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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Table of hiragana</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Table_of_hiragana-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Table of hiragana subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Table_of_hiragana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spelling–phonology_correspondence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spelling–phonology_correspondence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Spelling–phonology correspondence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spelling–phonology_correspondence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spelling_rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spelling_rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Spelling rules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spelling_rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obsolete_kana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obsolete_kana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Obsolete kana</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Obsolete_kana-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Obsolete kana subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Obsolete_kana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hentaigana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hentaigana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hentaigana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hentaigana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polysyllabic_kana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polysyllabic_kana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Polysyllabic kana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polysyllabic_kana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-e_and_i" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#e_and_i"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span><i>e</i> and <i>i</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-e_and_i-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-yi,_ye_and_wu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#yi,_ye_and_wu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span><i>yi</i>, <i>ye</i> and <i>wu</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-yi,_ye_and_wu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-yi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#yi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span><i>yi</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-yi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ye" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ye"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span><i>ye</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ye-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-wu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#wu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span><i>wu</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-wu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stroke_order_and_direction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stroke_order_and_direction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Stroke order and direction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stroke_order_and_direction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hiragana</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="هيراغانا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيراغانا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiraqana" title="Hiraqana – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hiraqana" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="হিরাগানা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিরাগানা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Хірагана – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хірагана" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Хирагана – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хирагана" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Χιραγκάνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χιραγκάνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondaj_kanaoj" title="Rondaj kanaoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rondaj kanaoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="هیراگانا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیراگانا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%88%EB%9D%BC%EA%B0%80%EB%82%98" title="히라가나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="히라가나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Հիրագանա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիրագանա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="हिरागाना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिरागाना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%94" title="היראגאנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היראגאנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჰირაგანა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰირაგანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Хирагана – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хирагана" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8" title="ഹിരഗാന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിരഗാന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="هيراجانا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيراجانا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ACng_G%C4%81-mi%C3%A0ng" title="Bìng Gā-miàng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bìng Gā-miàng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Хирагана – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хирагана" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9B%E1%80%82%E1%80%94" title="ဟိရဂန – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟိရဂန" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E4%BB%AE%E5%90%8D" title="平仮名 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="平仮名" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਹੀਰਾਗਾਨਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੀਰਾਗਾਨਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B6" title="ហ៊ីរ៉ាហ្កាណា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហ៊ីរ៉ាហ្កាណា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Хирагана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хирагана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F" title="හිරගනා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හිරගනා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ھیراگانا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھیراگانا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Хирагана – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хирагана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana_(skriftsystem)#Hiragana" title="Kana (skriftsystem) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kana (skriftsystem)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ஹிரகனா எழுத்துக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹிரகனா எழுத்துக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B0" title="ฮิรางานะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮิรางานะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Хіраґана – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хіраґана" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ہیراگانا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہیراگانا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="平假名 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="平假名" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="平假名 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="平假名" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="平假名 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="平假名" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="平假名 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="平假名" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huruf_Hiragana" title="Huruf Hiragana – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Huruf Hiragana" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q48332#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hiragana" rel="discussion" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Japanese syllabary</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Unicode block, see <a href="/wiki/Hiragana_(Unicode_block)" title="Hiragana (Unicode block)">Hiragana (Unicode block)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:pink;">Hiragana<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">平仮名</span></span><br /><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja-Hira">ひらがな</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%81%B2_%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8%E4%BD%93.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/%E3%81%B2_%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8%E4%BD%93.svg/100px-%E3%81%B2_%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8%E4%BD%93.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/%E3%81%B2_%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8%E4%BD%93.svg/150px-%E3%81%B2_%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8%E4%BD%93.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/%E3%81%B2_%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8%E4%BD%93.svg/200px-%E3%81%B2_%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8%E4%BD%93.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabary</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span> – present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Vertical right-to-left, left-to-right <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48332?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_language" title="Hachijō language">Hachijō</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan languages</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Regular_script" title="Regular script">Regular script</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a>)<ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Hiragana</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sister systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Hira</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">(410)</span>, Hiragana</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Hiragana</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ul><li>Hiragana: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U3040.pdf">U+3040–U+309F</a></li><li>Kana Extended-B: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1AFF0.pdf">U+1AFF0–U+1AFFF</a></li><li>Kana Supplement: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1B000.pdf">U+1B000–U+1B0FF</a></li><li>Kana Extended-A: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1B100.pdf">U+1B100–U+1B12F</a></li><li>Small Kana Extension: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1B130.pdf">U+1B130–U+1B16F</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1245169151">.mw-parser-output .jawriting-sidebar{width:20em}.mw-parser-output .jawriting-header{border-top:1px solid #aaa}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks jawriting-sidebar hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%9B%B8.