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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-Drama-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Drama subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Drama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Roles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synopsis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synopsis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Synopsis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synopsis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Act_1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Act_1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Act 1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Act_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Act_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Act 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Act_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Act_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Act 3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Instrumentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Instrumentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pit_orchestra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pit_orchestra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Pit orchestra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pit_orchestra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Special groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classic_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classic_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Classic forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classic_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leitmotifs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leitmotifs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Leitmotifs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leitmotifs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expressionism_and_other_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expressionism_and_other_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Expressionism and other elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expressionism_and_other_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cultural context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wagner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wagner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Wagner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wagner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gurlitt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gurlitt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Gurlitt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gurlitt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Performance history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effect_on_Berg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_Berg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Effect on Berg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_Berg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Krenek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Krenek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Krenek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Krenek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Later music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrangements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrangements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Arrangements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrangements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Recordings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_adaptation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_adaptation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Film adaptation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_adaptation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Воцек – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Воцек" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Wozzeck" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojcek_(opera)" title="Vojcek (opera) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vojcek (opera)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wozzeck" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wozzeck_(Berg)" title="Wozzeck (Berg) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wozzeck (Berg)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wozzeck" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Wozzeck" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wozzeck" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Wozzeck" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%B2%B4%ED%81%AC" title="보체크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보체크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wozzeck" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A7" title="ווצק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ווצק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wozzeck" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wozzeck" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A9%E3%83%84%E3%82%A7%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="ヴォツェック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴォツェック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wozzeck" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wozzeck" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wozzeck" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Воццек – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Воццек" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wozzeck" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wozzeck" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wozzeck" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Воццек – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Воццек" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8D%E9%87%87%E5%85%8B" title="伍采克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伍采克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q45784#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1925 opera by Alban Berg; Berg's first opera</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Woyzeck" title="Woyzeck">Woyzeck</a>, the play upon which Wozzeck is based.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wozzeck_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wozzeck (disambiguation)">Wozzeck (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-style: italic;">Wozzeck</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Heinrich_Palitzsch_1974_poster_Wozzek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Hans_Heinrich_Palitzsch_1974_poster_Wozzek.jpg/220px-Hans_Heinrich_Palitzsch_1974_poster_Wozzek.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Hans_Heinrich_Palitzsch_1974_poster_Wozzek.jpg/330px-Hans_Heinrich_Palitzsch_1974_poster_Wozzek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Hans_Heinrich_Palitzsch_1974_poster_Wozzek.jpg/440px-Hans_Heinrich_Palitzsch_1974_poster_Wozzek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="722" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">1974 poster of <a href="/wiki/Oldenburgisches_Staatstheater" title="Oldenburgisches Staatstheater">Oldenburgisches Staatstheater</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Librettist</th><td class="infobox-data">Berg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Based on</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Woyzeck" title="Woyzeck">Woyzeck</a></i><br />by <a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Georg Büchner</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Premiere</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline;" class="vevent">14 December 1925<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1925-12-14</span>)</span><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera" title="Berlin State Opera">Berlin State Opera</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Wozzeck</b></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈvɔtsɛk]</a></span>) is the first <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> by the Austrian composer <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a>. Composed between 1914 and 1922, it premiered in 1925. It is based on the drama <i><a href="/wiki/Woyzeck" title="Woyzeck">Woyzeck</a></i>, which German playwright <a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Georg Büchner</a> left incomplete at his death. Berg attended the first production in Vienna of Büchner's play on 5 May 1914, and knew at once that he wanted to base an opera on it. (At the time, the play was still known as <i>Wozzeck</i>, due to an incorrect transcription by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Emil_Franzos" title="Karl Emil Franzos">Karl Emil Franzos</a>, who was working from a barely-legible manuscript; the correct title would not emerge until 1921.) From the fragments of unordered scenes left by Büchner, Berg selected 15 to form a compact structure of three acts with five scenes each. He adapted the <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> himself, retaining "the essential character of the play, with its many short scenes, its abrupt and sometimes brutal language, and its stark, if haunted, realism..."<sup id="cite_ref-Walsh_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walsh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plot depicts the everyday lives of soldiers and the townspeople of a rural German-speaking town. Prominent themes of <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a>, callousness, social exploitation, and casual <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sadism" class="extiw" title="wikt:sadism">sadism</a> are brutally and uncompromisingly presented. Toward the end of act 1, scene 2, the title character (Wozzeck) murmurs, "Still, all is still, as if the world died," with his fellow soldier Andres muttering, "Night! We must get back!" seemingly oblivious to Wozzeck's words. A funeral march begins, only to transform into the upbeat song of the military marching band in the next scene. Musicologist <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Watkins" title="Glenn Watkins">Glenn Watkins</a> considers this "as vivid a projection of impending world doom as any to come out of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">Great War</a> ...."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georg_B%C3%BCchner_-_Franzos-Werkausgabe_!04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Georg_B%C3%BCchner_-_Franzos-Werkausgabe_%2104.jpg/220px-Georg_B%C3%BCchner_-_Franzos-Werkausgabe_%2104.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Georg_B%C3%BCchner_-_Franzos-Werkausgabe_%2104.jpg/330px-Georg_B%C3%BCchner_-_Franzos-Werkausgabe_%2104.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Georg_B%C3%BCchner_-_Franzos-Werkausgabe_%2104.jpg/440px-Georg_B%C3%BCchner_-_Franzos-Werkausgabe_%2104.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Georg Büchner</a>, illustration in a French edition of his complete works (1879).</figcaption></figure> <p>Berg began writing <i>Wozzeck</i> in 1914, shortly before World War I began and delayed his work. He was never stationed on the <a href="/wiki/Front_line" title="Front line">front line</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201015_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sought the rank of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/One-year_volunteer" title="One-year volunteer">Einjährig-Freiwillige</a> Korporal</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">one-year volunteer <a href="/wiki/Corporal" title="Corporal">corporal</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), which he obtained in 1916, for its shorter term of service. His pained determination to complete the opera is documented in letters and notebooks. He wrote his wife <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helene_Karoline_Berg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helene Karoline Berg (page does not exist)">Helene</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene_Karoline_Berg" class="extiw" title="de:Helene Karoline Berg">de</a>]</span>, "For months I haven't done any work on <i>Wozzeck</i>. Everything suffocated. Buried!"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berg had more time to work on regiment leave (1917–1918). Much of the opera was composed at the piano in Helene's <a href="/wiki/Trah%C3%BCtten" title="Trahütten">Trahütten</a> family cottage during <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommerfrische" class="extiw" title="de:Sommerfrische">Sommerfrischen</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201012–13,_quoting_[[Helene_Karoline_Berg|Helene_Berg]]<span_class="noprint"_style="font-size:85%;_font-style:_normal;_">&nbsp;&#91;[[:de:Helene_Karoline_Berg|de]]&#93;</span>[[Category:Interlanguage_link_template_forcing_interwiki_links]]'s_<span_title="German-language_text"><span_lang="de"_style="font-style:_normal;">"Dokumentation"</span></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text]]_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201012–13,_quoting_[[Helene_Karoline_Berg|Helene_Berg]]<span_class="noprint"_style="font-size:85%;_font-style:_normal;_">&nbsp;&#91;[[:de:Helene_Karoline_Berg|de]]&#93;</span>[[Category:Interlanguage_link_template_forcing_interwiki_links]]'s_<span_title="German-language_text"><span_lang="de"_style="font-style:_normal;">"Dokumentation"</span></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text]]-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He nurtured his creativity there by reading books, walking through the forests, collecting mushrooms, and admiring the mountains, lakes, and springs—habits of a "love of nature" that Helene identified in Berg's music, including that of <i>Wozzeck</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201012–13,_quoting_Helene's_<span_title="German-language_text"><span_lang="de"_style="font-style:_normal;">"Dokumentation"</span></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text]]_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201012–13,_quoting_Helene's_<span_title="German-language_text"><span_lang="de"_style="font-style:_normal;">"Dokumentation"</span></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text]]-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Berg's experience of the war shaped the opera in many ways.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201014_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> News of the ongoing war troubled him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201013–14_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201013–14-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote Schoenberg of a reportedly "'successful' ruse" in which the sound of a bell, perhaps reminding soldiers of a "past time" or "beloved place", was used to bait and kill them:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201013–14,_quoting_Berg's_letter_to_Schoenberg_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201013–14,_quoting_Berg's_letter_to_Schoenberg-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[... A] large bell [was] fastened to a tree close to the Russian trenches [and] rung. ... Curious Russian heads [arose] for the fatal bullets. ... <em>horrible</em>. ... [H]ad I been declared fit ... my spirit ... would have broken.</p></blockquote><p> Berg also wrote Helene in 1918 that he identified with Wozzeck:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is a little bit of me in his character, ... spending these war years just as dependent on people I hate, ... in chains, sick, captive, resigned, ... humiliated.</p></blockquote><p> The war also separated Berg from Schoenberg and their social circles in Vienna, affording him not only solitude, but also independence despite the trying and unusual circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201015_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He finished act 1 by summer 1919, act 2 in August 1921, and act 3 over the next two months.<sup id="cite_ref-Walsh_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walsh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finalizing orchestration over the following six months, he completed <i>Wozzeck</i> in April 1922. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drama">Drama</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Drama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roles">Roles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">Roles, voice types, premiere cast</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Role </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice type</a> </th> <th>Premiere cast, 14 December 1925<br />Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Erich_Kleiber" title="Erich Kleiber">Erich Kleiber</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Wozzeck </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a> </td> <td>Leo Schützendorf </td></tr> <tr> <td>Marie, <i>his common-law wife</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> </td> <td>Sigrid Johanson </td></tr> <tr> <td>Marie's son </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Treble_voice" title="Treble voice">treble</a> </td> <td>Ruth Iris Witting </td></tr> <tr> <td>Captain </td> <td>buffo <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> </td> <td>Waldemar Henke </td></tr> <tr> <td>Doctor </td> <td>buffo <a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Abendroth" title="Martin Abendroth">Martin Abendroth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Drum Major </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heldentenor" title="Heldentenor">heldentenor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Soot" title="Fritz Soot">Fritz Soot</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Andres, <i>Wozzeck's friend</i> </td> <td>lyric tenor </td> <td>Gerhard Witting </td></tr> <tr> <td>Margret, <i>Marie's neighbor</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">contralto</a> </td> <td>Jessika Koettrik </td></tr> <tr> <td>First Apprentice </td> <td>deep bass </td> <td>Ernst Osterkamp </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second Apprentice </td> <td>high baritone </td> <td>Alfred Borchardt </td></tr> <tr> <td>Madman </td> <td>high tenor </td> <td>Marcel Noé </td></tr> <tr> <td>A Soldier </td> <td>baritone </td> <td>Leonhard Kern </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><i>Soldiers, apprentices, women, children</i> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Act_1">Act 1</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Act 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Scene 1 (<a href="/wiki/Suite_(music)" title="Suite (music)">Suite</a>)</i> </p><p>Wozzeck shaves the Captain, who lectures him on the qualities of a "decent man" and taunts him for living an immoral life. Wozzeck dutifully replies, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">"Jawohl, Herr <a href="/wiki/Hauptmann" title="Hauptmann">Hauptmann</a>"</i></span> ("Yes sir, Captain") to these repeated insults. When the Captain scorns Wozzeck's having a child "without the blessing of the Church", Wozzeck argues that poverty makes virtue difficult and quotes <a href="/wiki/Mark_10" title="Mark 10">Mark 10</a>:14, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">"Lasset die Kleinen zu mir kommen"</i></span> ("Allow the little children to come to me"). Confused, the Captain asks for clarification. Wozzeck grows agitated as he explains, crying out that if the poor ever "got to Heaven, we'd all have to manufacture thunder!" to tumultuous, crackling music. The Captain abruptly tries to calm Wozzeck, conceding that he is "a decent man, only you think too much!" The tired Captain exits. </p><p><i>Scene 2 (<a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(music)" title="Rhapsody (music)">Rhapsody</a> and Hunting Song)</i> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Christian_Woyzeck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Johann_Christian_Woyzeck.jpg/170px-Johann_Christian_Woyzeck.