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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critique_of_the_leitmotif_concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critique_of_the_leitmotif_concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Critique of the leitmotif concept</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critique_of_the_leitmotif_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Leitmotif</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leytmotiv" title="Leytmotiv – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Leytmotiv" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E" title="Лейтматыў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лейтматыў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E" title="Ляйтматыў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ляйтматыў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Лайтмотив – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лайтмотив" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitmotiv" title="Leitmotiv – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Leitmotiv" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADzna%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_motiv" title="Příznačný motiv – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Příznačný motiv" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledemotiv" title="Ledemotiv – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ledemotiv" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitmotiv" title="Leitmotiv – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leitmotiv" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juhtmotiiv" title="Juhtmotiiv – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Juhtmotiiv" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%B1_(%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE)" title="Κύριο θέμα (μουσική) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κύριο θέμα (μουσική)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitmotiv" title="Leitmotiv – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leitmotiv" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvidmotivo" title="Gvidmotivo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gvidmotivo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitmotiv" title="Leitmotiv – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Leitmotiv" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81" title="نغمه معرف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نغمه معرف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitmotiv" title="Leitmotiv – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Leitmotiv" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitmotiv" title="Leitmotiv – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Leitmotiv" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8%EB%AA%A8%ED%8B%B0%ED%94%84" title="라이트모티프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라이트모티프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BE" title="Լեյտմոտիվ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեյտմոտիվ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajtmotiv" title="Lajtmotiv – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lajtmotiv" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitmotiv" title="Leitmotiv – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Leitmotiv" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91" title="לייטמוטיב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לייטמוטיב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ლაიტმოტივი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლაიტმოტივი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Лейтмотив – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лейтмотив" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Лейтмотив – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лейтмотив" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitmotiv" title="Leitmotiv – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Leitmotiv" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vez%C3%A9rmot%C3%ADvum" title="Vezérmotívum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vezérmotívum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Лајтмотив – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лајтмотив" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Лейтмотивсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Лейтмотивсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leidmotief" title="Leidmotief – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leidmotief" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E3%83%A2%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95" title="ライトモティーフ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ライトモティーフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledemotiv" title="Ledemotiv – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ledemotiv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiemotiv" title="Leiemotiv – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Leiemotiv" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leytmotiv" title="Leytmotiv – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Leytmotiv" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitmotiv" title="Leitmotiv – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leitmotiv" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitmotiv" title="Leitmotiv – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leitmotiv" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laitmotiv" title="Laitmotiv – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Laitmotiv" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Лейтмотив – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лейтмотив" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Лейтмотив – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Лейтмотив" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitmotivi" title="Leitmotivi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Leitmotivi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Leitmotif" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johtoaihe" title="Johtoaihe – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Johtoaihe" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledmotiv" title="Ledmotiv – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ledmotiv" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitmotiv" title="Leitmotiv – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Leitmotiv" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Лейтмотив – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лейтмотив" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the album of the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Leitmotif_(album)" title="Leitmotif (album)">Leitmotif (album)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siegfried_leitmotif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Siegfried_leitmotif.jpg/300px-Siegfried_leitmotif.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Siegfried_leitmotif.jpg/450px-Siegfried_leitmotif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Siegfried_leitmotif.jpg/600px-Siegfried_leitmotif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="159" /></a><figcaption>Leitmotif associated with Siegfried's horn call in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>'s 1876 opera, <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_(opera)" title="Siegfried (opera)"><i>Siegfried</i></a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="9" data-mwtitle="Siegfried's_Horn_Call.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/Siegfried%27s_Horn_Call.wav/Siegfried%27s_Horn_Call.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/Siegfried%27s_Horn_Call.wav/Siegfried%27s_Horn_Call.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Siegfried%27s_Horn_Call.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>leitmotif</b> or <b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Leitmotiv</i></span></b><sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a "short, recurring <a href="/wiki/Phrase_(music)" title="Phrase (music)">musical phrase</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> associated with a particular person, place, or idea. It is closely related to the musical concepts of <i>idée fixe</i> or <i>motto-theme</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spelling <i>leitmotif</i> is a partial anglicization of the German <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Leitmotiv#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Leitmotiv">Leitmotiv</a></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈlaɪtmoˌtiːf]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/61\/De-Leitmotiv.ogg\/De-Leitmotiv.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Leitmotiv.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/De-Leitmotiv.ogg/De-Leitmotiv.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Leitmotiv.ogg" title="File:De-Leitmotiv.