Sex</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Francis#Sexual_morality_as_Good_News" title="Theology of Pope Francis">Theology of Pope Francis § Sexual morality as Good News</a></div> Pope Francis has described sexual pleasure as "a gift from God" that should be "disciplined with patience".<a href="#cite_note-375">[371]</a> On 17 January 2024, he discussed sex at his weekly general audience saying that it was undermined by pornography, which provides "satisfaction without relationship that can generate forms of addiction".<a href="#cite_note-www.usccb.org-376">[372]</a> He added that "in Christianity, there is no condemnation of the sexual instinct" and that the human experience of falling in love is "one of the purest feelings."<a href="#cite_note-www.usccb.org-376">[372]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LGBT">LGBT</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis_and_LGBT_topics" title="Pope Francis and LGBT topics">Pope Francis and LGBT topics</a></div> Francis has marked a significantly more accommodative tone on <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_LGBT_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of LGBT topics">LGBT topics</a> than his predecessors.<a href="#cite_note-Molloy-2013-377">[373]</a> In July 2013, his televised "Who am I to judge?" statement was widely reported in the international press, becoming one of his most famous statements on <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> people.<a href="#cite_note-Pullella-2016-378">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pullella-2023a-379">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-380">[376]</a> In other public statements, Francis has emphasised the need to accept, welcome, and accompany LGBT people,<a href="#cite_note-381">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[378]</a><a href="#cite_note-383">[379]</a> including LGBT children.<a href="#cite_note-384">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_News_Agency-2020-385">[381]</a> In a January 2023 interview with the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, Francis denounced the <a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">criminalization of homosexuality</a> (which he called "unjust"); he called on the Catholic Church to "distinguish between a sin and crime" and asked bishops supporting such laws to reverse their position.<a href="#cite_note-Associated_Press-2023-386">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pullella-2023a-379">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[383]</a> Francis repeated this stance the following month.<a href="#cite_note-Pullella-2023a-379">[375]</a> Francis reiterated traditional Catholic teaching that <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">marriage</a> is between a man and a woman,<a href="#cite_note-388">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-389">[385]</a> he has supported same-sex <a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">civil unions</a> as legal protections for <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">same-sex couples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Catholic_News_Agency-2020-385">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-390">[386]</a> Under his pontificate, the <a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" title="Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith">Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith</a> has confirmed that transgender people can be baptised,<a href="#cite_note-391">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[388]</a> and allowed the blessing of same-sex couples in the document <a href="/wiki/Fiducia_supplicans" title="Fiducia supplicans">Fiducia supplicans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-393">[389]</a> Francis has privately met many LGBT people and activists. In 2013, Francis was named as Person of the Year by <a href="/wiki/The_Advocate_(magazine)" title="The Advocate (magazine)">The Advocate</a>, an American <a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_periodicals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT periodicals">LGBT magazine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-394">[390]</a> Relative to LGB topics, Francis has been less accommodative on <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transgender_topics" title="Outline of transgender topics">transgender topics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Molloy-2013-377">[373]</a> He described <a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">gender theory</a> and children's education on <a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery" title="Gender-affirming surgery">gender-affirming surgery</a> as "ideological colonisation".<a href="#cite_note-395">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pullella-2016-378">[374]</a> In September 2015, Francis met with <a href="/wiki/Kim_Davis" title="Kim Davis">Kim Davis</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">county clerk</a> who was jailed for six days for <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_court" title="Contempt of court">contempt of court</a> for refusing to <a href="/wiki/Marriage_license" title="Marriage license">marriage licences</a> for same-sex couples,<a href="#cite_note-396">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-397">[393]</a> and in August 2018, Francis was criticized for suggesting that gay children seek <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatric treatment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-398">[394]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires">Archbishop of Buenos Aires</a>, Bergoglio led public opposition to the parliamentary bill on legalizing <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Argentina" title="Same-sex marriage in Argentina">same-sex marriage in Argentina</a>, which was approved by the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Senate" title="Argentine Senate">Argentine Senate</a> in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-399">[395]</a> A letter he wrote in that campaign was criticized for using "mediaeval" and "obscurantist" language.<a href="#cite_note-400">[396]</a><a href="#cite_note-401">[397]</a><a href="#cite_note-402">[398]</a> A church source quoted in the Argentine newspaper <a href="/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n" title="La Nación">La Nación</a> called the letter a strategic error that contributed to the bill's success.<a href="#cite_note-403">[399]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_policy">International policy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raul-castro-papa-francisco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Raul-castro-papa-francisco.jpg/170px-Raul-castro-papa-francisco.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Raul-castro-papa-francisco.jpg/255px-Raul-castro-papa-francisco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Raul-castro-papa-francisco.jpg/340px-Raul-castro-papa-francisco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2178" data-file-height="2457" /></a><figcaption>Francis with Cuban leader <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">Raúl Castro</a> in September 2015</figcaption></figure> Francis has regularly been accused by conservatives of having a "soft spot" for leftist populist movements.<a href="#cite_note-404">[400]</a> After Francis's visit to Cuba in 2015, Catholic Yale historian <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Eire" title="Carlos Eire">Carlos Eire</a> said Francis had a "<a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">preferential option</a> for the oppressors" in Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-405">[401]</a> Francis is hostile to <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-406">[402]</a> Since 2016, Francis has been contrasted with US President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>,<a href="#cite_note-407">[403]</a> elected that year, with some conservative critics drawing comparisons between the two.<a href="#cite_note-408">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-409">[405]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 United States presidential election</a>, Francis said of Trump, "A person who only thinks about building walls, wherever they may be, and not building bridges, is not Christian. That is not the gospel." Trump responded, "For a religious leader to question a person's faith is disgraceful."<a href="#cite_note-Lauter-2016-15">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Federico_Lombardi" title="Federico Lombardi">Federico Lombardi</a> said that Francis's comments were not "a personal attack, nor an indication of who to vote for".<a href="#cite_note-410">[406]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_Pope_Francis_Melania_Trump_in_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Donald_Trump_Pope_Francis_Melania_Trump_in_2017.jpg/220px-Donald_Trump_Pope_Francis_Melania_Trump_in_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Donald_Trump_Pope_Francis_Melania_Trump_in_2017.jpg/330px-Donald_Trump_Pope_Francis_Melania_Trump_in_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Donald_Trump_Pope_Francis_Melania_Trump_in_2017.jpg/440px-Donald_Trump_Pope_Francis_Melania_Trump_in_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Francis with U.S. President Donald Trump and First Lady <a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump" title="Melania Trump">Melania</a> in 2017</figcaption></figure> In response to criticism from <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Conference_of_Venezuela" title="Episcopal Conference of Venezuela">Venezuela's bishops</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a> said in 2017 that he had the support of Francis.<a href="#cite_note-411">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-412">[408]</a> Francis met with the country's bishops in June 2017, and the Venezuelan bishops' conference president stated, "There is no distance between the episcopal conference and the Holy See."<a href="#cite_note-413">[409]</a> In January 2019, 20 former presidents in Latin America wrote a letter to Francis criticizing his Christmas address regarding the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Crisis in Venezuela">Venezuelan crisis</a> for being too simplistic and for not acknowledging what they believed to be the causes of the suffering of the victims of the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-414">[410]</a> Francis has sought peace in the crisis without picking a side.<a href="#cite_note-415">[411]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Position_toward_China">Position toward China</h4></div> Francis took a more conciliatory approach toward the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> than any previous pope.<a href="#cite_note-Rocca2024-416">[412]</a> He continued the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Holy See–Taiwan relations">Vatican's longstanding diplomatic recognition of the Republic of China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>), <a href="/wiki/One-China_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="One-China policy">rather than the People's Republic of China</a>; the Vatican City State is the only country in Europe to formally recognize Taiwan, and one of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan" title="Foreign relations of Taiwan">just 12 countries worldwide to do so</a>.<a href="#cite_note-417">[413]</a><a href="#cite_note-418">[414]</a> In 2018, however, Francis approved a <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Holy_See_relations#2018_Holy_See–China_agreement" title="China–Holy See relations">provisional Vatican-China agreement</a>, intended to normalize the situation of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_China" title="Catholic Church in China">China's Catholics</a>, who numbered approximately 10 million as of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-Rocca2024-416">[412]</a> The Chinese government claims the <a href="/wiki/Appointment_of_Catholic_bishops" title="Appointment of Catholic bishops">authority to appoint bishops</a>, without papal approval, through the state-controlled <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Catholic_Patriotic_Association" title="Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association">Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association</a>, in contravention of longstanding church doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-Rocca2024-416">[412]</a> Under the 2018 agreement, the Vatican consults with the Chinese government on the appointment of bishops, and pledged not to appoint any bishop in China without Beijing's approval;<a href="#cite_note-Rocca2024-416">[412]</a> in return, the Chinese government recognized the pope as the supreme head of the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-Pullella2022Church-419">[415]</a> The agreement was renewed for an additional two years in 2020,<a href="#cite_note-MaresSantucci2023-420">[416]</a> and again in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-Pullella2022Church-419">[415]</a><a href="#cite_note-MaresSantucci2023-420">[416]</a> Francis' efforts toward rapprochement with China, were highly controversial; a leading critic, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Zen" title="Joseph Zen">Joseph Zen</a>, said the 2018 agreement was a step toward the "annihilation" of the Catholic Church in China.<a href="#cite_note-Rocca2024-416">[412]</a><a href="#cite_note-421">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[418]</a> Critics said that the 2018 agreement "sold out" Chinese Catholics by accepting infringements on <a href="/wiki/Religious_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious freedom">religious freedom</a>, thereby undermining the Vatican's spiritual authority.<a href="#cite_note-Pullella2022Church-419">[415]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rocca2024-416">[412]</a> In September 2020, U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a>, a critic of the agreement, urged Francis to stand against <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">China's human rights violations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-423">[419]</a><a href="#cite_note-424">[420]</a> The Chinese government repeatedly violated the 2018 deal with the Vatican.<a href="#cite_note-Pullella2022Church-419">[415]</a><a href="#cite_note-425">[421]</a> Francis has defended the Vatican's dialogue with China on the appointment of new bishops, saying in 2021 that uneasy dialogue was better than no dialogue at all, and that improving strained ties with the Chinese government was important.<a href="#cite_note-426">[422]</a> From the signing of the agreement until 2022, only six Catholic bishops in China were appointed.<a href="#cite_note-Pullella2022Church-419">[415]</a> In November 2022, the Vatican publicly accused China of violating the agreement by installing <a href="/wiki/John_Peng_Weizhao" title="John Peng Weizhao">John Peng Weizhao</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">auxiliary bishop</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> without Vatican approval.<a href="#cite_note-Pullella2022Church-419">[415]</a> In April 2023, the Chinese government also installed <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Shen_Bin" title="Joseph Shen Bin">Joseph Shen Bin</a> as <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Shanghai" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Shanghai">bishop of Shanghai</a> without Vatican approval in violation of the agreement; three months later, Francis recognized Shen Bin's appointment; the Vatican secretary of state, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parolin" title="Pietro Parolin">Pietro Parolin</a>, said that the pope had done so "remedy the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_irregularity" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical irregularity">canonical irregularity</a> created in Shanghai, in view of the greater good of the diocese and the fruitful exercise of the bishop's pastoral ministry."<a href="#cite_note-MaresSantucci2023-420">[416]</a> The Vatican and the Chinese government renewed the agreement in October 2022, and renewed it again in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-427">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-428">[424]</a> In November 2020, Francis named China's <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a> minority among a list of the world's persecuted peoples. He wrote: "I think often of persecuted peoples: the <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people" title="Rohingya people">Rohingya</a> [Muslims in Myanmar], the poor Uighurs, the <a href="/wiki/Yazidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazidi">Yazidi</a>—what <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIS</a> did to them was truly cruel—or Christians in Egypt and Pakistan killed by bombs that went off while they prayed in church." <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Lijian" title="Zhao Lijian">Zhao Lijian</a>, the spokesman of the Foreign Ministry of China, said Francis's remarks had "no factual basis at all".<a href="#cite_note-429">[425]</a> In 2019, during the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">Hong Kong pro-democracy protests</a>, Francis was criticized by Zen and other Catholic clergy in Hong Kong for failing to taking a stand against China's repression and instead being quoted as saying "I would like to go to China. I love China." Francis compared the protests in Hong Kong to those seen <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Chilean_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–2021 Chilean protests">in Chile</a> and in France.<a href="#cite_note-430">[426]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theological_disagreements">Theological disagreements</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amoris_laetitia">Amoris laetitia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amoris_laetitia" title="Amoris laetitia">Amoris laetitia</a></div> On a theological level, controversy arose after the publication of the apostolic exhortation <a href="/wiki/Amoris_laetitia" title="Amoris laetitia">Amoris laetitia</a>, especially regarding whether the exhortation had changed the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>'s sacramental discipline concerning access to the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">sacraments of Penance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a> for divorced couples who have <a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">civilly remarried</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oullet-431">[427]</a> Francis had written: "It is important that the divorced who have entered a new union should be made to feel part of the Church." He called not for "a new set of general rules, canonical in nature and applicable to all cases", but "a responsible personal and pastoral discernment of particular cases". He went on to say: "It is true that general rules set forth a good which can never be disregarded or neglected, but in their formulation they cannot provide absolutely for all particular situations."<a href="#cite_note-Carroll-432">[428]</a> Four cardinals (<a href="/wiki/Raymond_Leo_Burke" title="Raymond Leo Burke">Raymond Leo Burke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Caffarra" title="Carlo Caffarra">Carlo Caffarra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Brandm%C3%BCller" title="Walter Brandmüller">Walter Brandmüller</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Meisner" title="Joachim Meisner">Joachim Meisner</a>) formally asked Francis for clarifications, particularly on the issue of giving communion to divorced and civilly remarried Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-433">[429]</a> They submitted five "dubia" (doubts), and requested a yes or no answer. Francis has not publicly replied.<a href="#cite_note-434">[430]</a> The exhortation has been implemented in different ways by various bishops around the world.<a href="#cite_note-435">[431]</a> Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ludwig_M%C3%BCller" title="Gerhard Ludwig Müller">Gerhard Müller</a>, former prefect of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a>, maintained that Amoris Laetitia should only be interpreted in line with previous doctrine. Therefore, according to Cardinal Müller, divorced and civilly remarried can have access to the Sacraments of Reconciliation and the Eucharist only if they take on the duty of living in complete continence.<a href="#cite_note-436">[432]</a><a href="#cite_note-437">[433]</a> Francis subsequently announced that <a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">dicastery</a> prefects would be appointed for a single five-year term, and replaced Müller at the end of his term in 2017 with <a href="/wiki/Luis_Ladaria_Ferrer" title="Luis Ladaria Ferrer">Luis Ladaria Ferrer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-438">[434]</a> Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Caffarra" title="Carlo Caffarra">Carlo Caffarra</a>, one of the authors of the dubia, maintains that after Amoris laetitia "only a blind man could deny there's great confusion, uncertainty and insecurity in the Church".<a href="#cite_note-439">[435]</a> In July 2017, a group of conservative clergy, academics and laymen signed a document labelled as a "<a href="/wiki/Correctio_filialis_de_haeresibus_propagatis" title="Correctio filialis de haeresibus propagatis">Filial Correction</a>" of Francis.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-440">[436]</a> The 25-page document, which was made public in September after it received no reply, criticized the pope for promoting what it described as seven heretical propositions through various words, actions and omissions during his pontificate.<a href="#cite_note-Correctio_filialis_de_haeresibus_propagatis-441">[437]</a> Capuchin Father <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Weinandy" title="Thomas Weinandy">Thomas Weinandy</a>, ex-doctrine chief of US Bishops, wrote a letter to Francis on 31 July 2017, which he subsequently made public, in which he charged that Francis is fostering "chronic confusion", "demeaning" the importance of doctrine, appointing bishops who "scandalize" believers with dubious "teaching and pastoral practice", giving prelates who object the impression they will be "marginalized or worse" if they speak out, and causing faithful Catholics to "lose confidence in their supreme shepherd".<a href="#cite_note-442">[438]</a> A defence of Amoris Laetitia came from philosopher <a href="/wiki/Rocco_Buttiglione" title="Rocco Buttiglione">Rocco Buttiglione</a> who accused its critics of "ethical objectivism". He said that the critics cannot deny that "there are mitigating circumstances in which a mortal sin (a sin that would otherwise be mortal) becomes a lighter sin, a venial sin. There are therefore some cases in which remarried divorcees can (through their confessor and after an adequate spiritual discernment) be considered in God's grace and therefore deserving of receiving the sacraments".<a href="#cite_note-443">[439]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Document_on_Human_Fraternity">Document on Human Fraternity</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Document_on_Human_Fraternity" title="Document on Human Fraternity">Document on Human Fraternity</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Document_on_Human_Fraternity" title="Document on Human Fraternity">Document on Human Fraternity</a> for World Peace and Living Together is a joint statement signed by Francis and <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_el-Tayeb" title="Ahmed el-Tayeb">Ahmed el-Tayeb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Imam_of_Al-Azhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Imam of Al-Azhar">Grand Imam of Al-Azhar</a>, on 4 February 2019 in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, United Arab Emirates. This joint statement is concerned with how different faiths can live peaceably in the same world and areas and later inspired the <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Human_Fraternity" title="International Day of Human Fraternity">International Day of Human Fraternity</a>, as acknowledged by the UN Secretary-General, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a>, in different occasions.<a href="#cite_note-first-ever-444">[440]</a><a href="#cite_note-445">[441]</a> Criticisms focused particularly on the passage about God's will with regard to the diversity of religions, claiming that the "pluralism and the diversity of religions, colour, sex, race and language are willed by God in His wisdom, through which He created human beings".<a href="#cite_note-446">[442]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-2019-447">[443]</a> Catholic theologian Chad Pecknold wrote that this sentence was "puzzling, and potentially problematic".<a href="#cite_note-Farrow-2019-448">[444]</a> Some Catholic observers tried to understand it as an allusion to the "permissive will" of God, allowing evil on earth.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-2019-447">[443]</a> Pecknold wrote that the diversity of religions might also be "evidence of our natural desire to know God".<a href="#cite_note-Farrow-2019-448">[444]</a> Bishop <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_Schneider" title="Athanasius Schneider">Athanasius Schneider</a> claims that Pope Francis clarified to him that he was referring to "the permissive will of God".<a href="#cite_note-449">[445]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Traditionis_custodes_and_the_Tridentine_Mass">Traditionis custodes and the Tridentine Mass</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Traditionis_custodes" title="Traditionis custodes">Traditionis custodes</a></div> In July 2021, Francis issued, <a href="/wiki/Motu_proprio" title="Motu proprio">motu proprio</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_letter#Letters_of_the_popes_in_modern_times" title="Ecclesiastical letter">apostolic letter</a> titled <a href="/wiki/Traditionis_custodes" title="Traditionis custodes">Traditionis custodes</a>, which reversed the decision of his immediate predecessor Benedict XVI in <a href="/wiki/Summorum_Pontificum" title="Summorum Pontificum">Summorum Pontificum</a> and imposed new restrictions on the use of the <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Traditional Latin Mass</a>. The letter returned to the bishops the power to grant or suppress the Latin Mass in their particular dioceses, and requires newly ordained priests to first request permission before performing the old rite, among other changes.<a href="#cite_note-450">[446]</a><a href="#cite_note-451">[447]</a> Traditionis custodes, which Pope Francis published and <a href="/wiki/Entry_into_force" title="Entry into force">came into immediate effect</a> on 16 July, has been criticized by prelates such as Cardinals <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Leo_Burke" title="Raymond Leo Burke">Raymond Burke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ludwig_M%C3%BCller" title="Gerhard Ludwig Müller">Gerhard Müller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Zen" title="Joseph Zen">Joseph Zen</a>, as well as many lay faithful who attend the traditional Latin Mass. The <a href="/wiki/National_Catholic_Register" title="National Catholic Register">National Catholic Register</a>' reported that "The most general criticism is that the restrictions are unnecessary, needlessly harsh, and implemented in an unjustifiably swift fashion."<a href="#cite_note-452">[448]</a> The motu proprio was later confirmed by Francis through the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_letter#Letters_of_the_popes_in_modern_times" title="Ecclesiastical letter">apostolic letter</a> Desiderio desideravi.<a href="#cite_note-453">[449]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fiducia_supplicans">Fiducia supplicans</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fiducia_supplicans" title="Fiducia supplicans">Fiducia supplicans</a></div> In December 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" title="Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith">Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith</a> issued a declaration, Fiducia supplicans, approved by Francis.<a href="#cite_note-454">[450]</a> Fiducia supplicans intended to provide clarification and reforms on the Catholic Church's treatment of "irregular relationships", defined as those who establish a <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamous</a> and emotional bond that lasts over time and have not contracted a Catholic marriage. Notably, it allows <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Catholic priests</a> to perform "spontaneous blessings" of same-sex couples, as well as opposite-sex couples who are not married, and civilly married couples at least one party of which was previously divorced but has not received an <a href="/wiki/Annulment_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annulment (Catholic Church)">annulment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-455">[451]</a> Fiducia supplicans sparked considerable controversy and criticism among Catholics, including from several conservative commentators, clerical congregations, and high-profile cardinals, bishops, priests, and lay people.<a href="#cite_note-456">[452]</a><a href="#cite_note-457">[453]</a><a href="#cite_note-458">[454]</a> Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ludwig_M%C3%BCller" title="Gerhard Ludwig Müller">Gerhard Müller</a> called it "sacrilegious and blasphemous" and "self-contradictory".<a href="#cite_note-459">[455]</a> Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sarah" title="Robert Sarah">Robert Sarah</a> described the blessing of couples in irregular situations as "a heresy that seriously undermines the Church".<a href="#cite_note-460">[456]</a> On 11 January 2024, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Fridolin_Ambongo_Besungu" title="Fridolin Ambongo Besungu">Fridolin Ambongo Besungu</a> announced that all episcopal conferences in Africa, represented in <a href="/wiki/Symposium_of_Episcopal_Conferences_of_Africa_and_Madagascar" title="Symposium of Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar">SECAM</a>, would reject blessings for same-sex couples, stating that "the extra-liturgical blessings proposed in the declaration...cannot be carried out in Africa without exposing themselves to scandals".<a href="#cite_note-461">[457]</a><a href="#cite_note-462">[458]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_diplomatic_role">International diplomatic role</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Francis_Travels.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pope_Francis_Travels.svg/220px-Pope_Francis_Travels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pope_Francis_Travels.svg/330px-Pope_Francis_Travels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pope_Francis_Travels.svg/440px-Pope_Francis_Travels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Map indicating <a href="/wiki/List_of_pastoral_visits_of_Pope_Francis_outside_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of pastoral visits of Pope Francis outside Italy">countries visited by Francis as pope</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Francis_and_Sergio_Mattarella_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pope_Francis_and_Sergio_Mattarella_2022.jpg/220px-Pope_Francis_and_Sergio_Mattarella_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pope_Francis_and_Sergio_Mattarella_2022.jpg/330px-Pope_Francis_and_Sergio_Mattarella_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pope_Francis_and_Sergio_Mattarella_2022.jpg/440px-Pope_Francis_and_Sergio_Mattarella_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7087" data-file-height="4725" /></a><figcaption>Pope Francis with Italian President <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella" title="Sergio Mattarella">Sergio Mattarella</a> in 2022</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuba">Cuba</h3></div> Francis played a key role in the talks toward restoring <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Thaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Thaw">full diplomatic relations between the U.S. and Cuba</a>. The restoration was jointly announced by U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and Cuban President <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">Raúl Castro</a> on 17 December 2014. The headline in the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> on 19 December was "Bridge to Cuba via Vatican", with the further lead "In a rare and crucial role, Francis helped keep U.S. talks with Havana on track and guided final deal."<a href="#cite_note-Bridge_to_Cuba-463">[459]</a> The pope, along with the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a>, was a behind-the-scenes broker of the agreement, taking the role following President Obama's request during his visit to the pope in March 2014.<a href="#cite_note-464">[460]</a> The success of the negotiations was credited to Francis because "as a religious leader with the confidence of both sides, he was able to convince the Obama and Castro administrations that the other side would live up to the deal".<a href="#cite_note-Bridge_to_Cuba-463">[459]</a> En route to the United States for a visit in September 2015, the pope stopped in Cuba. "The plan comes amid a breakthrough for which Francis has received much credit."<a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson,_Pope_will_visit_Cuba-465">[461]</a> The Cuba visit "seals that accomplishment, in which he served as a bridge between two erstwhile enemies".<a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson,_Pope_will_visit_Cuba-465">[461]</a> According to one expert on religion in Latin America, Mario Paredes, the pope's visit to Cuba was consistent with his aim to promote an understanding of the role of the Cuban Revolution and that of the Catholic Church. When Francis was archbishop of Buenos Aires, he authored a text entitled "Dialogues Between John Paul II and Fidel Castro".<a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson,_Pope_will_visit_Cuba-465">[461]</a> John Paul was the first pope to visit Cuba. In May 2015, Francis met with Cuban leader Raúl Castro. After the meeting in Vatican City on 10 May 2015, Castro said that he was considering returning to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Cuba-466">[462]</a> He said in a televised news conference, "I read all the speeches of the pope, his commentaries, and if the pope continues this way, I will go back to praying and go back to the [Catholic] church. I am not joking."<a href="#cite_note-Yardley-2015-467">[463]</a> Castro said that, when the pope came, "I promise to go to all his Masses and with satisfaction".<a href="#cite_note-Yardley-2015-467">[463]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab–Israeli_conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Francis_visit_Bethlehem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pope_Francis_visit_Bethlehem.jpg/220px-Pope_Francis_visit_Bethlehem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pope_Francis_visit_Bethlehem.jpg/330px-Pope_Francis_visit_Bethlehem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pope_Francis_visit_Bethlehem.jpg/440px-Pope_Francis_visit_Bethlehem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Francis in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> in May 2014</figcaption></figure> In May 2014, Francis visited <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-468">[464]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sales-469">[465]</a> Francis offered symbolic gestures to both sides in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sales-469">[465]</a> In addition to visiting the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a>, he became the first pope to visit the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Herzl" title="Mount Herzl">grave of Theodor Herzl</a>, entered the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> from Jordan rather than Israel, and invited <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a> President <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a> and Israeli President <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> to a prayer summit at the Vatican (both accepted).