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Johann_Christian_Woyzeck.jpg/255px-Johann_Christian_Woyzeck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Johann_Christian_Woyzeck.jpg/340px-Johann_Christian_Woyzeck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>Johann Christian Woyzeck, on whom the play is based</figcaption></figure> <p>Wozzeck and Andres cut sticks at sunset. Andres sings a hunting song. Wozzeck experiences frightening visions and grows agitated. Andres tries to calm him. </p><p><i>Scene 3 (<a href="/wiki/March_(music)" title="March (music)">March</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lullaby" title="Lullaby">Lullaby</a>)</i> </p><p>Marie admires a military parade when Margret mocks her for her interest in the soldiers. Marie shuts the window. She sings a self-soothing <a href="/wiki/Lullaby" title="Lullaby">lullaby</a> to her son. Wozzeck arrives, sharing his troubling visions. He leaves without even seeing their child, much to Marie's dismay. She laments their poverty. </p><p><i>Scene 4 (<a href="/wiki/Passacaglia" title="Passacaglia">Passacaglia</a>)</i> </p><p>The Doctor scolds Wozzeck for not following his strict orders, involving a restrictive diet and urine collection. He is delighted when Wozzeck's mental illness becomes apparent. </p><p><i>Scene 5 (<a href="/wiki/Rondo" title="Rondo">Rondo</a>)</i> </p><p>Marie admires the Drum Major from her doorway. He makes advances, which she first rejects but then accepts after a short struggle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Act_2">Act 2</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Act 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Scene 1 (<a href="/wiki/Sonata-allegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonata-allegro">Sonata-Allegro</a>)</i> </p><p>Marie admires her earrings, a gift from the Drum Major. She bids her son to sleep. Wozzeck arrives, startling her. He asks about the earrings, and she claims she found them. He doubts that, but gives her money and leaves. Marie is wracked with guilt. </p><p><i>Scene 2 (<a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasia (music)">Fantasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">Fugue</a> on Three Themes)</i> </p><p>Echoing the opening scene, the Captain urges the Doctor to slow down as they pass. The Doctor taunts the Captain with a list of frightening diagnoses for his ailments. As Wozzeck passes, they hint that Marie is unfaithful to him. </p><p><i>Scene 3 (<a href="/wiki/Tempo#Basic_tempo_markings" title="Tempo">Largo</a>)</i> </p><p>Wozzeck confronts Marie. She does not deny it. Enraged, he nearly strikes her. She stops him. "Better a knife in my belly than your hands on me," she says. Wozzeck repeats this after her, considering it. </p><p><i>Scene 4 (<a href="/wiki/Scherzo" title="Scherzo">Scherzo</a>)</i> </p><p>Wozzeck spots Marie out dancing with the Drum Major. While soldiers sing a hunter's chorus, Andres notices Wozzeck sitting alone and asks why. An Apprentice is drunkenly preaching when an Idiot stumbles toward Wozzeck, crying, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">"Lustig, ... aber es riecht ... Ich riech Blut!"</i></span> ("Joyful, ... but it reeks ... I smell blood!") </p><p><i>Scene 5 (Rondo)</i> </p><p>In the barracks at night, Wozzeck cannot sleep without thinking about Marie, disturbing Andres. Wozzeck prays while everyone snores. The Drum Major enters and beats Wozzeck, who is humiliated. Some watch. Wozzeck dissociates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Act_3">Act 3</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Act 3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Scene 1 (Invention on a Theme)</i> </p><p>In her room at night, Marie reads from the Bible, crying out for mercy. </p><p><i>Scene 2 (Invention on a Single Note (B))</i> </p><p>Wozzeck and Marie walk along a pond in the forest. Wozzeck grabs her when she tries to flee. He stabs her, declaring that if he can't have her, no one else can. A blood-red moon rises. </p><p><i>Scene 3 (Invention on a Rhythm)</i> </p><p>In a tavern, Wozzeck dances with Margret. He pulls her onto his lap, insults her, and demands that she sing. As she does, people notice blood on Wozzeck. They raise alarm. Agitated and terrified, Wozzeck flees. </p><p><i>Scene 4 (Invention on a <a href="/wiki/Hexachord" title="Hexachord">Hexachord</a>)</i> </p><p>Wozzeck tries to retrieve the knife from the pond. Hallucinating, he speaks to Marie. He has paranoid delusions about the blood-red moon telling the world about his crime. He becomes frantic and drowns in what he imagines is blood. Nearby, the Captain and Doctor are enjoying a slow walk. They shudder at the sound of someone drowning and quickly leave. </p><p><i>Interlude (Invention on a <a href="/wiki/Key_(music)" title="Key (music)">Key</a> (<a href="/wiki/D_minor" title="D minor">D minor</a>))</i> </p><p>This interlude leads to the finale. </p><p><i>Scene 5 (Invention on an Eighth-Note <a href="/wiki/Moto_perpetuo" class="mw-redirect" title="Moto perpetuo">moto perpetuo</a>, </i>quasi <a href="/wiki/Toccata" title="Toccata">toccata</a>)<i> </i> </p><p>The next morning, children play and sing in the sunny street outside Marie's door. News spreads that she is dead. They all run off to see the body. Marie's son is unaffected by the news, even after it is shouted at him. After some delay, he follows the others, oblivious. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A typical performance of the work takes slightly over an hour and a half. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Instrumentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Wozzeck</i> uses a fairly large orchestra and has three onstage ensembles in addition to the pit orchestra (a marching band in act 1, scene 3; a chamber orchestra in act 2, scene 3; and a tavern band in act 2, scene 4; an upright piano is also played in act 3, scene 3). The instrumentation is:<sup id="cite_ref-UE_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UE-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pit_orchestra">Pit orchestra</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pit orchestra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Woodwind_instrument" title="Woodwind instrument">Woodwinds</a></dt> <dd>4 <a href="/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">flutes</a> (all double <a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolos</a>)</dd> <dd>4 <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboes</a> (4th doubles <a href="/wiki/English_horn" class="mw-redirect" title="English horn">English horn</a>)</dd> <dd><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;">4 <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinets</a> in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> (1st doubles clarinet in A, 3rd and 4th double <a href="/wiki/E-flat_clarinet" title="E-flat clarinet">clarinets in E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></a>)</div></dd> <dd>1 <a href="/wiki/Bass_clarinet" title="Bass clarinet">bass clarinet</a> in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></dd> <dd>3 <a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoons</a></dd> <dd>1 <a href="/wiki/Contrabassoon" title="Contrabassoon">contrabassoon</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">Brass</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd>4 <a href="/wiki/Horn_(instrument)" title="Horn (instrument)">horns</a> in F</dd> <dd>4 <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpets</a> in F</dd> <dd>4 <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombones</a> (1 alto, 2 tenor, 1 bass)</dd> <dd>1 <a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">tuba</a></dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">Percussion</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd>4 <a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">timpani</a></dd> <dd>2 <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drums</a> (one with <a href="/wiki/Rute_(music)" title="Rute (music)">rute</a>)</dd> <dd><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;">several pairs of <a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbals</a> (a pair, <a href="/wiki/Suspended_cymbal" title="Suspended cymbal">suspended</a>, and one attached to the bass drum)</div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">snare drum</a></dd> <dd>2 <a href="/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">tam-tams</a> (one smaller than the other)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">triangle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">xylophone</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">Keyboards</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Celesta" title="Celesta">celesta</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/String_section" title="String section">Strings</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a></dd> <dd>violins I</dd> <dd>violins II</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">violas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cellos</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double basses</a></dd></dl> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Special_groups">Special groups</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Special groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><big><a href="/wiki/Marching_band" title="Marching band">Marching band</a></big></b> (Act I, scene iii): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <dl><dt>Woodwinds</dt> <dd></dd> <dd>1 piccolo</dd> <dd>2 flutes</dd> <dd>2 oboes</dd> <dd>2 clarinets in E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></dd> <dd>2 bassoons</dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <dl><dt>Brass</dt> <dd></dd> <dd>2 horns in F</dd> <dd>2 trumpets in F</dd> <dd>3 trombones</dd> <dd>1 tuba</dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <dl><dt>Percussion</dt> <dd></dd> <dd>bass drum with cymbals</dd> <dd>snare drum</dd> <dd>triangle</dd></dl> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Berg notes that marching band members may be taken from the pit orchestra, indicating exactly where the players can leave with a footnote near the end of Act I, scene ii. </p><p><b><big>Tavern band</big></b> (Act II, scene iv): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dt>Woodwinds</dt> <dd></dd> <dd>1 clarinet in C</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Brass</dt> <dd></dd> <dd>1 <a href="/wiki/Bombardon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardon">bombardon</a> in F (or tuba, if it can be muted)</dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dt>Keyboard</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">accordion</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Strings</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a></dd> <dd>2 fiddles (violins with steel strings)</dd></dl> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>In addition, for the Tavern scene in Act III, scene iii, Berg calls for an out-of-tune <a href="/wiki/Upright_piano" class="mw-redirect" title="Upright piano">upright piano</a>. </p><p><b><big>Chamber orchestra</big></b> (Act II, scene iii): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dt>Woodwinds</dt> <dd></dd> <dd>1 flute (doubling piccolo)</dd> <dd>1 oboe,</dd> <dd>1 English horn</dd> <dd>1 clarinet in E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></dd> <dd>1 clarinet in A</dd> <dd>1 bass clarinet in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></dd> <dd>1 bassoon</dd> <dd>1 contrabassoon</dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dt>Brass</dt> <dd></dd> <dd>2 horns</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Strings</dt> <dd></dd> <dd>2 violins</dd> <dd>1 viola</dd> <dd>1 violoncello</dd> <dd>1 double bass</dd></dl> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The instrumentation matches that of <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Chamber_Symphony_No._1_(Schoenberg)" title="Chamber Symphony No. 1 (Schoenberg)">Chamber Symphony No. 1</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classic_forms">Classic forms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Classic forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berg decided not to use classic operatic forms such as <a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">aria</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trio_(music)" title="Trio (music)">trio</a>. Instead, each scene is given its own inner coherence by the use of forms more commonly associated with abstract instrumental music. The second scene of act 2 (during which the Doctor and Captain taunt Wozzeck about Marie's infidelity), for instance, consists of a <a href="/wiki/Prelude_(music)" title="Prelude (music)">prelude</a> and triple <a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugue</a>. The fourth scene of act 1, focusing on Wozzeck and the Doctor, is a <a href="/wiki/Passacaglia" title="Passacaglia">passacaglia</a>. </p><p>The scenes of the third act move beyond these structures and adopt novel strategies. Each scene is a set of variations, but not necessarily on a melody. Thus, scene two is a variation on a single note, B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-natural">♮</span></span>, which is heard continuously in the scene, and the only note heard in the powerful orchestral crescendos at the end of act 3, scene 2. Scene 3 is a variation on a rhythmic pattern, with every major thematic element constructed around this pattern. Scene 4 is a variation on a chord, used exclusively for the whole scene. The following orchestral interlude is a freely composed passage firmly grounded in D minor. Finally, the last scene is a <i><a href="/wiki/Perpetuum_mobile" title="Perpetuum mobile">moto perpetuo</a></i>, a variation on a single rhythm (the <a href="/wiki/Quaver" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaver">quaver</a>). </p><p>The table below summarizes the dramatic action and forms as prepared by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Mahler" title="Fritz Mahler">Fritz Mahler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPople1997148_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPople1997148-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" align="center" style="margin-right: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="190" style="background: Silver">Drama </th> <th width="65" style="background: Silver"> </th> <th width="215" style="background: Silver">Music </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center">Expositions </th> <th align="center">Act 1 </th> <th align="center">Five character pieces </th></tr> <tr> <td>Wozzeck and the Captain </td> <td align="center">Scene 1 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Baroque_suite" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque suite">Suite</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wozzeck and Andres </td> <td align="center">Scene 2 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(music)" title="Rhapsody (music)">Rhapsody</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wozzeck and Marie </td> <td align="center">Scene 3 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/March_(music)" title="March (music)">Military March</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lullaby" title="Lullaby">Lullaby</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wozzeck and the Doctor </td> <td align="center">Scene 4 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Passacaglia" title="Passacaglia">Passacaglia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Marie and the Drum Major </td> <td align="center">Scene 5 </td> <td align="center"><i>Andante affettuoso</i> (quasi <a href="/wiki/Rondo" title="Rondo">Rondo</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">Dramatic development </th> <th align="center">Act 2 </th> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">Symphony</a> in five movements </th></tr> <tr> <td>Marie and her child, later Wozzeck </td> <td align="center">Scene 1 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Sonata_form" title="Sonata form">Sonata movement</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The Captain and the Doctor, later Wozzeck </td> <td align="center">Scene 2 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasia (music)">Fantasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugue</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Marie and Wozzeck </td> <td align="center">Scene 3 </td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Tempo#Basic_tempo_markings" title="Tempo">Largo</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Garden of a tavern </td> <td align="center">Scene 4 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Scherzo" title="Scherzo">Scherzo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guard room in the barracks </td> <td align="center">Scene 5 </td> <td align="center"><i>Rondo con introduzione</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">Catastrophe and epilogue </th> <th align="center">Act 3 </th> <th align="center">Six inventions </th></tr> <tr> <td>Marie and her child </td> <td align="center">Scene 1 </td> <td align="center">Invention on a theme </td></tr> <tr> <td>Marie and Wozzeck </td> <td align="center">Scene 2 </td> <td align="center">Invention on a note (B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-natural">♮</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tavern </td> <td align="center">Scene 3 </td> <td align="center">Invention on a rhythm </td></tr> <tr> <td>Death of Wozzeck </td> <td align="center">Scene 4 </td> <td align="center">Invention on a <a href="/wiki/Hexachord" title="Hexachord">hexachord</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="center">Interlude </td> <td align="center">Invention on a <a href="/wiki/Key_(music)" title="Key (music)">key</a> (<a href="/wiki/D_minor" title="D minor">D minor</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Children playing </td> <td align="center">Scene 5 </td> <td align="center">Invention on a regular <a href="/wiki/Quaver" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaver">quaver</a> movement </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leitmotifs">Leitmotifs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Leitmotifs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The opera uses a variety of musical techniques to create unity and coherence. The first is <a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">leitmotifs</a>. As with most examples of this method, each leitmotif is used in a much subtler manner than being directly attached to a character or object. Still, motifs for the Captain, the Doctor and the Drum Major are very prominent. Wozzeck is clearly associated with two motifs, one often heard as he rushes on or off stage, the other more languidly expressing his misery and helplessness in the face of the pressures he experiences. Marie is accompanied by motifs that express her sensuality, as when she accepts a pair of earrings from the Drum Major. A motif not linked to a physical object is the pair of chords that close each act, used in an oscillating repetition until they almost blur into one another. </p><p>The most significant is the "anguish" motif first sung by Wozzeck in the first scene with the Captain, to the words <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">"Wir arme Leut"</i></span> ("we poor folks"). Tracing out a minor chord with added <a href="/wiki/Major_seventh" title="Major seventh">major seventh</a>, it is frequently heard as the signal of the characters' inability to transcend their situation. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent"><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/t/1/t1x965b865yvzp42nlew3iun364f9o7/t1x965b8.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/t/1/t1x965b865yvzp42nlew3iun364f9o7/t1x965b8.png" width="180" height="75" alt=" \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \relative c' { \clef bass r8 dis-- b--[ e,--] g4-- } \addlyrics { Wir ar- me Leut! } " /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/t/1/t1x965b865yvzp42nlew3iun364f9o7/t1x965b8.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/t/1/t1x965b865yvzp42nlew3iun364f9o7/t1x965b8.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></div> <p>Berg also reuses motifs from set pieces heard earlier in the opera to give insight into characters' thoughts. For example, the reappearance of military band music in the last scene of act 1 informs the audience that Marie is musing on the Drum Major's attractiveness. </p><p>An almost imperceptible leitmotif is the single pitch B, symbolizing the murder. It is first heard <span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><i><b>pp</b></i></span> at the very end of act 2, after Wozzeck's humiliation, after his words "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Einer nach dem andern</i></span>" ("one after another"), and grows increasingly insistent during the murder scene, with Marie's last cry for help a two-<a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octave</a> jump from <a href="/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation" title="Scientific pitch notation">B<sub>5</sub></a> to B<sub>3</sub>, until after the murder, when the whole orchestra explodes through a prolonged crescendo on this note, first in <a href="/wiki/Unison" title="Unison">unison</a> on B<sub>3</sub>, then spread across the whole range of the orchestra in octaves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expressionism_and_other_elements">Expressionism and other elements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Expressionism and other elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berg's <a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">expressionist music</a> emphasized Wozzeck's and other characters' emotions and thought processes, particularly Wozzeck's madness and alienation. Though <a href="/wiki/Atonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonal">atonal</a>, it was not always without conventional <a href="/wiki/Function_(music)" title="Function (music)">function</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Voice_leading" title="Voice leading">voice leading</a>, extended <a href="/wiki/Tonic_(music)" title="Tonic (music)">tonicizations</a>, or arguably <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonal</a> passages. He used <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chord_progression" title="Chord progression">harmony</a> among elements of the music's formal structure to portray the drama. Some <a href="/wiki/Set_(music)" title="Set (music)">pitch sets</a> recur at crucial moments, establishing continuity and contributing to coherence. B–F <a href="/wiki/Tritone" title="Tritone">tritonal</a> <a href="/wiki/Dyad_(music)" title="Dyad (music)">dyads</a> represent Wozzeck and Marie, tense and struggling. B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>–D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Minor_third" title="Minor third">minor-third</a> dyads represent Marie's bond with her child. </p><p>Berg adapted some of his tonal <a href="/wiki/Juvenilia" title="Juvenilia">juvenilia</a> for use in <i>Wozzeck</i>. In Marie's Bible scene, he reworked an early sonata fragment in <a href="/wiki/F_minor" title="F minor">F minor</a>, which Christopher Hailey described as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Schumannesque</a> in its abiding melancholy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201014,_paraphrasing_Hailey_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201014,_paraphrasing_Hailey-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an <span title="Italian-language text"><span lang="it" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tempo#Basic_tempo_markings" title="Tempo">adagio</a></span></span> interlude adapted from a <a href="/wiki/Mahler" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahler">Mahlerian</a> student piece in <a href="/wiki/D_minor" title="D minor">D minor</a>, Berg brings the opera to a climax with a <a href="/wiki/Dominant_(music)" title="Dominant (music)">dominant</a>-functioning <a href="/wiki/Tone_row#total_chromatic" title="Tone row">aggregate</a> sonority marked <span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><i><b>ff</b></i></span>, which <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)#Gradual_changes" title="Dynamics (music)">crescendos</a> into a potent statement of the "anguish" leitmotif (act 3, mm. 364–365). The dramatic effect is cathartic after Wozzeck's final <a href="/wiki/Mad_scene" title="Mad scene">mad scene</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">"Wo ist das Messer?"</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeadlam1996159Ross200878–79_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeadlam1996159Ross200878–79-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then Wozzeck's and Marie's unnamed orphan son plays among children singing <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">"<a href="/wiki/Ring_a_Ring_o%27_Roses" title="Ring a Ring o' Roses">Ringel, Ringel, Rosenkranz, Ringelreih'n!</a>"</i></span> in a brief epilogue. They are interrupted by the news that a peer shouts at him: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">"Du! Dein Mutter ist tot!"</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berg's notes and sketches for <i>Wozzeck</i> (and for the March from his <a href="/wiki/Three_Orchestral_Pieces" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Orchestral Pieces">Three Orchestral Pieces</a>, 1913–1915) were mingled with disjointed fragments of military ordinances and terminology. In a draft page of the act 1, scene 2 libretto, he sketched Austrian army <a href="/wiki/Bugle_call" title="Bugle call">bugle calls</a>. He modified them in the final score, where they appeared in a recognizably atonal form. He also included modified folk elements, particularly in the open field and tavern scenes. Berg's war experience also informed his <a href="/wiki/Word_painting" title="Word painting">word painting</a> of snoring soldiers in barracks (act 2, scene 5): "this polyphonic breathing, gasping, and groaning is the most peculiar chorus I've ever heard. It is like some primeval music that wells up from the abysses of the soul".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Wozzeck</i> is one of the most famous 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist">modernist</a> operas. <a href="/wiki/John_Deathridge" title="John Deathridge">John Deathridge</a> called it "one of the undisputed masterpieces of modern opera".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeathridge200524_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeathridge200524-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been compared to Schoenberg's <i><a href="/wiki/Erwartung" title="Erwartung">Erwartung</a></i> in its dissonant, psychological idiom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin202417_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin202417-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inner turmoil and self-destructive trajectory of its outcast <a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">antihero</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201014_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has also prompted comparison to other major operas with similar male title roles, including Verdi's <i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(Verdi)" title="Macbeth (Verdi)">Macbeth</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nabucco" title="Nabucco">Nabucco</a></i>, Mussorgsky's <i><a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov_(opera)" title="Boris Godunov (opera)">Boris Godunov</a></i>, and Britten's <i><a href="/wiki/Peter_Grimes" title="Peter Grimes">Peter Grimes</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher200026–27_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher200026–27-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_context">Cultural context</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cultural context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Wozzeck</i> comes from the same expressionist milieu, with its origins in <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">symbolism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as novelist <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a>, painters <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Oskar Kokoschka</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Emil_Nolde" title="Emil Nolde">Emil Nolde</a>, and poets <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Benn" title="Gottfried Benn">Gottfried Benn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainier_Maria_Rilke" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainier Maria Rilke">Rainier Maria Rilke</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Franz Werfel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart199123_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart199123-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Opera_in_German" title="Opera in German">German opera</a>, Strauss's <i><a href="/wiki/Elektra_(opera)" title="Elektra (opera)">Elektra</a></i> is an early example, followed by Schoenberg's more radical <i><a href="/wiki/Erwartung" title="Erwartung">Erwartung</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Die_gl%C3%BCckliche_Hand" title="Die glückliche Hand">Die glückliche Hand</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffel2018xxi_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffel2018xxi-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the operas premiered within a year of <i>Wozzeck</i> were Hindemith's <i><a href="/wiki/Cardillac" title="Cardillac">Cardillac</a></i>, Krenek's <i>Zwingburg</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Sprung_%C3%BCber_den_Schatten" title="Der Sprung über den Schatten">Sprung</a></i>, and Weill's <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Protagonist" title="Der Protagonist">Protagonist</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart199165_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart199165-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schoenberg and Webern influenced Berg most, but his operas show other influences, David Schroeder suggests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999209–210_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999209–210-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Viennese_coffee_house_culture" title="Viennese coffee house culture">Viennese coffee house culture</a> as facilitating Berg's early contact with a mix of innovative personalities across disciplines, including more popular composers like <a href="/wiki/Franz_Leh%C3%A1r" title="Franz Lehár">Franz Lehár</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Straus_(composer)" title="Oscar Straus (composer)">Oscar Straus</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Erich_Korngold" class="mw-redirect" title="Erich Korngold">Erich Korngold</a> and Strauss at establishments like the <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Museum" title="Café Museum">Café Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999185–186,_210_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999185–186,_210-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John L. Stewart suggests that <i>Wozzeck</i> was influenced not only by Schoenberg's <i>Erwartung</i> but also by Schreker's <i><a href="/wiki/Der_ferne_Klang" title="Der ferne Klang">Der ferne Klang</a></i>, the piano-vocal score of which Berg prepared in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart199179–80_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart199179–80-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schroeder agrees, cautioning that Berg thought less of Schreker than he did of Mahler, Schoenberg, or himself,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that Schreker's operas were more <a href="/wiki/Wagner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner">Wagnerian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999210_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999210-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wagner">Wagner</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Wagner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 1929 lecture on <i>Wozzeck</i>, Berg said he rejected "the Wagnerian recipe of '<a href="/wiki/Through-composed_music" title="Through-composed music">through-composing</a>'" in opting for traditional forms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeathridge200524Schroeder1999227_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeathridge200524Schroeder1999227-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, this prompted comparisons to Busoni's <i><a href="/wiki/Doktor_Faust" title="Doktor Faust">Doktor Faust</a></i> and Hindemith's <i>Cardillac</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201017_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201017-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deathridge and Hailey wrote that the intense emotional depth of Berg's music still linked it to (post-)Wagnerian <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Musikdrama" title="Musikdrama">Musikdrama</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeathridge200524Hailey201020_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeathridge200524Hailey201020-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hailey contended that Berg always highlighted this formal approach partly to subvert his reputation for quasi-<a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romanticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201017_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201017-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Werfel, perhaps the Bergs' closest literary friend, disparaged Wagner's "bloated excess" and "garrulous monotony" in favor of Verdi, and may have influenced Berg's 1920s opinion of Wagner as "antiquated".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999194,_quoting_Berg_in_1923:_"this_antiquated_Wagner_music"_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999194,_quoting_Berg_in_1923:_"this_antiquated_Wagner_music"-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gurlitt">Gurlitt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Gurlitt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The much delayed discovery and staging of Büchner's incomplete <i>Woyzeck</i> inspired not only Berg, but also <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Gurlitt" title="Manfred Gurlitt">Manfred Gurlitt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201020_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201020-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Premiered only four months after Berg's,<sup id="cite_ref-Gurlitt_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gurlitt-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gurlitt's opera was also entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Wozzeck_(Gurlitt)" title="Wozzeck (Gurlitt)">Wozzeck</a></i> and published by <a href="/wiki/Universal_Edition" title="Universal Edition">Universal Edition</a>, discomfiting Berg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201020_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201020-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They worked without any knowledge of one another.<sup id="cite_ref-Gurlitt_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gurlitt-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Berg examined Gurlitt's <a href="/wiki/Piano-vocal_score" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano-vocal score">piano-vocal score</a>, he considered it "not bad or unoriginal", but a weak "broth ... even for <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">arme Leut</i></span> (poor folks)".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201020_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201020-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hailey agreed, noting its simpler <a href="/wiki/Texture_(music)" title="Texture (music)">musical textures</a> and describing its <a href="/wiki/Polystylism" title="Polystylism">polystylism</a> as closer to Hindemith or Weill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201020_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201020-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hailey praised Gurlitt's more frequent, socially oriented use of chorus, and wrote that Gurlitt's approach may have been more faithful to Büchner's original conception.