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>), literally meaning "leading motif", or "guiding motif". A <a href="/wiki/Motif_(music)" title="Motif (music)">musical motif</a> has been defined as a "short musical idea ... melodic, harmonic, or rhythmic, or all three",<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a salient recurring <a href="/wiki/Figure_(music)" title="Figure (music)">figure</a>, musical fragment or succession of notes that has some special importance in or is characteristic of a <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">composition</a>: "the smallest structural unit possessing <a href="/wiki/Theme_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (music)">thematic</a> identity".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In particular, such a motif should be "clearly identified so as to retain its identity if modified on subsequent appearances" whether such modification be in terms of <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orchestration</a> or accompaniment. It may also be "combined with other leitmotifs to suggest a new dramatic condition" or development.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technique is notably associated with the <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">operas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>, and most especially his <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a></i>, although he was not its originator and did not employ the word in connection with his work. </p><p>Although usually a short <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a>, it can also be a <a href="/wiki/Chord_progression" title="Chord progression">chord progression</a> or even a simple <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythm</a>. Leitmotifs can help to bind a work together into a coherent whole, and also enable the composer to relate a story without the use of words, or to add an extra level to an already present story. </p><p>By association, the word has also been used to mean any sort of recurring theme (whether or not subject to developmental transformation) in <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, or (metaphorically) the life of a fictional character or a real person. It is sometimes also used in discussion of other musical genres, such as instrumental pieces, cinema, and <a href="/wiki/Video_game_music" title="Video game music">video game music</a>, sometimes interchangeably with the more general category of <i><a href="/wiki/Subject_(music)" title="Subject (music)">theme</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_music">Classical music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leitmotif&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classical music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_instances_in_classical_music">Early instances in classical music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leitmotif&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early instances in classical music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of characteristic, short, recurring motifs in orchestral music can be traced back to the early seventeenth century, such as <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Orfeo" title="L'Orfeo">L'Orfeo</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Monteverdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Monteverdi">Monteverdi</a>. In French opera of the late eighteenth century (such as the works of <a href="/wiki/Gluck" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluck">Gluck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gr%C3%A9try" title="André Grétry">Grétry</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a>), "reminiscence motif" can be identified, which may recur at a significant juncture in the plot to establish an association with earlier events. Their use, however, is not extensive or systematic. The power of the technique was exploited early in the nineteenth century by composers of Romantic opera, such as <a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Carl Maria von Weber</a>, where recurring themes or ideas were sometimes used in association with specific characters (e.g. Samiel in <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Freisch%C3%BCtz" title="Der Freischütz">Der Freischütz</a></i> is coupled with the <a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chord</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Diminished_seventh" title="Diminished seventh">diminished seventh</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first use of the word <i>leitmotif</i> in print was by the <a href="/wiki/Critic" title="Critic">critic</a> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_J%C3%A4hns" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Jähns">Friedrich Wilhelm Jähns</a> in describing Weber's work, although this was not until 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Motifs also figured occasionally in purely instrumental music of the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a> period. The related idea of a musical <i>idée fixe</i> (i.e. the object of fixation — a term <a href="/wiki/Id%C3%A9e_fixe_(psychology)" title="Idée fixe (psychology)">borrowed from medicine</a> and also found in literary works of the period) was employed by <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Symphonie_fantastique" title="Symphonie fantastique">Symphonie fantastique</a></i> (1830).<sup id="cite_ref-Brittan2006_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brittan2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This purely instrumental, programmatic work (subtitled <i>Episode in the Life of an Artist ... in Five Sections</i>) features a recurring melody representing the object of the artist's obsessive affection and depicting his presence in various real and imagined situations.<sup id="cite_ref-Brittan2006_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brittan2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though perhaps not corresponding to the strict definition of leitmotif, several of <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a>'s operas feature similar thematic tunes, often introduced in the overtures or preludes, and recurring to mark the presence of a character or to invoke a particular sentiment. In <i><a href="/wiki/La_forza_del_destino" title="La forza del destino">La forza del destino</a></i>, the opening theme of the overture recurs whenever Leonora feels guilt or fear. In <i><a href="/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="Il trovatore">Il trovatore</a></i>, the theme of the first aria by Azucena is repeated whenever she invokes the horror of how her mother was burnt alive and the devastating revenge she attempted then. In <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos" title="Don Carlos">Don Carlos</a></i>, there are at least three leitmotifs that recur regularly across the five acts: the first is associated with the poverty and suffering from war, the second is associated with prayers around the tomb of Carlos V, and the third is introduced as a duet between Don Carlo and the Marquis of Posa, thereafter accentuating sentiments of sincere friendship and loyalty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wagner">Wagner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leitmotif&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wagner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siegfried%27s_Horn_Call_E_flat_version_02.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Siegfried%27s_Horn_Call_E_flat_version_02.png/350px-Siegfried%27s_Horn_Call_E_flat_version_02.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Siegfried%27s_Horn_Call_E_flat_version_02.png/525px-Siegfried%27s_Horn_Call_E_flat_version_02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Siegfried%27s_Horn_Call_E_flat_version_02.png/700px-Siegfried%27s_Horn_Call_E_flat_version_02.png 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="198" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_(opera)" title="Siegfried (opera)">Siegfried</a>'s heroism leitmotif, a variation of his horn call motif, from the prologue to act 1 of Wagner's opera <i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung">Götterdämmerung</a></i>, the fourth of his <i>Ring</i> cycle The theme is broader and more richly orchestrated than its earlier appearances, suggesting the emergence of Siegfried's heroic character.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="13" data-mwtitle="Siegfried's_Horn_Call_E_flat_version_01.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/64/Siegfried%27s_Horn_Call_E_flat_version_01.wav/Siegfried%27s_Horn_Call_E_flat_version_01.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/64/Siegfried%27s_Horn_Call_E_flat_version_01.wav/Siegfried%27s_Horn_Call_E_flat_version_01.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Siegfried%27s_Horn_Call_E_flat_version_01.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leitmotif_transformed_in_Hagen%27s_Watch_02.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Leitmotif_transformed_in_Hagen%27s_Watch_02.png/350px-Leitmotif_transformed_in_Hagen%27s_Watch_02.