<a href="#cite_note-Sales-469">[465]</a> He visited <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, where he gave a speech alongside Abbas, and celebrated Mass at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sales-469">[465]</a> At the invitation of Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a>, he visited the <a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Acts_of_Terror_Memorial" title="Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial">Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial</a>; at the invitation of Palestinian authorities, he prayed at a portion of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli West Bank barrier">Israeli West Bank barrier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sales-469">[465]</a> In addition to meetings with Peres and Netanyahu, Francis met <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti_of_Jerusalem" title="Grand Mufti of Jerusalem">Grand Mufti of Jerusalem</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad_Hussein" title="Muhammad Ahmad Hussein">Muhammad Ahmad Hussein</a>, Chief Rabbis <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Yosef" title="Yitzhak Yosef">Yitzhak Yosef</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Lau" title="David Lau">David Lau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_of_the_Western_Wall_and_the_Holy_Places" title="Rabbi of the Western Wall and the Holy Places">Rabbi of the Western Wall and the Holy Places</a> <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Rabinowitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shmuel Rabinowitz">Shmuel Rabinowitz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sales-469">[465]</a> In May 2015, Francis welcomed Abbas to the Vatican and said that: "The angel of peace destroys the evil spirit of war. I thought about you: may you be an angel of peace."<a href="#cite_note-470">[466]</a> The Vatican signed a treaty <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="International recognition of the State of Palestine">recognizing the state of Palestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-471">[467]</a> The Vatican issued statements concerning the hope that the peace talks could resume between Israel and Palestine. Abbas's visit was on the occasion of the canonization of two Palestinian nuns.<a href="#cite_note-472">[468]</a> In May 2021, amid <a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">clashes in Jerusalem</a>, Francis reiterated calls for peace between Israel and Palestinians during his <a href="/wiki/Regina_caeli" title="Regina caeli">Regina caeli</a> address.<a href="#cite_note-473">[469]</a><a href="#cite_note-474">[470]</a> Francis condemned <a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas attack on Israel">Hamas's October 2023 attack on Israel</a>. He also criticized Israel's actions in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>, saying that "terror should not justify terror".<a href="#cite_note-475">[471]</a> He condemned the killing of two <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Christians" title="Palestinian Christians">Palestinian Christian</a> women by an <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a> sniper in Gaza, calling it "terrorism".<a href="#cite_note-476">[472]</a> Throughout the war, Francis has called for an immediate ceasefire, the release of all hostages,<a href="#cite_note-477">[473]</a> and the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">two-state solution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-478">[474]</a> In November 2024, Pope Francis suggested that the international community should investigate whether Israel's campaign in Gaza is a <a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">genocide</a> of the Palestinian people.<a href="#cite_note-479">[475]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migrant_and_refugee_issues">Migrant and refugee issues</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea_Pope_Francis_Arrive_Seoul_Airport_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Korea_Pope_Francis_Arrive_Seoul_Airport_03.jpg/220px-Korea_Pope_Francis_Arrive_Seoul_Airport_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Korea_Pope_Francis_Arrive_Seoul_Airport_03.jpg/330px-Korea_Pope_Francis_Arrive_Seoul_Airport_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Korea_Pope_Francis_Arrive_Seoul_Airport_03.jpg/440px-Korea_Pope_Francis_Arrive_Seoul_Airport_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3107" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Francis with South Korean President <a href="/wiki/Park_Geun-hye" title="Park Geun-hye">Park Geun-hye</a>, 14 August 2014</figcaption></figure> Francis made the plight of refugees and migrants "a core component of his pastoral work" and has defended their rights in <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Francis#Refugees_and_migrants" title="Theology of Pope Francis">dialogue both with Europe and with the United States</a>. In 2019, he placed a statue in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">St. Peter's Square</a> to bring attention to the Christian imperative involved in their situation (Hebrews 13:2).<a href="#cite_note-480">[476]</a><a href="#cite_note-481">[477]</a><a href="#cite_note-482">[478]</a> In line with this policy, Francis has criticized <a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">neo-nationalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populists</a> who reject the acceptance of refugees.<a href="#cite_note-483">[479]</a><a href="#cite_note-484">[480]</a> In April 2016, Francis, along with <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomew I of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ieronymos_II_of_Athens" title="Ieronymos II of Athens">Archbishop Ieronimos II of Athens</a>, visited the <a href="/wiki/Moria_refugee_camp" title="Moria refugee camp">Moria refugee camp</a> on the Greek island of <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>, to call the attention of the world to the <a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 European migrant crisis</a>. There the three Christian leaders signed a joint declaration.<a href="#cite_note-485">[481]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wizyta_w_Watykanie_(42556254741).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Wizyta_w_Watykanie_%2842556254741%29.jpg/220px-Wizyta_w_Watykanie_%2842556254741%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Wizyta_w_Watykanie_%2842556254741%29.jpg/330px-Wizyta_w_Watykanie_%2842556254741%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Wizyta_w_Watykanie_%2842556254741%29.jpg/440px-Wizyta_w_Watykanie_%2842556254741%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Francis with Polish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mateusz_Morawiecki" title="Mateusz Morawiecki">Mateusz Morawiecki</a> and his family, Vatican City, June 2018</figcaption></figure> In January 2017, Francis demanded the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Festing" title="Matthew Festing">Matthew Festing</a>, the 79th <a href="/wiki/List_of_Princes_and_Grand_Masters_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Princes and Grand Masters of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Prince and Grand Master</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a>. The Pope's demand came as a response to Festing and Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Leo_Burke" title="Raymond Leo Burke">Raymond Leo Burke</a> firing Baron <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Boeselager" title="Albrecht von Boeselager">Albrecht von Boeselager</a> from his position in the Order of Malta. The Order, in May 2017, appointed a new leader in the person of Fra' Giacomo Dalla Torre del Tempio di Sanguinetto.<a href="#cite_note-486">[482]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h3></div> After the Taliban takeover and <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_U.S._troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" title="2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan</a>, Francis deemed the troop withdrawal "legitimate" but criticized it as "not well thought out" and the war's failure in nation-building. The Vatican, through Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parolin" title="Pietro Parolin">Pietro Parolin</a>, was in talks with the Taliban to discourage reprisals against civilians.<a href="#cite_note-487">[483]</a><a href="#cite_note-488">[484]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia_and_Ukraine">Russia and Ukraine</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_with_Franciscus_(2015-06-10)_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Vladimir_Putin_with_Franciscus_%282015-06-10%29_1.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_with_Franciscus_%282015-06-10%29_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Vladimir_Putin_with_Franciscus_%282015-06-10%29_1.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_with_Franciscus_%282015-06-10%29_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Vladimir_Putin_with_Franciscus_%282015-06-10%29_1.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_with_Franciscus_%282015-06-10%29_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Francis shaking hands with Russian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a>, in front of Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, in June 2015</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:21.06.2023_-_Franciscus_and_Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva_(shaking_hands).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/21.06.2023_-_Franciscus_and_Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva_%28shaking_hands%29.jpg/220px-21.06.2023_-_Franciscus_and_Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva_%28shaking_hands%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/21.06.2023_-_Franciscus_and_Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva_%28shaking_hands%29.jpg/330px-21.06.2023_-_Franciscus_and_Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva_%28shaking_hands%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/21.06.2023_-_Franciscus_and_Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva_%28shaking_hands%29.jpg/440px-21.06.2023_-_Franciscus_and_Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva_%28shaking_hands%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3750" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Francis and Brazilian President <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a>, in 2023</figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, a major escalation of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>, Francis visited the Russian embassy in Rome, an unprecedented action.<a href="#cite_note-489">[485]</a> He called Ukrainian president <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> to express "sorrow" as the Vatican worked to find "room for negotiation" to end the war.<a href="#cite_note-490">[486]</a> The day after the invasion began in February 2023, Francis assured <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_Shevchuk" title="Sviatoslav Shevchuk">Sviatoslav Shevchuk</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">major archbishop</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a>, that "he would do everything he can to help end the Ukraine conflict".<a href="#cite_note-491">[487]</a> During the 27 February 2023 <a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a> address, Francis called for peace, saying, "Silence the weapons!"<a href="#cite_note-492">[488]</a> Throughout the war, Francis has called for an end to armed conflict.<a href="#cite_note-Smith2023-493">[489]</a> Initially, he avoided specific criticism of Russia and President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a>, frustrating many Ukrainians.<a href="#cite_note-Horowitz2024-494">[490]</a> Later, he described Ukraine as "martyred" and prayed for the victims of <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Russia" title="List of wars involving Russia">Russian aggression</a>, but still did not directly criticize Putin or the Russian government.<a href="#cite_note-Horowitz2024-494">[490]</a> but still avoided direct criticism of Putin or the Russian government.<a href="#cite_note-Allen2023-495">[491]</a> His statements aligned more with countries like Brazil, India, and China,<a href="#cite_note-Allen2023-495">[491]</a> rather than the U.S. and Europe, a stance some attribute to his distrust of America.<a href="#cite_note-496">[492]</a> Francis's blanket denunciations of arms transfers and the weapons industry<a href="#cite_note-Horowitz2024-494">[490]</a><a href="#cite_note-497">[493]</a> seemed to condemn <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Western military aid provided to Ukraine to defend itself</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Allen2023-495">[491]</a> In a September 2022 press conference, seven months into the war, Francis said that it was "licit" and justified for Ukraine <a href="/wiki/Self-defence_in_international_law" title="Self-defence in international law">to defend itself</a> but called for a negotiated settlement (saying that there must be "dialogue with any power that is at war, even if it is with the aggressor" and even when "it stinks").<a href="#cite_note-White2022-498">[494]</a><a href="#cite_note-499">[495]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pullella-500">[496]</a> He also suggested that arms transfers to Ukraine were "a political decision which it can be moral, morally acceptable, if it is done under conditions of morality."<a href="#cite_note-White2022-498">[494]</a> He later said that Ukrainians were a "noble" people and recounted Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Krajewski" title="Konrad Krajewski">Konrad Krajewski</a>'s reports of the "savage acts, the monstrosity, the tortured bodies" inflicted upon Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-Pullella-500">[496]</a> Francis' stances were rooted in part in his hope that the Vatican could broker a peace deal between Ukraine and Russia, a possibility that analysts viewed as extremely unlikely.<a href="#cite_note-Horowitz2024-494">[490]</a> He dispatched two high-ranking Vatican officials—Cardinals Krajewski and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Czerny" title="Michael Czerny">Michael Czerny</a>—as envoys on several trips to Ukraine in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-501">[497]</a><a href="#cite_note-502">[498]</a><a href="#cite_note-503">[499]</a> which was considered a highly unusual move of Vatican diplomacy.<a href="#cite_note-504">[500]</a> In March 2022, Francis <a href="/wiki/Consecration_of_Russia_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Consecration of Russia to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">consecrated both Russia and Ukraine to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a>).<a href="#cite_note-505">[501]</a> Francis said in April 2023, during a trip to <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, that he was working on a secret "mission" to bring peace and return <a href="/wiki/Child_abductions_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Child abductions in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Ukrainian children abducted by Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-506">[502]</a><a href="#cite_note-507">[503]</a> Francis's efforts to position the Vatican as a mediator continuously failed.<a href="#cite_note-Allen2023-495">[491]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mikhelidze2023-508">[504]</a> In April 2022, a delegation of Ukrainian officials, including <a href="/wiki/Melitopol" title="Melitopol">Melitopol</a> mayor <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fedorov_(politician)" title="Ivan Fedorov (politician)">Ivan Fedorov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">MP</a> <a href="/wiki/Maria_Mezentseva" title="Maria Mezentseva">Maria Mezentseva</a>, attended the Vatican Easter vigil with Francis, who said he was prater for an end to the "darkness of war" and "all the suffering." Addressing the group, he also spoke the words "<a href="/wiki/Christ_is_risen" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ is risen">Christ is risen</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-509">[505]</a> In May 2022, Francis described Russia's invasion of Ukraine as "perhaps somehow either provoked or not prevent" and suggested that "NATO barking at Russia's gate" contributed to the war.<a href="#cite_note-Mikhelidze2023-508">[504]</a><a href="#cite_note-politico.eu-510">[506]</a> These statements alarmed Ukrainians and echoed <a href="/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">false Russian narratives about the war</a>, which portray the conflict as being instigated by the West.<a href="#cite_note-Mikhelidze2023-508">[504]</a> Francis said he was not "pro-Putin" but instead was "simply against reducing complexity to the distinction between good guys and bad guys."<a href="#cite_note-politico.eu-510">[506]</a> In August 2022, Francis described the killing of <a href="/wiki/Darya_Dugina" title="Darya Dugina">Darya Dugina</a> as a case of the death of innocents in the war. <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Ukraine_to_the_Holy_See" title="List of ambassadors of Ukraine to the Holy See">Ukraine's ambassador envoy to the Holy See</a> raised a protest, saying that Dugina was "one of ideologists of (Russian) imperialism" and not an innocent victim.<a href="#cite_note-511">[507]</a> In early October 2022, Francis for the first time directly appealed to Putin to halt the stop the "spiral of violence and death" in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-Pullella2022-512">[508]</a> He said that <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_threats_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear threats during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">a nuclear escalation</a> would bring "uncontrollable global consequences."<a href="#cite_note-PullellaOct2022-513">[509]</a> In the same speech, Francis asked Ukrainian president Zelenskyy to be open about "serious peace proposals" while recognizing that Ukraine had suffered an "aggression" and saying that he was "pained about the suffering of the Ukrainian people".<a href="#cite_note-PullellaOct2022-513">[509]</a> Later that month, Francis denounced <a href="/wiki/Russian_strikes_against_Ukrainian_infrastructure_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure (2022–present)">Russia's bombing of Ukrainian cities</a> and the "hurricane of violence" against Ukrainian civilians.<a href="#cite_note-Pullella2022-512">[508]</a> In a November 2022 interview with <a href="/wiki/America_(magazine)" title="America (magazine)">America</a> magazine, Francis was asked about his "seeming unwillingness to directly criticize Russia" and his preference "instead to speak more generally of the need for an end to war, an end to mercenary activity rather than Russian attacks, and to the traffic in arms"; the pope responded that "Generally, the cruelest are perhaps those who are of Russia but are not of the Russian tradition, such as the <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a> and so on..."<a href="#cite_note-America_Magazine-514">[510]</a> Russian foreign ministry spokesperson <a href="/wiki/Maria_Zakharova" title="Maria Zakharova">Maria Zakharova</a> condemned the comments as "perversion on a level I can't even name" and others remarked that his statement was "racist" and that there was no data supporting this claim concerning Russian soldiers who are non-ethnic Russians.<a href="#cite_note-515">[511]</a> Francis also stated during the interview: "Certainly, the one who invades is the Russian state. This is very clear."<a href="#cite_note-America_Magazine-514">[510]</a> In August 2023, Francis infuriated Ukraine by making off-the-cuff remarks to a group of young Russian Catholics praising the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> as "great" and urging them not to "forget your heritage" as descendants "the great Russia of saints, rulers, the great Russia of <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Russia">Peter I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II of Russia">Catherine II</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Smith2023-493">[489]</a> The pope's remarks echoed <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>'s rhetoric valorizing <a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Russian imperialism</a>, and was praised by the Kremlin; Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_Shevchuk" title="Sviatoslav Shevchuk">Sviatoslav Shevchuk</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern rite</a> church in communion with Rome) said the pope's statement had caused "great pain and worry" because it reflected the "neo-colonial ambitions of the aggressor country."<a href="#cite_note-Smith2023-493">[489]</a><a href="#cite_note-Melkozerova-2024-516">[512]</a> Peter the Great and Catherine the Great suppressed <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_nationalism" title="Polish nationalism">Polish national movements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Melkozerova-2024-516">[512]</a> Following the criticism, the pope's spokesman said the pontiff's intent was to promote positive aspects of Russia's "cultural and spiritual heritage, and certainly not to extol imperialistic logics and governmental personalities."<a href="#cite_note-Smith2023-493">[489]</a> In a February 2024 interview with Swiss television station <a href="/wiki/Radiotelevisione_svizzera_di_lingua_italiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotelevisione svizzera di lingua italiana">RSI</a>, broadcast the following month, Francis suggested that Ukraine should have the "courage of the <a href="/wiki/White_flag" title="White flag">white flag</a>, and to negotiate"; the statement was interpreted as a call for Ukraine to negotiate <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrender (military)">terms of surrender</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Horowitz2024-494">[490]</a><a href="#cite_note-Melkozerova-2024-516">[512]</a> Ukraine was angered by Francis's suggestion that it should yield to Russian aggression, and the statement was criticized by Ukraine President <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> and German Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Annalena_Baerbock" title="Annalena Baerbock">Annalena Baerbock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Horowitz2024-494">[490]</a><a href="#cite_note-Melkozerova-2024-516">[512]</a> After the broadcast, a Vatican spokesperson said that Francis meant "cease-fire and negotiation" rather than capitulation.<a href="#cite_note-Horowitz2024-494">[490]</a><a href="#cite_note-Melkozerova-2024-516">[512]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a> criticized Pope Francis's remarks, saying: "Ukrainians cannot surrender because surrender means death. The intentions of Putin and Russia are clear and explicit. In Putin’s mind, there is no such thing as Ukraine, Ukrainian history, language, and independent Ukrainian church life."<a href="#cite_note-Melkozerova-2024-516">[512]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Muslim_world">In the Muslim world</h3></div> Francis condemned the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians by ISIL">persecution of Christians by ISIL</a>, and supported the use of force to stop Islamic militants from attacking religious minorities in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-517">[513]</a> In January 2018, Francis met <a href="/wiki/Yazidi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazidi people">Yazidi</a> refugees in Europe, expressed his support for their right to religious freedom, and called upon the international community "not to remain a silent and unresponsive spectator" to the <a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidi genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-518">[514]</a> In February 2019, Francis visited <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, United Arab Emirates, on the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan</a>. Francis became the first pope to celebrate Mass on the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, attended by more than 120,000 attendees at the <a href="/wiki/Zayed_Sports_City_Stadium" title="Zayed Sports City Stadium">Zayed Sports City Stadium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-519">[515]</a> In March 2021, Francis held a <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis%27s_visit_to_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Francis's visit to Iraq">historic meeting</a> with Iraq's top <a href="/wiki/Shi%27ite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ite">Shi'ite</a> cleric, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ayatollah" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Ayatollah">Grand Ayatollah</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Sistani" title="Ali al-Sistani">Ali al-Sistani</a>, and visited <a href="/wiki/Ur_of_the_Chaldees" title="Ur of the Chaldees">Ur</a>, a site traditionally identified as the birthplace of the prophet <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>. He and the Iraqi cleric urged the Muslim and Christian communities to work together for peaceful coexistence.<a href="#cite_note-520">[516]</a><a href="#cite_note-521">[517]</a> In September 2024, Francis <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis%27_visit_to_Indonesia" title="Pope Francis' visit to Indonesia">visited</a> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, a country with the largest Muslim population,<a href="#cite_note-522">[518]</a> where he attended inter-religious dialogue in <a href="/wiki/Istiqlal_Mosque,_Jakarta" title="Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta">Istiqlal Mosque</a> in Jakarta, and was welcomed by the Grand Imam, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Nasaruddin_Umar" title="Nasaruddin Umar">Nasaruddin Umar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-523">[519]</a> The mosque, the largest in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, and the ninth largest in the world,<a href="#cite_note-524">[520]</a> is right across the <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Cathedral" title="Jakarta Cathedral">Catholic Cathedral</a>, and connected by an underpass known as "tunnel of friendship", where Francis attended the mosque from. Francis also listened to Islamic prayers being recited by a young blind girl named Syakila, the winner of a national Quran recitation competition.<a href="#cite_note-525">[521]</a> Francis and the Grand Imam also signed the Joint Declaration of Istiqlal 2024, underscoring that the values common to all religious traditions be effectively promoted to “defeat the culture of violence and indifference” and promote reconciliation and peace.<a href="#cite_note-:0-523">[519]</a> The declaration also read and attended by representatives from other religions, including <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianisms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-526">[522]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elsewhere">Elsewhere</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Francis_in_Sarajevo_06_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pope_Francis_in_Sarajevo_06_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-Pope_Francis_in_Sarajevo_06_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pope_Francis_in_Sarajevo_06_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Pope_Francis_in_Sarajevo_06_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pope_Francis_in_Sarajevo_06_%28cropped%29.JPG/440px-Pope_Francis_in_Sarajevo_06_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2494" /></a><figcaption>Crowd at the <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1evo_City_Stadium" title="Koševo City Stadium">Koševo City Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, celebrating a Mass with Francis, June 2015</figcaption></figure> On 6 June 2015, Francis visited <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, urging peace in the religiously diverse city.<a href="#cite_note-527">[523]</a> In September 2015, Francis visited the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Headquarters">United Nations Headquarters</a> in New York City, where he addressed the <a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a>; following his speech, he visited the <a href="/wiki/National_September_11_Memorial_and_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="National September 11 Memorial and Museum">National September 11 Memorial and Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Times_2015-528">[524]</a> In June 2023, Francis issued an address to the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> while recovering from abdominal surgery; the statement was read by Vatican official <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gallagher_(bishop)" title="Paul Gallagher (bishop)">Paul Gallagher</a> on the pope's behalf.<a href="#cite_note-529">[525]</a><a href="#cite_note-530">[526]</a> On <a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a>, on 1 November 2021, Francis visited a war cemetery in Rome and paid tribute to fallen soldiers during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Battle of Anzio</a> in World War II as well as at the <a href="/wiki/Piave_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Piave River">Piave River</a>, in Italy, during World War I. Francis also praised military casualties for "fighting for their homeland and values" and called for global peace.<a href="#cite_note-531">[527]</a><a href="#cite_note-532">[528]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_image">Public image</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_and_things_named_after_Pope_Francis" title="List of places and things named after Pope Francis">List of places and things named after Pope Francis</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Francis_(27056871831)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Pope_Francis_%2827056871831%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/210px-Pope_Francis_%2827056871831%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Pope_Francis_%2827056871831%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/315px-Pope_Francis_%2827056871831%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Pope_Francis_%2827056871831%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="549" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ted.com/talks/pope_francis_why_the_only_future_worth_building_includes_everyone?language=en#t-62701">Why the only future worth building includes everyone</a>, <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED talks</a>, April 2017, 17:51, in Italian with subtitles in 22 languages</td></tr></tbody></table> Francis has frequently been depicted as a <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">liberal</a> moderate.<a href="#cite_note-533">[529]</a> Commentator <a href="/wiki/William_Saletan" title="William Saletan">William Saletan</a> described Francis' comments by Francis in his first long interview in 2013 (particularly Francis's statement that "God is to be encountered in the world of today" and "God manifests himself in historical revelation, in history") as liberal and fundamentally anti-conservative.<a href="#cite_note-534">[530]</a> Other have contested descriptions of Francis as liberal.<a href="#cite_note-535">[531]</a> In 2014, the Vatican criticized some Italian news agencies, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>, for reporting on certain remarks Francis has made as suggestive of an opening toward acceptance of same-sex marriage or civil unions; a Vatican spokesperson said the pope's remark had been taken out of context.<a href="#cite_note-536">[532]</a> Important aspects of Francis's public image include "his recognizable humanity" and gestures of humility, as well as his efforts to preserve his autonomy amid <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> bureaucracy.<a href="#cite_note-Achanging-537">[533]</a> He is a frequent user of <a href="/wiki/Landline_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Landline telephone">landline telephones</a>; he reportedly has never owned a computer or <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Achanging-537">[533]</a> During Francis's 2015 trip to Cuba, American-based AP and British-based Reuters highlighted the religious aspect of the pope's journey while <a href="/wiki/Prensa_Latina" title="Prensa Latina">Prensa Latina</a>, the Cuban <a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">state media</a> agency, depicted it as a diplomatic visit. American and British media were also more likely during this trip to show Francis interacting with regular Cubans compared to the official Cuban media, which showed Francis interacting with elites most often.<a href="#cite_note-538">[534]</a> In December 2013, both <a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine">Time</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Advocate_(LGBT_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Advocate (LGBT magazine)">The Advocate</a> magazines named the Pontiff as their "Person of the Year"; Esquire magazine named him as the "Best-dressed man" for 2013, citing his simpler vestments.<a href="#cite_note-539">[535]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a> magazine followed in January 2014 by making the Pontiff their featured front cover.<a href="#cite_note-540">[536]</a><a href="#cite_note-541">[537]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a> magazine also ranked Francis as number one in their list of 50 greatest leaders.<a href="#cite_note-542">[538]</a> He was included in <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> lists of <a href="/wiki/Forbes_list_of_The_World%27s_Most_Powerful_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbes list of The World's Most Powerful People">most powerful people in the world</a> in 2014<a href="#cite_note-543">[539]</a> and 2016.<a href="#cite_note-544">[540]</a> In March 2013, a new song was dedicated to Francis and released in Brazilian Portuguese, European Portuguese, and Italian, titled Come Puoi ("How You Can").<a href="#cite_note-nofrills-150">[147]</a> A street in <a href="/wiki/La_Plata" title="La Plata">La Plata</a>, Argentina, was renamed Papa Francisco in his honor.<a href="#cite_note-street-545">[541]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Chamber_of_Deputies" title="Argentine Chamber of Deputies">Argentine Chamber of Deputies</a> passed legislation to mint a <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_coin" title="Commemorative coin">commemorative coin</a> as a tribute to Francis in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-546">[542]</a><a href="#cite_note-547">[543]</a> As of 2013, sales of papal souvenirs, a sign of popularity, were up.<a href="#cite_note-NYT52513-548">[544]</a> Francis presided over his first joint public wedding ceremony in a Nuptial Mass for 20 couples from the Archdiocese of Rome on 14 September 2014, a few weeks before the start of the 5–19 October <a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_General_Assembly_of_the_Synod_of_Bishops" title="Third Extraordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops">Third Extraordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops</a> (the Synod on the Family).<a href="#cite_note-549">[545]</a><a href="#cite_note-551">[e]</a> In 2016, Francis became the first pope to create an <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> account.<a href="#cite_note-552">[547]</a> He broke records after having gained over one million followers in under twelve hours of the account being up.<a href="#cite_note-553">[548]</a> In 2019 Francis held a conference on the World Day of Social Communications highlighting the pros and cons of social media and urging users to use it as a source that liberates rather than enslaves.<a href="#cite_note-554">[549]</a> On 26 November 2020 Francis became the first pope to write an op-ed for The New York Times; in the article, he addressing issues such as COVID-19 restrictions on public gatherings and the need for global solidarity.<a href="#cite_note-555">[550]</a><a href="#cite_note-556">[551]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_role_of_the_church_in_society">The role of the church in society</h3></div> Pope Francis is interested in and involved in the role the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a> can play in society. Pope Francis criticized both U.S. presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>'s anti-immigration policies and <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>'s abortion policies as "against life."