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201020_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201020-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gurlitt's work has remained in the shadow of Berg's.<sup id="cite_ref-Gurlitt_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gurlitt-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance_history">Performance history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Performance history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1924 Frankfurt premiere of the Three Fragments from <i>Wozzeck</i> at the annual <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/ADMV" class="mw-redirect" title="ADMV">Allgemeiner Deutscher Musikverein (ADMV)</a></span></span> festival, along with Webern's premiere of the <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Praeludium</span></span> and <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Reigen</span></span> from the Three Orchestral Pieces during an Austrian Music Week in 1923 Berlin, initiated Berg's regional reputation as a considerable figure in music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201017_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201017-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Erich Kleiber conducted the world premiere of the entire work at the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera" title="Berlin State Opera">Berlin State Opera</a> on 14 December 1925, having personally decided on it.<sup id="cite_ref-Walsh_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walsh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hailey writes that it was "the event of the season", achieving a noted combination of coherence and expressivity over a substantial length of time despite its post-tonal musical language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201017_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201017-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walsh writes that it was a <i><a href="/wiki/Succ%C3%A8s_de_scandale" title="Succès de scandale">succès de scandale</a></i> with audience disruptions and mixed reaction in the press.<sup id="cite_ref-Walsh_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walsh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many productions followed throughout Germany and Austria until after 1933, when the Nazis forbade <a href="/wiki/Degenerate_music" title="Degenerate music">degenerate music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Walsh_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walsh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><i>Wozzeck</i> was then taken to Prague by <a href="/wiki/Otakar_Ostr%C4%8Dil" title="Otakar Ostrčil">Otakar Ostrčil</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_(Prague)" title="National Theatre (Prague)">National Theatre</a> in 1926. It provoked a "scandal", Berg wrote his pupil <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a>, staged by "Czech Nationalists (virtually Nazis)" and "clerical lobbies". Berg emphasized that this was<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdorno_and_Berg200585_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdorno_and_Berg200585-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><em>purely political!</em> (To them I am the Berlin Jew Alban (Aaron?) Berg. Ostrčil bribed by the Russian <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>, the whole thing arranged by the '<a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Elders of Zion</a>' etc).</p></blockquote><p> The Bohemian State Committee forbade further performances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdorno_and_Berg200585_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdorno_and_Berg200585-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brian S. Locke called the "<i>Wozzeck</i> Affair" the "most important event at the Czechs' National Theater in the interwar period".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At its third premiere (1927) in <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Contemporary_Music" title="Association for Contemporary Music">Association for Contemporary Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Roslavets" title="Nikolai Roslavets">Nikolai Roslavets</a> staged <i>Wozzeck</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Mariinsky_Theatre" title="Mariinsky Theatre">Mariinsky Theatre</a> with Berg and <a href="/wiki/Shostakovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Shostakovich">Shostakovich</a> in attendance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHo2011117–118_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHo2011117–118-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berg wired Helene, "huge, tumultuous success", though critical reception was mixed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerle1980199_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerle1980199-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Amid <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> and deteriorating <a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations,_1918%E2%80%931941" title="Germany–Soviet Union relations, 1918–1941">Germany–Soviet Union relations</a>, <i>Wozzeck</i> had yet to be restaged in the Soviet Union, <a href="/wiki/George_Perle" title="George Perle">George Perle</a> observed in 1980.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerle1980199–201_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerle1980199–201-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 March 1931, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Grand_Opera_Company" title="Philadelphia Grand Opera Company">Philadelphia Grand Opera Company</a> gave the United States premiere of <i>Wozzeck</i> on 19 March<sup id="cite_ref-Walsh_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walsh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera_House_(Philadelphia)" title="Metropolitan Opera House (Philadelphia)">the Metropolitan Opera House in Philadelphia</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wood" title="Henry Wood">Henry Wood</a> and the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Symphony_Orchestra" title="BBC Symphony Orchestra">BBC Symphony Orchestra</a> gave a studio concert of the Three Fragments from <i>Wozzeck</i>, which <a href="/wiki/Edward_Clark_(conductor)" title="Edward Clark (conductor)">Edward Clark</a>, a pupil of <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>, produced for broadcast on 13 May 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 March 1934, <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Boult" title="Adrian Boult">Adrian Boult</a> conducted a complete concert performance of <i>Wozzeck</i>, again produced by Edward Clark, in the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Hall" title="Queen's Hall">Queen's Hall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The opera was not staged there until 22 January 1952 at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Royal Opera House</a>, Covent Garden.)<sup id="cite_ref-Walsh_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walsh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effect_on_Berg">Effect on Berg</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Effect on Berg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The success of <i>Wozzeck</i> transformed Berg's life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201017_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201017-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It brought him international renown, and he was able to live comfortably off the royalties nearly until his death in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201017_45-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201017-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He traveled not only to Germany, Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, and England, but also to Switzerland, Belgium, Holland, France, and Italy for performances of and talks about the opera.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201017_45-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201017-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Busy attending to his newfound success and enjoying financial independence, Berg declined Schreker's offers of an appointment at the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_University_of_the_Arts" title="Berlin University of the Arts">Berlin Musikhochschule</a> as well as subsequent vacations with Schoenberg, though the two remained committed friends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201017_45-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201017-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He benefited from new relationships with <a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%B6hm" title="Karl Böhm">Karl Böhm</a>, Erich Kleiber, and <a href="/wiki/Gian_Francesco_Malipiero" title="Gian Francesco Malipiero">Gian Francesco Malipiero</a>, among others, and was appointed to serve on the jury of the ADMV.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201017–18_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201017–18-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence">Influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Krenek">Krenek</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Krenek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hartleb_(director)" title="Hans Hartleb (director)">Hans Hartleb</a> saw many parallels between <i>Wozzeck</i> and Krenek's <i><a href="/wiki/Orpheus_und_Eurydike" title="Orpheus und Eurydike">Orpheus und Eurydike</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart199179_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart199179-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He cited the composers' use of violent scenes and saw the music of both Eurydike and Marie as evocative of "fatalism, melancholy, and sensuality".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart199179_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart199179-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stewart agrees, writing that Berg's music for Marie raised her from a "<a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">stock character</a>" to one of more substance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1991337_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart1991337-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berg and Krenek knew each other from the salons of <a href="/wiki/Alma_Mahler" title="Alma Mahler">Alma Mahler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart199179_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart199179-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Alma was a close friend of the Bergs<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999194_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999194-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the wife or lover of <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a>, Kokoschka, and Werfel.) </p><p>Krenek began studying the piano-vocal score of <i>Wozzeck</i> in early 1923, while visiting Kokoschka, the librettist of <i>Orpheus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart199179_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart199179-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krenek wrote Berg to praise <i>Wozzeck</i> and ask about Berg's vocal writing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart199179_62-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart199179-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berg responded at length, citing (and transcribing) examples from Wagner, Mozart, and Bach to support what he said was his treatment of the human voice as "the supreme instrument".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart199179_62-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart199179-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said he adapted the music with respect to the voices' limitations and dramatic function.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart199179_62-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart199179-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berg also used <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sprechgesang" title="Sprechgesang">Sprechgesang</a></i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">speech singing</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) for dramatic effect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999227_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999227-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krenek later said he did not use <i>Wozzeck</i> as a model for <i>Orpheus</i>, but Stewart suggests that he at least adhered to Berg's advice about vocal writing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart199179–80_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart199179–80-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_music">Later music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Later music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sinfonia_(Berio)" title="Sinfonia (Berio)"><i>Sinfonia</i></a> (1968–69), <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a> quotes the rising orchestral chords Berg uses in the word painting of Wozzeck's drowning.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arrangements">Arrangements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Arrangements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Working with Berg,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimms199636_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimms199636-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Stein" title="Erwin Stein">Erwin Stein</a> made an arrangement of <i>Wozzeck</i> for smaller theaters, reducing the orchestra to about 60 players.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Rea_(composer)" title="John Rea (composer)">John Rea</a>'s arrangement is for 22 singer and 21 instrumental parts.<sup id="cite_ref-UE_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UE-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recordings">Recordings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Recordings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Heinrich Nillius (Wozzeck), <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Danco" title="Suzanne Danco">Suzanne Danco</a> (Marie), <a href="/wiki/Walter_Widdop" title="Walter Widdop">Walter Widdop</a> (Tambourmajor), Frank Vroons (Andres), <a href="/wiki/Otakar_Kraus" title="Otakar Kraus">Otakar Kraus</a> (Doctor), Parry Jones (Hauptmann), <a href="/wiki/Mary_Jarred" title="Mary Jarred">Mary Jarred</a> (Margret), <a href="/wiki/BBC_Chorus" title="BBC Chorus">BBC Chorus</a> and <a href="/wiki/BBC_Symphony_Orchestra" title="BBC Symphony Orchestra">Symphony Orchestra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Boult" title="Adrian Boult">Adrian Boult</a>, SOMM Ariadne (1949 radio broadcast from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a>, issued 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mack_Harrell" title="Mack Harrell">Mack Harrell</a> (Wozzeck), <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Farrell" title="Eileen Farrell">Eileen Farrell</a> (Marie), <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Jagel" title="Frederick Jagel">Frederick Jagel</a> (Tambourmajor), <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_(tenor)" title="David Lloyd (tenor)">David Lloyd</a> (Andres), Joseph Mordino (Hauptmann, Soldat, Idiot), Ralph Herbert (Doktor), <a href="/wiki/Edwina_Eustis_Dick" title="Edwina Eustis Dick">Edwina Eustis</a> (Margret), <a href="/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic" title="New York Philharmonic">New York Philharmonic</a>, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Mitropoulos" title="Dimitri Mitropoulos">Dimitri Mitropoulos</a>, Label: Columbia (FCX 157–FCX 158), 1951</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito_Gobbi" title="Tito Gobbi">Tito Gobbi</a> (Wozzeck), <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Dow" title="Dorothy Dow">Dorothy Dow</a> (Marie), <a href="/wiki/Mirto_Picchi" title="Mirto Picchi">Mirto Picchi</a> (Tambourmajor), <a href="/wiki/Italo_Tajo" title="Italo Tajo">Italo Tajo</a> (Doktor), <a href="/wiki/Petre_Munteanu" title="Petre Munteanu">Petre Munteanu</a> (Andres), <a href="/wiki/Hugues_Cu%C3%A9nod" title="Hugues Cuénod">Hugues Cuénod</a> (Hauptmann), Maria Teresa Mandalari (Margret), RAI Chorus and Symphony Orchestra of Rome, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Nino_Sanzogno" title="Nino Sanzogno">Nino Sanzogno</a>, Label: /RAI/Myto, 1955 (sung in Italian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Fischer-Dieskau" title="Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau">Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau</a> (Wozzeck), <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Lear" title="Evelyn Lear">Evelyn Lear</a> (Marie), Helmut Melchert (Tambourmajor), <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Wunderlich" title="Fritz Wunderlich">Fritz Wunderlich</a> (Andres), <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Stolze" title="Gerhard Stolze">Gerhard Stolze</a> (Hauptmann), <a href="/wiki/Karl-Christian_Kohn" title="Karl-Christian Kohn">Karl-Christian Kohn</a> (Doktor), Alice Oelke (Margret), Chorus and Orchestra of the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Oper_Berlin" title="Deutsche Oper Berlin">Deutsche Oper Berlin</a>, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%B6hm" title="Karl Böhm">Karl Böhm</a>, Label: Deutsche Grammophon, 1965 – <a href="/wiki/8th_Annual_Grammy_Awards" title="8th Annual Grammy Awards">1966</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Opera_Recording" title="Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording">Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Berry_(bass-baritone)" title="Walter Berry (bass-baritone)">Walter Berry</a> (Wozzeck), <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Strauss" title="Isabel Strauss">Isabel Strauss</a> (Marie), <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Uhl" title="Fritz Uhl">Fritz Uhl</a> (Tambourmajor), Richard van Vrooman (Andres), Albert Weikenmeier (Hauptmann), Karl Dönch (Doktor), Ingeborg Lasser (Margret), Chorus and Orchestra of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Opera" title="Paris Opera">Paris Opera</a>, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>, Label: Columbia, 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/10th_Annual_Grammy_Awards" title="10th Annual Grammy