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Leitmotif_transformed_in_Hagen%27s_Watch_02.png/525px-Leitmotif_transformed_in_Hagen%27s_Watch_02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Leitmotif_transformed_in_Hagen%27s_Watch_02.png/700px-Leitmotif_transformed_in_Hagen%27s_Watch_02.png 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="154" /></a><figcaption>A more sinister version of the horn call motif, articulated as a <a href="/wiki/Half-diminished_seventh" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-diminished seventh">half-diminished seventh</a> <a href="/wiki/Arpeggio" title="Arpeggio">arpeggio</a>, "music of dark strength and magnificence", occurs in "Hagen's Watch" towards the end of act 1 of <i>Götterdämmerung</i>. Hagen, who eventually murders Siegfried, contemplates ways of using the benighted hero to further his own ends.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="9" data-mwtitle="Leitmotif_transformed_in_Hagen's_Watch_01.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7e/Leitmotif_transformed_in_Hagen%27s_Watch_01.wav/Leitmotif_transformed_in_Hagen%27s_Watch_01.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7e/Leitmotif_transformed_in_Hagen%27s_Watch_01.wav/Leitmotif_transformed_in_Hagen%27s_Watch_01.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Leitmotif_transformed_in_Hagen%27s_Watch_01.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> is the earliest composer most specifically associated with the concept of leitmotif. His cycle of four operas, <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a></i> (the music for which was written between 1853 and 1869), uses hundreds of leitmotifs, often related to specific characters, things, or situations. While some of these leitmotifs occur in only one of the operas, many recur throughout the entire cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wagner had raised the issue of how music could best unite disparate elements of the plot of a music drama in his essay <i><a href="/wiki/Opera_and_Drama" title="Opera and Drama">Opera and Drama</a></i> (1851); the leitmotif technique corresponds to this ideal.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some controversy surrounded the use of the word in Wagner's own circle: Wagner never authorised the use of the word <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">leitmotiv</i></span>, using words such as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Grundthema</i></span> (basic idea), or simply <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Motiv</i></span>. His preferred name for the technique was <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hauptmotiv</i></span> (principal motif), which he first used in 1877;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the only time he used the word <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Leitmotiv</i></span>, he referred to "so-called Leitmotivs". </p><p>The word gained currency with the overly literal interpretations of Wagner's music by <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Wolzogen" title="Hans von Wolzogen">Hans von Wolzogen</a>, who in 1876 published a <i>Leitfaden</i> (guide or manual) to the <i>Ring</i>. In it he claimed to have isolated and named all of the recurring motifs in the cycle (the motif of "Servitude", the "Spear" or "Treaty" motif, etc.), often leading to absurdities or contradictions with Wagner's actual practice.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the motifs he identified began to appear in the published <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">musical scores</a> of the operas, arousing Wagner's annoyance; his wife <a href="/wiki/Cosima_Wagner" title="Cosima Wagner">Cosima Wagner</a> quoted him as saying "People will think all this nonsense is done at my request!".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact Wagner himself never publicly named any of his leitmotifs, preferring to emphasize their flexibility of association, role in the musical form, and emotional effect. The practice of naming leitmotifs nevertheless continued, featuring in the work of prominent Wagnerian critics <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Newman" title="Ernest Newman">Ernest Newman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deryck_Cooke" title="Deryck Cooke">Deryck Cooke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Donington" title="Robert Donington">Robert Donington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The resulting lists of leitmotifs also attracted the ridicule of anti-Wagnerian critics and composers (such as <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Eduard Hanslick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>). They identified the motif with Wagner's own approach to composing, mocking the impression of a musical "address book" or list of "cloakroom numbers" it created. </p><p>However, later commentators have defended Wagner's use of the leitmotif. According to <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>, "Wagner's was the first music in which forms never return literally, are never repeated. As the music progresses, it carries all the thematic elements with it, linking them in new ways, placing them in different relations to each other, showing them in unfamiliar lights and giving them unexpected meanings." Boulez adds: "<i>Leitmotivs</i> are in fact anything but the traffic signals to which they have been mistakenly compared, for they have a double virtue – both poetic and dramatic, as well as formal. They are essential to the structure of both music and drama as well as to the different characters and situations. Their evolution is a kind of 'time-weave', an integrating of past and present; and they also imply dramatic progression."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_Wagner">After Wagner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leitmotif&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: After Wagner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salome_leitmotif_salome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Salome_leitmotif_salome.jpg/350px-Salome_leitmotif_salome.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Salome_leitmotif_salome.jpg/525px-Salome_leitmotif_salome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Salome_leitmotif_salome.jpg/700px-Salome_leitmotif_salome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="166" /></a><figcaption>The leitmotif associated with Salome herself in Richard Strauss's opera <i><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a></i><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7a\/Salome_leitmotif_salome.mid\/Salome_leitmotif_salome.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Salome leitmotif salome.mid"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Salome_leitmotif_salome.mid/Salome_leitmotif_salome.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Salome_leitmotif_salome.mid" title="File:Salome leitmotif salome.mid">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Since Wagner, the use of leitmotifs has been taken up by many other composers. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a> used the device in many of his operas and several of his <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">symphonic poems</a>. Despite his sometimes acerbic comments on Wagner, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a> utilized leitmotifs in his opera <i><a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a></i> (1902). <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a> used a complex set of leitmotifs in his choral work <i><a href="/wiki/Gurre-Lieder" title="Gurre-Lieder">Gurre-Lieder</a></i> (completed 1911). <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a>'s opera <i><a href="/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck">Wozzeck</a></i> (1914–1922) also utilizes leitmotifs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leitmotif was also a major feature of the opera <i><a href="/wiki/The_Immortal_Hour" title="The Immortal Hour">The Immortal Hour</a></i> by the English composer <a href="/wiki/Rutland_Boughton" title="Rutland Boughton">Rutland Boughton</a>. His constantly recurrent, memorably tuneful leitmotifs contributed significantly to the widespread popularity of the opera. In <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Prokofiev</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Peter_and_the_Wolf" title="Peter and the Wolf">Peter and the Wolf</a></i> (1936) each character or animal has its own leitmotif played on a particular instrument. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critique_of_the_leitmotif_concept">Critique of the leitmotif concept</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leitmotif&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Critique of the leitmotif concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The critic <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a>, in his book <i>In Search of Wagner</i> (written in the 1930s), expresses the opinion that the entire concept of the leitmotif is flawed. The motif cannot be both the bearer of expression and a musical "gesture", because that reduces emotional content to a mechanical process. He notes that "even in Wagner's own day the public made a crude link between the leitmotifs and the persons they characterised" because people's innate mental processes did not necessarily correspond with Wagner's subtle intentions or optimistic expectations. He continues: </p> <blockquote><p>The degeneration of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">leitmotiv</i></span> is implicit in this ... it leads directly to <a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">cinema music</a> where the sole function of the leitmotif is to announce heroes or situations so as to allow the audience to orient itself more easily.