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese writing"><img alt="Japanese writing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%E6%9B%B8.svg/75px-%E6%9B%B8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%E6%9B%B8.svg/113px-%E6%9B%B8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%E6%9B%B8.svg/150px-%E6%9B%B8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese writing</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading jawriting-header"> Components</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_order" title="Stroke order">Stroke order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_Japanese_kanji_radicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Table of Japanese kanji radicals">Radicals</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji" title="Jōyō kanji">Jōyō kanji</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_j%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji" title="List of jōyō kanji">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Diku_kanji" title="Kyōiku kanji">Kyōiku kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji" title="Tōyō kanji">Tōyō kanji</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinmeiy%C5%8D_kanji" title="Jinmeiyō kanji">Jinmeiyō kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgai_kanji" title="Hyōgai kanji">Hyōgai kanji</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hiragana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goj%C5%ABon" title="Gojūon">Gojūon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_typographic_symbols" title="List of Japanese typographic symbols">Typographic symbols</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_punctuation" title="Japanese punctuation">Japanese punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iteration_mark#Japanese" title="Iteration mark">Iteration mark</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading jawriting-header"> Uses</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Syllabograms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furigana" title="Furigana">Furigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okurigana" title="Okurigana">Okurigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Braille</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading jawriting-header"> Transliteration</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Rōmaji</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei-shiki</a> / ISO 3602 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki_romanization" title="Nihon-shiki romanization">Nihon-shiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSL_romanization" title="JSL romanization">JSL</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81puro_r%C5%8Dmaji" title="Wāpuro rōmaji">Wāpuro</a> (keyboard input)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Japanese" title="Cyrillization of Japanese">Cyrillization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polivanov_system" title="Polivanov system">Polivanov system</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_writing" title="Template:Japanese writing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_writing" title="Template talk:Japanese writing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_writing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese writing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hiragana</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E4%BB%AE%E5%90%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:平仮名">平仮名</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%B2%E3%82%89%E3%81%8C%E3%81%AA" class="extiw" title="wikt:ひらがな">ひらがな</a></span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[çiɾaɡaꜜna,<span class="wrap"> </span>çiɾaɡana(ꜜ)]</a></span>)</span> is a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabary</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese writing system</a>, along with <i><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a></i> as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a></i>. </p><p>It is a phonetic lettering system. The word <i>hiragana</i> means "common" or "plain" <a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">kana</a> (originally also "easy", as contrasted with kanji).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hiragana and katakana are both <a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">kana</a> systems. With few exceptions, each <a href="/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)" title="Mora (linguistics)">mora</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a> is represented by one character (or one digraph) in each system. This may be a vowel such as /a/ (hiragana <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:あ">あ</a>); a consonant followed by a vowel such as /ka/ (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:か">か</a>); or /N/ (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%93" class="extiw" title="wikt:ん">ん</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasal</a> <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorant</a> which, depending on the context and dialect, sounds either like English <i>m</i>, <i>n</i> or <i>ng</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>]</span>) when syllable-final or like the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowels</a> of <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="#Spelling-phonology_correspondence"><span title="This text contradicts material at the section 'Spelling-phonology correspondence' on this page. (June 2024)">contradictory</span></a></i>]</sup> Because the characters of the kana do not represent single consonants (except in the case of the aforementioned ん), the kana are referred to as syllabic symbols and not alphabetic letters.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hiragana is used to write <i><a href="/wiki/Okurigana" title="Okurigana">okurigana</a></i> (kana suffixes following a kanji root, for example to inflect verbs and adjectives), various grammatical and function words including <a href="/wiki/Japanese_particles" title="Japanese particles">particles</a>, and miscellaneous other native words for which there are no <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> or whose kanji form is obscure or too formal for the writing purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Words that do have common kanji renditions may also sometimes be written instead in hiragana, according to an individual author's preference, for example to impart an informal feel. Hiragana is also used to write <i><a href="/wiki/Furigana" title="Furigana">furigana</a></i>, a reading aid that shows the <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation" title="Pronunciation">pronunciation</a> of kanji characters. </p><p>There are two main systems of <a href="/wiki/Kana#Collation" title="Kana">ordering hiragana</a>: the old-fashioned <a href="/wiki/Iroha" title="Iroha">iroha</a> ordering and the more prevalent <a href="/wiki/Goj%C5%ABon" title="Gojūon">gojūon</a> ordering. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiragana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table align="right" border="0" cellpadding="0" style="padding:2px;margin-left:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"> <caption>Basic hiragana characters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><i>a</i></th> <th><i>i</i></th> <th><i>u</i></th> <th><i>e</i></th> <th><i>o</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th title="No lead consonant">∅ </th> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%82" class="mw-redirect" title="あ">あ</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%84" class="mw-redirect" title="い">い</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%86" class="mw-redirect" title="う">う</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%88" class="mw-redirect" title="え">え</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="お">お</a></big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>k</i> </th> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="か">か</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="き">き</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="く">く</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%91" class="mw-redirect" title="け">け</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="こ">こ</a></big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>s</i> </th> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%95" class="mw-redirect" title="さ">さ</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%97" class="mw-redirect" title="し">し</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%99" class="mw-redirect" title="す">す</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="せ">せ</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="そ">そ</a></big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>t</i> </th> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="た">た</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ち">ち</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="つ">つ</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="て">て</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="と">と</a></big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>n</i> </th> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="な">な</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="に">に</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ぬ">ぬ</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ね">ね</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="の">の</a></big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>h</i> </th> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="は">は</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ひ">ひ</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ふ">ふ</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="へ">へ</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ほ">ほ</a></big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>m</i> </th> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ま">ま</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="み">み</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%80" class="mw-redirect" title="む">む</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%81" class="mw-redirect" title="め">め</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%82" class="mw-redirect" title="も">も</a></big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>y</i> </th> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%84" class="mw-redirect" title="や">や</a></big></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-obsolete_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obsolete-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ゆ">ゆ</a></big></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-obsolete_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obsolete-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%88" class="mw-redirect" title="よ">よ</a></big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>r</i> </th> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ら">ら</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="り">り</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="る">る</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="れ">れ</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="ろ">ろ</a></big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>w</i> </th> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="わ">わ</a></big></td> <td