Awards">1968</a> Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Blankenheim" title="Toni Blankenheim">Toni Blankenheim</a> (Wozzeck), <a href="/wiki/Sena_Jurinac" title="Sena Jurinac">Sena Jurinac</a> (Marie), <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cassilly" title="Richard Cassilly">Richard Cassilly</a> (Tambourmajor), Peter Haage (Andres), <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Unger" title="Gerhard Unger">Gerhard Unger</a> (Hauptmann), <a href="/wiki/Hans_Sotin" title="Hans Sotin">Hans Sotin</a> (Doktor), Elisabeth Steiner (Margret), Chorus of the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_State_Opera" title="Hamburg State Opera">Hamburg State Opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philharmonisches_Staatsorchester_Hamburg" title="Philharmonisches Staatsorchester Hamburg">Hamburg Philharmonic State Orchestra</a>, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Maderna" title="Bruno Maderna">Bruno Maderna</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Liebermann" title="Rolf Liebermann">Rolf Liebermann</a>, Label: Arthaus Musik, 1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Waechter" title="Eberhard Waechter">Eberhard Waechter</a> (Wozzeck), <a href="/wiki/Anja_Silja" title="Anja Silja">Anja Silja</a> (Marie), <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Winkler_(tenor)" title="Hermann Winkler (tenor)">Hermann Winkler</a> (Tambourmajor), <a href="/wiki/Horst_Laubenthal" title="Horst Laubenthal">Horst Laubenthal</a> (Andres), <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Zednik" title="Heinz Zednik">Heinz Zednik</a> (Hauptmann), <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Malta" title="Alexander Malta">Alexander Malta</a> (Doktor), Gertrude Jahn (Margret), Wiener Staatsopernchor, <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic" title="Vienna Philharmonic">Vienna Philharmonic</a>, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Christoph_von_Dohn%C3%A1nyi" title="Christoph von Dohnányi">Christoph von Dohnányi</a>, Label: Decca, 1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Grundheber" title="Franz Grundheber">Franz Grundheber</a> (Wozzeck), <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_Behrens" title="Hildegard Behrens">Hildegard Behrens</a> (Marie), Walter Raffeiner (Tambourmajor), <a href="/wiki/Philip_Langridge" title="Philip Langridge">Philip Langridge</a> (Andres), <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Zednik" title="Heinz Zednik">Heinz Zednik</a> (Hauptmann), <a href="/wiki/Aage_Haugland" title="Aage Haugland">Aage Haugland</a> (Doktor), Anna Gonda (Margret), Wiener Staatsopernchor, <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic" title="Vienna Philharmonic">Vienna Philharmonic</a>, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Abbado" title="Claudio Abbado">Claudio Abbado</a>, Label: Deutsche Grammophon, 1987</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Grundheber" title="Franz Grundheber">Franz Grundheber</a> (Wozzeck), <a href="/wiki/Waltraud_Meier" title="Waltraud Meier">Waltraud Meier</a> (Marie), Mark Baker (Tambourmajor), <a href="/wiki/Endrik_Wottrich" title="Endrik Wottrich">Endrik Wottrich</a> (Andres), <a href="/wiki/Graham_Clark_(tenor)" title="Graham Clark (tenor)">Graham Clark</a> (Hauptmann), Günter von Kannen (Doktor), Dalia Schaechter (Margret), Chorus and Children's Choir of the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Oper_Berlin" title="Deutsche Oper Berlin">Deutsche Oper Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staatskapelle_Berlin" title="Staatskapelle Berlin">Staatskapelle Berlin</a>, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a>, Label: <a href="/wiki/Teldec" title="Teldec">Teldec</a>, 1994</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Shore" title="Andrew Shore">Andrew Shore</a> (Wozzeck), <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Barstow" title="Josephine Barstow">Josephine Barstow</a> (Marie), <a href="/wiki/Alan_Woodrow" title="Alan Woodrow">Alan Woodrow</a> (Tambourmajor), Peter Bronder (Andres), Stuart Kale (Hauptmann), Clive Bailey (Doktor), <a href="/wiki/Jean_Rigby" title="Jean Rigby">Jean Rigby</a> (Margret), Philarmonia Orchestra, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Daniel" title="Paul Daniel">Paul Daniel</a>, Label: Chandos (Chan 3094), 2003 (sung in English)</li> <li>Franz Hawlata (Wozzeck), <a href="/wiki/Angela_Denoke" title="Angela Denoke">Angela Denoke</a> (Marie), <a href="/wiki/Reiner_Goldberg" title="Reiner Goldberg">Reiner Goldberg</a> (Tambourmajor), Johann Tilli (Doktor), Hubert Delamboye (Hauptmann), Vivian Tierney (Margret), Vivaldi Chorus; IPSI; Petits Cantors de Catalunya; Orchestra & Chorus of the Gran Teatre del <a href="/wiki/Liceu" title="Liceu">Liceu</a>, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Weigle" title="Sebastian Weigle">Sebastian Weigle</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Calixto_Bieito" title="Calixto Bieito">Calixto Bieito</a>. Label: Opus Arte, 2006</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Trekel" title="Roman Trekel">Roman Trekel</a> (Wozzeck), <a href="/wiki/Anne_Schwanewilms" title="Anne Schwanewilms">Anne Schwanewilms</a> (Marie), Gordon Gietz (Tambourmajor), <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Berg" title="Nathan Berg">Nathan Berg</a> (Doktor), Robert McPherson (Andres), Marc Molomot (Hauptmann), <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Ciesinski" title="Katherine Ciesinski">Katherine Ciesinski</a> (Margret), <a href="/wiki/Houston_Grand_Opera" title="Houston Grand Opera">Houston Grand Opera</a> Children's Chorus, Chorus of Students and Alumni, <a href="/wiki/Shepherd_School_of_Music" title="Shepherd School of Music">Shepherd School of Music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston_Symphony" title="Houston Symphony">Houston Symphony</a>, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Graf" title="Hans Graf">Hans Graf</a>. Label: Naxos, 2017</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_adaptation">Film adaptation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Film adaptation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1970 <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_State_Opera" title="Hamburg State Opera">Hamburg State Opera</a> production was filmed for the 1972 TV film <i>Wozzeck</i>, directed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Hess_(director)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joachim Hess (director) (page does not exist)">Joachim Hess</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Hess_(Schauspieler)" class="extiw" title="de:Joachim Hess (Schauspieler)">de</a>]</span> and broadcast on <a href="/wiki/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Norddeutscher Rundfunk">Norddeutscher Rundfunk</a>. Filming was done in and around a deserted castle.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Where is the knife?" Here Wozzeck, searching for the knife he used to murder Marie, drowns in a moonlit pond he hallucinates is red with Marie's blood.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"You! Your mother is dead!"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wozzeck</i> has been characterized as more "<a href="/wiki/Highbrow" title="Highbrow">highbrow</a>" than <i>Peter Grimes</i>, sometimes polemically.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin202415,_37,_50_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin202415,_37,_50-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">Stefan George</a> is an example of a symbolist poet whose work the <a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a> set.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnouw199973–74Schroeder1999232–233,_236Shreffler1999253Simms1999axiii–xivSimms1999b136–137,_157–158,_182n33Simms_and_Erwin20214,_281,_306,_308,_485n62_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouw199973–74Schroeder1999232–233,_236Shreffler1999253Simms1999axiii–xivSimms1999b136–137,_157–158,_182n33Simms_and_Erwin20214,_281,_306,_308,_485n62-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shreffler described George's poems as "hyperexpressive" and as eliciting "equally vivid and extreme music".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShreffler1999266_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShreffler1999266-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may have influenced Schoenberg to write atonal music in the <a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_(Schoenberg)#String_Quartet_No._2,_Op._10" title="String Quartets (Schoenberg)">String Quartet No. 2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnouw199973–74Simms1999axiii–xivSimms1999b136–137,_157–158,_182n33Simms_and_Erwin20214_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouw199973–74Simms1999axiii–xivSimms1999b136–137,_157–158,_182n33Simms_and_Erwin20214-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Webern set fourteen George texts, ten of which were published among his atonal <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Lieder</i></span> as Opp. 3–4.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShreffler1999267_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShreffler1999267-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George also translated Baudelaire's <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Fleurs_du_mal" title="Les Fleurs du mal">Les Fleurs du mal</a></i>, from which Berg selected the hidden text of his <i><a href="/wiki/Lyric_Suite_(Berg)" title="Lyric Suite (Berg)">Lyric Suite</a></i> and three additional poems for <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Wein" title="Der Wein">Der Wein</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999232–233,_236Simms_and_Erwin2021281,_306,_308,_485n62_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999232–233,_236Simms_and_Erwin2021281,_306,_308,_485n62-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schoenberg once described Kokoschka as "the greatest living painter".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimms1999b159_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimms1999b159-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindemith's first expressionist opera <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6rder,_Hoffnung_der_Frauen" title="Mörder, Hoffnung der Frauen">Mörder, Hoffnung der Frauen</a></i> is based on Kokoschka's drama of the same name (<a href="/wiki/Murderer,_the_Hope_of_Women" title="Murderer, the Hope of Women">Murderer, the Hope of Women</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart199174_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart199174-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This drama's gendered conflict may have influenced Schoenberg's <i><a href="/wiki/Die_gl%C3%BCckliche_Hand" title="Die glückliche Hand">Die glückliche Hand</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimms1999b159–160_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimms1999b159–160-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Kokoschka was nearly arrested at the drama's 1909 production.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnouw1999118n20_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouw1999118n20-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Nazis' defeat in 1951, Kokoschka expressed interest in producing <i>Wozzeck</i> at <a href="/wiki/Will_Grohmann" title="Will Grohmann">Will Grohmann</a>'s suggestion, though this did not transpire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGörner2020§7A._"Progressive_Restoration,_or_in_the_Middle_of_Loss"_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGörner2020§7A._"Progressive_Restoration,_or_in_the_Middle_of_Loss"-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berg set Rilke's "Traumgekrönt" in <a href="/wiki/Seven_Early_Songs_(Berg)" title="Seven Early Songs (Berg)">Seven Early Songs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimms_and_Erwin202171,_75_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimms_and_Erwin202171,_75-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berg disliked Schreker's next opera <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Spielwerk_und_die_Prinzessin" title="Das Spielwerk und die Prinzessin">Das Spielwerk und die Prinzessin</a></i> and was disappointed by Schreker's performance of Schoenberg's <i><a href="/wiki/Gurre-Lieder" title="Gurre-Lieder">Gurre-Lieder</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999210_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999210-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hailey compared Berg's emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">musical form</a> here to his later use of pitch structures as a foil for his tonal references.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201017_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201017-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Zden%C4%9Bk_Nejedl%C3%BD" title="Zdeněk Nejedlý">Zdeněk Nejedlý</a> praised Berg's music in <i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i>, ridiculing the idea that <i>Wozzeck</i> was staged as a <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik-Jewish_conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik-Jewish conspiracy">Bolshevik conspiracy</a>. Antonín Šilhan had insinuated this in <i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_listy" title="Národní listy">Národní listy</a></i>, and Emanuel Žak writing in <i>Čech</i> had ascribed its "degenerate" nature to Jewish influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimms_and_Erwin2021215_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimms_and_Erwin2021215-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Walsh-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walsh_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walsh_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walsh_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walsh_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walsh_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walsh_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walsh_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2001">Walsh 2001</a>, pp. 61–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHall2011" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Patricia (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ccgGgFN-F8C"><i>Berg's Wozzeck</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 26–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195342611" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195342611"><bdi>978-0195342611</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berg%27s+Wozzeck&rft.pages=26-38&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0195342611&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ccgGgFN-F8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWozzeck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkins2002" class="citation book cs1">Watkins, Glenn (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DbnA3byXJMcC"><i>Proof Through the Night: Music and the Great War</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520927896" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520927896"><bdi>978-0520927896</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proof+Through+the+Night%3A+Music+and+the+Great+War&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0520927896&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDbnA3byXJMcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWozzeck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201015-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201015_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201015_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHailey2010">Hailey 2010</a>, 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201012–13,_quoting_[[Helene_Karoline_Berg|Helene_Berg]]<span_class="noprint"_style="font-size:85%;_font-style:_normal;_">&nbsp;&#91;[[:de:Helene_Karoline_Berg|de]]&#93;</span>[[Category:Interlanguage_link_template_forcing_interwiki_links]]'s_<span_title="German-language_text"><span_lang="de"_style="font-style:_normal;">"Dokumentation"</span></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text]]-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201012–13,_quoting_[[Helene_Karoline_Berg|Helene_Berg]]<span_class="noprint"_style="font-size:85%;_font-style:_normal;_">&nbsp;&#91;[[:de:Helene_Karoline_Berg|de]]&#93;</span>[[Category:Interlanguage_link_template_forcing_interwiki_links]]'s_<span_title="German-language_text"><span_lang="de"_style="font-style:_normal;">"Dokumentation"</span></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text]]_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHailey2010">Hailey 2010</a>, 12–13, quoting <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helene_Karoline_Berg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helene Karoline Berg (page does not exist)">Helene Berg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene_Karoline_Berg" class="extiw" title="de:Helene Karoline Berg">de</a>]</span>'s <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">"Dokumentation"</span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201012–13,_quoting_Helene's_<span_title="German-language_text"><span_lang="de"_style="font-style:_normal;">"Dokumentation"</span></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text]]-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201012–13,_quoting_Helene's_<span_title="German-language_text"><span_lang="de"_style="font-style:_normal;">"Dokumentation"</span></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text]]_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHailey2010">Hailey 2010</a>, 12–13, quoting Helene's <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">"Dokumentation"</span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201014-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201014_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201014_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHailey2010">Hailey 2010</a>, 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201013–14-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201013–14_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHailey2010">Hailey 2010</a>, 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201013–14,_quoting_Berg's_letter_to_Schoenberg-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201013–14,_quoting_Berg's_letter_to_Schoenberg_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHailey2010">Hailey 2010</a>, 13–14, quoting Berg's letter to Schoenberg.