<a href="#cite_note-557">[552]</a><a href="#cite_note-558">[553]</a> He said both are against life and encouraged people of conscience to choose the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_of_two_evils_principle" title="Lesser of two evils principle">lesser of two evils</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-559">[554]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-560">[555]</a><a href="#cite_note-561">[556]</a> He said voters with a conscience should think about who is more evil and who they should elect. He said that the policy of deporting immigrants, the policy of borders, is inhumane. And the policy of killing children in their mother's womb, artificially, is evil.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-559">[554]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-560">[555]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2></div> In 2021, the pope's health problems prompted rumors that he might resign,<a href="#cite_note-562">[557]</a> which Francis dismissed.<a href="#cite_note-563">[558]</a> In June 2022, after undergoing treatment to the knee, Francis canceled planned trips to the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> on the advice of his doctors.<a href="#cite_note-564">[559]</a> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> that month, Francis said that he had not considered resigning but would do so if his health made it impossible for him to run the church.<a href="#cite_note-565">[560]</a> During his trip to the Democratic Republic of the Congo in February 2023, Francis said papal resignations should not become a "fashion" and that resignation was "not in his agenda at the moment".<a href="#cite_note-566">[561]</a> Nearly one million people came for Pope Francis's Mass in Kinshasa in the DRC. He addressed people to be in peace and leave weapons. He told people to "put down your arms and embrace mercy".<a href="#cite_note-567">[562]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Mass_-_Elevating_the_consecrated_Host.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Holy_Mass_-_Elevating_the_consecrated_Host.jpg/220px-Holy_Mass_-_Elevating_the_consecrated_Host.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Holy_Mass_-_Elevating_the_consecrated_Host.jpg/330px-Holy_Mass_-_Elevating_the_consecrated_Host.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Holy_Mass_-_Elevating_the_consecrated_Host.jpg/440px-Holy_Mass_-_Elevating_the_consecrated_Host.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Pope Francis celebrating Holy Mass in Kossuth tér, Budapest</figcaption></figure> In March 2023, Francis was hospitalized in Rome with a respiratory infection.<a href="#cite_note-568">[563]</a> He returned to celebrate public Mass at the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Vigil" title="Easter Vigil">Easter Vigil</a> Mass on <a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a>, for the first time since recovering from bronchitis.<a href="#cite_note-569">[564]</a> In June 2023, Pope Francis underwent abdominal surgery after suffering from a <a href="/wiki/Hernia" title="Hernia">hernia</a>. The Pope received the surgery at Gemelli Hospital, and spent several days in the hospital while recovering.<a href="#cite_note-570">[565]</a> Francis has publicly used a wheelchair since 2022, initially due to persistent knee pain which required an operation.<a href="#cite_note-571">[566]</a><a href="#cite_note-572">[567]</a> He acknowledged that his recurring mobility problems had precipitated the beginning of what <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> termed "a new, slower phase of his papacy",<a href="#cite_note-573">[568]</a> although he was praised by disabled Catholics for his example, and making his "disability part of his visible identity".<a href="#cite_note-574">[569]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distinctions">Distinctions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles_and_styles">Titles and styles</h3></div> The official form of address of the pope in English is His Holiness Pope Francis; in Latin, Franciscus, Episcopus Romae. Holy Father is among the other <a href="/wiki/His_holiness#Catholic_church" class="mw-redirect" title="His holiness">honorifics</a> used for popes.<a href="#cite_note-575">[570]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_orders">Foreign orders</h3></div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> Bolivia: <a href="/wiki/File:BOL_Order_of_Condor_of_the_Andes_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/BOL_Order_of_Condor_of_the_Andes_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/85px-BOL_Order_of_Condor_of_the_Andes_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/BOL_Order_of_Condor_of_the_Andes_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/128px-BOL_Order_of_Condor_of_the_Andes_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/BOL_Order_of_Condor_of_the_Andes_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/170px-BOL_Order_of_Condor_of_the_Andes_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a>: Grand Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Condor_of_the_Andes" title="Order of the Condor of the Andes">Order of the Condor of the Andes</a> (9 July 2015)<a href="#cite_note-CondorDeLosAndes-576">[571]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrucifixThis-577">[572]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> Bolivia: Order of Merit "Father Luis Espinal Camps" (9 July 2015)<a href="#cite_note-CondorDeLosAndes-576">[571]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrucifixThis-577">[572]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> Poland: <a href="/wiki/File:POL_Order_U%C5%9Bmiechu_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/POL_Order_U%C5%9Bmiechu_BAR.svg/85px-POL_Order_U%C5%9Bmiechu_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/POL_Order_U%C5%9Bmiechu_BAR.svg/128px-POL_Order_U%C5%9Bmiechu_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/POL_Order_U%C5%9Bmiechu_BAR.svg/170px-POL_Order_U%C5%9Bmiechu_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Smile" title="Order of the Smile">Order of the Smile</a> (26 April 2016)<a href="#cite_note-578">[573]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3></div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> Germany: <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_Prize" title="Charlemagne Prize">International Charlemagne Prize</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> 2016.<a href="#cite_note-579">[574]</a></li> <li>"Person of the Year" by <a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a> (2015) for his request that all Catholics be kind to animals.<a href="#cite_note-580">[575]</a></li> <li>Francis was made an honorary <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Globetrotters" title="Harlem Globetrotters">Harlem Globetrotter</a> on 7 May 2015.<a href="#cite_note-581">[576]</a></li> <li>Francis was granted an honorary <a href="/wiki/Black_belt_(martial_arts)" title="Black belt (martial arts)">black belt</a> by <a href="/wiki/World_Taekwondo" title="World Taekwondo">World Taekwondo</a> in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-582">[577]</a></li> <li>Zayed Award for Human Fraternity in October 2020 for significant contributions to the service of humanity from around the world.<a href="#cite_note-583">[578]</a><a href="#cite_note-584">[579]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> Brazil: Francis was awarded the Medalha Mérito Legislativo by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Brazil">Congress of Brazil</a> in November 2021.<a href="#cite_note-585">[580]</a></li> <li>Grand Chief <a href="/wiki/Willie_Littlechild" title="Willie Littlechild">Willie Littlechild</a> gifted Pope Francis with the Indigenous Name Wapikihew (White Eagle) on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Ermineskin_Cree_Nation" title="Ermineskin Cree Nation">Ermineskin Cree Nation</a> and presented him with a tradition Cree <a href="/wiki/War_bonnet" title="War bonnet">War bonnet</a> following the Pope's apology to the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous peoples in Canada</a> at <a href="/wiki/Maskwacis" title="Maskwacis">Maskwacis</a>, Alberta on 25 July 2022.<a href="#cite_note-586">[581]</a><a href="#cite_note-587">[582]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorific_eponyms_and_dedications">Honorific eponyms and dedications</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Francis_Malacanang_45.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pope_Francis_Malacanang_45.jpg/220px-Pope_Francis_Malacanang_45.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pope_Francis_Malacanang_45.jpg/330px-Pope_Francis_Malacanang_45.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pope_Francis_Malacanang_45.jpg/440px-Pope_Francis_Malacanang_45.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Francis and Philippine President <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis%27s_visit_to_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Francis's visit to the Philippines">16 January 2015</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Philippines: The Pope Francis Center for the Poor – <a href="/wiki/Palo,_Leyte" title="Palo, Leyte">Palo, Leyte</a> (12 July 2015)<a href="#cite_note-588">[583]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a> composed a Mass setting (Missa Papae Francisci) named after the pope, for the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the restoration of the Jesuit order. The performance aired on <a href="/wiki/Rai_5" title="Rai 5">Rai 5</a> and was attended by former Italian President <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano" title="Giorgio Napolitano">Giorgio Napolitano</a> and other dignitaries.<a href="#cite_note-589">[584]</a><a href="#cite_note-590">[585]</a><a href="#cite_note-591">[586]</a></li> <li>The composer <a href="/wiki/Ludger_St%C3%BChlmeyer" title="Ludger Stühlmeyer">Ludger Stühlmeyer</a> dedicated his work Klangrede – Sonnengesang des <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Franziskus</a>, for choir (SATB) and instruments – to Pope Francis (Suae Sanctitati Papae Francisci dedicat). First performance: Capella Mariana 4 October 2015.<a href="#cite_note-592">[587]</a></li> <li>The rodent species <a href="/wiki/Oecomys" title="Oecomys">Oecomys</a> franciscorum, discovered in 2016, was named after both Pope Francis and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Maldonado_da_Silva" title="Francisco Maldonado da Silva">Francisco Maldonado da Silva</a>, a victim of the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Inquisition" title="Peruvian Inquisition">Peruvian Inquisition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-593">[588]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appreciation">Appreciation</h3></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a> <a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27_(oratorio)" title="Laudato si' (oratorio)">Laudato si'</a> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Reulein" title="Peter Reulein">Peter Reulein</a> (music) written on a <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> by <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schlegel" title="Helmut Schlegel">Helmut Schlegel</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor" title="Order of Friars Minor">OFM</a>, the figure of Francis appears next to <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a>. In the oratorio, Pope Franziskus suggests a bridge from the crucifixion scene on <a href="/wiki/Calvary" title="Calvary">Golgotha</a> to the suffering of the present. He emphasizes the female talent and the importance of the charism of women for church and society. The texts of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclicals</a> <a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evangelii_gaudium" title="Evangelii gaudium">Evangelii gaudium</a> were used. The motto of the <a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_Jubilee_of_Mercy" title="Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy">Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy</a> also plays a central role.<a href="#cite_note-Laudato_si-score-594">[589]</a> The oratorio was premiered on 6 November 2016 in the <a href="/wiki/Limburg_Cathedral" title="Limburg Cathedral">Limburg Cathedral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Laudato_si-Liebfrauen-595">[590]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coat_of_arms">Coat of arms</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Pope_Francis" title="Coat of arms of Pope Francis">Coat of arms of Pope Francis</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Papal_coats_of_arms" title="Papal coats of arms">Papal coats of arms</a></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of Pope Francis </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg/330px-Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg/440px-Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="1190" /></a> </td> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Notes</dt> <dd>Pope Francis's initial <a href="/wiki/Grant_of_arms" title="Grant of arms">grant of arms</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> was as <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires">Archbishop of Buenos Aires</a>, when he was Cardinal Bergoglio,<a href="#cite_note-NCR-142">[139]</a> in which the depiction of the Star and Spikenard were <a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">tinctured</a> <a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">Argent</a>. Following his election as <a href="/wiki/Pontiff" title="Pontiff">Pontiff</a> these are now tinctured <a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">Or</a>. The first version of <a href="/wiki/His_Holiness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Holiness">His Holiness</a>'s arms released by the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Press_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Press Office">Vatican Press Office</a> depicted a five-pointed Star from Bergoglio's archiepiscopal version, but upon election as Pope his <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> assumed an eight-pointed star with the representation of the spikenard also being suitably differenced.</dd> <dt>Crest</dt> <dd>Not applicable to <a href="/wiki/Prelate" title="Prelate">prelates</a></dd> <dt>Helm</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:MitreBenedetto.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/MitreBenedetto.svg/35px-MitreBenedetto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/MitreBenedetto.svg/53px-MitreBenedetto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/MitreBenedetto.svg/70px-MitreBenedetto.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="305" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">Bishop's mitre</a></dd> <dt>Escutcheon</dt> <dd>Azure on a Sun in Splendour Or the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Name_of_Jesus" title="Holy Name of Jesus">IHS Christogram</a> ensigned with a <a href="/wiki/Cross_patt%C3%A9e" title="Cross pattée">Cross Paté</a> fiché piercing the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Name_of_Jesus" title="Holy Name of Jesus">H</a> Gules all above three Nails fanwise points to centre Sable, and in dexter base a Mullet of eight points and in sinister base a <a href="/wiki/Lavandula" title="Lavandula">Spikenard flower</a> Or<a href="#cite_note-596">[591]</a></dd> <dt>Motto</dt> <dd>MISERANDO ATQUE ELIGENDO (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "BY GIVING MERCY AND BY CHOOSING")</dd> <dt>Other elements</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Keys_of_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Keys of Peter">Keys of Peter</a> behind <a href="/wiki/His_Holiness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Holiness">HH</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">shield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mantling" title="Mantling">Papal mantling</a></dd> <dt>Symbolism</dt> <dd>(On the shield) Jesuit emblem: In reference to Francis being a <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a>, the uppermost charge on the shield is the emblem of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OR-597">[592]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Charge_(heraldry)" title="Charge (heraldry)">charge</a> displays a radiating sun within which is the <a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">monogram</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Name_of_Jesus" title="Holy Name of Jesus">Holy Name of Jesus</a> in red, with a red cross surmounting the <a href="/wiki/Christogram" title="Christogram">H</a> and three black nails below the <a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OR-597">[592]</a> Eight-pointed star: a long-standing symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>. <a href="/wiki/Spikenard" title="Spikenard">Spikenard</a> alias nard: this flower represents <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Saint Joseph</a>; in <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> iconographic tradition St Joseph is often depicted holding a branch of spikenard.<a href="#cite_note-VIS-598">[593]</a></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis_bibliography" title="Pope Francis bibliography">Pope Francis bibliography</a></div> Pope Francis has written a variety of books, encyclicals, and other writings. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_album">Music album</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wake_Up!_(Pope_Francis_album)" title="Wake Up! (Pope Francis album)">Wake Up! (Pope Francis album)</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Wake_Up!_(Pope_Francis_album)" title="Wake Up! (Pope Francis album)">Wake Up!</a> was released on 27 November 2015 by the label Believe Digital and contains speeches by Francis and accompanying music, including rock music.<a href="#cite_note-599">[594]</a><a href="#cite_note-600">[595]</a><a href="#cite_note-601">[596]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Films">Films</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentary_film">Documentary film</h3></div> By 2015, there were two biographical films about Francis: <a href="/wiki/Call_Me_Francesco" class="mw-redirect" title="Call Me Francesco">Call Me Francesco</a> (Italy, 2015), starring <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_de_la_Serna" title="Rodrigo de la Serna">Rodrigo de la Serna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Francis:_Pray_for_me" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis: Pray for me">Francis: Pray for me</a> (Argentina, 2015), starring <a href="/wiki/Dar%C3%ADo_Grandinetti" title="Darío Grandinetti">Darío Grandinetti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-602">[597]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis:_A_Man_of_His_Word" title="Pope Francis: A Man of His Word">Pope Francis: A Man of His Word</a> is a documentary film with Swiss-Italian-French-German co-production, co-written and directed by <a href="/wiki/Wim_Wenders" title="Wim Wenders">Wim Wenders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-603">[598]</a> It premiered at the <a href="/wiki/2018_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="2018 Cannes Film Festival">2018 Cannes Film Festival</a> and was released in the United States on 18 May 2018.<a href="#cite_note-604">[599]</a> It includes extensive sections of interviews as well as stock footage from archives.<a href="#cite_note-605">[600]</a> On 21 October 2020, the documentary <a href="/wiki/Francesco_(2020_film)" title="Francesco (2020 film)">Francesco</a> directed by film producer <a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Afineevsky" title="Evgeny Afineevsky">Evgeny Afineevsky</a> premiered.<a href="#cite_note-Vatican_News-2020-606">[601]</a><a href="#cite_note-Winfield-2020-607">[602]</a> On 4 October 2022, the documentary <a href="/wiki/The_Letter:_A_Message_for_our_Earth" title="The Letter: A Message for our Earth">The Letter: A Message for our Earth</a> premiered on YouTube Originals, directed by Nicolas Brown and produced by Off The Fence in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Laudato_Si%27_Movement" title="Laudato Si' Movement">Laudato Si' Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-608">[603]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portrayal_in_film">Portrayal in film</h3></div> Francis is played by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Pryce" title="Jonathan Pryce">Jonathan Pryce</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">biographical</a> <a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">drama</a> film <a href="/wiki/The_Two_Popes" title="The Two Popes">The Two Popes</a> (2019), costarring with <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins" title="Anthony Hopkins">Anthony Hopkins</a> who plays <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-609">[604]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Christian_leaders" title="List of current Christian leaders">List of current Christian leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of current heads of state and government">List of current heads of state and government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_beatified_by_Pope_Francis" title="List of people beatified by Pope Francis">List of people beatified by Pope Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Press reports have provided a variety of translations for the phrase. According to <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a>: "Pope Francis has chosen the motto Miserando atque eligendo, meaning lowly but chosen; literally in Latin by having mercy, by choosing him. The motto is one Francis used as bishop. It is taken from the homilies of the <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Venerable Bede</a> on <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Saint Matthew's Gospel</a> relating to his vocation: 'Jesus saw the tax collector and by having mercy chose him as an apostle saying to him: Follow me.'"<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈxoɾxe ˈmaɾjo βeɾˈɣoɣljo]</a> in Spanish, and <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[berˈɡɔʎʎo]</a> in Italian </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> This devotion has since spread to Brazil; it "attracts people with small problems".<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> Bergoglio had an image of Mary Untier of Knots inscribed on a chalice he presented to Pope Benedict XVI in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_I" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul I">John Paul I</a>, elected in 1978, took a new combination of already used names, in honour of his two immediate predecessors, <a href="/wiki/John_XXIII" class="mw-redirect" title="John XXIII">John XXIII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul VI">Paul VI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-551"><a href="#cite_ref-551">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Emeritus_Benedict_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI">Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI</a> did not do this during his eight-year reign from 2005 to 2013; his predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>, married a group of couples from all over the world in 2000, as part of the Jubilee for Families, and before that in 1994 during the church's Year of the Family, as well as presiding over a number of private marriages as pope.<a href="#cite_note-550">[546]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFScarisbrick2013" class="citation web cs1">Scarisbrick, Veronica (18 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130705010045/http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2013/03/18/pope_francis_%3A_miserando_atque_eligendo.../en1-674605">"Pope Francis: "Miserando atque eligendo"..."</a> <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2013/03/18/pope_francis_:_miserando_atque_eligendo.../en1-674605">the original</a> on 5 July 2013. 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C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-0372-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-0372-3"><bdi>978-1-4729-0372-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310114849/https://books.google.com/books?id=JQQoAAAAQBAJ&q=pope+francis+hans+kolvenbach&pg=PA60#v=snippet&q=pope%20francis%20hans%20kolvenbach&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024. 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Retrieved 15 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Catholic+Reporter&rft.atitle=Handicapping+the+conclave&rft.date=2005-04-14&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=John+L.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalcatholicreporter.org%2Fupdate%2Fconclave%2Fpt041405a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN05-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CNN05_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNN05_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051001062114/http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/09/23/conclave.diary.ap/index.html">"Cardinal breaks conclave vow of secrecy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 23 September 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/09/23/conclave.diary.ap/index.html">the original</a> on 1 October 2005. Retrieved 13 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cardinal+breaks+conclave+vow+of+secrecy&rft.date=2005-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2005%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F09%2F23%2Fconclave.diary.ap%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-votes2005-97"><a href="#cite_ref-votes2005_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWooden2005" class="citation journal cs1">Wooden, Cindy (23 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050928201437/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0505401.htm">"Article based on diary says German cardinal became pope with 84 votes"</a>. Catholic News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0505401.htm">the original</a> on 28 September 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+News&rft.atitle=Article+based+on+diary+says+German+cardinal+became+pope+with+84+votes&rft.date=2005-09-23&rft.aulast=Wooden&rft.aufirst=Cindy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnews.com%2Fdata%2Fstories%2Fcns%2F0505401.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> Article gives numbers for the four votes; Ratzinger had most votes, followed by Bergoglio. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubin13-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rubin13_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rubin13_98-1">b</a> Rubin, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-tears-99"><a href="#cite_ref-tears_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTosatti" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tosatti, Marco. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lastampa.it/2013/03/10/vaticaninsider/ita/inchieste-e-interviste/ecco-come-and-davvero-il-conclave-del-PpFofMHBKez0AvYBLzCgBN/pagina.html">"Ecco come andò davvero il Conclave del 2005"</a>. <a href="/wiki/La_Stampa" title="La Stampa">La Stampa</a> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802133514/http://www.lastampa.it/2013/03/10/vaticaninsider/ita/inchieste-e-interviste/ecco-come-and-davvero-il-conclave-del-PpFofMHBKez0AvYBLzCgBN/pagina.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Stampa&rft.atitle=Ecco+come+and%C3%B2+davvero+il+Conclave+del+2005&rft.aulast=Tosatti&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lastampa.it%2F2013%2F03%2F10%2Fvaticaninsider%2Fita%2Finchieste-e-interviste%2Fecco-come-and-davvero-il-conclave-del-PpFofMHBKez0AvYBLzCgBN%2Fpagina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> According to the source, Cardinal Bergoglio begged "almost in tears" ("quasi in lacrime" in Italian) </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Rubin, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManson2013" class="citation web cs1">Manson, Jamie (15 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncronline.org/blogs/grace-margins/one-pope-francis-allegiances-might-tell-us-something-about-churchs-future">"One of Pope Francis' allegiances might tell us something about the church's future"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=174220195">the original</a> on 16 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <q>Bergoglio—who ran Argentina's Jesuit order during the dictatorship—told Rubin that he regularly hid people on church property during the dictatorship, and once gave his identity papers to a man with similar features, enabling him to escape across the border.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+Is+Known+For+Simplicity+And+Humility&rft.date=2013-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D174220195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WAPO-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WAPO_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WAPO_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiroff,_Nick2013" class="citation news cs1">Miroff, Nick (17 March 2013). "Pope's activity in Dirty War Draws Scrutiny". 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=174220195">the original</a> on 16 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <q>both men were freed after Bergoglio took extraordinary, behind-the-scenes action to save them—including persuading dictator Jorge Videla's family priest to call in sick so that he could say Mass in the junta leader's home, where he privately appealed for mercy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+Is+Known+For+Simplicity+And+Humility&rft.date=2013-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D174220195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPablo_Javier_Blanco2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pablo Javier Blanco (17 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contenidos2.clarin.com/edicion-electronica/20130317/index.html">"Dias inolvidables para su biógrafo"</a> [Unforgettable days for his biographer]. El Papa del fin del mundo (in Spanish). Clarín. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130319210706/http://contenidos2.clarin.com/edicion-electronica/20130317/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2013. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarin.com/mundo/Atacan-Bergoglio-Cristina-queria-Papa_CLAFIL20130315_0002.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 March 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clar%C3%ADn&rft.atitle=Atacan+a+Bergoglio+porque+Cristina+no+quer%C3%ADa+que+fuera+Papa&rft.aulast=Fioriti&rft.aufirst=Santiago&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarin.com%2Fmundo%2FAtacan-Bergoglio-Cristina-queria-Papa_CLAFIL20130315_0002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526015515/http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/news/detail/articolo/francedco-francis-francisco-23329/">""Bergoglio is completely innocent," says Argentina's Supreme Court"</a>. Vatican Insider. 18 March 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/news/detail/articolo/francedco-francis-francisco-23329/">the original</a> on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Bergoglio+is+completely+innocent%2C%22+says+Argentina%27s+Supreme+Court&rft.pub=Vatican+Insider&rft.date=2013-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvaticaninsider.lastampa.it%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fdetail%2Farticolo%2Ffrancedco-francis-francisco-23329%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoñi2013" class="citation news cs1">Goñi, Uki (19 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/19/pope-francis-argentina-1970s">"Pope Francis: what did he really do in Argentina in the 1970s?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150212201312/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/19/pope-francis-argentina-1970s">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis%3A+what+did+he+really+do+in+Argentina+in+the+1970s%3F&rft.date=2013-03-19&rft.aulast=Go%C3%B1i&rft.aufirst=Uki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fmar%2F19%2Fpope-francis-argentina-1970s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCifuentes2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cifuentes, Pedro (15 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130701131917/http://www.zoomnews.es/34129/actualidad/mundo/bergoglio-historia-papa-francisco-dictadura-argentina-videla">"Bergoglio: la verdadera historia del Papa Francisco y la dictadura de Videla"</a> [Bergoglio: the true story of Pope Francis and Videla's dictatorship] (in Spanish). 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Retrieved 28 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bergoglio%3A+la+verdadera+historia+del+Papa+Francisco+y+la+dictadura+de+Videla&rft.pub=Zoom+News&rft.date=2013-03-15&rft.aulast=Cifuentes&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zoomnews.es%2F34129%2Factualidad%2Fmundo%2Fbergoglio-historia-papa-francisco-dictadura-argentina-videla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoaquín_GarauPablo_Martín_Fernández2013" class="citation web cs1">Joaquín Garau & Pablo Martín Fernández (19 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infotechnology.com/internet/The-fake-viral-photo-of-pope-Francis-who-is-the-priest-that-gives-the-communion-to-Videla-20130319-0002.html">"The fake viral photo of pope Francis: who is the priest that gives the communion to Videla"</a>. Info Technology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150212212239/http://www.infotechnology.com/internet/The-fake-viral-photo-of-pope-Francis-who-is-the-priest-that-gives-the-communion-to-Videla-20130319-0002.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+fake+viral+photo+of+pope+Francis%3A+who+is+the+priest+that+gives+the+communion+to+Videla&rft.pub=Info+Technology&rft.date=2013-03-19&rft.au=Joaqu%C3%ADn+Garau&rft.au=Pablo+Mart%C3%ADn+Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infotechnology.com%2Finternet%2FThe-fake-viral-photo-of-pope-Francis-who-is-the-priest-that-gives-the-communion-to-Videla-20130319-0002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Rubin, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Reato, p. 160 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Reato, pp. 222–223 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Rubin, pp. 18–19 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObarrio2004" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Obarrio, Mariano (27 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130329094231/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/604859-el-mensaje-de-la-iglesia-era-para-kirchner">"El mensaje de la Iglesia era para Kirchner"</a> [The message of the church was for Kirchner]. La Nación (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/604859-el-mensaje-de-la-iglesia-era-para-kirchner">the original</a> on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Naci%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=El+mensaje+de+la+Iglesia+era+para+Kirchner&rft.date=2004-05-27&rft.aulast=Obarrio&rft.aufirst=Mariano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lanacion.com.ar%2F604859-el-mensaje-de-la-iglesia-era-para-kirchner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColonna2005" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Colonna, Lucas (24 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190651/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/706830-suspendio">"Suspendió la Iglesia el tedeum en la Capital"</a> [The church suspended the tedeum in the capital]. La Nación (in Spanish). 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La Nación (in Spanish). 14 March 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1562777-jorge-bergoglio-y-los-kirchner-anos-de-una-relacion-tensa">the original</a> on 19 March 2013. 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Retrieved 15 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Cristina+Fern%C3%A1ndez+de+Kirchner+turns+Pope+Francis+from+foe+to+friend&rft.date=2013-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fmar%2F27%2Fchristina-fernandez-de-kirchner-pope-francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cp24.com/world/pope-s-diplomacy-put-to-test-as-leaders-flock-to-rome-1.1200040">"Pope's diplomacy put to test as leaders flock to Rome"</a>. CP24. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 18 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150620125831/http://www.cp24.com/world/pope-s-diplomacy-put-to-test-as-leaders-flock-to-rome-1.1200040">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pope%27s+diplomacy+put+to+test+as+leaders+flock+to+Rome&rft.date=2013-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cp24.com%2Fworld%2Fpope-s-diplomacy-put-to-test-as-leaders-flock-to-rome-1.1200040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2013" class="citation web cs1">Gilbert, Jonathan (18 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2013/0318/Making-nice-Argentina-s-Kirchner-and-Pope-Francis-meet-in-Rome-video">"Making nice? Argentina's Kirchner and Pope Francis meet in Rome"</a>. The Christian Science Monitor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130325221658/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2013/0318/Making-nice-Argentina-s-Kirchner-and-Pope-Francis-meet-in-Rome-video">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Making+nice%3F+Argentina%27s+Kirchner+and+Pope+Francis+meet+in+Rome&rft.date=2013-03-18&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FAmericas%2F2013%2F0318%2FMaking-nice-Argentina-s-Kirchner-and-Pope-Francis-meet-in-Rome-video&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150620125109/http://www.perfil.com/politica/Pagina12-saco-notas-de-Verbitsky-sobre-Bergoglio-y-la-dictadura-20141118-0024.html">"Página 12 sacó notas de Verbitsky sobre Bergoglio y la dictadura"</a> [Página 12 removed Verbitsky's articles about Bergoglio and the dictatorship] (in Spanish). 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The Observer. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7712">0029-7712</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240201094926/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/27/the-false-prophet-v-the-pope-argentina-faces-clash-of-ideologies-in-election">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=The+%27false+prophet%27+v+the+pope%3A+Argentina+faces+clash+of+ideologies+in+election&rft.date=2023-08-27&rft.issn=0029-7712&rft.aulast=Go%C3%B1i&rft.aufirst=Uki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Faug%2F27%2Fthe-false-prophet-v-the-pope-argentina-faces-clash-of-ideologies-in-election&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2024/02/12/pope-francis-argentina-president-javier-milei-vatican-247286">"Pope Francis and Argentina's President Milei hit it off"</a>. 12 February 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240224144947/https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2024/02/12/pope-francis-argentina-president-javier-milei-vatican-247286">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pope+Francis+and+Argentina%27s+President+Milei+hit+it+off&rft.date=2024-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americamagazine.org%2Ffaith%2F2024%2F02%2F12%2Fpope-francis-argentina-president-javier-milei-vatican-247286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130321131012/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/the-pope/9937813/Vatican-releases-Pope-Francis-coat-of-arms-motto-and-ring.html">"Vatican releases Pope Francis' coat of arms, motto and ring"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a>. London. 18 March 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/the-pope/9937813/Vatican-releases-Pope-Francis-coat-of-arms-motto-and-ring.html">the original</a> on 21 March 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Vatican+releases+Pope+Francis%27+coat+of+arms%2C+motto+and+ring&rft.date=2013-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Freligion%2Fthe-pope%2F9937813%2FVatican-releases-Pope-Francis-coat-of-arms-motto-and-ring.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/francesco/elezione/stemma-papa-francesco_it.html">"Lo Stemma di Papa Francesco"</a>. L'Osservatore Romano (Vatican website). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209090516/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/francesco/elezione/stemma-papa-francesco_it.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2014. 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Retrieved 8 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Pope+of+the+Americas&rft.date=2013-03-13&rft.au=Howard+Chua-Eoan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworld.time.com%2F2013%2F03%2F13%2Fpope-of-the-americas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.fordham.edu/living-the-mission/fordham-experts-weigh-in-on-pope-francis-first-decade/">"Fordham Experts Weigh in on Pope Francis' First Decade"</a>. Fordham Newsroom. 8 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230309164135/https://news.fordham.edu/living-the-mission/fordham-experts-weigh-in-on-pope-francis-first-decade/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fordham+Newsroom&rft.atitle=Fordham+Experts+Weigh+in+on+Pope+Francis%27+First+Decade&rft.date=2023-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.fordham.edu%2Fliving-the-mission%2Ffordham-experts-weigh-in-on-pope-francis-first-decade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2013" class="citation news cs1">Fisher, Max (13 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/03/13/sorry-jorge-mario-bergoglio-is-not-the-first-non-european-pope/">"Sorry, Jorge Mario Bergoglio is not the first non-European pope"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150615144215/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/03/13/sorry-jorge-mario-bergoglio-is-not-the-first-non-european-pope/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Sorry%2C+Jorge+Mario+Bergoglio+is+not+the+first+non-European+pope&rft.date=2013-03-13&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2013%2F03%2F13%2Fsorry-jorge-mario-bergoglio-is-not-the-first-non-european-pope%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nofrills-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nofrills_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nofrills_150-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pope-francis-brings-no-frills-style-to-papacy/">"Pope Francis brings no-frills style to papacy"</a>, CBS News, 28 March 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-poor-idUSBRE92F05P20130316">"Pope Francis wants a 'poor Church for the poor'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 16 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151226013425/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-poor-idUSBRE92F05P20130316">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+wants+a+%27poor+Church+for+the+poor%27&rft.date=2013-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-pope-poor-idUSBRE92F05P20130316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130316062247/http://abcnews.go.com/International/retired-argentine-cardinal-heart-attack/comments?type=story&id=18736841">"Pope visits ailing Argentine cardinal in hospital"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/retired-argentine-cardinal-heart-attack/comments?type=story&id=18736841">the original</a> on 16 March 2013. 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Retrieved 14 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Briefing+di+padre+Lombardi&rft.date=2013-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.va%2Fit%2Fnews%2Fbriefing-di-padre-lombardi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corriere.it/cronache/13_marzo_14/papa-francesco-primo-giorno_9d687672-8c78-11e2-ab2c-711cc67f5f67.shtml">"Francis and those humble gestures by the Pope, he does not sit on a throne, paying the bill at the hotel"</a> (in Italian). Corriere Della Sera. 14 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130331184311/http://www.corriere.it/cronache/13_marzo_14/papa-francesco-primo-giorno_9d687672-8c78-11e2-ab2c-711cc67f5f67.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Francis+and+those+humble+gestures+by+the+Pope%2C+he+does+not+sit+on+a+throne%2C+paying+the+bill+at+the+hotel&rft.date=2013-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.corriere.it%2Fcronache%2F13_marzo_14%2Fpapa-francesco-primo-giorno_9d687672-8c78-11e2-ab2c-711cc67f5f67.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_WalkerPaul_OwenDavid_Batty2013" class="citation news cs1">Peter Walker; Paul Owen & David Batty (14 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/14/pope-francis-first-day">"Pope Francis, first day after election"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 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Retrieved 23 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homily+of+Pope+Francis&rft.pub=Holy+See&rft.date=2013-03-19&rft.au=Pope+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Ffrancesco%2Fhomilies%2F2013%2Fdocuments%2Fpapa-francesco_20130319_omelia-inizio-pontificato_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Guardian-2013a-176"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian-2013a_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130317092441/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/16/pope-francis-st-francis-assisi">"Pope Francis explains decision to take St Francis of Assisi's name"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. 16 March 2013. 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Las Stampa: Vatican Insider. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308150136/https://www.lastampa.it/vatican-insider/en/2013/04/15/news/pope-francis-sets-up-a-group-of-eight-cardinals-to-advise-him-1.36103794">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ior%3A+Cuts+to+the+cardinals%27+%22earnings%22&rft.date=2013-04-19&rft.aulast=Galeazi&rft.aufirst=Giacomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lastampa.it%2Fvatican-insider%2Fen%2F2013%2F04%2F15%2Fnews%2Fpope-francis-sets-up-a-group-of-eight-cardinals-to-advise-him-1.36103794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2013" class="citation news cs1">Allen, John L. 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Retrieved 20 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Slain+Salvadoran+bishop+Romero+and+Pope+Paul+VI+become+saints&rft.date=2018-10-14&rft.au=Philip+Pullella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-pope-saints%2Fslain-salvadorian-bishop-romero-and-pope-paul-vi-become-saints-idUSKCN1MO098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2019-07/pope-francis-sainthood-beatification-decree-sheen.html">"A new saint for the Church and Fulton Sheen soon to be Blessed"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vatican+News&rft.atitle=A+new+saint+for+the+Church+and+Fulton+Sheen+soon+to+be+Blessed&rft.date=2019-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaticannews.va%2Fen%2Fpope%2Fnews%2F2019-07%2Fpope-francis-sainthood-beatification-decree-sheen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtney_Mares2019" class="citation news cs1">Courtney Mares (13 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/42528/lead-kindly-light-pope-francis-names-newman-a-saint">"'Lead, kindly light' – Pope Francis names Newman a saint"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_News_Agency" title="Catholic News Agency">Catholic News Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191013095059/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/lead-kindly-light---pope-francis-names-newman-a-saint-78656">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2019. 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Retrieved 7 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Herald&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+to+give+extraordinary+benediction+urbi+et+orbi&rft.date=2020-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatholicherald.co.uk%2F199149-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repubblica.it/vaticano/2020/03/27/news/_fitte_tenebre_si_sono_addensate_sulle_nostre_piazze_ma_scenda_su_tutti_la_benedizione_di_dio_-252483705/">"Papa Francesco prega nella piazza San Pietro vuota: "Fitte tenebre si sono addensate, scenda la benedizione di Dio""</a>. la Repubblica (in Italian). 27 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200526185235/https://www.repubblica.it/vaticano/2020/03/27/news/_fitte_tenebre_si_sono_addensate_sulle_nostre_piazze_ma_scenda_su_tutti_la_benedizione_di_dio_-252483705/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=la+Repubblica&rft.atitle=Papa+Francesco+prega+nella+piazza+San+Pietro+vuota%3A+%22Fitte+tenebre+si+sono+addensate%2C+scenda+la+benedizione+di+Dio%22&rft.date=2020-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repubblica.it%2Fvaticano%2F2020%2F03%2F27%2Fnews%2F_fitte_tenebre_si_sono_addensate_sulle_nostre_piazze_ma_scenda_su_tutti_la_benedizione_di_dio_-252483705%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2022/jan/10/covid-live-news-40-of-israel-could-be-infected-in-current-wave-germany-to-study-rapid-antigen-test-reliability-for-omicron?page=with:block-61dc232b8f08ad63cf6746c2">Pope Francis has said getting vaccinated against coronavirus is a "moral obligation" and denounced how naysayers had been swayed by "baseless information".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110132740/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2022/jan/10/covid-live-news-40-of-israel-could-be-infected-in-current-wave-germany-to-study-rapid-antigen-test-reliability-for-omicron?page=with:block-61dc232b8f08ad63cf6746c2">Archived</a> 10 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>;; </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2020-04/pope-letter-popular-movements-universal-basic-wage.html">"Pope calls for consideration of 'universal basic wage' for unprotected workers - Vatican News"</a>. www.vaticannews.va. 13 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200416093058/https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2020-04/pope-letter-popular-movements-universal-basic-wage.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vaticannews.va&rft.atitle=Pope+calls+for+consideration+of+%27universal+basic+wage%27+for+unprotected+workers+-+Vatican+News&rft.date=2020-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaticannews.va%2Fen%2Fpope%2Fnews%2F2020-04%2Fpope-letter-popular-movements-universal-basic-wage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brockhaus-2018-304">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brockhaus-2018_304-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brockhaus-2018_304-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockhaus2018" class="citation web cs1">Brockhaus, Hannah (2 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/39033/vatican-changes-catechism-teaching-on-death-penalty-calls-it-inadmissible">"Vatican changes Catechism teaching on death penalty, calls it 'inadmissible'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_News_Agency" title="Catholic News Agency">Catholic News Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180802162744/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/vatican-changes-catechism-teaching-on-death-penalty-calls-it-inadmissible-28541">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Vatican+changes+Catechism+teaching+on+death+penalty%2C+calls+it+%27inadmissible%27&rft.date=2018-08-02&rft.aulast=Brockhaus&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F39033%2Fvatican-changes-catechism-teaching-on-death-penalty-calls-it-inadmissible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harlan-2018-305"><a href="#cite_ref-Harlan-2018_305-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarlan2018" class="citation news cs1">Harlan, Chico (2 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/pope-francis-changes-catholic-church-teaching-to-say-death-penalty-is-inadmissible/2018/08/02/0d69ef5e-9647-11e8-80e1-00e80e1fdf43_story.html">"Pope Francis changes Catholic Church teaching to say death penalty is 'inadmissible'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180802140910/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/pope-francis-changes-catholic-church-teaching-to-say-death-penalty-is-inadmissible/2018/08/02/0d69ef5e-9647-11e8-80e1-00e80e1fdf43_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+changes+Catholic+Church+teaching+to+say+death+penalty+is+%27inadmissible%27&rft.date=2018-08-02&rft.aulast=Harlan&rft.aufirst=Chico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fpope-francis-changes-catholic-church-teaching-to-say-death-penalty-is-inadmissible%2F2018%2F08%2F02%2F0d69ef5e-9647-11e8-80e1-00e80e1fdf43_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pentin-2020a-306"><a href="#cite_ref-Pentin-2020a_306-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPentin2020" class="citation web cs1">Pentin, Edward (4 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncregister.com/news/pope-s-new-encyclical-fratelli-tutti-outlines-vision-for-a-better-world">"Pope's New Encyclical 'Fratelli Tutti' Outlines Vision for a Better World"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Catholic_Register" title="National Catholic Register">National Catholic Register</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201005111314/https://www.ncregister.com/news/pope-s-new-encyclical-fratelli-tutti-outlines-vision-for-a-better-world">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Catholic+Register&rft.atitle=Pope%27s+New+Encyclical+%27Fratelli+Tutti%27+Outlines+Vision+for+a+Better+World&rft.date=2020-10-04&rft.aulast=Pentin&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncregister.com%2Fnews%2Fpope-s-new-encyclical-fratelli-tutti-outlines-vision-for-a-better-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> Daniel Burke and Holly Yan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2016/08/02/world/pope-francis-female-deacons/index.html">Pope Francis creates commission to study history of female deacons</a>, CNN (August 2, 2016). </li> <li id="cite_note-Dulle-308">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dulle_308-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dulle_308-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dulle_308-2">c</a> Colleen Dulle, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2024/05/21/pope-francis-60-minutes-women-deacons-247995">Pope Francis says no to women deacons in '60 Minutes' interview</a>, America (May 21, 2024). </li> <li id="cite_note-SplitRpt-309"><a href="#cite_ref-SplitRpt_309-0">^</a> Joshua J. McElwee, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/francis-women-deacons-commission-gave-split-report-their-role-early-church">Francis: Women deacons commission gave split report on their role in early church</a>, National Catholic Reporter (May 7, 2019). </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> Joshua J. McElwee, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncronline.org/spirituality/francis-creates-new-women-deacons-commission-naming-entirely-different-membership">Francis creates new women deacons commission, naming entirely different membership</a>, National Catholic Reporter (April 8, 2022). </li> <li id="cite_note-CNA2023-311">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CNA2023_311-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNA2023_311-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockhaus2023" class="citation news cs1">Brockhaus, Hannah (25 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/255804/pope-francis-on-women-deacons-holy-orders-is-reserved-for-men">"Pope Francis on women deacons: 'Holy orders is reserved for men'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_News_Agency" title="Catholic News Agency">Catholic News Agency</a>. Rome. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231025180217/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/255804/pope-francis-on-women-deacons-holy-orders-is-reserved-for-men">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+on+women+deacons%3A+%27Holy+orders+is+reserved+for+men%27&rft.date=2023-10-25&rft.aulast=Brockhaus&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F255804%2Fpope-francis-on-women-deacons-holy-orders-is-reserved-for-men&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancesco" class="citation web cs1">Francesco. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/it/motu_proprio/documents/papa-francesco-motu-proprio-20210110_spiritus-domini.html">"Lettera Apostolica in forma di Motu proprio, sulla modifica del can. 230 § 1 del Codice di Diritto Canonico circa l'accesso delle persone di sesso femminile al ministero istituito del Lettorato e dell'Accolitato (10 gennaio 2021)"</a>. www.vatican.va. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111111539/http://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/it/motu_proprio/documents/papa-francesco-motu-proprio-20210110_spiritus-domini.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Lettera+Apostolica+in+forma+di+Motu+proprio%2C+sulla+modifica+del+can.+230+%C2%A7+1+del+Codice+di+Diritto+Canonico+circa+l%27accesso+delle+persone+di+sesso+femminile+al+ministero+istituito+del+Lettorato+e+dell%27Accolitato+%2810+gennaio+2021%29&rft.au=Francesco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Ffrancesco%2Fit%2Fmotu_proprio%2Fdocuments%2Fpapa-francesco-motu-proprio-20210110_spiritus-domini.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mares-2021-313"><a href="#cite_ref-Mares-2021_313-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMares2021" class="citation web cs1">Mares, Courtney (11 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/246027/pope-francis-admits-women-to-ministries-of-lector-and-acolyte-in-new-motu-proprio">"Pope Francis admits women to ministries of lector and acolyte in new motu proprio"</a>. Catholic News Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111110515/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-francis-admits-women-to-ministries-of-lector-and-acolyte-in-new-motu-proprio-41309">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+admits+women+to+ministries+of+lector+and+acolyte+in+new+motu+proprio&rft.date=2021-01-11&rft.aulast=Mares&rft.aufirst=Courtney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F246027%2Fpope-francis-admits-women-to-ministries-of-lector-and-acolyte-in-new-motu-proprio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2021-01/pope-francis-opens-ministries-lector-acolyte-women.html">"Pope Francis: Ministries of lector and acolyte to be open to women"</a>. Vatican News. 11 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111111255/https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2021-01/pope-francis-opens-ministries-lector-acolyte-women.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vatican+News&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis%3A+Ministries+of+lector+and+acolyte+to+be+open+to+women&rft.date=2021-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaticannews.va%2Fen%2Fpope%2Fnews%2F2021-01%2Fpope-francis-opens-ministries-lector-acolyte-women.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/pope-francis-appoints-more-women-vatican-posts-previously-held-only-n1256959">"Pope Francis appoints more women to Vatican posts previously held only by men"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. 7 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210207143436/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/pope-francis-appoints-more-women-vatican-posts-previously-held-only-n1256959">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+appoints+more+women+to+Vatican+posts+previously+held+only+by+men&rft.date=2021-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fpope-francis-appoints-more-women-vatican-posts-previously-held-only-n1256959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPovoledo2023" class="citation news cs1">Povoledo, Elisabetta (26 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/26/world/europe/pope-women-vote-bishops-meeting.html">"Pope Will Allow Women to Vote at Meeting of Bishops"</a>. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426132515/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/26/world/europe/pope-women-vote-bishops-meeting.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. 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Retrieved 15 January 2024. <q>In Buenos Aires I used to receive letters from homosexual persons who are 'socially wounded' because they tell me that they feel like the church has always condemned them. 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Retrieved 21 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis%3A+%27The+West+has+taken+the+wrong+paths%27&rft.date=2022-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F252304%2Fpope-francis-the-west-has-taken-the-wrong-paths&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pullella-500">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pullella_500-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pullella_500-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Pullella2022" class="citation news cs1">Philip Pullella (21 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2022-09-21/pope-says-ukraine-subjected-to-savageness-monstrosities-torture">"Pope Says Ukraine Subjected to Monstrosities"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240114095521/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2022-09-21/pope-says-ukraine-subjected-to-savageness-monstrosities-torture">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 21 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pope+Says+Ukraine+Subjected+to+Monstrosities&rft.date=2022-09-21&rft.au=Philip+Pullella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farticles%2F2022-09-21%2Fpope-says-ukraine-subjected-to-savageness-monstrosities-torture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-501"><a href="#cite_ref-501">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPullellaBalmer2022" class="citation news cs1">Pullella, Philip; Balmer, Crispian (6 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/pope-francis-says-ukraine-conflict-is-not-military-operation-war-2022-03-06/">"Pope Francis says 'rivers of blood' flowing in Ukraine war"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220412152840/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/pope-francis-says-ukraine-conflict-is-not-military-operation-war-2022-03-06/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+says+%27rivers+of+blood%27+flowing+in+Ukraine+war&rft.date=2022-03-06&rft.aulast=Pullella&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Balmer%2C+Crispian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fpope-francis-says-ukraine-conflict-is-not-military-operation-war-2022-03-06%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-502"><a href="#cite_ref-502">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-14-22/h_8cc95cbbd57270b46535d4948ec18d88">"Pope sends cardinal to Ukraine to show solidarity with refugees"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 14 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220507112859/https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-14-22/h_8cc95cbbd57270b46535d4948ec18d88">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Pope+sends+cardinal+to+Ukraine+to+show+solidarity+with+refugees&rft.date=2022-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2Feurope%2Flive-news%2Fukraine-russia-putin-news-03-14-22%2Fh_8cc95cbbd57270b46535d4948ec18d88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-503"><a href="#cite_ref-503">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infobae.com/en/2022/03/26/pope-francis-blessed-an-ambulance-that-the-vatican-sent-to-ukraine/">"Pope Francis blessed an ambulance that the Vatican sent to Ukraine"</a>. infobae. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220503085407/https://www.infobae.com/en/2022/03/26/pope-francis-blessed-an-ambulance-that-the-vatican-sent-to-ukraine/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2022. 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Retrieved 21 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vatican+News&rft.atitle=Pope+to+consecrate+Russia+and+Ukraine+to+Immaculate+Heart+of+Mary&rft.date=2022-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaticannews.va%2Fen%2Fpope%2Fnews%2F2022-03%2Fpope-francis-to-consecrate-russia-and-ukraine-to-the-immaculate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-506"><a href="#cite_ref-506">^</a> Jason Horowitz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/30/world/europe/pope-francis-hungary.html">Pope Reveals He's Working on Secret 'Mission' of Peace in Ukraine</a>, New York Times (April 30, 2023). </li> <li id="cite_note-507"><a href="#cite_ref-507">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/pope-says-vatican-involved-ukraine-peace-mission-2023-04-30/">"Pope says Vatican involved in secret Ukraine peace mission"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 30 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230615234847/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/pope-says-vatican-involved-ukraine-peace-mission-2023-04-30/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2023. 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Retrieved 25 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Festkonzert+zum+Jubil%C3%A4um+des+Referates+Kirchenmusik+%2F+Laudato+si%27+%E2%80%93+Oratorium+von+Peter+Reulein+%28Urauff%C3%BChrung%29&rft.pub=Liebfrauen%2C+Frankfurt&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liebfrauen.net%2Fmeldung_volltext.php%3Fsi%3D5807238ed0bee%26id%3D57f955bfc9ddd%26view%3D%26lang%3D%26akt%3Dmusikkunstkultur_musikmeldungen%26k1%3Dmain%26k2%3Dmusikkunstkultur%26k3%3Dmusikmeldungen%26k4%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-596"><a href="#cite_ref-596">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206134335/http://wedvickofjarlsby.org/webvick-gallery/displayimage.php?album=7&pos=24">"Wedvick of Jarlsby – Religious/Francis, H. 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Retrieved 9 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Spiritual+Nearness+of+Wim+Wenders%27s+%22Pope+Francis%3A+Man+of+His+Word%22&rft.date=2018-05-21&rft.aulast=Elie&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fculture%2Fculture-desk%2Fthe-spiritual-nearness-of-wim-wenderss-pope-francis-a-man-of-his-word&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vatican_News-2020-606"><a href="#cite_ref-Vatican_News-2020_606-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2020-10/new-film-documentary-francesco-pope-francis-rome-film-fesival.html">""Francesco": new documentary on the life and teaching of Pope Francis"</a>. Vatican News. 21 October 2020. 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Retrieved 22 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Francis+becomes+1st+pope+to+endorse+same-sex+civil+unions&rft.date=2020-10-21&rft.aulast=Winfield&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fpope-endorse-same-sex-civil-unions-eb3509b30ebac35e91aa7cbda2013de2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-608"><a href="#cite_ref-608">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVivarelli2022" class="citation web cs1">Vivarelli, Nick (4 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2022/digital/global/youtube-doc-the-letter-a-message-for-our-earth-featuring-pope-francis-1235392482/">"Pope Francis YouTube Doc 'The Letter: A Message For Our Earth' Launches From Vatican City – Trailer"</a>. Variety. Retrieved 5 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+YouTube+Doc+%27The+Letter%3A+A+Message+For+Our+Earth%27+Launches+From+Vatican+City+%E2%80%93+Trailer&rft.date=2022-10-04&rft.aulast=Vivarelli&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2022%2Fdigital%2Fglobal%2Fyoutube-doc-the-letter-a-message-for-our-earth-featuring-pope-francis-1235392482%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-609"><a href="#cite_ref-609">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonnlly2019" class="citation news cs1">Donnlly, Gabrielle (19 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholicherald.co.uk/magazine/you-couldnt-help-but-be-moved-spiritually-anthony-hopkins-and-jonathan-pryce-interviewed/">"'You couldn't help but be moved spiritually': Anthony Hopkins and Jonathan Pryce interviewed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Herald" title="Catholic Herald">Catholic Herald</a>. Retrieved 9 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Herald&rft.atitle=%27You+couldn%27t+help+but+be+moved+spiritually%27%3A+Anthony+Hopkins+and+Jonathan+Pryce+interviewed&rft.date=2019-12-19&rft.aulast=Donnlly&rft.aufirst=Gabrielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatholicherald.co.uk%2Fmagazine%2Fyou-couldnt-help-but-be-moved-spiritually-anthony-hopkins-and-jonathan-pryce-interviewed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2015" class="citation book cs1">Allen, John L. (2015). The Francis Miracle: Inside the Transformation of the Pope and the Church. New York: <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61893-131-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61893-131-3"><bdi>978-1-61893-131-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Francis+Miracle%3A+Inside+the+Transformation+of+the+Pope+and+the+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Time&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-61893-131-3&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorghesi2018" class="citation book cs1">Borghesi, Massimo (2018) [Italian original, 2017]. The Mind of Pope Francis: Jorge Mario Bergoglio's Intellectual Journey. Translated by Hudock, Barry. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-8790-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-8790-1"><bdi>978-0-8146-8790-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mind+of+Pope+Francis%3A+Jorge+Mario+Bergoglio%27s+Intellectual+Journey&rft.place=Collegeville%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-8790-1&rft.aulast=Borghesi&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastagnaroEugenio2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Castagnaro" title="Mauro Castagnaro">Castagnaro, Mauro</a>; Eugenio, Ludovica (2013). Il Dissenso Soffocato: un'agenda per Papa Francesco [Dissent Stifled: an agenda for Pope Francis]. Molfetta: La Meridiana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8861533240" title="Special:BookSources/978-8861533240"><bdi>978-8861533240</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+Dissenso+Soffocato%3A+un%27agenda+per+Papa+Francesco&rft.place=Molfetta&rft.pub=La+Meridiana&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-8861533240&rft.aulast=Castagnaro&rft.aufirst=Mauro&rft.au=Eugenio%2C+Ludovica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColonna2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sire" title="Henry Sire">Colonna, Marcantonio</a> (2018). <a href="/wiki/The_Dictator_Pope" title="The Dictator Pope">The Dictator Pope: The Inside Story of the Francis Papacy</a>. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62157-832-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62157-832-1"><bdi>978-1-62157-832-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictator+Pope%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+the+Francis+Papacy&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62157-832-1&rft.aulast=Colonna&rft.aufirst=Marcantonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouthat2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat, Ross</a> (2018). To Change the Church: Pope Francis and the Future of Catholicism. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-4692-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-4692-3"><bdi>978-1-5011-4692-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Change+the+Church%3A+Pope+Francis+and+the+Future+of+Catholicism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5011-4692-3&rft.aulast=Douthat&rft.aufirst=Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvereigh2014" class="citation book cs1">Ivereigh, Austen (2014). The Great Reformer: Francis and the Making of a Radical Pope. New York: Henry Holt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62779-157-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62779-157-1"><bdi>978-1-62779-157-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Reformer%3A+Francis+and+the+Making+of+a+Radical+Pope&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62779-157-1&rft.aulast=Ivereigh&rft.aufirst=Austen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawler2018" class="citation book cs1">Lawler, Philip F. (2018). Lost Shepherd: How Pope Francis is Misleading His Flock. Washington DC: Regnery Gateway. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62157-722-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62157-722-5"><bdi>978-1-62157-722-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Shepherd%3A+How+Pope+Francis+is+Misleading+His+Flock&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pub=Regnery+Gateway&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62157-722-5&rft.aulast=Lawler&rft.aufirst=Philip+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReato2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Reato, Ceferino (2015). Doce noches [Twelve nights] (in Spanish). Argentina: Sudamericana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-950-07-5203-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-950-07-5203-9"><bdi>978-950-07-5203-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doce+noches&rft.place=Argentina&rft.pub=Sudamericana&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-950-07-5203-9&rft.aulast=Reato&rft.aufirst=Ceferino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosalesOlivera2013" class="citation book cs1">Rosales, Luis; Olivera, Daniel (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7fX-AAAAQBAJ">Francis: A pope for our time</a>. United States: Umanix Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63006-002-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63006-002-2"><bdi>978-1-63006-002-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis%3A+A+pope+for+our+time&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Umanix+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-63006-002-2&rft.aulast=Rosales&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft.au=Olivera%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7fX-AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubinAmbrogetti2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rubin, Sergio; Ambrogetti, Francesca (2010). <a href="/wiki/El_Jesuita" class="mw-redirect" title="El Jesuita">El Jesuita</a> [The jesuit] (in Spanish) (1 ed.). Argentina: Vergara Editor. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-950-15-2450-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-950-15-2450-5"><bdi>978-950-15-2450-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Jesuita&rft.place=Argentina&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Vergara+Editor&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-950-15-2450-5&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rft.au=Ambrogetti%2C+Francesca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallely2015" class="citation book cs1">Vallely, Paul (2015). Pope Francis: Untying the Knots: The Struggle for the Soul of Catholicism (Revised and expanded ed.). London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-0370-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-0370-9"><bdi>978-1-4729-0370-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pope+Francis%3A+Untying+the+Knots%3A+The+Struggle+for+the+Soul+of+Catholicism.&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Revised+and+expanded&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4729-0370-9&rft.aulast=Vallely&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilley2015" class="citation book cs1">Willey, David (2015). The Promise of Francis: The Man, the Pope, and the Challenge of Change. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-8905-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-8905-7"><bdi>978-1-4767-8905-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Promise+of+Francis%3A+The+Man%2C+the+Pope%2C+and+the+Challenge+of+Change&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4767-8905-7&rft.aulast=Willey&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiedl2023" class="citation web cs1">Liedl, Jonathan (6 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncregister.com/news/francis-pontificate-turns-10-uil8q6nh">"Francis' Pontificate Turns 10: Outward-Facing Emphasis Has Shaken Up Church's Inner Equilibrium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Catholic_Register" title="National Catholic Register">National Catholic Register</a>. Retrieved 7 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Catholic+Register&rft.atitle=Francis%27+Pontificate+Turns+10%3A+Outward-Facing+Emphasis+Has+Shaken+Up+Church%27s+Inner+Equilibrium&rft.date=2023-03-06&rft.aulast=Liedl&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncregister.com%2Fnews%2Ffrancis-pontificate-turns-10-uil8q6nh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Francis" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: ; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External image</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://img.irtve.es/imagenes/primeros-instantes-fumata-blanca/1363201699933.jpg">White smoke after election</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Pope Francis <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=68559410">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=68559410&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Pope Francis <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=68559410">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=68559410&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/">Vatican: the Holy See</a> – Vatican web site <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.va/en/news/biography-who-is-jorge-mario-bergoglio">Vatican Web site: Official biography of Jorge Mario Bergoglio</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018141414/http://www.news.va/en/news/biography-who-is-jorge-mario-bergoglio">Archived</a> 18 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (published on the occasion of the Conclave by the Holy See Press Office, with the information provided by the cardinals themselves)</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/Pontifex">Pope Francis</a> on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q450675#P2002" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> (Official Twitter account)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/franciscus/">Pope Francis</a> on <a href="/wiki/Instagram_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Instagram (identifier)">Instagram</a> (Official Instagram account)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/vatican">Pope Francis's channel</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_user_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube user (identifier)">YouTube</a> (Official Vatican YouTube page, covering the pope and related interests)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?69980">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Theodor Hubrich</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Oca" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Oca">Titular Bishop of Auca</a> 20 May 1992 – 3 June 1997 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Mieczysław Cisło</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Quarracino" title="Antonio Quarracino">Antonio Quarracino</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Buenos Aires">Archbishop of Buenos Aires</a> 28 February 1998 – 13 March 2013 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Aurelio_Poli" title="Mario Aurelio Poli">Mario Aurelio Poli</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Ordinariate_for_Eastern_Catholics_in_Argentina" title="Ordinariate for Eastern Catholics in Argentina">Ordinary of Argentina of the Eastern Rite</a> 6 November 1998 – 13 March 2013 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Vargas_Alzamora" title="Augusto Vargas Alzamora">Augusto Vargas Alzamora</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/San_Roberto_Bellarmino,_Rome" title="San Roberto Bellarmino, Rome">Cardinal-Priest of San Roberto Bellarmino</a> 21 February 2001 – 13 March 2013 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Eduardo Vicente Mirás</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Conference_of_Argentina" title="Episcopal Conference of Argentina">President of the Episcopal Conference of Argentina</a> 8 November 2005 – 8 November 2011 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">José María Arancedo</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Benedict_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> 13 March 2013 – present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Incumbent </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Benedict_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sovereigns_of_the_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sovereigns of the Vatican City State">Sovereign of the State of Vatican City</a> 13 March 2013 – present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Incumbent </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pope_Francis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pope_Francis" title="Template:Pope Francis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pope_Francis" title="Template talk:Pope Francis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pope_Francis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pope Francis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pope_Francis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope Francis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li>Born Jorge Mario Bergoglio, 1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires">Archbishop of Buenos Aires</a> (1998–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinal Priest</a> of <a href="/wiki/San_Roberto_Bellarmino,_Rome" title="San Roberto Bellarmino, Rome">San Roberto Bellarmino</a> (2001–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> (2013–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resignation_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI">Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_papal_conclave" title="2013 papal conclave">Conclave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_inauguration_of_Pope_Francis" title="Papal inauguration of Pope Francis">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_declared_Servants_of_God_under_Pope_Francis" title="List of people declared Servants of God under Pope Francis">People declared Servants of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_declared_venerable_by_Pope_Francis" title="List of people declared venerable by Pope Francis">People declared venerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_beatified_by_Pope_Francis" title="List of people beatified by Pope Francis">Beatifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_canonized_by_Pope_Francis" title="List of saints canonized by Pope Francis">Canonizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_Francis" title="Cardinals created by Francis">Cardinals created</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consecration_of_Russia_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Consecration of Russia to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Consecration of Russia to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Meeting with Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_General_Assembly_of_the_Synod_of_Bishops" title="Third Extraordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Ordinary_General_Assembly_of_the_Synod_of_Bishops" title="Fourteenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Ordinary_General_Assembly_of_the_Synod_of_Bishops" title="Fifteenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_for_the_Pan-Amazon_region" title="Synod of Bishops for the Pan-Amazon region">2019</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">U.S.–Cuban thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_Jubilee_of_Mercy" title="Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy">Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_Commission_on_the_Women%27s_Diaconate" title="Study Commission on the Women's Diaconate">Study Commission on the Women's Diaconate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta#Today" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Order of Malta leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiducia_supplicans" title="Fiducia supplicans">Fiducia supplicans</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Pope Francis"><img alt="Coat of arms of Pope Francis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="1190" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Pope Francis</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_pastoral_visits_of_Pope_Francis" title="List of pastoral visits of Pope Francis">Visits</a> (selected)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visit_by_Pope_Francis_to_the_Philippines" title="Visit by Pope Francis to the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_visit_by_Pope_Francis_to_North_America" title="2015 visit by Pope Francis to North America">North America (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Pope_Francis_to_Kenya" title="State visit by Pope Francis to Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visit_by_Pope_Francis_to_Ireland" title="Visit by Pope Francis to Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_visit_by_Pope_Francis_to_the_Baltic_states" title="2018 visit by Pope Francis to the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_visit_by_Pope_Francis_to_Iraq" title="2021 visit by Pope Francis to Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visit_by_Pope_Francis_to_Canada" title="Visit by Pope Francis to Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visit_by_Pope_Francis_to_Mongolia" title="Visit by Pope Francis to Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis%27_visit_to_Indonesia" title="Pope Francis' visit to Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis_bibliography" title="Pope Francis bibliography">Bibliography</a> (selected)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">Constitutions</a> (selected)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vultum_Dei_quaerere" title="Vultum Dei quaerere">Vultum Dei quaerere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veritatis_gaudium" title="Veritatis gaudium">Veritatis gaudium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopalis_communio" title="Episcopalis communio">Episcopalis communio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascite_gregem_Dei" title="Pascite gregem Dei">Pascite gregem Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praedicate_evangelium" title="Praedicate evangelium">Praedicate evangelium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_exhortation" title="Apostolic exhortation">Exhortations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelii_gaudium" title="Evangelii gaudium">Evangelii gaudium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoris_laetitia" title="Amoris laetitia">Amoris laetitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudete_et_exsultate" title="Gaudete et exsultate">Gaudete et exsultate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christus_vivit" title="Christus vivit">Christus vivit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Querida_Amazonia" title="Querida Amazonia">Querida Amazonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudate_Deum" title="Laudate Deum">Laudate Deum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">Encyclicals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumen_fidei" title="Lumen fidei">Lumen fidei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fratelli_tutti" title="Fratelli tutti">Fratelli tutti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilexit_nos" title="Dilexit nos">Dilexit nos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_letter" title="Ecclesiastical letter">Letters</a> (selected)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misericordiae_vultus" title="Misericordiae vultus">Misericordiae vultus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_Jubilee_of_Mercy#Misericordia_et_misera" title="Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy">Misericordia et misera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiorem_hac_dilectionem" title="Maiorem hac dilectionem">Maiorem hac dilectionem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_principium" title="Magnum principium">Magnum principium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vos_estis_lux_mundi" title="Vos estis lux mundi">Vos estis lux mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritus_Domini_(Pope_Francis)" title="Spiritus Domini (Pope Francis)">Spiritus Domini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionis_custodes" title="Traditionis custodes">Traditionis custodes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">Related people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papal_household" title="Papal household">Papal household</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Xuereb" title="Alfred Xuereb">Alfred Xuereb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabi%C3%A1n_Pedacchio" title="Fabián Pedacchio">Fabián Pedacchio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoannis_Lahzi_Gaid" title="Yoannis Lahzi Gaid">Yoannis Lahzi Gaid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Aemilius" title="Gonzalo Aemilius">Gonzalo Aemilius</a> (former personal secretaries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabio_Salerno" title="Fabio Salerno">Fabio Salerno</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Pellizzon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Pellizzon (page does not exist)">Daniel Pellizzon</a> (current personal secretaries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Marini" title="Guido Marini">Guido Marini</a> (former <a href="/wiki/Office_for_the_Liturgical_Celebrations_of_the_Supreme_Pontiff" title="Office for the Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff">Master of Pontifical Liturgical Celebrations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Ravelli" title="Diego Ravelli">Diego Giovanni Ravelli</a> (current <a href="/wiki/Office_for_the_Liturgical_Celebrations_of_the_Supreme_Pontiff" title="Office for the Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff">Master of Pontifical Liturgical Celebrations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_G%C3%A4nswein" title="Georg Gänswein">Georg Gänswein</a> (former <a href="/wiki/Prefecture_of_the_Papal_Household" title="Prefecture of the Papal Household">Prefect of the Papal Household</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinals" title="Council of Cardinals">Cardinal Advisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Current: <a href="/wiki/Fridolin_Ambongo_Besungu" title="Fridolin Ambongo Besungu">Fridolin Ambongo Besungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_da_Rocha" title="Sérgio da Rocha">Sérgio da Rocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Gracias" title="Oswald Gracias">Oswald Gracias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Hollerich" title="Jean-Claude Hollerich">Jean-Claude Hollerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rald_Lacroix" title="Gérald Lacroix">Gérald Lacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Patrick_O%27Malley" title="Seán Patrick O'Malley">Seán Patrick O'Malley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Omella" title="Juan José Omella">Juan José Omella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parolin" title="Pietro Parolin">Pietro Parolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_V%C3%A9rgez_Alzaga" title="Fernando Vérgez Alzaga">Fernando Vérgez Alzaga</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Former: <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Err%C3%A1zuriz_Ossa" title="Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa">Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Monsengwo_Pasinya" title="Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya">Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Pell" title="George Pell">George Pell</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Maradiaga" title="Óscar Rodríguez Maradiaga">Óscar Rodríguez Maradiaga</a> (coordinator), <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bertello" title="Giuseppe Bertello">Giuseppe Bertello</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Marx" title="Reinhard Marx">Reinhard Marx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Episcopate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a> (preceding pope)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Gambetti" title="Mauro Gambetti">Mauro Gambetti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vicar_General_for_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar General for Vatican City">Vicar General for Vatican City</a>)</li> <li>Vacant (<a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Vicar" title="Cardinal Vicar">Vicar General for Rome</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Quarracino" title="Antonio Quarracino">Antonio Quarracino</a> (preceding Archbishop of Buenos Aires)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Aurelio_Poli" title="Mario Aurelio Poli">Mario Aurelio Poli</a> (succeeding Archbishop of Buenos Aires)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Rubin" title="Sergio Rubin">Sergio Rubin</a> (biographer)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">Related books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis:_Conversations_with_Jorge_Bergoglio" title="Pope Francis: Conversations with Jorge Bergoglio">Pope Francis: Conversations with Jorge Bergoglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Heaven_and_Earth" title="On Heaven and Earth">On Heaven and Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis:_Life_and_Revolution" title="Pope Francis: Life and Revolution">Pope Francis: Life and Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dictator_Pope" title="The Dictator Pope">The Dictator Pope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Pope_Francis" title="Coat of arms of Pope Francis">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_and_things_named_after_Pope_Francis" title="List of places and things named after Pope Francis">Eponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Francis" title="Theology of Pope Francis">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis_and_LGBT_topics" title="Pope Francis and LGBT topics">LGBT topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a> (religious order)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Sanctae_Marthae" title="Domus Sanctae Marthae">Domus Sanctae Marthae</a> (residence)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Up!_(Pope_Francis_album)" title="Wake Up! (Pope Francis album)">Wake Up!</a> (2015 album)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis:_Pray_for_Me" title="Francis: Pray for Me">Francis: Pray for Me</a> (2015 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiamatemi_Francesco" title="Chiamatemi Francesco">Chiamatemi Francesco</a> (2015 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis:_A_Man_of_His_Word" title="Pope Francis: A Man of His Word">Pope Francis: A Man of His Word</a> (2018 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Popes" title="The Two Popes">The Two Popes</a> (2019 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_(2020_film)" title="Francesco (2020 film)">Francesco</a> (2020 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Letter:_A_Message_for_our_Earth" title="The Letter: A Message for our Earth">The Letter: A Message for our Earth</a> (2022 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color: gold"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pope_Francis" title="Category:Pope Francis">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_dioceses_in_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_dioceses_in_Italy" title="Template:Catholic dioceses in Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_dioceses_in_Italy" title="Template talk:Catholic dioceses in Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_dioceses_in_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic dioceses in Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_dioceses_in_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_Italy" title="List of Catholic dioceses in Italy">Catholic dioceses in Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Region of Abruzzo-Molise</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_L%27Aquila" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of L'Aquila">L'Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Avezzano" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Avezzano">Avezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sulmona%E2%80%93Valva" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Sulmona–Valva">Sulmona–Valva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chieti-Vasto" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chieti-Vasto">Chieti-Vasto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Lanciano-Ortona" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lanciano-Ortona">Lanciano-Ortona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Pescara-Penne" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pescara-Penne">Pescara-Penne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Teramo-Atri" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Teramo-Atri">Teramo-Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Campobasso-Boiano" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Campobasso-Boiano">Campobasso-Boiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Isernia-Venafro" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Isernia-Venafro">Isernia-Venafro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Termoli-Larino" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Termoli-Larino">Termoli-Larino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Trivento" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Trivento">Trivento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Region of Basilicata</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Potenza-Muro_Lucano-Marsico_Nuovo" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Potenza-Muro Lucano-Marsico Nuovo">Potenza-Muro Lucano-Marsico Nuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Acerenza" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Acerenza">Cassano Acerenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Matera-Irsina" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Matera-Irsina">Matera-Irsina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Melfi-Rapolla-Venosa" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Melfi-Rapolla-Venosa">Melfi-Rampolla-Venosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tricarico" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Tricarico">Tricarico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tursi-Lagonegro" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Tursi-Lagonegro">Tursi-Lagonegro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Region of Calabria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cosenza-Bisignano" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cosenza-Bisignano">Cosenza-Bisignano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Cassano_all%27Jonio" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Cassano all'Jonio">Cassano all'Jonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Rossano-Cariati" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rossano-Cariati">Rossano-Cariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_San_Marco_Argentano-Scalea" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of San Marco Argentano-Scalea">San Marco Argentano-Scalea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Reggio_Calabria-Bova" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Reggio Calabria-Bova">Reggio Calabria-Bova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Locri-Gerace" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Locri-Gerace">Locri-Gerace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Abbey_and_Sanctuary_of_Santa_Maria_di_Polsi" title="Territorial Abbey and Sanctuary of Santa Maria di Polsi">Territorial Abbey and Sanctuary of Santa Maria di Polsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Oppido_Mamertina-Palmi" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Oppido Mamertina-Palmi">Oppido Mamertina-Palmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mileto-Nicotera-Tropea" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Mileto-Nicotera-Tropea">Mileto-Nicotera-Tropea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Region of Campania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Naples" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Naples">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Acerra" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Acerra">Acerra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Alife-Caiazzo" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Alife-Caiazzo">Alife-Caiazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Aversa" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Aversa">Aversa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Capua" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Capua">Capua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Caserta" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Caserta">Caserta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ischia" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Ischia">Ischia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nola" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Nola">Nola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Territorial_Prelature_of_Pompei" title="Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of Pompei">Territorial Prelature of Pompei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Pozzuoli" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Pozzuoli">Pozzuoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sessa_Aurunca" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Sessa Aurunca">Sessa Aurunca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Sorrento-Castellammare_di_Stabia" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sorrento-Castellammare di Stabia">Sorrento-Castellamare di Stabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Teano-Calvi" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Teano-Calvi">Teano-Calvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Benevento" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ariano_Irpino-Lacedonia" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Ariano Irpino-Lacedonia">Ariano Irpino-Lacedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Avellino" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Avellino">Avellino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Cerreto_Sannita-Telese-Sant%E2%80%99Agata_de%E2%80%99_Goti" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Cerreto Sannita-Telese-Sant’Agata de’ Goti">Cerreto Sannita-Telese-Sant'Agata dei Goti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Abbey_of_Montevergine" title="Territorial Abbey of Montevergine">Territorial Abbey of Montevergine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Sant%27Angelo_dei_Lombardi-Conza-Nusco-Bisaccia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi-Conza-Nusco-Bisaccia">Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi-Conza-Nusco-Bisaccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Salerno-Campagna-Acerno" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Salerno-Campagna-Acerno">Salerno-Campagna-Acerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Amalfi-Cava_de%27_Tirreni" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Amalfi-Cava de' Tirreni">Amalfi-Cava De'Tirreni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nocera_Inferiore-Sarno" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Nocera Inferiore-Sarno">Nocera Inferiore-Sarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Trinit%C3%A0_della_Cava" title="La Trinità della Cava">Territorial Abbey of La Trinità Cava De'Tirreni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Teggiano-Policastro" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Teggiano-Policastro">Teggiano-Policastro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Vallo_della_Lucania" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Vallo della Lucania">Vallo della Lucania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Region of Emilia-Romagna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Ravenna-Cervia" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ravenna-Cervia">Ravenna-Cervia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Cesena-Sarsina" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Cesena-Sarsina">Cesena-Sarsina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Forli-Bertinoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Forli-Bertinoro">Forli-Bentinoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Rimini" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Rimini">Rimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_San_Marino-Montefeltro" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of San Marino-Montefeltro">San Marino-Montefeltro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Modena-Nonantola" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Modena-Nonantola">Modena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Carpi" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Carpi">Carpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Fidenza" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Fidenza">Fidenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Parma" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Parma">Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Piacenza-Bobbio" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Piacenza-Bobbio">Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Reggio_Emilia-Guastalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Reggio Emilia-Guastalla">Reggio Emilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Bologna" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bologna">Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Faenza-Modigliana" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Faenza-Modigliana">Faenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Ferrara-Comacchio" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ferrara-Comacchio">Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Imola" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Imola">Imola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Region of Lazio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Ostia" class="mw-redirect" title="Suburbicarian Diocese of Ostia">Ostia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Porto-Santa_Rufina" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Porto-Santa Rufina">Porto-Santa Rufina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Albano" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Albano">Albano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Frascati" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Frascati">Frascati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Palestrina" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Palestrina">Palestrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Sabina-Poggio_Mirteto" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto">Sabina-Poggio Mirteto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Velletri-Segni" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Velletri-Segni">Velletri-Segni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Abbey_of_Montecassino" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Abbey of Montecassino">Territorial Abbey of Montecassino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Scholastica,_Subiaco" title="Abbey of Saint Scholastica, Subiaco">Territorial Abbey of Subiaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Gaeta" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gaeta">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Anagni-Alatri" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Anagni-Alatri">Anagni-Alatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Civita_Castellana" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Civita Castellana">Civita Castellana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Civitavecchia-Tarquinia" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Civitavecchia-Tarquinia">Civitavecchia-Tarquinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino">Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno">Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Rieti" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Rieti">Rieti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo">Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tivoli" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Tivoli">Tivoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Viterbo" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Viterbo">Viterbo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Region of