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entertainment">Entertainment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leitmotif&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The movie <i><a href="/wiki/M_(1931_film)" title="M (1931 film)">M</a> (1931)</i> was one of the first to use a leitmotif. The main character, a child serial killer, whistles "<a href="/wiki/In_the_Hall_of_the_Mountain_King" title="In the Hall of the Mountain King">In the Hall of the Mountain King</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Edvard Grieg</a> and he is associated with this song throughout the movie.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Jaws_(franchise)" title="Jaws (franchise)"><i>Jaws</i> franchise</a>, the main "shark" theme, composed by <a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a> in 1975, stands out as a suspenseful motif that is a simple alternating pattern of two <a href="/wiki/Musical_note" title="Musical note">notes</a>, <a href="/wiki/E_(musical_note)" title="E (musical note)">E</a> and <a href="/wiki/F_(musical_note)" title="F (musical note)">F</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the first <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)" title="Star Wars (film)">Star Wars</a></i> film in 1977, John Williams used a large number of themes specifically associated with people and concepts, and he would expand upon this concept for the following films of the <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_original_trilogy" title="Star Wars original trilogy">original trilogy</a> (for example, <a href="/wiki/The_Imperial_March" title="The Imperial March">a particular motif</a> is attached to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Darth_Vader" title="Darth Vader">Darth Vader</a>, another to the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Death_Star" title="Death Star">Death Star</a>, and another to the concept of <a href="/wiki/The_Force" title="The Force">the Force</a>). Williams would later revisit this material for the <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_prequel_trilogy" title="Star Wars prequel trilogy">prequel trilogy</a> starting in 1999, and then again for the <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_sequel_trilogy" title="Star Wars sequel trilogy">sequel trilogy</a> starting in 2015, each time crafting new themes while incorporating the old. Other composers would utilize some of Williams' iconic leitmotifs in spin-off material.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the 1989 film <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_(1989_film)" title="Batman (1989 film)">Batman</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Danny_Elfman" title="Danny Elfman">Danny Elfman</a> composed the heroic theme for the titular character, which is also used in the <a href="/wiki/Batman_Returns" title="Batman Returns">later film</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)" title="Titanic (1997 film)">Titanic</a></i> (1997), composer <a href="/wiki/James_Horner" title="James Horner">James Horner</a> used a number of recurring leitmotifs that are associated with the film's romance, tragedy and the disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>John Williams composed the music for the first three <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)">Harry Potter</a></i> movies starting in 2001, and leitmotifs are prominently utilized to represent specific characters, feelings, and locations, most notably the track entitled <a href="/wiki/Hedwig%27s_Theme" title="Hedwig's Theme">Hedwig's Theme</a>. While Williams did not score the rest of the franchise, this theme would consistently return in the scores of later composers <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Doyle" title="Patrick Doyle">Patrick Doyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hooper" title="Nicholas Hooper">Nicholas Hooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Desplat" title="Alexandre Desplat">Alexandre Desplat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Newton_Howard" title="James Newton Howard">James Newton Howard</a> as they worked on the final films and spin-offs.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)"><i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a> film series starting in 2001, composer <a href="/wiki/Howard_Shore" title="Howard Shore">Howard Shore</a> prominently utilizes a vast amount of interconnecting leitmotifs to convey the ideas supporting specific characters, locations, and overall landscape of <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a>. His score is noteworthy because there is no singular "main theme" for the series, but a selection of several could hold this title, including the themes for <a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">the Fellowship</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Power" title="Rings of Power">Ring of Power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lothl%C3%B3rien" title="Lothlórien">Lothlórien</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Shire" title="The Shire">the Shire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isengard" title="Isengard">Isengard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mordor" title="Mordor">Mordor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rohan,_Middle-earth" title="Rohan, Middle-earth">Rohan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a>. Variations in these themes convey the changes that occur to the corresponding subjects throughout the trilogy. For the prequel <a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit_(film_series)" title="The Hobbit (film series)"><i>Hobbit</i> trilogy</a> starting in 2012, Shore revisits some of these themes while introducing new leitmotifs for some of the new characters,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and did so again for the show <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Rings_of_Power" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power">The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power</a></i> alongside <a href="/wiki/Bear_McCreary" title="Bear McCreary">Bear McCreary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Composed by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Zimmer" title="Hans Zimmer">Hans Zimmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Badelt" title="Klaus Badelt">Klaus Badelt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geoff_Zanelli" title="Geoff Zanelli">Geoff Zanelli</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_(film_series)" title="Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)"><i>Pirates of the Caribbean</i> film series</a> consists of several motifs and themes associated with the protagonists, villains and moods starting in 2003. One prominent motif is "<a href="/wiki/He%27s_a_Pirate" title="He's a Pirate">He's a Pirate</a>", which is associated with pirates in general and the heroic action sequences they are involved in. Besides the general leitmotifs, specific characters such as <a href="/wiki/Jack_Sparrow" title="Jack Sparrow">Jack Sparrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones_(character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Davy Jones (character)">Davy Jones</a>, Angelica, and Salazar each have their own unique motifs.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_trilogy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dark Knight trilogy"><i>The Dark Knight</i> trilogy</a> features several recurring themes and motifs for Batman, the villainous characters, and action scenes composed by Hans Zimmer and <a href="/wiki/James_Newton_Howard" title="James Newton Howard">James Newton Howard</a> starting in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The original <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Minecraft" title="Music of Minecraft">soundtrack</a> of the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Minecraft" title="Minecraft">Minecraft</a></i> features a number of recognizable leitmotifs composed by <a href="/wiki/C418" title="C418">C418</a>, with its most prominent being the main melody featured in the soundtrack's title track, "Minecraft", which generally serves as a leitmotif for the overworld.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same melody appears throughout the soundtrack, such as in "Door" and "Mutation". Other tracks with popular leitmotifs include "<a href="/wiki/Sweden_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden (song)">Sweden</a>", "Wet Hands", "Haggstrom", "Subwoofer Lullaby", "Mice on Venus", and "Danny".