style="background:#DDDDF6"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%90" class="mw-redirect" title="ゐ">ゐ</a></big></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-obsolete_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obsolete-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#DDDDF6"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ゑ">ゑ</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%92" class="mw-redirect" title="を">を</a></big> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ん">ん</a></big> <b>(<i>n</i>)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6">Main functional marks <br />and <a href="/wiki/Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritics">diacritics</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="っ">っ</a></big></td> <td><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="ゝ">ゝ</a></big></td> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/wiki/Dakuten" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakuten">゛</a></big></td> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/wiki/Dakuten" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakuten">゜</a></big> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DDDDF6;; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> Only used in some proper names </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_script_reform#Pre-World_War_II_reforms" title="Japanese script reform">1900 script reform</a>, which deemed hundreds of characters <a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">hentaigana</a>, the hiragana syllabary consists of 48 base characters, of which two (<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%90" class="mw-redirect" title="ゐ">ゐ</a> and <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ゑ">ゑ</a>) are only used in some proper names: </p> <ul><li>5 singular vowels: <a href="/wiki/%E3%81%82" class="mw-redirect" title="あ">あ</a> /a/, <a href="/wiki/%E3%81%84" class="mw-redirect" title="い">い</a> /i/, <a href="/wiki/%E3%81%86" class="mw-redirect" title="う">う</a> /u/, <a href="/wiki/%E3%81%88" class="mw-redirect" title="え">え</a> /e/, <a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="お">お</a> /o/ (respectively pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[a]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[i]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɯ]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[e]</a></span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[o]</a></span>)</li> <li>42 consonant–vowel unions: for example <a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="き">き</a> /ki/, <a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="て">て</a> /te/, <a href="/wiki/%E3%81%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ほ">ほ</a> /ho/, <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ゆ">ゆ</a> /ju/, <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="わ">わ</a> /wa/ (respectively pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ki]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[te]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ho]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[jɯ]</a></span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[wa]</a></span>)</li> <li>1 singular consonant (<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ん">ん</a>), romanized as <i>n</i>.</li></ul> <p>These are conceived as a 5×10 grid (<i><a href="/wiki/Goj%C5%ABon" title="Gojūon">gojūon</a></i>, <span class="nowrap"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">五十音</span></span></span>, "Fifty Sounds"), as illustrated in the adjacent table, read <span class="nowrap">あ (<i>a</i>),</span> <span class="nowrap">い (<i>i</i>),</span> <span class="nowrap">う (<i>u</i>),</span> <span class="nowrap">え (<i>e</i>),</span> <span class="nowrap">お (<i>o</i>),</span> <span class="nowrap">か (<i>ka</i>),</span> <span class="nowrap">き (<i>ki</i>),</span> <span class="nowrap">く (<i>ku</i>),</span> <span class="nowrap">け (<i>ke</i>),</span> <span class="nowrap">こ (<i>ko</i>)</span> and so forth (but <i>si</i>→<i>shi</i>, <i>ti</i>→<i>chi</i>, <i>tu</i>→<i>tsu</i>, <i>hu</i>→<i>fu</i>, <i>wi</i>→<i>i</i>, <i>we</i>→<i>e</i>, <i>wo</i>→<i>o</i>). Of the 50 theoretically possible combinations, <i>yi</i>, <i>ye</i>, and <i>wu</i> are completely unused. On the <i>w</i> row, <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%90" class="mw-redirect" title="ゐ">ゐ</a> and <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ゑ">ゑ</a>, pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[i]</a></span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[e]</a></span> respectively, are uncommon in modern Japanese, while <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%92" class="mw-redirect" title="を">を</a>, pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[o]</a></span>, is common as a <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">particle</a> but otherwise rare. Strictly speaking, the singular consonant <span class="nowrap">ん (<i>n</i>)</span> is considered as outside the <i>gojūon</i>. </p><p>These basic characters can be modified in various ways. By adding a <i><a href="/wiki/Dakuten" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakuten">dakuten</a></i> marker ( ゛), a <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">voiceless consonant</a> is turned into a <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">voiced consonant</a>: <i>k</i>→<i>g</i>, <i>ts/s</i>→<i>z</i>, <i>t</i>→<i>d</i>, <i>h/f</i>→<i>b</i> and <i>ch</i>/<i>sh</i>→<i>j</i> (also <a href="/wiki/U_(kana)" title="U (kana)"><i>u</i></a>→<i>v(u)</i>). For example, か (<i>ka</i>) becomes が (<i>ga</i>). Hiragana beginning with an <i>h</i> (or <i>f</i>) sound can also add a <i><a href="/wiki/Handakuten" class="mw-redirect" title="Handakuten">handakuten</a></i> marker ( ゜) changing the <i>h</i> (<i>f</i>) to a <i>p</i>. For example, は (<i>ha</i>) becomes ぱ (<i>pa</i>). </p><p>A small version of the hiragana for <i>ya</i>, <i>yu</i>, or <i>yo</i> (ゃ, ゅ or ょ respectively) may be added to hiragana ending in <i>i</i>. This changes the <i>i</i> vowel sound to a glide (<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalization</a>) to <i>a</i>, <i>u</i> or <i>o</i>. For example, き (<i>ki</i>) plus ゃ (small <i>ya</i>) becomes <span class="nowrap">きゃ</span> (<i>kya</i>). Addition of the small <i>y</i> kana is called <i><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Don" title="Yōon">yōon</a></i>. </p><p>A small <i>tsu</i> っ, called a <i><a href="/wiki/Sokuon" title="Sokuon">sokuon</a></i>, indicates that the following consonant is <a href="/wiki/Geminated" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminated">geminated</a> (doubled). In Japanese this is an important distinction in pronunciation; for example, compare <span class="nowrap">さか</span>, <i>saka</i>, "hill" with <span class="nowrap">さっか</span>, <i>sakka</i>, "author". However, it cannot be used to double an <i>n</i> – for this purpose, the singular <i>n</i> (ん) is added in front of the syllable, as in みんな (<i>minna</i>, "all"). The <i>sokuon</i> also sometimes appears at the end of utterances, where it denotes a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>, as in <span class="nowrap">いてっ!</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[iteʔ]</a></span>, "Ouch!"). </p><p>Two hiragana have pronunciations that depend on the context: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="は">は</a> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[wa]</a></span> when used as a particle (otherwise, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ha]</a></span>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="へ">へ</a> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[e]</a></span> when used as a particle (otherwise, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[he]</a></span>).</li></ul> <p>Hiragana usually spells <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long vowels</a> with the addition of a second vowel kana; for example, おかあさん (<i>o-ka-a-sa-n</i>, "mother"). The <i><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Donpu" title="Chōonpu">chōonpu</a></i> (long vowel mark) (ー) used in katakana is rarely used with hiragana, for example in the word <span class="nowrap">らーめん</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81men" class="mw-redirect" title="Rāmen">rāmen</a></i>, but this usage is considered non-standard in Japanese. However, the <a href="/wiki/Okinawan_language" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan language</a> uses chōonpu with hiragana. In informal writing, small versions of the five vowel kana are sometimes used to represent trailing off sounds (<span class="nowrap">はぁ</span>, <i>haa</i>, <span class="nowrap">ねぇ</span>, <i>nee</i>). Plain (clear) and voiced <a href="/wiki/Iteration_mark#Japanese" title="Iteration mark">iteration marks</a> are written in hiragana as ゝ and ゞ, respectively. These marks are rarely used nowadays. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Table_of_hiragana">Table of hiragana</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiragana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Table of hiragana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table shows the complete hiragana together with the <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">modified Hepburn romanization</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> transcription, arranged in four categories, each of them displayed in the <i>gojūon</i> order.