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UE-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UE_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UE_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universaledition.com/Alban-Berg/komponisten-und-werke/komponist/51/werk/6746">"Alban Berg – <i>Wozzeck</i> – Reduzierte Fassung (21 instrumente) – John Rea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Universal_Edition" title="Universal Edition">Universal Edition</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alban+Berg+%E2%80%93+Wozzeck+%E2%80%93+Reduzierte+Fassung+%2821+instrumente%29+%E2%80%93+John+Rea&rft.pub=Universal+Edition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universaledition.com%2FAlban-Berg%2Fkomponisten-und-werke%2Fkomponist%2F51%2Fwerk%2F6746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWozzeck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPople1997148-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPople1997148_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPople1997">Pople 1997</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201014,_paraphrasing_Hailey-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201014,_paraphrasing_Hailey_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHailey2010">Hailey 2010</a>, 14, paraphrasing Hailey.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeadlam1996159Ross200878–79-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeadlam1996159Ross200878–79_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeadlam1996">Headlam 1996</a>, p. 159; <a href="#CITEREFRoss2008">Ross 2008</a>, pp. 78–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose2013" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Michael (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5vxCOmhynP4C&pg=PA375"><i>The Birth of an Opera: Fifteen Masterpieces from Poppea to Wozzeck</i></a>. W. W. Norton. p. 375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393060430" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393060430"><bdi>978-0393060430</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+an+Opera%3A+Fifteen+Masterpieces+from+Poppea+to+Wozzeck&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0393060430&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5vxCOmhynP4C%26pg%3DPA375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWozzeck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeathridge200524-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeathridge200524_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeathridge2005">Deathridge 2005</a>, 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin202417-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin202417_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranklin2024">Franklin 2024</a>, 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher200026–27-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher200026–27_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFisher2000">Fisher 2000</a>, 26–27.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFFisher2000 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin202415,_37,_50-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin202415,_37,_50_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranklin2024">Franklin 2024</a>, 15, 37, 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouw199973–74Schroeder1999232–233,_236Shreffler1999253Simms1999axiii–xivSimms1999b136–137,_157–158,_182n33Simms_and_Erwin20214,_281,_306,_308,_485n62-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnouw199973–74Schroeder1999232–233,_236Shreffler1999253Simms1999axiii–xivSimms1999b136–137,_157–158,_182n33Simms_and_Erwin20214,_281,_306,_308,_485n62_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnouw1999">Barnouw 1999</a>, 73–74; <a href="#CITEREFSchroeder1999">Schroeder 1999</a>, 232–233, 236; <a href="#CITEREFShreffler1999">Shreffler 1999</a>, 253; <a href="#CITEREFSimms1999a">Simms 1999a</a>, xiii–xiv; <a href="#CITEREFSimms1999b">Simms 1999b</a>, 136–137, 157–158, 182n33; <a href="#CITEREFSimms_and_Erwin2021">Simms and Erwin 2021</a>, 4, 281, 306, 308, 485n62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShreffler1999266-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShreffler1999266_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShreffler1999">Shreffler 1999</a>, 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouw199973–74Simms1999axiii–xivSimms1999b136–137,_157–158,_182n33Simms_and_Erwin20214-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnouw199973–74Simms1999axiii–xivSimms1999b136–137,_157–158,_182n33Simms_and_Erwin20214_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnouw1999">Barnouw 1999</a>, 73–74; <a href="#CITEREFSimms1999a">Simms 1999a</a>, xiii–xiv; <a href="#CITEREFSimms1999b">Simms 1999b</a>, 136–137, 157–158, 182n33; <a href="#CITEREFSimms_and_Erwin2021">Simms and Erwin 2021</a>, 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShreffler1999267-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShreffler1999267_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShreffler1999">Shreffler 1999</a>, 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999232–233,_236Simms_and_Erwin2021281,_306,_308,_485n62-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999232–233,_236Simms_and_Erwin2021281,_306,_308,_485n62_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchroeder1999">Schroeder 1999</a>, 232–233, 236; <a href="#CITEREFSimms_and_Erwin2021">Simms and Erwin 2021</a>, 281, 306, 308, 485n62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimms1999b159-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimms1999b159_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimms1999b">Simms 1999b</a>, 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart199174-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart199174_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart1991">Stewart 1991</a>, 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimms1999b159–160-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimms1999b159–160_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimms1999b">Simms 1999b</a>, 159–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouw1999118n20-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnouw1999118n20_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnouw1999">Barnouw 1999</a>, 118n20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGörner2020§7A._"Progressive_Restoration,_or_in_the_Middle_of_Loss"-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGörner2020§7A._"Progressive_Restoration,_or_in_the_Middle_of_Loss"_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGörner2020">Görner 2020</a>, §7A. "Progressive Restoration, or in the Middle of Loss".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimms_and_Erwin202171,_75-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimms_and_Erwin202171,_75_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimms_and_Erwin2021">Simms and Erwin 2021</a>, 71, 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart199123-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart199123_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart1991">Stewart 1991</a>, 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffel2018xxi-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffel2018xxi_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffel2018">Griffel 2018</a>, xxi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart199165-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart199165_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart1991">Stewart 1991</a>, 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999209–210-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999209–210_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchroeder1999">Schroeder 1999</a>, 209–210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999185–186,_210-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999185–186,_210_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchroeder1999">Schroeder 1999</a>, 185–186, 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart199179–80-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart199179–80_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart199179–80_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart1991">Stewart 1991</a>, 79–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999210-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999210_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999210_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchroeder1999">Schroeder 1999</a>, 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeathridge200524Schroeder1999227-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeathridge200524Schroeder1999227_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeathridge2005">Deathridge 2005</a>, 24; <a href="#CITEREFSchroeder1999">Schroeder 1999</a>, 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201017-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201017_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201017_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201017_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201017_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201017_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201017_45-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201017_45-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201017_45-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201017_45-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHailey2010">Hailey 2010</a>, 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeathridge200524Hailey201020-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeathridge200524Hailey201020_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeathridge2005">Deathridge 2005</a>, 24; <a href="#CITEREFHailey2010">Hailey 2010</a>, 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999194,_quoting_Berg_in_1923:_"this_antiquated_Wagner_music"-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999194,_quoting_Berg_in_1923:_"this_antiquated_Wagner_music"_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchroeder1999">Schroeder 1999</a>, 194, quoting Berg in 1923: "this antiquated Wagner music".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201020-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201020_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201020_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201020_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201020_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201020_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHailey2010">Hailey 2010</a>, 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gurlitt-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gurlitt_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gurlitt_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gurlitt_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classical-music.com/review/gurlitt-0">"Gurlitt: <i>Wozzeck</i> (Roland Hermann, Celina Lindsley, Anton...) – review"</a>. <i>Classical-music.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Classical-music.com&rft.atitle=Gurlitt%3A+Wozzeck+%28Roland+Hermann%2C+Celina+Lindsley%2C+Anton...%29+%E2%80%93+review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classical-music.com%2Freview%2Fgurlitt-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWozzeck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdorno_and_Berg200585-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdorno_and_Berg200585_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdorno_and_Berg200585_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdorno_and_Berg2005">Adorno and Berg 2005</a>, 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimms_and_Erwin2021215-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimms_and_Erwin2021215_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimms_and_Erwin2021">Simms and Erwin 2021</a>, 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLocke2008" class="citation journal cs1">Locke, Brian S. (2008). "The "<i>Wozzeck</i> Affair": Modernism and the Crisis of Audience in Prague". <i>The Journal of Musicological Research</i>. <b>27</b>: 63–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01411890701804788">10.1080/01411890701804788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Musicological+Research&rft.atitle=The+%22Wozzeck+Affair%22%3A+Modernism+and+the+Crisis+of+Audience+in+Prague&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=63-98&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01411890701804788&rft.aulast=Locke&rft.aufirst=Brian+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWozzeck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHo2011117–118-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHo2011117–118_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHo2011">Ho 2011</a>, 117–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerle1980199-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerle1980199_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerle1980">Perle 1980</a>, 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerle1980199–201-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerle1980199–201_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerle1980">Perle 1980</a>, 199–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Chadwick" class="citation web cs1">Nicholas Chadwick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/eblj/1985articles/pdf/article3.pdf">"Alban Berg and the BBC"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bl.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bl.uk&rft.atitle=Alban+Berg+and+the+BBC&rft.au=Nicholas+Chadwick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Feblj%2F1985articles%2Fpdf%2Farticle3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWozzeck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray" class="citation web cs1">Bray, Trevor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trevor-bray-music-research.co.uk/Bridge+LinB/ch6_62.html">"Frank Bridge: A Life in Brief ~ Isolation: 62"</a>. <i>Trevor-bray-music-research.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trevor-bray-music-research.co.uk&rft.atitle=Frank+Bridge%3A+A+Life+in+Brief+~+Isolation%3A+62&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trevor-bray-music-research.co.uk%2FBridge%2BLinB%2Fch6_62.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWozzeck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenis_Apivor" class="citation web cs1">Denis Apivor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicweb-international.com/apivor/warlock_circle.htm">"Memories of 'The Warlock Circle'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Musicweb-international.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Musicweb-international.com&rft.atitle=Memories+of+%27The+Warlock+Circle%27&rft.au=Denis+Apivor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicweb-international.com%2Fapivor%2Fwarlock_circle.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWozzeck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey201017–18-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey201017–18_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHailey2010">Hailey 2010</a>, 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart199179-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart199179_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart199179_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart199179_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart199179_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart199179_62-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart199179_62-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart199179_62-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart1991">Stewart 1991</a>, 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart1991337-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1991337_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart1991">Stewart 1991</a>, 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999194-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999194_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchroeder1999">Schroeder 1999</a>, 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999227-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999227_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchroeder1999">Schroeder 1999</a>, 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimms199636-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimms199636_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimms1996">Simms 1996</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universaledition.com/Alban-Berg/composers-and-works/composer/51/work/7265">"Alban Berg – <i>Wozzeck</i> – reduced version (Stein)"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Edition" title="Universal Edition">Universal Edition</a>. Retrieved 12 November 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The set included a bonus LP record of Alban Berg's lecture on 'Wozzeck', read in English by the music critic <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Goodwin" title="Noël Goodwin">Noël Goodwin</a>, with music examples conducted by Boulez.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine" class="citation web cs1">Levine, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.classicstoday.com/review/review-13849/">"Berg: Wozzeck, 1970/Hamburg DVD"</a>. <i>Classics Today</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Classics+Today&rft.atitle=Berg%3A+Wozzeck%2C+1970%2FHamburg+DVD&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.classicstoday.com%2Freview%2Freview-13849%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWozzeck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFAdorno_and_Berg2005">Adorno, Theodor W. and Alban Berg. 2005. <i>Correspondence 1925–1935</i>, ed. Henri Lonitz, trans. Wieland Hoban. Cambridge, UK and Malden, MA: Polity Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-2336-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-2336-8">978-0-7456-2336-8</a>. (Trans. of <i>Briefwechsel 1925–1935</i>. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1997.)</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBailey_Puffett1997">Bailey Puffett, Kathryn. 1997. "Berg's aphoristic pieces". <i><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Companions_to_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Companions to Music">The Cambridge Companion to Berg</a></i>, ed. Anthony Pople, 83–110. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-82807-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-82807-9">978-1-139-82807-9</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBarnouw1999"><a href="/wiki/Dagmar_Barnouw" title="Dagmar Barnouw">Barnouw, Dagmar</a>. 1999. "<i>Wiener Moderne</i> and the Tensions of Modernism". <i>Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern: A Companion to the Second Viennese School</i>, ed. Bryan R. Simms, 73–128. Westport, Connecticut and London: Greenwood Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29604-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29604-8">978-0-313-29604-8</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFDeathridge2005"><a href="/wiki/John_Deathridge" title="John Deathridge">Deathridge, John</a>. 