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>While the <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe" title="Marvel Cinematic Universe">Marvel Cinematic Universe</a> has been criticized for its lack of iconic leitmotifs across its ever-expanding repertoire of films and shows,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two recurring themes are prominently featured particularly towards the end of <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe:_Phase_Three" title="Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Three">Phase Three</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Silvestri" title="Alan Silvestri">Alan Silvestri's</a> theme for the <a href="/wiki/Avengers_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)" title="Avengers (Marvel Cinematic Universe)">Avengers</a> team and Ludwig Göransson's theme for the <a href="/wiki/Wakanda" title="Wakanda">Wakanda</a> setting.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Premiering in 2015, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)"><i>Hamilton: An American Musical</i></a> uses several leitmotifs throughout to introduce characters and reinforce connections, composed and written primarily by <a href="/wiki/Lin-Manuel_Miranda" title="Lin-Manuel Miranda">Lin-Manuel Miranda</a>. Almost all characters have a trademark leitmotif; for example, the way the name <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> is sung.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Toby_Fox" title="Toby Fox">Toby Fox</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Undertale_Soundtrack" title="Undertale Soundtrack">soundtrack</a> for his video game <i><a href="/wiki/Undertale" title="Undertale">Undertale</a></i> (2015), which has been well received by critics as part of the success of the game, thematic and character connections are frequently portrayed using leitmotifs.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, "Hopes and Dreams" and "SAVE the World", two of the game's final boss themes, bring back many important leitmotifs heard throughout the game.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fox has continued his usage of leitmotifs in his followup game <i><a href="/wiki/Deltarune" title="Deltarune">Deltarune</a></i>’s <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Deltarune" title="Music of Deltarune">soundtrack</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leitmotif&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/leitmotif" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:leitmotif">leitmotif</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Image_song" title="Image song">Image song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motif_(music)" title="Motif (music)">Motif (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motif_(narrative)" title="Motif (narrative)">Motif (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motif_(visual_arts)" title="Motif (visual arts)">Motif (visual arts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostinato" title="Ostinato">Ostinato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theme_music" title="Theme music">Theme music</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leitmotif&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArnold_Whittall2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Whittall" title="Arnold Whittall">Arnold Whittall</a> (2001). "Leitmotif (from Ger. Leitmotiv: 'leading motif')". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians#Grove_Music_Online_and_Oxford_Music_Online" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Music Online</a></i> (8th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.16360">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.16360</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leitmotif+%28from+Ger.+Leitmotiv%3A+%27leading+motif%27%29&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.16360&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.au=Arnold+Whittall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeitmotif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kennedy_(music_critic)" title="Michael Kennedy (music critic)">Kennedy, Michael</a> (1987). <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-311320-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-311320-6"><bdi>978-0-19-311320-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Music&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-19-311320-6&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeitmotif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1976" class="citation book cs1">White, John (1976). <i>The Analysis of Music</i>. Prentice-Hall. pp. 26–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780130332332" title="Special:BookSources/9780130332332"><bdi>9780130332332</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Analysis+of+Music&rft.pages=26-27&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780130332332&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeitmotif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brittan2006-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brittan2006_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brittan2006_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrittan2006" class="citation journal cs1">Brittan, Francesca (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249981352">"Berlioz and the Pathological Fantastic: Melancholy, Monomania, and Romantic Autobiography"</a>. <i>19th-Century Music</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 211–239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fncm.2006.29.3.211">10.1525/ncm.2006.29.3.211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=19th-Century+Music&rft.atitle=Berlioz+and+the+Pathological+Fantastic%3A+Melancholy%2C+Monomania%2C+and+Romantic+Autobiography&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=211-239&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fncm.2006.29.3.211&rft.aulast=Brittan&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F249981352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeitmotif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonington1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Donington" title="Robert Donington">Donington, Robert</a> (1976). <i>Wagner's 'Ring' and its Symbols</i>. Faber and Faber Limited. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0571048182" title="Special:BookSources/978-0571048182"><bdi>978-0571048182</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wagner%27s+%27Ring%27+and+its+Symbols&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber+Limited&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0571048182&rft.aulast=Donington&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeitmotif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillington2001" class="citation book cs1">Millington, Barry, ed. (2001) [1992]. <i>The Wagner Compendium: A Guide to Wagner's Life and Music</i>. Thames & Hudson. pp. 234–235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500282748" title="Special:BookSources/978-0500282748"><bdi>978-0500282748</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wagner+Compendium%3A+A+Guide+to+Wagner%27s+Life+and+Music&rft.pages=234-235&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0500282748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeitmotif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroutWilliams2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Jay_Grout" title="Donald Jay Grout">Grout, Donald</a>; Williams, Hermine (2003). <i>A Short History of Opera</i> (4th ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-11958-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-11958-5"><bdi>0-231-11958-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Opera&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-231-11958-5&rft.aulast=Grout&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Williams%2C+Hermine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeitmotif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton1979" class="citation book cs1">Sutton, Richard (1979). Burbidge, Peter (ed.). <i>The Wagner Companion</i>. London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 345–346. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-11450-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-11450-4"><bdi>0-571-11450-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wagner+Companion&rft.place=London&rft.pages=345-346&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-571-11450-4&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeitmotif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrey2009" class="citation book cs1">Grey, Thomas, ed. (2009). <i>Richard Wagner and His World</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-11450-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-11450-4"><bdi>978-0-571-11450-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Wagner+and+His+World&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-571-11450-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeitmotif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cosima_Wagner" title="Cosima Wagner">Wagner, Cosima</a> (1978) [1878–1883]. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gregor-Dellin" title="Martin Gregor-Dellin">Gregor-Dellin, Martin</a>; Mack, Deitrich (eds.). <i>Cosima Wagner's Diaries</i>. 