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ALA-LC_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALA-LC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those whose romanization are in <b>bold</b> do not use the initial consonant for that row. For all syllables besides ん, the pronunciation indicated is for word-initial syllables; for mid-word pronunciations see below. </p> <table class="wikitable nowraplinks" border="0" cellpadding="2" style="vertical-align:top;padding:2px;" width="50%"> <caption>Hiragana syllabograms </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" width="2%"> </th> <th style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#BECFEB;" colspan="5" width="50%">Monographs (<a href="/wiki/Goj%C5%ABon" title="Gojūon">gojūon</a>) </th> <th colspan="3" align="center" style="background:#CCCB9A;" width="33%">Digraphs (<a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Don" title="Yōon">yōon</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th width="10%"><i>a</i></th> <th width="10%"><i>i</i></th> <th width="10%"><i>u</i></th> <th width="10%"><i>e</i></th> <th width="10%"><i>o</i> </th> <th width="11%"><i>ya</i></th> <th width="11%"><i>yu</i></th> <th width="11%"><i>yo</i> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"> <th title="vowels">∅ </th> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%82" class="mw-redirect" title="あ">あ</a></big><br /> a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[a]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%84" class="mw-redirect" title="い">い</a></big><br /> i <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[i]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%86" class="mw-redirect" title="う">う</a></big><br /> u <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɯ]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%88" class="mw-redirect" title="え">え</a></big><br /> e <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[e]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="お">お</a></big><br /> o <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[o]</a></span> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#E9E9E9"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"> <th><i>K</i> </th> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="か">か</a></big><br /> ka <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ka]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="き">き</a></big><br /> ki <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ki]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="く">く</a></big><br /> ku <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[kɯ]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%91" class="mw-redirect" title="け">け</a></big><br /> ke <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ke]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="こ">こ</a></big><br /> ko <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ko]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8D%E3%82%83" class="mw-redirect" title="きゃ">きゃ</a></big><br /> kya <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[kʲa]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8D%E3%82%85" class="mw-redirect" title="きゅ">きゅ</a></big><br /> kyu <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[kʲɯ]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8D%E3%82%87" class="mw-redirect" title="きょ">きょ</a></big><br /> kyo <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[kʲo]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"> <th><i>S</i> </th> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%95" class="mw-redirect" title="さ">さ</a></big><br /> sa <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[sa]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%97" class="mw-redirect" title="し">し</a></big><br /> <b>shi</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɕi]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%99" class="mw-redirect" title="す">す</a></big><br /> su <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[sɯ]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="せ">せ</a></big><br /> se <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[se]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="そ">そ</a></big><br /> so <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[so]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%97%E3%82%83" class="mw-redirect" title="しゃ">しゃ</a></big><br /> <b>sha</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɕa]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%97%E3%82%85" class="mw-redirect" title="しゅ">しゅ</a></big><br /> <b>shu</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɕɯ]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%97%E3%82%87" class="mw-redirect" title="しょ">しょ</a></big><br /> <b>sho</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɕo]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"> <th><i>T</i> </th> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="た">た</a></big><br /> ta <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ta]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ち">ち</a></big><br /> <b>chi</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[tɕi]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="つ">つ</a></big><br /> <b>tsu</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[tsɯ]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="て">て</a></big><br /> te <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[te]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="と">と</a></big><br /> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[to]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A1%E3%82%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ちゃ">ちゃ</a></big><br /> <b>cha</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[tɕa]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A1%E3%82%85" class="mw-redirect" title="ちゅ">ちゅ</a></big><br /> <b>chu</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[tɕɯ]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A1%E3%82%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ちょ">ちょ</a></big><br /> <b>cho</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[tɕo]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"> <th><i>N</i> </th> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="な">な</a></big><br /> na <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[na]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="に">に</a></big><br /> ni <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɲi]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ぬ">ぬ</a></big><br /> nu <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[nɯ]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ね">ね</a></big><br /> ne <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ne]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="の">の</a></big><br /> no <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[no]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%AB%E3%82%83" class="mw-redirect" title="にゃ">にゃ</a></big><br /> nya <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɲa]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%AB%E3%82%85" class="mw-redirect" title="にゅ">にゅ</a></big><br /> nyu <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɲɯ]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%AB%E3%82%87" class="mw-redirect" title="にょ">にょ</a></big><br /> nyo <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɲo]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"> <th><i>H</i> </th> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="は">は</a></big><br /> ha <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ha]</a></span> <br />(wa <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[wa]</a></span> as particle) </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ひ">ひ</a></big><br /> hi <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[çi]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ふ">ふ</a></big><br /> <b>fu</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɸɯ]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="へ">へ</a></big><br /> he <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[he]</a></span> <br />(e <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[e]</a></span> as particle) </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ほ">ほ</a></big><br /> ho <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ho]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B2%E3%82%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ひゃ">ひゃ</a></big><br /> hya <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ça]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B2%E3%82%85" class="mw-redirect" title="ひゅ">ひゅ</a></big><br /> hyu <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[çɯ]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B2%E3%82%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ひょ">ひょ</a></big><br /> hyo <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ço]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"> <th><i>M</i> </th> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ま">ま</a></big><br /> ma <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ma]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="み">み</a></big><br /> mi <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[mi]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%80" class="mw-redirect" title="む">む</a></big><br /> mu <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[mɯ]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%81" class="mw-redirect" title="め">め</a></big><br /> me <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[me]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%82" class="mw-redirect" title="も">も</a></big><br /> mo <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[mo]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%BF%E3%82%83" class="mw-redirect" title="みゃ">みゃ</a></big><br /> mya <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[mʲa]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%BF%E3%82%85" class="mw-redirect" title="みゅ">みゅ</a></big><br /> myu <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[mʲɯ]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%BF%E3%82%87" class="mw-redirect" title="みょ">みょ</a></big><br /> myo <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[mʲo]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"> <th><i>Y</i> </th> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%84" class="mw-redirect" title="や">や</a></big><br /> ya <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ja]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#E9E9E9"><sup id="cite_ref-obsolete_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obsolete-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ゆ">ゆ</a></big><br /> yu <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[jɯ]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#E9E9E9"><big><a href="/wiki/%F0%9B%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="𛀁">𛀁</a></big><sup id="cite_ref-obsolete_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obsolete-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <b>e</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[e]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%88" class="mw-redirect" title="よ">よ</a></big><br /> yo <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[jo]</a></span> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#E9E9E9"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"> <th><i>R</i> </th> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ら">ら</a></big><br /> ra <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɾa]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="り">り</a></big><br /> ri <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɾi]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="る">る</a></big><br /> ru <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɾɯ]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="れ">れ</a></big><br /> re <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɾe]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="ろ">ろ</a></big><br /> ro <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɾo]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%8A%E3%82%83" class="mw-redirect" title="りゃ">りゃ</a></big><br /> rya <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɾʲa]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%8A%E3%82%85" class="mw-redirect" title="りゅ">りゅ</a></big><br /> ryu <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɾʲɯ]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%8A%E3%82%87" class="mw-redirect" title="りょ">りょ</a></big><br /> ryo <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɾʲo]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"> <th><i>W</i> </th> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="わ">わ</a></big><br /> wa <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[wa]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%90" class="mw-redirect" title="ゐ">ゐ</a><sup id="cite_ref-obsolete_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obsolete-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></big><br /> <b>i</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[i]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#E9E9E9"><sup id="cite_ref-obsolete_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obsolete-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ゑ">ゑ</a><sup id="cite_ref-obsolete_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obsolete-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></big><br /> <b>e</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[e]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%92" class="mw-redirect" title="を">を</a></big><br /> <b>o</b><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[o]</a></span> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#E9E9E9"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="5" style="background:#BECFEB;">Monographs (<a href="/wiki/Goj%C5%ABon" title="Gojūon">gojūon</a>) with diacritics (<a href="/wiki/Dakuten" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakuten">dakuten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handakuten" class="mw-redirect" title="Handakuten">handakuten</a>) </th> <th colspan="3" style="background:#CCCB9A;">Digraphs (<a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Don" title="Yōon">yōon</a>) with diacritics (<a href="/wiki/Dakuten" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakuten">dakuten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handakuten" class="mw-redirect" title="Handakuten">handakuten</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>a</i></th> <th><i>i</i></th> <th><i>u</i></th> <th><i>e</i></th> <th><i>o</i> </th> <th><i>ya</i></th> <th><i>yu</i></th> <th><i>yo</i> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"> <th><i>G</i> </th> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="が">が</a></big><br /> ga <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɡa]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="ぎ">ぎ</a></big><br /> gi <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɡi]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%90" class="mw-redirect" title="ぐ">ぐ</a></big><br /> gu <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɡɯ]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%92" class="mw-redirect" title="げ">げ</a></big><br /> ge <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɡe]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="ご">ご</a></big><br /> go <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɡo]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8E%E3%82%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ぎゃ">ぎゃ</a></big><br /> gya <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɡʲa]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8E%E3%82%85" class="mw-redirect" title="ぎゅ">ぎゅ</a></big><br /> gyu <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɡʲɯ]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8E%E3%82%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ぎょ">ぎょ</a></big><br /> gyo <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɡʲo]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"> <th><i>Z</i> </th> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%96" class="mw-redirect" title="ざ">ざ</a></big><br /> za <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[(d)za]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%98" class="mw-redirect" title="じ">じ</a></big><br /> <b>ji</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[(d)ʑi]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="ず">ず</a></big><br /> zu <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[(d)zɯ]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ぜ">ぜ</a></big><br /> ze <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[(d)ze]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="ぞ">ぞ</a></big><br /> zo <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[(d)zo]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%98%E3%82%83" class="mw-redirect" title="じゃ">じゃ</a></big><br /> <b>ja</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[(d)ʑa]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%98%E3%82%85" class="mw-redirect" title="じゅ">じゅ</a></big><br /> <b>ju</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[(d)ʑɯ]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%98%E3%82%87" class="mw-redirect" title="じょ">じょ</a></big><br /> <b>jo</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[(d)ʑo]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"> <th><i>D</i> </th> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="だ">だ</a></big><br /> da <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[da]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ぢ">ぢ</a></big><br /> <b>ji</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[(d)ʑi]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="づ">づ</a></big><br /> <b>zu</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[(d)zɯ]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="で">で</a></big><br /> de <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[de]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ど">ど</a></big><br /> do <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[do]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A2%E3%82%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ぢゃ">ぢゃ</a></big><br /> <b>ja</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[(d)ʑa]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A2%E3%82%85" class="mw-redirect" title="ぢゅ">ぢゅ</a></big><br /> <b>ju</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[(d)ʑɯ]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A2%E3%82%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ぢょ">ぢょ</a></big><br /> <b>jo</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[(d)ʑo]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"> <th><i>B</i> </th> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ば">ば</a></big><br /> ba <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ba]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="び">び</a></big><br /> bi <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[bi]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ぶ">ぶ</a></big><br /> bu <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[bɯ]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="べ">べ</a></big><br /> be <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[be]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ぼ">ぼ</a></big><br /> bo <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[bo]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B3%E3%82%83" class="mw-redirect" title="びゃ">びゃ</a></big><br /> bya <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[bʲa]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B3%E3%82%85" class="mw-redirect" title="びゅ">びゅ</a></big><br /> byu <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[bʲɯ]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B3%E3%82%87" class="mw-redirect" title="びょ">びょ</a></big><br /> byo <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[bʲo]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"> <th><i>P</i> </th> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ぱ">ぱ</a></big><br /> pa <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[pa]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ぴ">ぴ</a></big><br /> pi <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[pi]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ぷ">ぷ</a></big><br /> pu <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[pɯ]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="ぺ">ぺ</a></big><br /> pe <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[pe]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="ぽ">ぽ</a></big><br /> po <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[po]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B4%E3%82%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ぴゃ">ぴゃ</a></big><br /> pya <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[pʲa]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B4%E3%82%85" class="mw-redirect" title="ぴゅ">ぴゅ</a></big><br /> pyu <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[pʲɯ]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#F3F5DE"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B4%E3%82%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ぴょ">ぴょ</a></big><br /> pyo <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[pʲo]</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable nowraplinks" border="0" cellpadding="2" style="vertical-align:top;padding:2px;" width="10%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#BECFEB;">Final nasal monograph (hatsuon) </th> <th colspan="6" style="background:#BECFEB;">Polysyllabic monographs (obsolete) </th></tr> <tr> <th width="10%"><i>n</i></th> <th width="10%"><i><a href="/wiki/Kashiko_(kana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashiko (kana)">kashiko</a></i></th> <th width="10%"><i><a href="/wiki/Koto_(kana)" title="Koto (kana)">koto</a></i></th> <th width="10%"><i><a href="/wiki/Sama_(kana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama (kana)">sama</a></i></th> <th width="10%"><i><a href="/wiki/Nari_(kana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nari (kana)">nari</a></i></th> <th width="10%"><i><a href="/wiki/Mairasesoro_(kana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mairasesoro (kana)">mairasesoro</a></i></th> <th width="10%"><i><a href="/wiki/Yori_(kana)" title="Yori (kana)">yori</a></i> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"> <td style="background:#EFFAFA" width="10%"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ん">ん</a></big><br /> n <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[m<span class="wrap"> </span>n<span class="wrap"> </span>ɲ<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɴ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɰ̃]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA" width="10%"><big><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiragana_kashiko.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hiragana_kashiko.svg/20px-Hiragana_kashiko.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hiragana_kashiko.svg/30px-Hiragana_kashiko.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hiragana_kashiko.svg/40px-Hiragana_kashiko.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="3750" /></a></span></big><br /> kashiko <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[kaɕiko]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA" width="10%"><big><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiragana_koto.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hiragana_koto.svg/20px-Hiragana_koto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hiragana_koto.svg/30px-Hiragana_koto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hiragana_koto.svg/40px-Hiragana_koto.