Liguria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Genoa" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Albenga-Imperia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Albenga-Imperia">Albenga-Imperia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chiavari" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Chiavari">Chiavari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_La_Spezia-Sarzana-Brugnato" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of La Spezia-Sarzana-Brugnato">La Spezia-Sarzana-Brugnato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Savona-Noli" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Savona-Noli">Savona-Noli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ventimiglia-San_Remo" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Ventimiglia-San Remo">Ventimiglia-San Remo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Region of Lombardy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milan" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Bergamo" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Bergamo">Bergamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Brescia" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Brescia">Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Como" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Como">Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Crema" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Crema">Crema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Cremona" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Cremona">Cremona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Lodi" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Lodi">Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mantua" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Mantua">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Pavia" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Vigevano" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Vigevano">Vigevano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Directly under Holy See</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Lucca" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lucca">Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Spoleto-Norcia" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Spoleto-Norcia">Spoleto-Norcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Orvieto-Todi" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Orvieto-Todi">Orvieto-Todi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Terni-Narni-Amelia" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Terni-Narni-Amelia">Terni-Narni-Amelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Abbey_of_Monte_Oliveto_Maggiore" title="Territorial Abbey of Monte Oliveto Maggiore">Territorial Abbey of Monte Oliveto Maggiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Ordinariate_of_Italy" title="Military Ordinariate of Italy">Military Ordinariate of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Personal Prelature of Opus Dei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian Catholic Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanese_Eparchy_of_Lungro" title="Italo-Albanese Eparchy of Lungro">Italo-Albanese Eparchy of Lungro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy_of_Piana_degli_Albanesi" title="Eparchy of Piana degli Albanesi">Eparchy of Piana degli Albanesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Abbacy_of_Santa_Maria_of_Grottaferrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Abbacy of Santa Maria of Grottaferrata">Territorial Abbacy of Santa Maria of Grottaferrata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Apostolic_Exarchate_of_Italy" title="Ukrainian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Italy">Ukrainian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Italy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nuncio_to_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Nuncio to Italy">Apostolic Nuncio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Paul_Tscherrig" title="Emil Paul Tscherrig">Emil Paul Tscherrig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jesuits" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jesuits" title="Template:Jesuits"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jesuits" title="Template talk:Jesuits"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jesuits" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jesuits"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jesuits" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Exercises" title="Spiritual Exercises">Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_maiorem_Dei_gloriam" title="Ad maiorem Dei gloriam">Ad maiorem Dei gloriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magis" title="Magis">Magis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regimini_militantis_Ecclesiae" title="Regimini militantis Ecclesiae">Regimini militantis Ecclesiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposcit_debitum" title="Exposcit debitum">Exposcit debitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratio_Studiorum" title="Ratio Studiorum">Ratio Studiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuits" title="List of Jesuits">List of Jesuits</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0.8em 0.9em 3em;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Ihs-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="IHS"><img alt="IHS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ihs-logo.svg/50px-Ihs-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ihs-logo.svg/75px-Ihs-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ihs-logo.svg/100px-Ihs-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="567" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="List of saints of the Society of Jesus">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Anchieta" title="Joseph of Anchieta">José de Anchieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Modeste Andlauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Arrowsmith" title="Edmund Arrowsmith">Edmund Arrowsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berchmans" title="John Berchmans">John Berchmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Berthieu" title="Jacques Berthieu">Jacques Berthieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bobola" title="Andrew Bobola">Andrew Bobola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia" title="Francis Borgia">Francis Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Br%C3%A9beuf" title="Jean de Brébeuf">Jean de Brébeuf</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Briant" title="Alexander Briant">Alexander Briant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Britto" title="John de Britto">John de Britto</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Campion" title="Edmund Campion">Edmund Campion</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Castillo_(Jesuit)" title="Juan de Castillo (Jesuit)">Juan del Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Chabanel" title="Noël Chabanel">Noël Chabanel</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_La_Colombi%C3%A8re" title="Claude La Colombière">Claude de la Colombière</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Daniel" title="Antoine Daniel">Antoine Daniel</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Paul Denn</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Evans_and_John_Lloyd" title="Philip Evans and John Lloyd">Philip Evans</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Faber" title="Peter Faber">Peter Faber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Garnet" title="Thomas Garnet">Thomas Garnet</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Garnier_(missionary)" title="Charles Garnier (missionary)">Charles Garnier</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Gonzaga" title="Aloysius Gonzaga">Aloysius Gonzaga</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roque_Gonz%C3%A1lez_y_de_Santa_Cruz" title="Roque González y de Santa Cruz">Roque González de Santa Cruz</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/26_Martyrs_of_Japan" title="26 Martyrs of Japan">John Soan de Goto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goupil" title="René Goupil">René Goupil</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Grodziecki" title="Melchior Grodziecki">Melchior Grodziecki</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Hurtado" title="Alberto Hurtado">Alberto Hurtado</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9my_Isor%C3%A9" title="Rémy Isoré">Rémy Isoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Geronimo" title="Francis de Geronimo">Francis de Geronimo</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Jogues" title="Isaac Jogues">Isaac Jogues</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kisai" title="James Kisai">James Kisai</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_Kostka" title="Stanislaus Kostka">Stanislaus Kostka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Lalande" title="Jean de Lalande">Jean de Lalande</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lalemant" title="Gabriel Lalemant">Gabriel Lalemant</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(Jesuit_priest)" title="David Lewis (Jesuit priest)">David Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Lèon-Ignance Mangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Miki" title="Paul Miki">Paul Miki</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morse" title="Henry Morse">Henry Morse</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ogilvie_(saint)" title="John Ogilvie (saint)">John Ogilvie</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Owen_(Jesuit)" title="Nicholas Owen (Jesuit)">Nicholas Owen</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pignatelli" title="Joseph Pignatelli">Joseph Pignatelli</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pongracz" title="Stephen Pongracz">Stephen Pongracz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Realino" title="Bernardino Realino">Bernardino Realino</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Regis" title="John Francis Regis">John Francis Regis</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Rodriguez" title="Alphonsus Rodriguez">Alphonsus Rodriguez</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Rubio" title="José María Rubio">José María Rubio</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southwell_(priest)" title="Robert Southwell (priest)">Robert Southwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_de_Soveral" title="André de Soveral">André de Soveral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Walpole" title="Henry Walpole">Henry Walpole</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Olmedo" title="Alfonso Rodríguez Olmedo">Alfonso Rodríguez Olmedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_theologians" title="List of Jesuit theologians">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Laynez" title="Diego Laynez">Diego Laynez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Courtney_Murray" title="John Courtney Murray">John Courtney Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fitzmyer" title="Joseph Fitzmyer">Joseph Fitzmyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_Rodriguez" title="Alonso Rodriguez">Alonso Rodriguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_theologians" title="List of Jesuit theologians">List of Jesuit theologians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bollandist" title="Bollandist">Bollandist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Civilt%C3%A0_Cattolica" title="La Civiltà Cattolica">La Civiltà Cattolica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Congregation" title="General Congregation">General Congregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_General_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior General of the Society of Jesus">Superior General of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Gregorian_University" title="Pontifical Gregorian University">Pontifical Gregorian University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Biblical_Institute" title="Pontifical Biblical Institute">Pontifical Biblical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Oriental_Institute" title="Pontifical Oriental Institute">Pontifical Oriental Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_China" title="Jesuit missions in China">Jesuit China missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_North_America" title="Jesuit missions in North America">Jesuit missions in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_educational_institutions" title="List of Jesuit educational institutions">List of Jesuit educational institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Jesuit_Universities" title="International Association of Jesuit Universities">International Association of Jesuit Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatian_Pedagogical_Paradigm" title="Ignatian Pedagogical Paradigm">Ignatian Pedagogical Paradigm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9" title="Church of the Gesù">Church of the Gesù</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madonna_Della_Strada" title="Madonna Della Strada">Madonna Della Strada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre_de_Montmartre" title="Saint-Pierre de Montmartre">Saint-Pierre de Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Acquaviva" title="Claudio Acquaviva">Claudio Acquaviva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Jesus" title="Category:Society of Jesus">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Popes_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Popes" title="Template:Popes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Popes" title="Template talk:Popes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Popes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Popes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Popes_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes_(graphical)" title="List of popes (graphical)">graphical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canonised_popes" title="List of canonised popes">canonised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal names</a></li> <li>Tombs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs" title="List of extant papal tombs">extant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-extant_papal_tombs" title="List of non-extant papal tombs">non-extant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Pope emeritus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_renunciation" title="Papal renunciation">papal resignation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope-elect_Stephen" title="Pope-elect Stephen">Pope-elect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">1st–4th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleutherius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Liberius" title="Pope Liberius">Liberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">5th–8th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_II" title="Pope Anastasius II">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_II" title="Pope Boniface II">Boniface II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_II" title="Pope John II">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vigilius" title="Pope Vigilius">Vigilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_I" title="Pope Pelagius I">Pelagius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_III" title="Pope John III">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_I" title="Pope Benedict I">Benedict I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_II" title="Pope Pelagius II">Pelagius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sabinian" title="Pope Sabinian">Sabinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_III" title="Pope Boniface III">Boniface III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_V" title="Pope Boniface V">Boniface V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_I" title="Pope Honorius I">Honorius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Severinus" title="Pope Severinus">Severinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IV" title="Pope John IV">John IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_I" title="Pope Theodore I">Theodore I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Donus" title="Pope Donus">Donus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_V" title="Pope John V">John V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Conon" title="Pope Conon">Conon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VI" title="Pope John VI">John VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VII" title="Pope John VII">John VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sisinnius" title="Pope Sisinnius">Sisinnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Constantine" title="Pope Constantine">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_II" title="Pope Stephen II">Stephen II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_III" title="Pope Stephen III">Stephen III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I" title="Pope Adrian I">Adrian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">9th–12th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_II" title="Pope Eugene II">Eugene II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Valentine" title="Pope Valentine">Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IV" title="Pope Gregory IV">Gregory IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_II" title="Pope Sergius II">Sergius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_III" title="Pope Benedict III">Benedict III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_II" title="Pope Adrian II">Adrian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VIII" title="Pope John VIII">John VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_I" title="Pope Marinus I">Marinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_V" title="Pope Stephen V">Stephen V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Formosus" title="Pope Formosus">Formosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VI" title="Pope Boniface VI">Boniface VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VI" title="Pope Stephen VI">Stephen VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Romanus" title="Pope Romanus">Romanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_II" title="Pope Theodore II">Theodore II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IX" title="Pope John IX">John IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IV" title="Pope Benedict IV">Benedict IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_V" title="Pope Leo V">Leo V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_III" title="Pope Sergius III">Sergius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_III" title="Pope Anastasius III">Anastasius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lando" title="Pope Lando">Lando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_X" title="Pope John X">John X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VI" title="Pope Leo VI">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VII" title="Pope Stephen VII">Stephen VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XI" title="Pope John XI">John XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VII" title="Pope Leo VII">Leo VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VIII" title="Pope Stephen VIII">Stephen VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_II" title="Pope Marinus II">Marinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_II" title="Pope Agapetus II">Agapetus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XII" title="Pope John XII">John XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_V" title="Pope Benedict V">Benedict V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VIII" title="Pope Leo VIII">Leo VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIII" title="Pope John XIII">John XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VI" title="Pope Benedict VI">Benedict VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VII" title="Pope Benedict VII">Benedict VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIV" title="Pope John XIV">John XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XV" title="Pope John XV">John XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_V" title="Pope Gregory V">Gregory V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_II" title="Pope Sylvester II">Sylvester II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVII" title="Pope John XVII">John XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVIII" title="Pope John XVIII">John XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_IV" title="Pope Sergius IV">Sergius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VIII" title="Pope Benedict VIII">Benedict VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIX" title="Pope John XIX">John XIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IX" title="Pope Benedict IX">Benedict IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_III" title="Pope Sylvester III">Sylvester III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VI" title="Pope Gregory VI">Gregory VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_II" title="Pope Clement II">Clement II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_II" title="Pope Damasus II">Damasus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_II" title="Pope Victor II">Victor II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IX" title="Pope Stephen IX">Stephen IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_II" title="Pope Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II" title="Pope Alexander II">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_III" title="Pope Victor III">Victor III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Paschal II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_II" title="Pope Gelasius II">Gelasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_II" title="Pope Callixtus II">Callixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_II" title="Pope Honorius II">Honorius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II" title="Pope Innocent II">Innocent II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_II" title="Pope Celestine II">Celestine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_II" title="Pope Lucius II">Lucius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III" title="Pope Eugene III">Eugene III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_IV" title="Pope Anastasius IV">Anastasius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV" title="Pope Adrian IV">Adrian IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III" title="Pope Lucius III">Lucius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_III" title="Pope Urban III">Urban III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VIII" title="Pope Gregory VIII">Gregory VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_III" title="Pope Clement III">Clement III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III" title="Pope Celestine III">Celestine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Innocent III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">13th–16th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III" title="Pope Honorius III">Honorius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Gregory IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_IV" title="Pope Celestine IV">Celestine IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Innocent IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Alexander IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_IV" title="Pope Urban IV">Urban IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IV" title="Pope Clement IV">Clement IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Gregory X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_V" title="Pope Innocent V">Innocent V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_V" title="Pope Adrian V">Adrian V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXI" title="Pope John XXI">John XXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III" title="Pope Nicholas III">Nicholas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Martin IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_IV" title="Pope Honorius IV">Honorius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Nicholas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XI" title="Pope Benedict XI">Benedict XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">John XXII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XII" title="Pope Benedict XII">Benedict XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Clement VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VI" title="Pope Innocent VI">Innocent VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_V" title="Pope Urban V">Urban V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XI" title="Pope Gregory XI">Gregory XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VI" title="Pope Urban VI">Urban VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IX" title="Pope Boniface IX">Boniface IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VII" title="Pope Innocent VII">Innocent VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XII" title="Pope Gregory XII">Gregory XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_V" title="Pope Martin V">Martin V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Eugene IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Nicholas V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III" title="Pope Callixtus III">Callixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_II" title="Pope Paul II">Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Sixtus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Innocent VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_III" title="Pope Pius III">Pius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Adrian VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Clement VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Paul III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Julius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_II" title="Pope Marcellus II">Marcellus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Paul IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV" title="Pope Pius IV">Pius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Gregory XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Sixtus V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VII" title="Pope Urban VII">Urban VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIV" title="Pope Gregory XIV">Gregory XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IX" title="Pope Innocent IX">Innocent IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII" title="Pope Clement VIII">Clement VIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">17th–21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XI" title="Pope Leo XI">Leo XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Paul V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV" title="Pope Gregory XV">Gregory XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII" title="Pope Urban VIII">Urban VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_X" title="Pope Innocent X">Innocent X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VII" title="Pope Alexander VII">Alexander VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IX" title="Pope Clement IX">Clement IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_X" title="Pope Clement X">Clement X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VIII" title="Pope Alexander VIII">Alexander VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII" title="Pope Innocent XII">Innocent XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Clement XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XIII" title="Pope Innocent XIII">Innocent XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII" title="Pope Benedict XIII">Benedict XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XII" title="Pope Clement XII">Clement XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIII" title="Pope Clement XIII">Clement XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV" title="Pope Clement XIV">Clement XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XII" title="Pope Leo XII">Leo XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VIII" title="Pope Pius VIII">Pius VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Gregory XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pius XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059" title="Papal selection before 1059">Antiquity and Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059#During_the_Roman_Empire" title="Papal selection before 1059">During the Roman Empire</a> (until 493) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_of_Rome_under_Constantine_the_Great" title="Bishops of Rome under Constantine the Great">Under Constantine</a> (312–337)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Papacy" title="Ostrogothic Papacy">Ostrogothic Papacy</a> (493–537)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Papacy" title="Byzantine Papacy">Byzantine Papacy</a> (537–752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_Papacy" title="Frankish Papacy">Frankish Papacy</a> (756–857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeculum_obscurum" title="Saeculum obscurum">Saeculum obscurum</a> (904–964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescentii" title="Crescentii">Crescentii era</a> (974–1012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">High and Late Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tusculan_Papacy" title="Tusculan Papacy">Tusculan Papacy</a> (1012–1044 / 1048)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy_(1048%E2%80%931257)" title="History of the papacy (1048–1257)">Conflicts with the HRE</a> (1048–1257)</li> <li>Wandering Papacy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viterbo_Papacy" title="Viterbo Papacy">Viterbo</a>, 1257–1281</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orvieto_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Orvieto Papacy">Orvieto</a>, 1262–1297</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perugia_Papacy" title="Perugia Papacy">Perugia</a>, 1228–1304</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a> (1309–1378)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> (1378–1417)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Early Modern and Modern Era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Papacy" title="Renaissance Papacy">Renaissance Papacy</a> (1417–1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Papacy" title="Reformation Papacy">Reformation Papacy</a> (1534–1585)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque Papacy">Baroque Papacy</a> (1585–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church#Baroque,_Enlightenment_and_revolutions" title="History of the Catholic Church">Age of Enlightenment</a> (c. 1640–1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popes_during_the_Age_of_Revolution" title="Popes during the Age of Revolution">Revolutionary Papacy</a> (1775–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a> (1870–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> (1929–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City in World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Cold War</a> (1945–1991)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Popes" title="Category:Popes">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vatican_City_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff200"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vatican_City_topics" title="Template:Vatican City topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vatican_City_topics" title="Template talk:Vatican City topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vatican_City_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vatican City topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vatican_City_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff200;hlist"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">List of sovereigns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_General_for_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar General for Vatican City">Vicar General for Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City#History" title="Vatican City">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican" title="Prisoner in the Vatican">Prisoner in the Vatican</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Nero" title="Circus of Nero">Circus of Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_tombs_in_Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Papal tombs in Old St. Peter's Basilica">Papal tombs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonine_City" title="Leonine City">Leonine City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortile_del_Belvedere" title="Cortile del Belvedere">Cortile del Belvedere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_degli_Ungheresi" title="Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi">Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgo_Nuovo_(Rome)" title="Borgo Nuovo (Rome)">Borgo Nuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgo_Vecchio_(Rome)" title="Borgo Vecchio (Rome)">Borgo Vecchio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Scossacavalli" title="Piazza Scossacavalli">Piazza Scossacavalli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vatican_City" title="Geography of Vatican City">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Major basilica">Major basilica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="St._Peter&#039;s_Basilica" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chair_of_Saint_Peter" title="Chair of Saint Peter">Chair of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Baldachin" title="St. Peter's Baldachin">St. Peter's Baldachin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Necropolis" title="Vatican Necropolis">Vatican Necropolis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_tomb" title="Saint Peter's tomb">Saint Peter's tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs" title="List of extant papal tombs">Papal tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Julii" title="Tomb of the Julii">Tomb of the Julii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Grottoes" title="Vatican Grottoes">Vatican Grottoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Royal_Stuarts" title="Monument to the Royal Stuarts">Monument to the Royal Stuarts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_Mater_Chapel" title="Redemptoris Mater Chapel">Redemptoris Mater Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgia_Apartments" title="Borgia Apartments">Borgia Apartments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_Hall" title="Clementine Hall">Clementine Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_apartments" title="Papal apartments">Papal apartments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stufetta_del_cardinal_Bibbiena" title="Stufetta del cardinal Bibbiena">Stufetta del cardinal Bibbiena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappella_Paolina" title="Cappella Paolina">Cappella Paolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Rooms" title="Raphael Rooms">Raphael Rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccoline_Chapel" title="Niccoline Chapel">Niccoline Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sala_Regia_(Vatican)" title="Sala Regia (Vatican)">Sala Regia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scala_Regia_(Vatican)" title="Scala Regia (Vatican)">Scala Regia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_(Michelangelo)" title="The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)">altarpiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_of_Tears" title="Room of Tears">Room of Tears</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Historical_Museum" title="Vatican Historical Museum">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinacoteca_Vaticana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinacoteca Vaticana">Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_Modern_and_Contemporary_Art,_Vatican_Museums" title="Collection of Modern and Contemporary Art, Vatican Museums">Modern and Contemporary Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums#Pio-Clementino_Museum" title="Vatican Museums">Pio-Clementino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums#Chiaramonti_Museum" title="Vatican Museums">Chiaramonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums#Gregoriano_Etrusco_Museum" title="Vatican Museums">Gregoriano Etrusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums#Gregoriano_Egiziano_Museum" title="Vatican Museums">Gregoriano Egiziano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Pio_Cristiano" title="Museo Pio Cristiano">Pio Cristiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_Mundi,_Vatican_City" title="Anima Mundi, Vatican City">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bramante_Staircase" title="Bramante Staircase">Bramante Staircase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Gallery_of_Maps" title="Vatican Gallery of Maps">Maps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Tower" title="Gregorian Tower">Gregorian Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casina_Pio_IV" title="Casina Pio IV">Casina Pio IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anna_dei_Palafrenieri" title="Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri">Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Sanctae_Marthae" title="Domus Sanctae Marthae">Domus Sanctae Marthae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Sanctae_Marthae" title="Domus Sanctae Marthae">Holy Spirit Chapel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Vatican_City" title="Gardens of Vatican City">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Piet%C3%A0_in_Camposanto_dei_Teutonici" title="Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici">Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collegio_Teutonico" title="Collegio Teutonico">Collegio Teutonico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Cemetery" title="Teutonic Cemetery">Teutonic Cemetery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mater_Ecclesiae_Monastery" title="Mater Ecclesiae Monastery">Mater Ecclesiae Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Egidio_in_Borgo" title="Sant'Egidio in Borgo">Sant'Egidio in Borgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Martino_e_Sebastiano_degli_Svizzeri" title="Santi Martino e Sebastiano degli Svizzeri">Santi Martino e Sebastiano degli Svizzeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_VI_Audience_Hall" title="Paul VI Audience Hall">Paul VI Audience Hall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Resurrection_(Fazzini)" title="The Resurrection (Fazzini)">The Resurrection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passetto_di_Borgo" title="Passetto di Borgo">Passetto di Borgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pellegrino_in_Vaticano" title="San Pellegrino in Vaticano">San Pellegrino in Vaticano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">St. Peter's Square</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Via_della_Conciliazione" title="Via della Conciliazione">Via della Conciliazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountains_of_St._Peter%27s_Square" title="Fountains of St. Peter's Square">Fountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Pellegrino" title="Porta San Pellegrino">Porta San Pellegrino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricciolo_d%27Italia" title="Ricciolo d'Italia">Ricciolo d'Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Tower_(Vatican_City)" title="Saint John's Tower (Vatican City)">Saint John's Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_degli_Abissini" title="Santo Stefano degli Abissini">Santo Stefano degli Abissini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Pharmacy" title="Vatican Pharmacy">Vatican Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Hill" title="Vatican Hill">Vatican Hill</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vatican_City" title="Politics of Vatican City">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Holy_See" title="Foreign relations of the Holy See">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_General_for_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar General for Vatican City">Vicar General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Vatican_City" title="Law of Vatican City">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Vatican_City" title="Crime in Vatican City">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Law_of_Vatican_City_State" title="Fundamental Law of Vatican City State">Fundamental Law</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parolin" title="Pietro Parolin">Pietro Parolin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vatican_City#Executive" title="Politics of Vatican City">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Camera" title="Apostolic Camera">Apostolic Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_commission" title="Pontifical commission">Commissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">For Vatican City State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_council" title="Pontifical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_(Roman_Curia)" title="Congregation (Roman Curia)">Congregations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_in_Vatican_City" title="Military in Vatican City">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Gendarmerie_of_Vatican_City" title="Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City">Corps of Gendarmerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Firefighters_of_the_Vatican_City_State" title="Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State">Corps of Firefighters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vatican_City" title="Economy of Vatican City">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Works_of_Religion" title="Institute for the Works of Religion">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_euro_coins" title="Vatican euro coins">Vatican euro coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City#Communications" title="Vatican City">Communications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.va" title=".va">.va [Internet domain]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poste_Vaticane" title="Poste Vaticane">Poste Vaticane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Vatican_City" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City">Postage stamps and postal history</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_the_Economy" title="Secretariat for the Economy">Secretariat for the Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Vatican_City" title="Tourism in Vatican City">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Vatican_City" title="Transport in Vatican City">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_Heliport" title="Vatican City Heliport">Heliport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Railway" title="Vatican Railway">Rail</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City#Culture" title="Vatican City">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Advanced_Technology_Telescope" title="Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope">AT telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Observatory" title="Vatican Observatory">observatory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Vatican_City" title="Architecture of Vatican City">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archives_in_Vatican_City" title="List of archives in Vatican City">Archives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Apostolic_Archive" title="Vatican Apostolic Archive">Apostolic Archive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Climate_Forest" title="Vatican Climate Forest">Climate Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City#Demographics" title="Vatican City">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vatican_City" title="Languages of Vatican City">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Film_Library" title="Vatican Film Library">film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vatican_City" title="Music of Vatican City">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_Choir" title="Sistine Chapel Choir">Sistine Chapel Choir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philatelic_and_Numismatic_Office_of_the_Vatican_City_State" title="Philatelic and Numismatic Office of the Vatican City State">Philatelic and Numismatic Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Vatican_City" title="Public holidays in Vatican City">Public holidays</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Media" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Vatican_City" title="Category:Mass media in Vatican City">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Information_Service" title="Vatican Information Service">Vatican Information Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News_App" title="Vatican News App">Vatican News App</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Vatican Publishing House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope2you" title="Pope2you">Pope2you</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Vatican City">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Anthem" title="Pontifical Anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City" title="Coat of arms of Vatican City">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vatican_City" title="Flag of Vatican City">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Amateur_Sports_Association" title="Vatican Amateur Sports Association">Amateur Sports Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_cricket_team" title="Vatican City cricket team">Cricket team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_national_football_team" title="Vatican City national football team">National football team</a> (Men)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Vatican City women's national football team">National football team</a> (Women)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Athletics" title="Vatican Athletics">Vatican Athletics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff200;hlist"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Holy_See" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holy_See" title="Template:Holy See"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holy_See" title="Template talk:Holy See"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holy_See" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holy See"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Holy_See" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic</a> <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal see</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis</a> as <a href="/wiki/Bishop_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop in the Catholic Church">bishop</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty and government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_the_Holy_See" title="Legal status of the Holy See">Sovereign judicial entity</a> under <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic see</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Primacy of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">History of papal primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrimony_of_Saint_Peter" title="Patrimony of Saint Peter">Patrimony of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran Palace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Museum" title="Lateran Museum">Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Duchy of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Sutri" title="Donation of Sutri">Donation of Sutri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Pepin" title="Donation of Pepin">Donation of Pepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_of_the_Holy_See" title="Temporal power of the Holy See">Temporal power</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popes_during_the_Age_of_Revolution" title="Popes during the Age of Revolution">Age of Revolution</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican" title="Prisoner in the Vatican">Prisoner in the Vatican</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_during_the_Savoyard_era_(1870%E2%80%931929)" title="Vatican during the Savoyard era (1870–1929)">Savoyard era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Warsaw Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereign judicial entity</a> under <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> (<a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_the_Holy_See" title="Legal status of the Holy See">Legal status</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Official" title="Official">Officials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parolin" title="Pietro Parolin">Pietro Parolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_State_(Holy_See)" title="Secretariat of State (Holy See)">Secretariat of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">Papal conclave</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vatican_City" title="Politics of Vatican City">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Camera" title="Apostolic Camera">Apostolic Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_commission" title="Pontifical commission">Commissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">For Vatican City State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_council" title="Pontifical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_(Roman_Curia)" title="Congregation (Roman Curia)">Congregations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Holy_See" title="Foreign relations of the Holy See">Foreign affairs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Multilateral_foreign_policy_of_the_Holy_See" title="Multilateral foreign policy of the Holy See">Multilateral policy</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_for_Relations_with_States_(Roman_Curia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia)">Section for Relations with States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_to_the_Holy_See" title="List of diplomatic missions to the Holy See">To the Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Holy_See" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See">Of the Holy See</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_the_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Holy_See" title="List of heads of the diplomatic missions of the Holy See">Heads</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Holy See–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_and_the_United_Nations" title="Holy See and the United Nations">United Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Observer_of_the_Holy_See_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations">Permanent Observer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Observer_of_the_Holy_See_to_the_United_Nations_in_Geneva" title="Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations in Geneva">in Geneva</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Holy See–European Union relations">European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Observer_of_the_Holy_See_to_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the Council of Europe">Permanent Observer to the Council of Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_nunciature" title="Apostolic nunciature">Apostolic nunciature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">Nuncio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Treaties of the Holy See">Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">Concordats</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese of Rome</a> with <a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction" title="Universal jurisdiction">universal</a> <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Synods" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church#Ordinary_general_assemblies" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Ordinary general assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church#Extraordinary_general_assemblies" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Extraordinary general assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church#Special_assemblies" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Special assemblies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Province_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical Province of Rome">Ecclesiastical province of Rome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apostolic_vicariate" title="Apostolic vicariate">Vicariate</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Vicar" title="Cardinal Vicar">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicar_General_for_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar General for Vatican City">Vatican City</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suburbicarian_diocese" title="Suburbicarian diocese">Suburbicarian sees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Ostia" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Ostia">Ostia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Velletri-Segni" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Velletri-Segni">Velletri-Segni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Porto-Santa_Rufina" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Porto-Santa Rufina">Porto-Santa Rufina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Frascati" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Frascati">Frascati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Palestrina" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Palestrina">Palestrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Albano" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Albano">Albano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Sabina-Poggio_Mirteto" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto">Sabina-Poggio Mirteto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_abbey" title="Territorial abbey">Territorial abbeys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Abbey_of_Montecassino" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Abbey of Montecassino">Montecassino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Scholastica,_Subiaco" title="Abbey of Saint Scholastica, Subiaco">Subiaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suffragan_diocese" title="Suffragan diocese">Suffragan dioceses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Gaeta" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gaeta">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Anagni-Alatri" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Anagni-Alatri">Anagni-Alatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Civita_Castellana" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Civita Castellana">Civita Castellana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Civitavecchia-Tarquinia" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Civitavecchia-Tarquinia">Civitavecchia-Tarquinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino">Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno">Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Rieti" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Rieti">Rieti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo">Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tivoli" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Tivoli">Tivoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Viterbo" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Viterbo">Viterbo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a> including <a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">extra- territoriality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Inside <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Major basilica">Major basilicas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica of Saint Mary Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran Palace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Lateran_University" title="Pontifical Lateran University">Lateran University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scala_Sancta" title="Scala Sancta">Scala Sancta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancta_Sanctorum_(Lateran,_Rome)" title="Sancta Sanctorum (Lateran, Rome)">Sancta Sanctorum</a></li> <li>Adjoining buildings</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_San_Callisto" title="Palazzo San Callisto">Palace of Saint Callixtus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianicolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gianicolo">Gianicolo</a> Hill area <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Urban_University" title="Pontifical Urban University">Pontifical Urban University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_North_American_College" title="Pontifical North American College">Pontifical North American College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambino_Ges%C3%B9_Hospital" title="Bambino Gesù Hospital">Bambino Gesù Hospital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Cancelleria" title="Palazzo della Cancelleria">Palazzo della Cancelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_di_Propaganda_Fide" title="Palazzo di Propaganda Fide">Palace of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Holy_Office" title="Palace of the Holy Office">Palace of the Holy Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_dei_Convertendi" title="Palazzo dei Convertendi">Palace of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Pio_(Borgo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palazzo Pio (Borgo) (page does not exist)">Palazzo Pio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Maffei_Marescotti" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Maffei Marescotti">Palace of the Vicariate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Roman_Major_Seminary" title="Pontifical Roman Major Seminary">Pontifical Minor Roman Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegio_Teutonico" title="Collegio Teutonico">Collegio Teutonico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Cemetery" title="Teutonic Cemetery">Teutonic Cemetery</a></li></ul></li> <li>Benedictine monastery</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontifical_Oratory_of_San_Paolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo (page does not exist)">Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beda_College" title="Beda College">Beda College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_VI_Audience_Hall" title="Paul VI Audience Hall">Paul VI Audience Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Non-extraterritorial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Non- extraterritorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Palace of the <a href="/wiki/Santi_Apostoli,_Rome" title="Santi Apostoli, Rome">Holy Apostles</a></li> <li>Palace of <a href="/wiki/San_Carlo_ai_Catinari" title="San Carlo ai Catinari">San Carlo ai Catinari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegio_Bellarmino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegio Bellarmino (page does not exist)">Collegio Bellarmino</a></li> <li>Archaeological Institute</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Oriental_Institute" title="Pontifical Oriental Institute">Pontifical Oriental Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Lombard_Seminary" title="Pontifical Lombard Seminary">Pontifical Lombard Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegium_Russicum" title="Collegium Russicum">Russian College</a></li> <li>Two Palaces of <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Apollinare_alle_Terme_Neroniane-Alessandrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant'Apollinare alle Terme Neroniane-Alessandrine">Sant'Apollinare</a></li> <li>House of Retreat for the Clergy of Saints John and Paul <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nympheum_of_Nero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nympheum of Nero (page does not exist)">Nympheum of Nero</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Outside Rome</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Palace_of_Castel_Gandolfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo">Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo</a> <ul><li>Papal farm</li> <li>Gardens of the Villa Cybo</li> <li>Villa <a href="/wiki/Barberini" class="mw-redirect" title="Barberini">Barberini</a></li> <li>Adjacent gardens</li></ul></li> <li>Summer estate of <a href="/wiki/Pontificio_Collegio_Urbano_de_Propaganda_Fide" title="Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide">Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a> antennae area of <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_di_Galeria" class="extiw" title="it:Santa Maria di Galeria">Santa Maria di Galeria</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Non-extraterritorial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Non- extraterritorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Holy_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of the Holy House">Basilica of the Holy House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi" title="Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi">Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Anthony_of_Padua" title="Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua">Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_household" title="Papal household">Papal household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_Pence" title="Peter's Pence">Peter's Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Penitentiary" title="Apostolic Penitentiary">Apostolic Penitentiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Signatura" title="Apostolic Signatura">Apostolic Signatura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latin_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_Church_footer" title="Template:Latin Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Latin Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_Church_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin Church footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latin_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchates</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">order of precedence</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a> ('<a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_West" title="Patriarch of the West">Patriarch of the West</a>'): <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Cathedra" title="Cathedra">cathedra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a>) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pierbattista_Pizzaballa" title="Pierbattista Pizzaballa">Pierbattista Pizzaballa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_the_East_Indies" title="Patriarchate of the East Indies">East Indies</a>: <a href="/wiki/Filipe_Neri_Ferr%C3%A3o" title="Filipe Neri Ferrão">Filipe Neri Ferrão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Lisbon" title="Patriarchate of Lisbon">Lisbon</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rui_Val%C3%A9rio" title="Rui Valério">Rui Valério</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Venice" title="Patriarchate of Venice">Venice</a>: <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Moraglia" title="Francesco Moraglia">Francesco Moraglia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Carthage" title="Archdiocese of Carthage">Carthage</a> (?−1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria">Alexandria</a> (1276–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Latin Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a> (1098–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (1204–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_the_West_Indies" title="Patriarchate of the West Indies">West Indies</a> (1524–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Aquileia" title="Patriarchate of Aquileia">Aquileia</a> (560–1751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Ethiopia" title="Latin Patriarchate of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (1555–1663)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Grado" title="Patriarch of Grado">Grado</a> (560–1451)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church#History" title="Latin Church">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Historical development</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Martyrs_of_the_Church_of_Rome" title="First Martyrs of the Church of Rome">First Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_African_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early African church">Early African church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic sees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Siracusa" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Siracusa">Syracuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Malta" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Malta">Malta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milan" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan">Milan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Fathers">Church Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Pope Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_use_of_Latin" title="Liturgical use of Latin">Liturgical use of Latin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Liturgical rites</a> <a href="/wiki/Ranking_of_liturgical_days_in_the_Roman_Rite" title="Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite">Liturgical days</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Rite of Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Mass of Paul VI</a> (Ordinary form)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraordinary form">Extraordinary form</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire Use</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_order_liturgical_rite" title="Catholic order liturgical rite">Orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Rite" title="Benedictine Rite">Benedictine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Rite" title="Carmelite Rite">Carmelite Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian Rite">Carthusian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercian_Rite" title="Cistercian Rite">Cistercian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Rite" title="Dominican Rite">Dominican Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbertine_Rite" title="Norbertine Rite">Norbertine Rite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Rite" title="African Rite">African Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileian_Rite" title="Aquileian Rite">Aquileian Rite</a></li> <li>British <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Rite" title="Durham Rite">Durham Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Hereford" title="Use of Hereford">Hereford Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Sarum" title="Use of Sarum">Sarum Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_York" title="Use of York">York Use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallican_Rite" title="Gallican Rite">Gallican Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa Nautica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa sicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa Venatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Tridentine_Mass" title="Pre-Tridentine Mass">Pre-Tridentine Mass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_cross" title="Latin cross">Latin cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_the_Middle_East" title="Latin Church in the Middle East">Latin Church in the Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Middle_Ages)" title="Latins (Middle Ages)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Church in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_titular_sees" title="List of Catholic titular sees">Titular sees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_the_Latin_Bishops_of_the_Arab_Regions" title="Conference of the Latin Bishops of the Arab Regions">Conference of the Latin Bishops of the Arab Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li>* also <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church#Latin_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Latin_Church" title="Category:Latin Church">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Category:History of the Catholic Church by country">By country or region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a> (30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> (313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a> (180–451) <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman state church</a> (380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a> <a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a> <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a> <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a> <a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a> </li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereigns_of_monarchies" title="Template:Sovereigns of monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereigns_of_monarchies" title="Template talk:Sovereigns of monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereigns_of_monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereigns of monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">Current monarchs of sovereign states</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini"><img alt="Eswatini" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/45px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mswati_III" title="Mswati III">Mswati III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho"><img alt="Lesotho" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Letsie_III" title="Letsie III">Letsie III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Mohammed VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain"><img alt="Bahrain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa" title="Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa">Hamad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan"><img alt="Bhutan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Khesar_Namgyel_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck">Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei"><img alt="Brunei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hassanal_Bolkiah" title="Hassanal Bolkiah">Hassanal Bolkiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia"><img alt="Cambodia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihamoni" title="Norodom Sihamoni">Norodom Sihamoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Naruhito" title="Naruhito">Naruhito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan"><img alt="Jordan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">Abdullah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait"><img alt="Kuwait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mishal_Al-Ahmad_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah" title="Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah">Mishal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Iskandar_of_Johor" title="Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor">Ibrahim Iskandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman"><img alt="Oman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Haitham_bin_Tariq" title="Haitham bin Tariq">Haitham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar"><img alt="Qatar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tamim_bin_Hamad_Al_Thani" title="Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani">Tamim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Salman of Saudi Arabia">Salman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vajiralongkorn" title="Vajiralongkorn">Vajiralongkorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" title="Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Mohamed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra"><img alt="Andorra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/22px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/33px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/43px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Joan_Enric_Vives_i_Sic%C3%ADlia" title="Joan Enric Vives i Sicília">Joan Enric Vives i Sicília</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Philippe_of_Belgium" title="Philippe of Belgium">Philippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Frederik_X" title="Frederik X">Frederik X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein"><img alt="Liechtenstein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hans-Adam_II,_Prince_of_Liechtenstein" title="Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein">Hans-Adam II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Henri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco"><img alt="Monaco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_II,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Albert