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Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0151226368" title="Special:BookSources/978-0151226368"><bdi>978-0151226368</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosima+Wagner%27s+Diaries&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0151226368&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Cosima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeitmotif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulez1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Boulez, Pierre</a> (1990). <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Nattiez" title="Jean-Jacques Nattiez">Nattiez, Jean-Jacques</a> (ed.). <i>Orientations: Collected Writings</i>. 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Translated by Livingstone, Rodney. London: Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844673445" title="Special:BookSources/978-1844673445"><bdi>978-1844673445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Wagner&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1844673445&rft.aulast=Adorno&rft.aufirst=Theodor+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeitmotif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostantini" class="citation web cs1">Costantini, Gustavo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filmsound.org/gustavo/leitmotif-revisted.htm">"Leitmotif revisted"</a>. <i>Filmsound</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Keyboard&rft.atitle=Danny+Elfman+%E2%80%93+The+Agony+%26+The+Ecstasy+of+Scoring+Batman&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=82-95&rft.date=1989-10&rft.aulast=Doerschuk&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuqI4AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeitmotif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfiles.co.uk/reviews/james-horner-titanic.htm">"James Horner – Titanic"</a>. Mfiles<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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.navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Motives_(music)" title="Template:Motives (music)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Motives_(music)" title="Template talk:Motives (music)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Motives_(music)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Motives (music)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Motifs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Motif_(music)" title="Motif (music)">Motifs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BACH_motif" title="BACH motif">BACH motif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._F._E._BACH_motif" title="C. F. E. BACH motif">C. F. E. BACH motif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_motif" title="Cross motif">Cross motif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_amen" title="Dresden amen">Dresden amen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSCH_motif" title="DSCH motif">DSCH motif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacher_hexachord" title="Sacher hexachord">Sacher hexachord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenberg_hexachord" title="Schoenberg hexachord">Schoenberg hexachord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cruciform#Cruciform_melody" title="Cruciform">Cruciform melody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_(music)" title="Figure (music)">Figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortspinnung" title="Fortspinnung">Fortspinnung</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leitmotif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_cryptogram" title="Musical cryptogram">Musical cryptogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostinato" title="Ostinato">Ostinato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pianto" title="Pianto">Pianto</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Opera_terms_by_origin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Opera_terms" title="Template:Opera terms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Opera_terms" title="Template talk:Opera terms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Opera_terms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Opera terms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Opera_terms_by_origin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Opera_terminology" title="Category:Opera terminology">terms</a> by origin</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">English</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breeches_role" title="Breeches role">Breeches role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_voice" title="Chest voice">Chest voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_performance" title="Concert performance">Concert performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duodrama" title="Duodrama">Duodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_voice" title="Head voice">Head voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insertion_aria" title="Insertion aria">Insertion aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_scene" title="Mad scene">Mad scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monodrama" title="Monodrama">Monodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_(music)" title="Number (music)">Number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_house" title="Opera house">Opera house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patter_song" title="Patter song">Patter song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prompter_(opera)" title="Prompter (opera)">Prompter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sung-through" title="Sung-through">Sung-through</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtitles" title="Surtitles">Surtitles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claque" title="Claque">Claque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_de_glotte" title="Coup de glotte">Coup de glotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divertissement" title="Divertissement">Divertissement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encore" title="Encore">Encore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entr%27acte" title="Entr'acte">Entr'acte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute-contre" title="Haute-contre">Haute-contre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interm%C3%A8de" title="Intermède">Intermède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overture" title="Overture">Overture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9p%C3%A9titeur" title="Répétiteur">Répétiteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roulade_(music)" title="Roulade (music)">Roulade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">Timbre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trag%C3%A9die_en_musique" title="Tragédie en musique">Tragédie en musique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(theatre)" title="Travesti (theatre)">Travesti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fach" title="Fach">Fach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammers%C3%A4nger" title="Kammersänger">Kammersänger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapellmeister" title="Kapellmeister">Kapellmeister</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leitmotif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literaturoper" title="Literaturoper">Literaturoper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regieoper" title="Regieoper">Regieoper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singspiel" title="Singspiel">Singspiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitzprobe" title="Sitzprobe">Sitzprobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spieloper" title="Spieloper">Spieloper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprechgesang" title="Sprechgesang">Sprechgesang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">Aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_di_sorbetto" title="Aria di sorbetto">Aria di sorbetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arioso" title="Arioso">Arioso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_(opera)" title="Banda (opera)">Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_canto" title="Bel canto">Bel canto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bravura" title="Bravura">Bravura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi_(music)" title="Brindisi (music)">Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burletta" title="Burletta">Burletta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabaletta" title="Cabaletta">Cabaletta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadenza" title="Cadenza">Cadenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabile" title="Cantabile">Cantabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrato" title="Castrato">Castrato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavatina" title="Cavatina">Cavatina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiaroscuro_(music)" title="Chiaroscuro (music)">Chiaroscuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloratura" title="Coloratura">Coloratura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprimario" title="Comprimario">Comprimario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">Contralto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convenienze" class="mw-redirect" title="Convenienze">Convenienze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_capo_aria" title="Da