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1250" /></a></span></big><br /> koto <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[koto]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA" width="10%"><big><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiragana_sama_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hiragana_sama_1.svg/20px-Hiragana_sama_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hiragana_sama_1.svg/30px-Hiragana_sama_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hiragana_sama_1.svg/40px-Hiragana_sama_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1350" /></a></span>/<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiragana_sama_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Hiragana_sama_2.svg/20px-Hiragana_sama_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Hiragana_sama_2.svg/30px-Hiragana_sama_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Hiragana_sama_2.svg/40px-Hiragana_sama_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1350" /></a></span></big><br /> sama <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[sama]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA" width="10%"><big><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiragana_nari.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Hiragana_nari.svg/20px-Hiragana_nari.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Hiragana_nari.svg/30px-Hiragana_nari.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Hiragana_nari.svg/40px-Hiragana_nari.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1350" /></a></span></big><br /> nari <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[naɾi]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA" width="10%"><big><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiragana_mairasesoro_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hiragana_mairasesoro_1.svg/20px-Hiragana_mairasesoro_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hiragana_mairasesoro_1.svg/30px-Hiragana_mairasesoro_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hiragana_mairasesoro_1.svg/40px-Hiragana_mairasesoro_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="3750" /></a></span>/<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiragana_mairasesoro_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hiragana_mairasesoro_2.svg/20px-Hiragana_mairasesoro_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hiragana_mairasesoro_2.svg/30px-Hiragana_mairasesoro_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hiragana_mairasesoro_2.svg/40px-Hiragana_mairasesoro_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="3750" /></a></span></big><br /> mairasesoro <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[maiɾasesoːɾoː]</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA" width="10%"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="ゟ">ゟ</a></big><br /> yori <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[joɾi]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"> <td colspan="2" style="background:#E9E9E9"> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA" width="10%"><big><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiragana_koto.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hiragana_koto.svg/20px-Hiragana_koto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hiragana_koto.svg/30px-Hiragana_koto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hiragana_koto.svg/40px-Hiragana_koto.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1250" /></a></span>゙</big><br /> goto <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[goto]</a></span> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background:#E9E9E9"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable nowraplinks" border="0" cellpadding="2" style="vertical-align:top;padding:2px;" width="50%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#BECFEB;">Functional graphemes </th></tr> <tr> <th>sokuonfu</th> <th>chōonpu</th> <th>odoriji (monosyllable)</th> <th>odoriji (polysyllable) </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="っ">っ</a></big><br /> (indicates a <a href="/wiki/Geminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminate">geminate</a> consonant) </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ー">ー</a></big><br /> (indicates a long vowel) </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="ゝ">ゝ</a></big><br /> (reduplicates and<br />unvoices syllable) </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%80%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="〱">〱</a></big><br /> (reduplicates and<br />unvoices syllable) </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"> <td style="background:#E9E9E9"> </td> <td style="background:#E9E9E9"> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="ゞ">ゞ</a></big><br /> (reduplicates and<br />voices syllable) </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%80%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="〱">〱゙</a></big><br /> (reduplicates and<br />voices syllable) </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"> <td style="background:#E9E9E9"> </td> <td style="background:#E9E9E9"> </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="ゝ">ゝ゚</a></big><br /> (reduplicates and<br />moves a h- or b-row syllable to the p-row) </td> <td style="background:#EFFAFA"><big><a href="/wiki/%E3%80%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="〱">〱゚</a></big><br /> (reduplicates and<br />moves a h- or b-row syllable to the p-row) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spelling–phonology_correspondence"><span id="Spelling.E2.80.93phonology_correspondence"></span>Spelling–phonology correspondence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiragana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spelling–phonology correspondence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the middle of words, the <i>g</i> sound (normally <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span>) may turn into a <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span> or <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">velar fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ]</span>. For example, かぎ (<i>kagi</i>, key) is often pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kaŋi]</span>. However, じゅうご (<i>jūgo</i>, fifteen) is pronounced as if it was <i>jū</i> and <i>go</i> stacked end to end: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡ʑɯːɡo]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many accents, the <i>j</i> and <i>z</i> sounds are pronounced as <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricates</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡ʑ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡z]</span>, respectively) at the beginning of utterances and fricatives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʑ,<span class="wrap"> </span>z]</span> in the middle of words. For example, <span class="nowrap">すうじ</span> <i>sūji</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sɯːʑi]</span> 'number', <span class="nowrap">ざっし</span> <i>zasshi</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡zaɕɕi]</span> 'magazine'. </p><p>The singular <i>n</i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span> before <i>m</i>, <i>b</i> and <i>p</i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span> before <i>t</i>, <i>ch</i>, <i>ts</i>, <i>n</i>, <i>r</i>, <i>z</i>, <i>j</i> and <i>d</i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span> before <i>k</i> and <i>g</i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɴ]</span> at the end of utterances, and some kind of <a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">high</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɰ̃]</span> before vowels, palatal approximants (<i>y</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricative consonants</a> (<i>s</i>, <i>sh</i>, <i>h</i>, <i>f</i> and <i>w</i>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In kanji readings, the diphthongs <i>ou</i> and <i>ei</i> are usually pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oː]</span> (long o) and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eː]</span> (long e) respectively. For example, <span class="nowrap">とうきょう</span> (lit. <i>toukyou</i>) is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[toːkʲoː]</span> 'Tokyo', and <span class="nowrap">せんせい</span> <i>sensei</i> is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[seɯ̃seː]</span> 'teacher'. However, <span class="nowrap">とう</span> <i>tou</i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[toɯ]</span> 'to inquire', because the <i>o</i> and <i>u</i> are considered distinct, <i>u</i> being the verb ending in the dictionary form. Similarly, <span class="nowrap">している</span> <i>shite iru</i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕiteiɾɯ]</span>, present progressive form of <span class="nowrap">する</span> (<i>suru</i>, "to do"). </p><p>In archaic forms of Japanese, there existed the <i>kwa</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">くゎ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[kʷa]</a></span>) and <i>gwa</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ぐゎ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɡʷa]</a></span>) digraphs. In modern Japanese, these phonemes have been phased out of usage. </p><p>For a more thorough discussion on the sounds of Japanese, please refer to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Japanese phonology</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spelling_rules">Spelling rules</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiragana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spelling rules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kanazukai" title="Kanazukai">Kanazukai</a></div> <p>With a few exceptions, such as for the three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical particles">particles</a> は (pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[wa]</a></span> instead of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ha]</a></span>), へ (pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[e]</a></span> instead of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[he]</a></span>) and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[o]</a></span> (written を instead of お), Japanese when written in kana is <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic principle">phonemically orthographic</a>, i.e. there is a one-to-one correspondence between kana characters and sounds, leaving only words' <a href="/wiki/Japanese_pitch_accent" title="Japanese pitch accent">pitch accent</a> unrepresented. This has not always been the case: a previous system of spelling, now referred to as <a href="/wiki/Historical_kana_usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical kana usage">historical kana usage</a>, differed substantially from pronunciation; the three above-mentioned exceptions in modern usage are the legacy of that system. </p><p>There are two hiragana pronounced <i>ji</i> (じ and ぢ) and two hiragana pronounced <i>zu</i> (ず and づ), but