II, Prince of Monaco">Albert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands"><img alt="Kingdom of the Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands" title="Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands">Willem-Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Harald_V" title="Harald V">Harald V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustaf" title="Carl XVI Gustaf">Carl XVI Gustaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City"><img alt="Vatican City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda"><img alt="Antigua and Barbuda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas"><img alt="The Bahamas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize"><img alt="Belize" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada"><img alt="Grenada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica"><img alt="Jamaica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis"><img alt="Saint Kitts and Nevis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia"><img alt="Saint Lucia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"><img alt="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea"><img alt="Papua New Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/20px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/31px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands"><img alt="Solomon Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu"><img alt="Tuvalu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga"><img alt="Tonga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tupou_VI" title="Tupou VI">Tupou VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_heirs_apparent" title="List of current heirs apparent">Current heirs of sovereign monarchies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Time Persons of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1927–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh S. Johnson</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">The American Fighting-Man</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammed Mosaddeq</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II </a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Freedom Fighters</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1959)</li> <li> U.S. Scientists: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Draper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">The Generation Twenty-Five and Under</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1967)</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">The Apollo 8 Astronauts</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(United_States)" title="Middle America (United States)">The Middle Americans</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1974)</li> <li> American Women: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly" title="Kathleen Byerly">Kathleen Byerly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alison_Cheek" title="Alison Cheek">Alison Cheek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway" title="Jill Ker Conway">Jill Conway</a> / <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Hills</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Susie_Sharp" title="Susie Sharp">Susie Sharp</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Sutton_(journalist)" title="Carol Sutton (journalist)">Carol Sutton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt" title="Addie L. Wyatt">Addie Wyatt</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">The Computer</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Peter Ueberroth</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">The Endangered Earth</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1992)</li> <li> The Peacemakers: <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ho" title="David Ho">David Ho</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> (2001)</li> <li> The Whistleblowers: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_(accountant)" title="Cynthia Cooper (accountant)">Cynthia Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sherron_Watkins" title="Sherron Watkins">Sherron Watkins</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">The American Soldier</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2004)</li> <li> The Good Samaritans: <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melinda_French_Gates" title="Melinda French Gates">Melinda Gates</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/You_(Time_Person_of_the_Year)" title="You (Time Person of the Year)">You</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">The Protester</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2012)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope Francis</a> (2013)</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" title="Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic">Ebola Fighters</a>: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kent_Brantly" title="Kent Brantly">Kent Brantly</a> / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / <a href="/wiki/Salome_Karwah" title="Salome Karwah">Salome Karwah</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">The Silence Breakers</a> (2017)</li> <li> The Guardians: <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wa_Lone" title="Wa Lone">Wa Lone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo" title="Kyaw Soe Oo">Kyaw Soe Oo</a> / Staff of <a href="/wiki/Capital_Gazette_shooting" title="Capital Gazette shooting">The Capital</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Spirit of Ukraine</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_the_Charlemagne_Prize" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Template:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Template talk:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_the_Charlemagne_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_Prize" title="Charlemagne Prize">Charlemagne Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1950 <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a></li> <li>1951 <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a></li> <li>1952 <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a></li> <li>1953 <a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a></li> <li>1954 <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a></li> <li>1955</li> <li>1956 <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li>1957 <a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Paul-Henri Spaak</a></li> <li>1958 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a></li> <li>1959 <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a></li> <li>1960 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bech" title="Joseph Bech">Joseph Bech</a></li> <li>1961 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hallstein" title="Walter Hallstein">Walter Hallstein</a></li> <li>1962</li> <li>1963 <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a></li> <li>1964 <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Segni" title="Antonio Segni">Antonio Segni</a></li> <li>1965</li> <li>1966 <a href="/wiki/Jens_Otto_Krag" title="Jens Otto Krag">Jens Otto Krag</a></li> <li>1967 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Luns" title="Joseph Luns">Joseph Luns</a></li> <li>1968</li> <li>1969 <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a></li> <li>1970 <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Seydoux_de_Clausonne" title="François Seydoux de Clausonne">François Seydoux de Clausonne</a></li> <li>1971</li> <li>1972 <a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a></li> <li>1973 <a href="/wiki/Salvador_de_Madariaga" title="Salvador de Madariaga">Salvador de Madariaga</a></li> <li>1974</li> <li>1975</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1976 <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tindemans" title="Leo Tindemans">Leo Tindemans</a></li> <li>1977 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Walter Scheel</a></li> <li>1978 <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Karamanlis" title="Konstantinos Karamanlis">Konstantinos Karamanlis</a></li> <li>1979 <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Colombo" title="Emilio Colombo">Emilio Colombo</a></li> <li>1980</li> <li>1981 <a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a></li> <li>1982 <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">King Juan Carlos I</a></li> <li>1983</li> <li>1984</li> <li>1985</li> <li>1986 <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">People of Luxembourg</a></li> <li>1987 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></li> <li>1988 <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a></li> <li>1989 <a href="/wiki/Brother_Roger" title="Brother Roger">Brother Roger</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/wiki/Gyula_Horn" title="Gyula Horn">Gyula Horn</a></li> <li>1991 <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a></li> <li>1992 <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a></li> <li>1993 <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">Felipe González</a></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Gro_Harlem_Brundtland" title="Gro Harlem Brundtland">Gro Harlem Brundtland</a></li> <li>1995 <a href="/wiki/Franz_Vranitzky" title="Franz Vranitzky">Franz Vranitzky</a></li> <li>1996 <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands" title="Beatrix of the Netherlands">Queen Beatrix</a></li> <li>1997 <a href="/wiki/Roman_Herzog" title="Roman Herzog">Roman Herzog</a></li> <li>1998 <a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Geremek" title="Bronisław Geremek">Bronisław Geremek</a></li> <li>1999 <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a></li> <li>2000 <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Konr%C3%A1d" title="György Konrád">György Konrád</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a></li> <li>2004 <a href="/wiki/Pat_Cox" title="Pat Cox">Pat Cox</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>1</li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi" title="Carlo Azeglio Ciampi">Carlo Azeglio Ciampi</a></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Javier_Solana" title="Javier Solana">Javier Solana</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Riccardi" title="Andrea Riccardi">Andrea Riccardi</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a></li> <li>2011 <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet">Jean-Claude Trichet</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Dalia_Grybauskait%C4%97" title="Dalia Grybauskaitė">Dalia Grybauskaitė</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy" title="Herman Van Rompuy">Herman Van Rompuy</a></li> <li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schulz" title="Martin Schulz">Martin Schulz</a></li> <li>2016 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope Francis</a></li> <li>2017 <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a></li> <li>2020 <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Iohannis" title="Klaus Iohannis">Klaus Iohannis</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/Sviatlana_Tsikhanouskaya" title="Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya">Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Kalesnikava" title="Maria Kalesnikava">Maria Kalesnikava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veronika_Tsepkalo" title="Veronika Tsepkalo">Veronika Tsepkalo</a></li> <li>2023 <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelensky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">the Ukrainian people</a></li> <li>2024 <a href="/wiki/Pinchas_Goldschmidt" title="Pinchas Goldschmidt">Pinchas Goldschmidt</a> and the Jewish communities in Europe</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 Received extraordinary prize.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Francis_of_Assisi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Francis_of_Assisi" title="Template:Francis of Assisi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Francis_of_Assisi" title="Template talk:Francis of Assisi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Francis_of_Assisi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Francis of Assisi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Francis_of_Assisi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor" title="Order of Friars Minor">Order of Friars Minor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Custody_of_the_Holy_Land" title="Custody of the Holy Land">Custody of the Holy Land</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Order of Saint Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular Franciscan Order</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Third Order of Saint Francis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:StFrancis_part.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/StFrancis_part.jpg/120px-StFrancis_part.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/StFrancis_part.jpg/180px-StFrancis_part.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/StFrancis_part.jpg/240px-StFrancis_part.jpg 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Works by Francis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canticle_of_the_Sun" title="Canticle of the Sun">Canticle of the Sun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Created</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Greccio" title="Sanctuary of Greccio">Sanctuary of Greccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene (live)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Honors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Francis_and_Catherine" title="Feast of Saints Francis and Catherine">Feast of Saints Francis and Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Animal_Day" title="World Animal Day">World Animal Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Literature about</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Flowers_of_St._Francis" title="Little Flowers of St. Francis">Little Flowers of St. Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Visual art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_with_Saint_Francis_and_Saint_Lawrence" title="Nativity with Saint Francis and Saint Lawrence">Nativity with Saint Francis and Saint Lawrence</a> (Caravaggio)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_in_Meditation_(Caravaggio)" title="Saint Francis in Meditation (Caravaggio)">Saint Francis in Meditation</a> (Caravaggio)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_in_Prayer_(Caravaggio)" title="Saint Francis in Prayer (Caravaggio)">Saint Francis in Prayer</a> (Caravaggio)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_in_Ecstasy_(Caravaggio)" title="Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy (Caravaggio)">Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy</a> (Caravaggio)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_Receiving_the_Stigmata_(Giotto)" title="Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata (Giotto)">Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata</a> (Giotto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Francisco_(Nuno_Gon%C3%A7alves)" title="São Francisco (Nuno Gonçalves)">São Francisco</a> (Gonçalves)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Francis_(Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n)" title="St Francis (Francisco de Zurbarán)">St Francis</a> (Zurbarán)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_Receiving_the_Stigmata_(van_Eyck)" title="Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata (van Eyck)">Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata</a> (van Eyck)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_in_Ecstasy_(Bellini)" title="St. Francis in Ecstasy (Bellini)">St. Francis in Ecstasy</a> (Bellini)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_in_Ecstasy_(El_Greco,_1600)" title="Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy (El Greco, 1600)">Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy</a> (studio of El Greco)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_in_Ecstasy_(Zurbar%C3%A1n)" title="St. Francis in Ecstasy (Zurbarán)">St. Francis in Ecstasy</a> (Zurbarán)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/All_Creatures_of_Our_God_and_King" title="All Creatures of Our God and King">All Creatures of Our God and King</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canticle_of_the_Sun_(Sowerby)" title="The Canticle of the Sun (Sowerby)">The Canticle of the Sun</a> (Sowerby)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Laudi" title="Le Laudi">Le Laudi</a> (Suter oratorio)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deux_l%C3%A9gendes_(Liszt)" title="Deux légendes (Liszt)">Légende No. 1 (Liszt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27_(oratorio)" title="Laudato si' (oratorio)">Laudato si'</a> (Reulein oratorio)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatre_petites_pri%C3%A8res_de_saint_Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Assise" title="Quatre petites prières de saint François d'Assise">Quatre petites prières de saint François d'Assise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobilissima_Visione" title="Nobilissima Visione">Nobilissima Visione</a> (1938 ballet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Assise" title="Saint François d'Assise">Saint François d'Assise</a> (1983 Messiaen opera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samstag_aus_Licht" title="Samstag aus Licht">Samstag aus Licht</a> (1983 Stockhausen opera)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frate_Sole" title="Frate Sole">Frate Sole</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Flowers_of_St._Francis" title="The Flowers of St. Francis">The Flowers of St. Francis</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi_(film)" title="Francis of Assisi (film)">Francis of Assisi</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_di_Assisi" title="Francesco di Assisi">Francesco di Assisi</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brother_Sun,_Sister_Moon" title="Brother Sun, Sister Moon">Brother Sun, Sister Moon</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_(1989_film)" title="Francesco (1989 film)">Francesco</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_(film)" title="St. Francis (film)">St. Francis</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_and_Francis" title="Clare and Francis">Clare and Francis</a> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_Saint_Francis" title="List of places named after Saint Francis">List of places named after Saint Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_Foligno" title="Madonna of Foligno">Madonna of Foligno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_of_Gubbio" title="Wolf of Gubbio">Wolf of Gubbio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discalced" title="Discalced">Discalced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Saint_Francis" title="Prayer of Saint Francis">Prayer of Saint Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Francis" title="Society of Saint Francis">Society of Saint Francis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope Francis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Sermon_of_St._Francis" title="The Sermon of St. Francis">The Sermon of St. Francis</a>" (poem)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranchiyettan_%26_the_Saint" title="Pranchiyettan & the Saint">Pranchiyettan & the Saint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" 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.sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Pope Francis at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Franciscus" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Franciscus">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Pope_Francis" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Pope Francis">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pope_Francis" class="extiw" title="q:Pope Francis">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000026096">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201305935">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/97mqx7lt1jb2sxf">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810629899205606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/63389">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007462583405171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000155151">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058522423306706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14453419">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA18554705?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/5778d5f1-ae14-42bf-9fe9-d79d6feb6835">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1508849">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1032307897.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/1032307897">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/085533661">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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[\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Emilio2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDallas2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Souza2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Vedia2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonadio2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonnlly2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonovan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouthat2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouthat2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdward_Pentin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEire2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElie2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElisabetta_Povoledo2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsteves2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsteves2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaiolaBoorsteinBrady2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalasca2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarrow2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernándezFrancis2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFioriti\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancesco\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancis\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFrancis_X._Rocca2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrizell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabriel2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGagliarducci2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaleazi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallagherBurke2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarrido2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerard_O\u0026#039;Connell2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhiglioneDavies2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiuffrida2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlatz2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGlatz2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGlatz2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGoodstein2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoñi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoñi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrindley2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarlan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHebblethwaite2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeldPoggioli2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenderson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHernandez2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHertzler-McCain2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolanda2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorowitz2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorowitz2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorowitz2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorowitz2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorowitzPovoledo2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHoward_Chua-Eoan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIhsanuddin2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndart2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInés_San_Martín2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvereigh2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvereigh2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Cameli2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJC_Finley\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenner2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJiménez2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoaquín_GarauPablo_Martín_Fernández2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosephine_McKenna2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJunno_Arocho_Esteves2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJunno_Arocho_Esteves2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeenan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirchgaessner2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnowles2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuruvilla2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLauterBierman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawler2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiedl2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLifschitz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._Ewalt\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagister2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMahoney2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMares2021\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFMatranga2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaureen_O\u0026#039;Riordan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayer2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonald2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcElwee2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcElwee2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcElwee2024\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcGough2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLaughlin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMahon2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelkozerova2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMickens2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiguel2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiroff,_Nick2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMolloy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMomigliano2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMortensen2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNadeau2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicole_Winfield2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNugent2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connell2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connell2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connell2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObarrio2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrtiz2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPablo_Javier_Blanco2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPardiñasTetaSalazar-BravoMyers2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPark2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayneBurke2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPentin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPentin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPentin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPentin2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPentin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPentin2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPepinster2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerlez2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_WalkerPaul_OwenDavid_Batty2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilip_Pullella2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilip_Pullella2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilip_Pullella2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilip_Pullella2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPhilippi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoirier2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope_Francis2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope_Francis2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPope_Francis2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope_Francis2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope_FrancisAl-Tayyeb2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPovoledo2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPovoledo2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuella,_Phillip2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPullella2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPullella2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPullella2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPullella2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPullella2022\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFPullella2023\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFPullella2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPullellaBalmer2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuiñones\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReato2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReuleinSchlegel2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReynolds2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice-Oxley2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichterKington2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiordan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertsonSmith-SparkKarimi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRocca2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomoRodriguezShoichet2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosalesOlivera2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubinAmbrogetti2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSainsbury2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaletan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSan_Martin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSan_Martín2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSauer2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScarisbrick2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmallRother2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitz2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneider2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherwood2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShkodziska2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith-SparkMessia2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpadaro_SJ2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpeciale2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStack2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStagno-Navarra2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuarez\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSánchez_Alvarado2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_Reese2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomsonPerreaultDuffy2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTondo2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTosatti\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrabbic2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUebbing\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUebbing2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVale2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVallely2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVallely2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVivarelli2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVivarelli2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaters2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatts2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWattsGoni2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeir\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilley2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilley2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWimmer2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinfeld2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinfield2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinfield2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinfield2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinfield2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinfieldZamorano2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWooden2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWooden2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWooden2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWooden2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYardley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"Capital_punishment_and_life_imprisonment\"] = 1,\n [\"Clergy\"] = 1,\n [\"Contraception_and_family_planning\"] = 1,\n [\"Liberation_theology\"] = 1,\n [\"Ordination_of_women\"] = 1,\n [\"Paragraph_31\"] = 1,\n [\"Poverty\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 3,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"C-SPAN\"] = 1,\n [\"Catholic Church footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Catholic Church sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Charlemagne Prize recipients\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite interview\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 260,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 239,\n [\"Current sovereigns\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Francis\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"External media\"] = 2,\n [\"Flagu\"] = 6,\n [\"Francis of Assisi\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"History of the Catholic Church\"] = 1,\n [\"Holy See\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Indented plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox COA wide\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Christian leader\"] = 1,\n [\"Instagram\"] = 1,\n [\"Jesuits\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Latin Church footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 15,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Ordination\"] = 1,\n [\"PAGENAMEBASE\"] = 1,\n [\"Pope Francis\"] = 1,\n [\"Popes\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-blp\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Roman Catholic dioceses in Italy\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 3,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 6,\n [\"S-break\"] = 4,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-inc\"] = 2,\n [\"S-reg\"] = 1,\n [\"S-rel\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 7,\n [\"See also\"] = 13,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Time Persons of the Year 2001–2025\"] = 1,\n [\"Twitter\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vatican City topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 28,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","620","14.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","520","12.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","440","10.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","360","8.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","280","6.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","240","5.7"],["type","120","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","2.9"],["makeMessage \u003Cmw.message.lua:76\u003E","100","2.4"],["[others]","1260","30.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-ww4zw","timestamp":"20241125133502","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Pope Francis","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pope_Francis","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q450675","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q450675","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-04-03T16:36:23Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T19:21:29Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/95\/Portrait_of_Pope_Francis_%282021%29_FXD.jpg","headline":"266th pope of the Catholic Church (born 1936)"}</script> </body> </html>