2005. "Wagner and beyond". <i>The Cambridge Companion to Twentieth-Century Opera</i>, ed. Mervyn Cooke, 14–25. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78009-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78009-4">978-0-521-78009-4</a> (hbk). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78393-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78393-4">978-0-521-78393-4</a> (pbk).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFFisher1991">Fisher, Burton D. 2000. <i>Macbeth</i>. Opera Journeys Mini Guide Series. Miami: Opera Journeys Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-930841-10-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-930841-10-9">978-1-930841-10-9</a> (pbk).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFFranklin2024">Franklin, Peter. 2024. <i>Britten Experienced: Modernism, Musicology, and Sentiment</i>. London and New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-66660-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-032-66660-0">978-1-032-66660-0</a> (hbk). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-66663-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-032-66663-1">978-1-032-66663-1</a> (ebk). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-66664-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-032-66664-8">978-1-032-66664-8</a> (pbk). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781032666631">10.4324/9781032666631</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFGörner2020"><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%BCdiger_G%C3%B6rner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rüdiger Görner (page does not exist)">Görner, Rüdiger</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_G%C3%B6rner" class="extiw" title="de:Rüdiger Görner">de</a>]</span>. 2020. <i>Kokoschka: The Untimely Modernist</i>, trans. Debra S. Marmor and Herbert A. Danner. London: Haus Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-912208-82-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-912208-82-1">978-1-912208-82-1</a> (ebk).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFHailey2010">Hailey, Christopher. 2010. "Berg's Worlds". <i>Alban Berg and His World</i>, ed. Christopher Hailey, 3–32. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14855-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14855-7">978-0-691-14855-7</a> (hbk). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14856-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14856-4">978-0-691-14856-4</a> (pbk).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFHeadlam1996">Headlam, David J. 1996. <i>The Music of Alban Berg</i>. Composers of the Twentieth Century. New Haven: Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06400-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06400-1">978-0-300-06400-1</a> (hbk).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFHo2011">Ho, Allan B. and Dmitry Feofanov. 2011, rev 2014. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315221907/https://www.siue.edu/~aho/ShostakovichWars/SW.pdf">The Shostakovich Wars</a></i>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFGriffel2018"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Ross_Griffel" title="Margaret Ross Griffel">Griffel, Margaret Ross</a>. 2018. "A Brief History of Operas in German". Vol. 1, <i>Operas in German: A Dictionary</i>, ed. Margaret Ross Griffel, xv–xxvi. London: Rowman & Littlefield. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-44-224797-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-44-224797-0">978-1-44-224797-0</a> (ebk). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-44-224796-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-44-224796-3">978-1-44-224796-3</a> (hbk).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFPerle1980"><a href="/wiki/George_Perle" title="George Perle">Perle, George</a>. 1980. <i>The Operas of Alban Berg, Vol. I: Wozzeck.</i> Berkeley: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06617-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06617-5">978-0-520-06617-5</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPople1997" class="citation book cs1">Pople, Anthony (24 April 1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_o7e7"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Berg</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Companions_to_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Companions to Music">Cambridge Companions to Music</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521563747" title="Special:BookSources/0521563747"><bdi>0521563747</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Berg&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Companions+to+Music&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997-04-24&rft.isbn=0521563747&rft.aulast=Pople&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani0000unse_o7e7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWozzeck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Ross, Alex</a> (2008). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rest_Is_Noise:_Listening_to_the_Twentieth_Century" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rest Is Noise: Listening to the Twentieth Century">The Rest Is Noise: Listening to the Twentieth Century</a></i> (1st Picador ed.). New York: Picador. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42771-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42771-9"><bdi>978-0-312-42771-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rest+Is+Noise%3A+Listening+to+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st+Picador&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-312-42771-9&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWozzeck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFShreffler1999">Shreffler, Anne C. 1999. "Anton Webern". <i>Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern: A Companion to the Second Viennese School</i>, ed. Bryan R. Simms, 251–314. Westport, Connecticut and London: Greenwood Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29604-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29604-8">978-0-313-29604-8</a> (hbk).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSchroeder1999">Schroeder, David. 1999. "Alban Berg". <i>Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern: A Companion to the Second Viennese School</i>, ed. Bryan R. Simms, 185–250. Westport, Connecticut and London: Greenwood Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29604-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29604-8">978-0-313-29604-8</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimms1996" class="citation book cs1">Simms, Bryan R. (1996). <i>Alban Berg: A Guide to Research</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alban+Berg%3A+A+Guide+to+Research&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Simms&rft.aufirst=Bryan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWozzeck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSimms1999a">Simms, Bryan R. 1999. "Introduction". <i>Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern: A Companion to the Second Viennese School</i>, ed. Bryan R. Simms, xi–xiv. Westport, Connecticut and London: Greenwood Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29604-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29604-8">978-0-313-29604-8</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSimms1999b">Simms, Bryan R. 1999. "Arnold Schoenberg". <i>Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern: A Companion to the Second Viennese School</i>, ed. Bryan R. Simms, 129–184. Westport, Connecticut and London: Greenwood Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29604-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29604-8">978-0-313-29604-8</a> (hbk).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSimms_and_Erwin2021">Simms, Bryan R. and Charlotte Erwin. 2021. <i>Berg</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-093144-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-093144-5">978-0-19-093144-5</a> (hbk).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFStewart1991">Stewart, John Lincoln. 1991. <i>Ernst Krenek: The Man and His Music</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07014-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07014-1">978-0-520-07014-1</a> (hbk).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFWalsh2001"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Walsh_(writer)" title="Stephen Walsh (writer)">Walsh, Stephen</a>. 2001. "Alban Berg". In <i>The New Penguin Opera Guide</i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Holden_(writer)" title="Amanda Holden (writer)">Amanda Holden</a>. New York: Penguin Putnam. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-029312-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-029312-4">0-14-029312-4</a>.</cite></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno, Theodor W.</a> (1991), <i>Alban Berg: Master of the Smallest Link</i>. Trans. Juliane Brand and Christopher Hailey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-33016-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-33016-5">0-521-33016-5</a></li> <li>Bonds, M. E. (2020). “Wozzeck’s Worst Hours”: Alban Berg’s Presentation Copy of Wozzeck to Eduard Steuermann. <i>Notes</i>, 76(4), 527–534.</li> <li>Hall, Patricia (2011), "Berg's <i>Wozzeck</i>". <i>Studies in Musical Genesis, Structure, and Interpretation</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534261-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534261-1">978-0-19-534261-1</a> (accessed 29 October 2012).</li> <li>Jarman, Douglas (1979), <i>The Music of Alban Berg</i>. London and Boston: Faber & Faber <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-10956-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-10956-X">0-571-10956-X</a>; Berkeley: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03485-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-03485-6">0-520-03485-6</a></li> <li>Jarman, Douglas (1989), "Alban Berg, <i>Wozzeck</i>". <i>Cambridge Opera Handbooks</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24151-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24151-0">0-521-24151-0</a> (cloth) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-28481-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-28481-3">0-521-28481-3</a> (pbk).</li> <li>Schmalfeldt, Janet (1983), "Berg's <i>Wozzeck</i>", <i>Harmonic Language and Dramatic Design</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-02710-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-02710-9">0-300-02710-9</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wozzeck&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wozzeck" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wozzeck"><i>Wozzeck</i></a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Wozzeck,_Op.7_(Berg,_Alban)" class="extiw" title="scores:Wozzeck, Op.7 (Berg, Alban)"><i>Wozzeck</i></a>: Scores at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kXBVu1s-5E0"><span class="plainlinks">How does Berg use Sprechgesang in <i>Wozzeck</i>? (The Royal Opera)</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opera-inside.com/wozzeck-by-alban-berg-the-opera-guide-and-synopsis/">Portrait of the opera in the online opera guide opera-inside.com</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alban_Berg" title="Template:Alban Berg"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alban_Berg" title="Template talk:Alban Berg"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alban_Berg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alban Berg"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alban_Berg" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Alban_Berg" title="List of compositions by Alban Berg">List of compositions</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wozzeck</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lulu_(opera)" title="Lulu (opera)">Lulu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orchestral works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Pieces_for_Orchestra_(Berg)" title="Three Pieces for Orchestra (Berg)">Three Pieces for Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Berg)" title="Violin Concerto (Berg)">Violin Concerto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chamber music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_(Berg)" title="String Quartet (Berg)">String Quartet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lyric_Suite_(Berg)" title="Lyric Suite (Berg)">Lyric Suite</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerkonzert_(Berg)" title="Kammerkonzert (Berg)">Kammerkonzert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Piano music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_(Berg)" title="Piano Sonata (Berg)">Piano Sonata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vocal music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Early_Songs_(Berg)" title="Seven Early Songs (Berg)">Seven Early Songs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Altenberg_Lieder" title="Altenberg Lieder">Altenberg Lieder</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Schlie%C3%9Fe_mir_die_Augen_beide" title="Schließe mir die Augen beide">Schließe mir die Augen beide</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Der_Wein" title="Der Wein">Der Wein</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farben_chord" title="Farben chord">Farben chord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literaturoper" title="Literaturoper">Literaturoper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_(music)" title="Neoclassicism (music)">Neoclassicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenberg_hexachord" title="Schoenberg hexachord">Schoenberg hexachord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Expressionist music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alban_Berg" title="Category:Alban Berg">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Woyzeck_by_Georg_Büchner" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Woyzeck" title="Template:Woyzeck"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Woyzeck" title="Template talk:Woyzeck"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Woyzeck" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Woyzeck"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Woyzeck_by_Georg_Büchner" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Woyzeck" title="Woyzeck">Woyzeck</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Georg Büchner</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wozzeck_(film)" title="Wozzeck (film)">Wozzeck</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woyzeck_(1979_film)" title="Woyzeck (1979 film)">Woyzeck</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wodzeck" title="Wodzeck">Wodzeck</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woyzeck_(1994_film)" title="Woyzeck (1994 film)">Woyzeck</a></i> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wozzeck</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wozzeck_(Gurlitt)" title="Wozzeck (Gurlitt)">Wozzeck</a></i> (1926)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Different_Drummer_(ballet)" title="Different Drummer (ballet)">Different Drummer</a></i> (1984 ballet)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woyzeck_(musical)" title="Woyzeck (musical)">Woyzeck</a></i> (2000 musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blood_Money_(Tom_Waits_album)" title="Blood Money (Tom Waits album)">Blood Money</a></i> (2002 album)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Re:_Woyzeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Re: Woyzeck">Re: Woyzeck</a></i> (2007 play)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Drowned_Man" title="The Drowned Man">The Drowned Man</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Second_Viennese_School" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Second_Viennese_School" title="Template:Second Viennese School"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Second_Viennese_School" title="Template talk:Second Viennese School"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Second_Viennese_School" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Second Viennese School"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Second_Viennese_School" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a> (1874-1951)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Vocal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vier_Lieder_(Schoenberg)" title="Vier Lieder (Schoenberg)">Vier Lieder</a></i>, Op. 2 (1899-1900)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Buch_der_h%C3%A4ngenden_G%C3%A4rten" class="mw-redirect" title="Das Buch der hängenden Gärten">Das Buch der hängenden Gärten</a></i>, Op. 15 (1907-1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herzgew%C3%A4chse" title="Herzgewächse">Herzgewächse</a></i>, Op. 20 (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pierrot_lunaire" title="Pierrot lunaire">Pierrot lunaire</a></i>, Op. 21 (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Orchestral_Songs" title="Four Orchestral Songs">Vier Lieder</a>, Op. 22 (1913-1916)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Chamber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a></i>, Op. 4 (1899, 1916-1917 and 1943 <a href="/wiki/Arrangement_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrangement (music)">arr.</a> for <a href="/wiki/String_orchestra" title="String orchestra">str. orch.</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_(Schoenberg)" title="String Quartets (Schoenberg)">String Quartet No. 1</a>, Op. 7 (1904-1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_(Schoenberg)" title="String Quartets (Schoenberg)">String Quartet No. 2 (with soprano)</a>, Op. 10 (1907-1908, 1919 and 1929 <a href="/wiki/Arrangement_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrangement (music)">arr.</a> for <a href="/wiki/String_orchestra" title="String orchestra">str. orch.</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_Quintet_(Schoenberg)" title="Wind Quintet (Schoenberg)">Wind Quintet</a>, Op. 26 (1923-1924)</li> <li>Suite, Op. 29 (1925–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_(Schoenberg)" title="String Quartets (Schoenberg)">String Quartet No. 3</a>, Op. 30 (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_(Schoenberg)" title="String Quartets (Schoenberg)">String Quartet No. 4</a>, Op. 37 (1936)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Choral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gurre-Lieder" title="Gurre-Lieder">Gurre-Lieder</a></i>, Op. (1900-1903, <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orch.