to distinguish them, particularly when <a href="/wiki/W%C4%81puro_r%C5%8Dmaji" title="Wāpuro rōmaji">typing Japanese</a>, sometimes ぢ is written as <i>di</i> and づ is written as <i>du</i>. These pairs are not interchangeable. Usually, <i>ji</i> is written as じ and <i>zu</i> is written as ず. There are some exceptions. If the first two syllables of a word consist of one syllable without a <i><a href="/wiki/Dakuten" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakuten">dakuten</a></i> and the same syllable with a <i>dakuten</i>, the same hiragana is used to write the sounds. For example, <i>chijimeru</i> ('to boil down' or 'to shrink') is spelled ちぢめる and <i>tsuzuku</i> ('to continue') is <span class="nowrap">つづく</span>. </p><p>For compound words where the dakuten reflects <i><a href="/wiki/Rendaku" title="Rendaku">rendaku</a></i> voicing, the original hiragana is used. For example, <i>chi</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">血</span></span> 'blood') is spelled ち in plain hiragana. When <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">鼻</span></span> <i>hana</i> ('nose') and <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">血</span></span> <i>chi</i> ('blood') combine to make <i>hanaji</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">鼻血</span></span> 'nose bleed'), the sound of <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">血</span></span> changes from <i>chi</i> to <i>ji</i>. So <i>hanaji</i> is spelled <span class="nowrap">はなぢ</span>. Similarly, <i>tsukau</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">使う/遣う</span></span>; 'to use') is spelled <span class="nowrap">つかう</span> in hiragana, so <i>kanazukai</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">仮名遣い</span></span>; 'kana use', or 'kana orthography') is spelled <span class="nowrap">かなづかい</span> in hiragana. However, there are cases where ぢ and づ are not used, such as the word for 'lightning', <i>inazuma</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">稲妻</span></span>). The first component, <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">稲</span></span>, meaning 'rice plant', is written いな (<i>ina</i>). The second component, <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">妻</span></span> (etymologically <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">夫</span></span>), meaning 'spouse', is pronounced <span class="nowrap">つま</span> (<i>tsuma</i>) when standalone or often as づま (zuma) when following another syllable, such in <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">人妻</span></span> (<i>hitozuma</i>, 'married woman'). Even though these components of <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">稲妻</span></span> are etymologically linked to 'lightning', it is generally arduous for a contemporary speaker to consciously perceive <i>inazuma</i> as separable into two discrete words. Thus, the default spelling <span class="nowrap">いなずま</span> is used instead of <span class="nowrap">いなづま</span>. Other examples include <i>kizuna</i> (<span class="nowrap">きずな</span>) and <i>sakazuki</i> (<span class="nowrap">さかずき</span>). Although these rules were officially established by a Cabinet Notice in 1986 revising the <a href="/wiki/Modern_kana_usage" title="Modern kana usage">modern kana usage</a>, they have sometimes faced criticism due to their perceived arbitrariness. </p><p>Officially, ぢ and づ do not occur word-initially pursuant to modern spelling rules. There were words such as <span class="nowrap">ぢばん</span> <i>jiban</i> 'ground' in the <a href="/wiki/Historical_kana_usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical kana usage">historical kana usage</a>, but they were unified under じ in the <a href="/wiki/Modern_kana_usage" title="Modern kana usage">modern kana usage</a> in 1946, so today it is spelled exclusively <span class="nowrap">じばん</span>. However, <span class="nowrap">づら</span> <i>zura</i> 'wig' (from <span class="nowrap">かつら</span> <i>katsura</i>) and <span class="nowrap">づけ</span> <i>zuke</i> (a sushi term for lean tuna soaked in soy sauce) are examples of word-initial づ today. </p><p>No standard Japanese words begin with the kana ん (<i>n</i>). This is the basis of the word game <a href="/wiki/Shiritori" title="Shiritori">shiritori</a>. ん <i>n</i> is normally treated as its own syllable and is separate from the other <i>n</i>-based kana (<i>na</i>, <i>ni</i> etc.). </p><p>ん is sometimes directly followed by a vowel (<i>a</i>, <i>i</i>, <i>u</i>, <i>e</i> or <i>o</i>) or a palatal approximant (<i>ya</i>, <i>yu</i> or <i>yo</i>). These are clearly distinct from the <i>na</i>, <i>ni</i> etc. syllables, and there are <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pair" title="Minimal pair">minimal pairs</a> such as <span class="nowrap">きんえん</span> <i>kin'en</i> 'smoking forbidden', <span class="nowrap">きねん</span> <i>kinen</i> 'commemoration', <span class="nowrap">きんねん</span> <i>kinnen</i> 'recent years'. In Hepburn romanization, they are distinguished with an apostrophe, but not all romanization methods make the distinction. For example, past prime minister <a href="/wiki/Junichiro_Koizumi" title="Junichiro Koizumi">Junichiro Koizumi</a>'s first name is actually <span class="nowrap">じゅんいちろう</span> <i>Jun'ichirō</i> pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʑɯɰ̃itɕiɾoː]</span> </p><p>There are a few hiragana that are rarely used. Outside of Okinawan orthography, <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%90" class="mw-redirect" title="ゐ">ゐ</a> <i>wi</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[i]</a></span> and <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ゑ">ゑ</a> <i>we</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[e]</a></span> are only used in some proper names. 𛀁 <i>e</i> was an alternate version of え <i>e</i> before spelling reform, and was briefly reused for <i>ye</i> during initial spelling reforms, but is now completely obsolete. ゔ <i>vu</i> is a modern addition used to represent the /v/ sound in foreign languages such as English, but since Japanese from a phonological standpoint does not have a /v/ sound, it is pronounced as /b/ and mostly serves as a more accurate indicator of a word's pronunciation in its original language. However, it is rarely seen because <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterated</a> words are usually written in <a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a>, where the corresponding character would be written as ヴ. The digraphs <span class="nowrap">ぢゃ</span>, <span class="nowrap">ぢゅ</span>, <span class="nowrap">ぢょ</span> for <i>ja</i>/<i>ju</i>/<i>jo</i> are theoretically possible in <a href="/wiki/Rendaku" title="Rendaku">rendaku</a>, but are nearly never used in <a href="/wiki/Modern_kana_usage" title="Modern kana usage">modern kana usage</a>; for example, the word <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">夫婦茶碗</span></span>, <i>meoto-jawan</i> (couple bowls), spelled <span class="nowrap">めおとぢゃわん</span>, where <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">茶碗</span></span> alone is spelled <span class="nowrap">ちゃわん</span> (<i>chawan</i>). </p><p>The <span class="nowrap">みゅ</span> <i>myu</i> kana is extremely rare in originally Japanese words; linguist <a href="/wiki/Haruhiko_Kindaichi" title="Haruhiko Kindaichi">Haruhiko Kindaichi</a> raises the example of the Japanese family name Omamyūda <span class="nowrap">(<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">小豆生田</span></span>)</span> and claims it is the only occurrence amongst pure Japanese words. Its <a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a> counterpart is used in many loanwords, however. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obsolete_kana">Obsolete kana</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiragana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Obsolete kana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)"><img alt="<?>" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/40px-Replacement_character.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/60px-Replacement_character.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/80px-Replacement_character.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains uncommon <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of the intended characters.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiragana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hentaigana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polysyllabic_kana">Polysyllabic kana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiragana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Polysyllabic kana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kana_ligature" title="Kana ligature">Kana ligature</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="e_and_i"><i>e</i> and <i>i</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiragana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: e and i"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the row beginning with わ /wa/, the hiragana ゐ /wi/ and ゑ /we/ are both quasi-obsolete, only used in some names. They are usually respectively pronounced [i] and [e]. In modified Hepburn romanization, they are generally written <i>i</i> and <i>e</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ALA-LC_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALA-LC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="yi,_ye_and_wu"><span id="yi.2C_ye_and_wu"></span><i>yi</i>, <i>ye</i> and <i>wu</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiragana&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: yi, ye and wu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="yi"><i>yi</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiragana&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: yi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yi_(kana)" title="Yi (kana)">Yi (kana)</a></div> <p>It has not been demonstrated whether the mora /ji/ existed in old Japanese. Though <i>ye</i> did appear in some textbooks during the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a> along with another kana for <i>yi</i> in the form of cursive 以. Today it is considered a <a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a> by scholars and is encoded in Unicode 10<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r964338603">.mw-parser-output .hentaigana{font-family:"BabelStone Han","UniHentaiKana","IPAmj明朝","花園明朝A",HanaMinA,HanaMinB,"和田研中丸ゴシック2004絵文字","WadaLabChuMaruGo2004Emoji","和田研細丸ゴシック2004絵文字","WadaLabMaruGo2004Emoji",mincho,serif}</style><span lang="ja" class="hentaigana">𛀆</span>) <sup id="cite_ref-Walter_&_Walter_1998_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walter_&_Walter_1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harvest_in_Izu_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvest_in_Izu-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This kana could have a colloquial use, to convert the combo yui (ゆい) into yii (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r964338603"><span lang="ja" class="hentaigana">𛀆</span>い), due to other Japanese words having a similar change.