capo aria">Da capo aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diva" title="Diva">Diva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">Falsetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsettone" title="Falsettone">Falsettone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fioritura" title="Fioritura">Fioritura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impresario" title="Impresario">Impresario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermezzo" title="Intermezzo">Intermezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legato" title="Legato">Legato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">Libretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licenza_(musical_term)" title="Licenza (musical term)">Licenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maestro" title="Maestro">Maestro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodramma" title="Melodramma">Melodramma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messa_di_voce" title="Messa di voce">Messa di voce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">Mezzo-soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musico" title="Musico">Musico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_seria" title="Opera seria">Opera seria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossia" title="Ossia">Ossia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaggio" title="Passaggio">Passaggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasticcio" title="Pasticcio">Pasticcio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portamento" title="Portamento">Portamento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prima_donna" title="Prima donna">Prima donna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">Recitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritornello" title="Ritornello">Ritornello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinfonia" title="Sinfonia">Sinfonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solita_forma" title="Solita forma">Solita forma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">Soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano_sfogato" title="Soprano sfogato">Soprano sfogato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinto" title="Spinto">Spinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squillo" title="Squillo">Squillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagione" title="Stagione">Stagione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stile_rappresentativo" title="Stile rappresentativo">Stile rappresentativo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenore_contraltino" title="Tenore contraltino">Tenore contraltino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenore_di_grazia" title="Tenore di grazia">Tenore di grazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessitura" title="Tessitura">Tessitura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verismo" title="Verismo">Verismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">Vibrato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hovs%C3%A5ngare" title="Hovsångare">Hovsångare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Narrative" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrative" title="Template:Narrative"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Narrative" title="Template talk:Narrative"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Narrative" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Narrative"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Narrative" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narrative</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">Character</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antagonist" title="Antagonist">Antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archenemy" title="Archenemy">Archenemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_arc" title="Character arc">Character arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_flaw" title="Character flaw">Character flaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characterization" title="Characterization">Characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidant" title="Confidant">Confidant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuteragonist" title="Deuteragonist">Deuteragonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_protagonist" title="False protagonist">False protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_character" title="Focal character">Focal character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foil_(narrative)" title="Foil (narrative)">Foil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_double" title="Gothic double">Gothic double</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamartia" title="Hamartia">Hamartia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Anti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_hero" title="Tragic hero">Tragic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">Protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">Stock character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_man" title="Straight man">Straight man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supporting_character" title="Supporting character">Supporting character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_character" title="Title character">Title character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritagonist" title="Tritagonist">Tritagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">Villain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">Plot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ab_ovo" title="Ab ovo">Ab ovo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_(narrative)" title="Action (narrative)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_story" title="Origin story">Origin story</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chekhov%27s_gun" title="Chekhov's gun">Chekhov's gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">Cliché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffhanger" title="Cliffhanger">Cliffhanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_(narrative)" title="Conflict (narrative)">Conflict</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deus_ex_machina" title="Deus ex machina">Deus ex machina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_in_writing" title="Dialogue in writing">Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Dramatic structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucatastrophe" title="Eucatastrophe">Eucatastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreshadowing" title="Foreshadowing">Foreshadowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)" title="Flashback (narrative)">Flashback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashforward" title="Flashforward">Flashforward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_story" title="Frame story">Frame story</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">In medias res</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kish%C5%8Dtenketsu" title="Kishōtenketsu">Kishōtenketsu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGuffin" title="MacGuffin">MacGuffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pace_(narrative)" title="Pace (narrative)">Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">Plot device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_twist" title="Plot twist">Plot twist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_justice" title="Poetic justice">Poetic justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_herring" title="Red herring">Red herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reveal_(narrative)" title="Reveal (narrative)">Reveal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-insertion" title="Self-insertion">Self-insertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaggy_dog_story" title="Shaggy dog story">Shaggy dog story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_arc" title="Story arc">Story arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_within_a_story" title="Story within a story">Story within a story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subplot" title="Subplot">Subplot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspense" title="Suspense">Suspense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">Setting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)" title="Crossover (fiction)">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_location" title="Fictional location">Fictional location</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional city">city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_country" title="Fictional country">country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">parallel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldbuilding" title="Worldbuilding">Worldbuilding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theme_(narrative)" title="Theme (narrative)">Theme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leitmotif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">Metaphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_development" title="Moral development">Moral development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motif_(narrative)" title="Motif (narrative)">Motif</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deal_with_the_Devil" title="Deal with the Devil">Deal with the Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Conflict between good and evil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Writing_style" title="Writing style">Style</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathos" title="Bathos">Bathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_relief" title="Comic relief">Comic relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diction" title="Diction">Diction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_of_speech" title="Figure of speech">Figure of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagery" title="Imagery">Imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_(literature)" title="Mode (literature)">Mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_(literature)" title="Mood (literature)">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_techniques" title="List of narrative techniques">Narrative techniques</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_hook" title="Narrative hook">Hook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show,_don%27t_tell" title="Show, don't tell">Show, don't tell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylistic_device" title="Stylistic device">Stylistic device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_disbelief" title="Suspension of disbelief">Suspension of disbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(literature)" title="Tone (literature)">Tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_(drama)" title="Act (drama)">Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Act structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-act_structure" title="Three-act structure">Three-act structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freytag%27s_Pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Freytag's Pyramid">Freytag's Pyramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_(narrative)" title="Exposition (narrative)">Exposition</a>/<a href="/wiki/Protasis" title="Protasis">Protasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitasis" title="Epitasis">Rising action/Epitasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climax_(narrative)" title="Climax (narrative)">Climax</a>/<a href="/wiki/Peripeteia" title="Peripeteia">Peripeteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastasis" title="Catastasis">Falling action/Catastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_(drama)" title="Catastrophe (drama)">Denouement/Catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative structure">Linear narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_narrative" title="Nonlinear narrative">Nonlinear narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_films" title="List of nonlinear narrative films">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_television_series" title="List of nonlinear narrative television series">television series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premise_(narrative)" title="Premise (narrative)">Premise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_fiction_with_multiple_endings" title="Types of fiction with multiple endings">Types of fiction with multiple endings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_forms" title="List of narrative forms">Form</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fabliau" title="Fabliau">Fabliau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_tale" title="Tall tale">Tall tale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamebook" title="Gamebook">Gamebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_art" title="Narrative art">Narrative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignette_(literature)" title="Vignette (literature)">Vignette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">Genre</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_genres" title="List of writing genres">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">Action fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">Comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistolary_novel" title="Epistolary novel">Epistolary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_fiction" title="Western fiction">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_fiction" title="Nautical fiction">Nautical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_fiction" title="Paranoid fiction">Paranoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_fiction" title="Philosophical fiction">Philosophical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picaresque_novel" title="Picaresque novel">Picaresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_fiction" title="Political fiction">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_culture_fiction" title="Pop culture fiction">Pop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_fiction" title="Psychological fiction">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspirational_fiction" title="Inspirational fiction">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_literature" title="Rogue literature">Rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">Prose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_fiction" title="Theological fiction">Theological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fiction" title="Urban fiction">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">Nonfiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fiction_novel" title="Non-fiction novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_nonfiction" title="Creative nonfiction">Creative</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">Diegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-person_narrative" title="First-person narrative">First-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-person narrative">Second-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person narrative">Third-person</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_omniscient_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person omniscient narrative">Third-person omniscient narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration#Subjective_or_objective" title="Narration">Subjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreliable_narrator" title="Unreliable narrator">Unreliable narrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiperspectivity" title="Multiperspectivity">Multiple narrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness" title="Stream of consciousness">Stream of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_unconsciousness" title="Stream of unconsciousness">Stream of unconsciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_narrative" title="Dominant narrative">Dominant narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_writing" title="Fiction writing">Fiction writing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_(fiction)" title="Continuity (fiction)">Continuity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(fiction)" title="Canon (fiction)">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboot_(fiction)" title="Reboot (fiction)">Reboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroactive_continuity" title="Retroactive continuity">Retcon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_novel" title="Parallel novel">Parallel novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prequel" title="Prequel">Prequel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sequel" title="Sequel">Sequel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genres" title="List of genres">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Literary theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_identity" title="Narrative identity">Narrative identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_paradigm" title="Narrative paradigm">Narrative paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_therapy" title="Narrative therapy">Narrative therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narratology" title="Narratology">Narratology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metafiction" title="Metafiction">Metafiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_narrative" title="Political narrative">Political narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rhetorical_terms" title="Glossary of rhetorical terms">Glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenwriting" title="Screenwriting">Screenwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">Storytelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellability" title="Tellability">Tellability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verisimilitude_(fiction)" title="Verisimilitude (fiction)">Verisimilitude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" 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