</a> 1910-1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Jakobsleiter" title="Die Jakobsleiter">Die Jakobsleiter</a></i> (1914–1922, rev. 1944)</li> <li>"Prelude" to <i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Suite" title="Genesis Suite">Genesis Suite</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Survivor_from_Warsaw" title="A Survivor from Warsaw">A Survivor from Warsaw</a></i>, Op. 46 (1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Orchestral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelleas_und_Melisande_(Schoenberg)" title="Pelleas und Melisande (Schoenberg)">Pelleas und Melisande</a></i>, Op. 5 (1902-1903, rev. 1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_Symphony_No._1_(Schoenberg)" title="Chamber Symphony No. 1 (Schoenberg)">Chamber Symphony No. 1</a>, Op. 9 (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Pieces_for_Orchestra" title="Five Pieces for Orchestra">Fünf Orchesterstücke</a>, Op. 16 (1909, rev. 1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variations_for_Orchestra_(Schoenberg)" title="Variations for Orchestra (Schoenberg)">Variations for orchestra</a>, Op. 31 (1926-1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Begleitungsmusik_zu_einer_Lichtspielscene" title="Begleitungsmusik zu einer Lichtspielscene">Begleitungsmusik zu einer Lichtspielscene</a></i>, Op. 34 (1929-1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_Symphony_No._2_(Schoenberg)" title="Chamber Symphony No. 2 (Schoenberg)">Chamber Symphony No. 2</a>, Op. 38 (1906–1940) and Op. 38b (<a href="/wiki/Arrangement_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrangement (music)">arr.</a> for 2pf, 1941-1942)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Instrumental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drei_Klavierst%C3%BCcke_(Schoenberg)" title="Drei Klavierstücke (Schoenberg)">Drei Klavierstücke</a>, Op. 11 (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechs_kleine_Klavierst%C3%BCcke" title="Sechs kleine Klavierstücke">Sechs kleine Klavierstücke</a>, Op. 19 (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Pieces_for_Piano" title="Five Pieces for Piano">Fünf Klavierstücke</a>, Op. 23 (1920-1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suite_for_Piano_(Schoenberg)" title="Suite for Piano (Schoenberg)">Suite für Klavier</a>, Op. 25 (1921-1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwei_Klavierst%C3%BCcke_(Schoenberg)" title="Zwei Klavierstücke (Schoenberg)">Klavierstücke</a>, Op. 33a (1928-1929) and Op. 33b (1931)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Erwartung" title="Erwartung">Erwartung</a></i>, Op. 17 (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_gl%C3%BCckliche_Hand" title="Die glückliche Hand">Die glückliche Hand</a></i>, Op. 18 (1910-1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Von_heute_auf_morgen" title="Von heute auf morgen">Von heute auf morgen</a></i>, Op. 32 (1928-1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moses_und_Aron" title="Moses und Aron">Moses und Aron</a></i> (1930–32, compl. <a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Kocsis" title="Zoltán Kocsis">Kocsis</a> 2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concertante</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Schoenberg)" title="Violin Concerto (Schoenberg)">Violin Concerto</a>, Op. 36 (1934-1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_(Schoenberg)" title="Piano Concerto (Schoenberg)">Piano Concerto</a>, Op. 42 (1942)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Text</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg#Textbooks" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Harmonielehre</a></i> (1910-1911, rev. 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_biblische_Weg" title="Der biblische Weg">Der biblische Weg</a></i> (1922-1927)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a> (1883-1945)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langsamer_Satz" title="Langsamer Satz">Langsamer Satz</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passacaglia_(Webern)" title="Passacaglia (Webern)">Passacaglia</a>, Op. 1 (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_(Webern)" title="Symphony (Webern)">Symphony</a>, Op. 21 (1927-1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerto_for_Nine_Instruments_(Webern)" title="Concerto for Nine Instruments (Webern)">Concerto for Nine Instruments</a>, Op. 24 (1931-1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variations_for_piano_(Webern)" title="Variations for piano (Webern)">Variations for piano</a>, Op. 27 (1935-1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_(Webern)" title="String Quartet (Webern)">String Quartet</a>, Op. 28 (1937–38)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a> (1885-1935)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Schlie%C3%9Fe_mir_die_Augen_beide" title="Schließe mir die Augen beide">Schließe mir die Augen beide</a>" (first setting, 1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Early_Songs_(Berg)" title="Seven Early Songs (Berg)">Seven Early Songs</a> (1905-1908, <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orch.</a> 1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_(Berg)" title="Piano Sonata (Berg)">Piano Sonata</a>, Op. 1 (1907-1908, rev. 1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_(Berg)" title="String Quartet (Berg)">String Quartet</a>, Op. 3 (1910, rev. 1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Altenberg_Lieder" title="Altenberg Lieder">Altenberg Lieder</a></i>, Op. 4 (1911-1912, iv <a href="/wiki/Arrangement_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrangement (music)">rearr.</a> 1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Pieces_for_Orchestra_(Berg)" title="Three Pieces for Orchestra (Berg)">Three Orchestral Pieces</a>, Op. 6 (1913-1915, rev. 1929)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wozzeck</a></i>, Op. 7 (1914-1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerkonzert_(Berg)" title="Kammerkonzert (Berg)">Kammerkonzert</a> (1923-1935; ii "Adagio" <a href="/wiki/Arrangement_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrangement (music)">arr.</a> for cl, vl, pf 1935)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Schlie%C3%9Fe_mir_die_Augen_beide" title="Schließe mir die Augen beide">Schließe mir die Augen beide</a>" (second setting, 1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lyric_Suite_(Berg)" title="Lyric Suite (Berg)">Lyric Suite</a></i> (1925-1926 for <a href="/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet">string quartet</a>, 1928 ii-iv <a href="/wiki/Arrangement_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrangement (music)">arr.</a> for <a href="/wiki/String_orchestra" title="String orchestra">str. orch.</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lulu_(opera)" title="Lulu (opera)">Lulu</a></i> (1928-1935, <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orch.</a> compl. <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Cerha" title="Friedrich Cerha">Cerha</a> 1962-1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Wein" title="Der Wein">Der Wein</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Berg)" title="Violin Concerto (Berg)">Violin Concerto</a> (1935, rev. ed. Douglas Jarman 1996)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_Complete_Edition" title="Arnold Schönberg Complete Edition">Arnold Schönberg Complete Edition</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Ode-to-Napoleon%22_hexachord" title=""Ode-to-Napoleon" hexachord">6-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenberg_hexachord" title="Schoenberg hexachord">6-Z44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Adler" title="Guido Adler">Guido Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Altenberg" title="Peter Altenberg">Peter Altenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">Atonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_(music)#In_different_types_of_music" title="Subject (music)">Athematicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Ferruccio Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt_School" title="Darmstadt School">Darmstadt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Josef_Bach" title="David Josef Bach">David Josef Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developing_variation" title="Developing variation">Developing variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Expressionist music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(music)" title="Fragmentation (music)">Fragmentation (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">Stefan George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gerstl" title="Richard Gerstl">Richard Gerstl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Matthias_Hauer" title="Josef Matthias Hauer">Josef Matthias Hauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzena_Herlinger" title="Ruzena Herlinger">Ruzena Herlinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Contemporary_Music" title="International Society for Contemporary Music">International Society for Contemporary Music</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Klangfarbenmelodie" title="Klangfarbenmelodie">Klangfarbenmelodie</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Klimt" title="Gustav Klimt">Gustav Klimt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Oskar Kokoschka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kraus_(writer)" title="Karl Kraus (writer)">Karl Kraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Krasner" title="Louis Krasner">Louis Krasner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek">Ernst Krenek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Leibowitz" title="René Leibowitz">René Leibowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Mahler" title="Alma Mahler">Alma Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Malipiero" title="Riccardo Malipiero">Riccardo Malipiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_Monod" title="Jacques-Louis Monod">Jacques-Louis Monod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(music)" title="Fragmentation (music)">Musical fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Oppenheimer_(artist)" title="Max Oppenheimer (artist)">Max Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nberg_Family" title="Schönberg Family">Schönberg Family</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_theory_(music)" title="Set theory (music)">Musical set theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Scherchen" title="Hermann Scherchen">Hermann Scherchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Egon Schiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandalkonzert" title="Skandalkonzert">Skandalkonzert</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Private_Musical_Performances" title="Society for Private Musical Performances">Society for Private Musical Performances</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sprechstimme" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprechstimme">Sprechstimme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Steuermann" title="Eduard Steuermann">Eduard Steuermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_trichord" title="Viennese trichord">Viennese trichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Franz Werfel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zemlinsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Zemlinsky">Alexander Zemlinsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OlivierAward_OperaProduction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:OlivierAward OperaProduction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laurence_Olivier_Award_for_Best_New_Opera_Production" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award_for_Best_New_Opera_Production" title="Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Opera Production">Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Opera Production</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #E0E0E0;;width:1%">1993–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stiffelio" title="Stiffelio">Stiffelio</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Opera" title="The Royal Opera">Royal Opera, London</a> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_damnation_de_Faust" title="La damnation de Faust">La damnation de Faust</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Opera" title="The Royal Opera">Royal Opera, London</a> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khovanshchina" title="Khovanshchina">Khovanshchina</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/English_National_Opera" title="English National Opera">English National Opera</a> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Billy_Budd_(opera)" title="Billy Budd (opera)">Billy Budd</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Opera" title="The Royal Opera">Royal Opera, London</a> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/English_National_Opera" title="English National Opera">English National Opera</a> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bunyan_(operetta)" title="Paul Bunyan (operetta)">Paul Bunyan</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Opera" title="The Royal Opera">Royal Opera, London</a> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_clemenza_di_Tito" title="La clemenza di Tito">La clemenza di Tito</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Welsh_National_Opera" title="Welsh National Opera">Welsh National Opera</a> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hansel_and_Gretel_(opera)" title="Hansel and Gretel (opera)">Hansel and Gretel</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Welsh_National_Opera" title="Welsh National Opera">Welsh National Opera</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #E0E0E0;;width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Greek_Passion_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Greek Passion (opera)">The Greek Passion</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Opera" title="The Royal Opera">Royal Opera, London</a> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boulevard_Solitude" title="Boulevard Solitude">Boulevard Solitude</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Opera" title="The Royal Opera">Royal Opera, London</a> (2002)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wozzeck</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Opera" title="The Royal Opera">Royal Opera, London</a> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Troyens" title="Les Troyens">The Trojans: Parts I and II</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/English_National_Opera" title="English National Opera">English National Opera</a> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Macbeth_of_Mtsensk_(opera)" title="Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk (opera)">Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Opera" title="The Royal Opera">Royal Opera, London</a> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madama_Butterfly" title="Madama Butterfly">Madama Butterfly</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/English_National_Opera" title="English National Opera">English National Opera</a> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jenufa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenufa">Jenufa</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/English_National_Opera" title="English National Opera">English National Opera</a> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas and Mélisande</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Opera" title="The Royal Opera">Royal Opera, London</a> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Partenope" title="Partenope">Partenope</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/English_National_Opera" title="English National Opera">English National Opera</a> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Opera" title="The Royal Opera">Royal Opera, London</a> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_boh%C3%A8me" title="La bohème">Bohème</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Soho_Theatre" title="Soho Theatre">Soho Theatre</a> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castor_et_Pollux" title="Castor et Pollux">Castor and Pollux</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/London_Coliseum" title="London Coliseum">Coliseum Theatre</a> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Einstein_on_the_Beach" title="Einstein on the Beach">Einstein on the Beach</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Barbican_Centre" title="Barbican Centre">Barbican Theatre</a> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_v%C3%AApres_siciliennes" title="Les vêpres siciliennes">Les vêpres siciliennes</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Opera" title="The Royal Opera">The Royal Opera</a> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg">The Mastersingers of Nuremberg</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/English_National_Opera" title="English National Opera">English National Opera</a> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cavalleria_rusticana" title="Cavalleria rusticana">Cavalleria rusticana</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Pagliacci" title="Pagliacci">Pagliacci</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Opera" title="The Royal Opera">The Royal Opera</a> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akhnaten_(opera)" title="Akhnaten (opera)">Akhnaten</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/English_National_Opera" title="English National Opera">English National Opera</a> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Semiramide" title="Semiramide">Semiramide</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Opera" title="The Royal Opera">The Royal Opera</a> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1%C5%A5a_Kabanov%C3%A1" title="Káťa Kabanová">Katya Kabanova</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Royal Opera House</a> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Billy_Budd_(opera)" title="Billy Budd (opera)">Billy Budd</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Royal Opera House</a> (2020)</li> <li><s>(2021 Covid-19)</s></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%AFfa" title="Jenůfa">Jenůfa</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Opera" title="The Royal Opera">The Royal Opera</a> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alcina" title="Alcina">Alcina</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Opera" title="The Royal Opera">The Royal Opera</a> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Innocence_(opera)" title="Innocence (opera)">Innocence</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Opera" title="The Royal Opera">The Royal Opera</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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