<sup id="cite_ref-Proposal_to_Encode_Missing_Japanese_Kana_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proposal_to_Encode_Missing_Japanese_Kana-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ye"><i>ye</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiragana&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: ye"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ye_(kana)" title="Ye (kana)">Ye (kana)</a></div> <p>An early, now obsolete, hiragana-esque form of <i>ye</i> may have existed (<a href="/wiki/%F0%9B%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="𛀁"><big style="color:#808080">𛀁</big></a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[je]</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-Unicode_Kana_Supplement_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Kana_Supplement-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) in pre-Classical Japanese (prior to the advent of <a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">kana</a>), but is generally represented for purposes of reconstruction by the kanji 江, and its hiragana form is not present in any known orthography. In modern orthography, <i>ye</i> can also be written as いぇ (イェ in <a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a>). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>衣 </th> <th>江 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Hiragana </td> <td>え </td> <td>𛀁 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Katakana </td> <td>𛀀 </td> <td>エ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While hiragana and katakana letters for "ye" were used for a short period after the advent of kana, the distinction between /ye/ and /e/ disappeared before glyphs could become established. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="wu"><i>wu</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiragana&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: wu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wu_(kana)" title="Wu (kana)">Wu (kana)</a></div> <p>It has not been demonstrated whether the mora /wu/ existed in old Japanese. However, hiragana <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">wu</i></span> also appeared in different Meiji-era textbooks (<span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiragana_WU_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hiragana_WU_2.svg/29px-Hiragana_WU_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hiragana_WU_2.svg/44px-Hiragana_WU_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hiragana_WU_2.svg/58px-Hiragana_WU_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="469" /></a></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there are several possible source kanji, it is likely to have been derived from a cursive form of the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">man'yōgana</i></span> <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">汙</span></span>, although a related variant sometimes listed (<span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%B4%86_kana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/%E7%B4%86_kana.svg/29px-%E7%B4%86_kana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/%E7%B4%86_kana.svg/44px-%E7%B4%86_kana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/%E7%B4%86_kana.svg/58px-%E7%B4%86_kana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="469" /></a></span>) is from a cursive form of <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">紆</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-hirakanagenji_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hirakanagenji-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was never commonly used.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This character is included in Unicode 14 as HIRAGANA LETTER ARCHAIC WU (𛄟).<sup id="cite_ref-Proposal_to_Encode_Missing_Japanese_Kana_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proposal_to_Encode_Missing_Japanese_Kana-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiragana&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Japanese#Sources_and_dating" title="Old Japanese">Old Japanese § Sources and dating</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Origin_of_Hiragana_.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Origin_of_Hiragana_.png/220px-Origin_of_Hiragana_.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Origin_of_Hiragana_.png/330px-Origin_of_Hiragana_.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Origin_of_Hiragana_.png/440px-Origin_of_Hiragana_.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="1083" /></a><figcaption>Hiragana originated as simplified forms of similar-sounding Chinese characters.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treatise_on_calligraphy_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Treatise_on_calligraphy_1.png/220px-Treatise_on_calligraphy_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Treatise_on_calligraphy_1.png/330px-Treatise_on_calligraphy_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Treatise_on_calligraphy_1.png/440px-Treatise_on_calligraphy_1.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="997" /></a><figcaption>Hiragana character shapes were derived from Chinese <a href="/wiki/Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">cursive script</a> (<i>sōsho</i>). Shown here is a sample of cursive script by 7th century calligrapher <a href="/wiki/Sun_Guoting" title="Sun Guoting">Sun Guoting</a>. Note the character 為 (<i>wei</i>), indicated by the red arrow, closely resembles the hiragana character ゐ (<i>wi</i>). </figcaption></figure> <p>Hiragana developed from <i><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">man'yōgana</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> characters used for their pronunciations, a practice that started in the 5th century.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest examples of Man'yōgana include the <a href="/wiki/Inariyama_Sword" title="Inariyama Sword">Inariyama Sword</a>, an iron sword excavated at the Inariyama Kofun. This sword is thought to be made in the year <span class="nowrap"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">辛亥年</span></span></span> (most commonly taken to be C.E. 471).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The forms of the hiragana originate from the <a href="/wiki/Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">cursive script</a> style of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Chinese calligraphy</a>. The table to the right shows the derivation of hiragana from manyōgana via cursive script. The upper part shows the character in the <a href="/wiki/Regular_script" title="Regular script">regular script</a> form, the center character in red shows the cursive script form of the character, and the bottom shows the equivalent hiragana. The cursive script forms are not strictly confined to those in the illustration. </p><p>When it was first developed, hiragana was not accepted by everyone. The educated or elites preferred to use only the kanji system. Historically, in Japan, the regular script (<i>kaisho</i>) form of the characters was used by men and called <i>otokode</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E6%89%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:男手">男手</a></span></span>)</span>, "men's writing", while the cursive script (<i>sōsho</i>) form of the kanji was used by women. Hence hiragana first gained popularity among women, who were generally not allowed access to the same levels of education as men, thus hiragana was first widely used among court women in the writing of personal communications and literature.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this comes the alternative name of <i>onnade</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%89%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:女手">女手</a></span></span>)</span> "women's writing".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji" title="The Tale of Genji">The Tale of Genji</a></i> and other early novels by female authors used hiragana extensively or exclusively. Even today, hiragana is felt to have a feminine quality.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Male authors came to write literature using hiragana. Hiragana was used for unofficial writing such as personal letters, while katakana and kanji were used for official documents. In modern times, the usage of hiragana has become mixed with <a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a> writing. Katakana is now relegated to special uses such as recently borrowed words (i.e., since the 19th century), names in <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a>, the names of animals, in telegrams, and for emphasis. </p><p>Originally, for all syllables there was more than one possible hiragana. In 1900, the system was simplified so each syllable had only one hiragana. The deprecated hiragana are now known as <a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">hentaigana</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">変体仮名</span></span>)</span>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pangram" title="Pangram">pangram</a> poem <i><a href="/wiki/Iroha" title="Iroha">Iroha</a>-uta</i> ("ABC song/poem"), which dates to the 10th century, uses every hiragana once (except <i>n</i> ん, which was just a variant of む before the <a href="/wiki/Muromachi_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Muromachi era">Muromachi era</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stroke_order_and_direction">Stroke order and direction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiragana&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Stroke order and direction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table shows the method for writing each hiragana character. The table is arranged in a traditional manner, beginning top right and reading columns down. The numbers and arrows indicate the <a href="/wiki/Stroke_order" title="Stroke order">stroke order</a> and direction respectively.<br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Table_hiragana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Table_hiragana.svg/768px-Table_hiragana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="768" height="464" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Table_hiragana.svg/1152px-Table_hiragana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Table_hiragana.svg/1536px-Table_hiragana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiragana&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hiragana_(Unicode_block)" title="Hiragana (Unicode block)">Hiragana (Unicode block)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kana_Supplement" title="Kana Supplement">Kana Supplement (Unicode block)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kana_Extended-A" title="Kana Extended-A">Kana Extended-A (Unicode block)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kana_Extended-B" title="Kana Extended-B">Kana Extended-B (Unicode block)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Small_Kana_Extension" title="Small Kana Extension">Small Kana Extension (Unicode block)</a></div> <p>Hiragana was added to the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in October, 1991 with the release of version 1.0. </p><p>The Unicode block for Hiragana is U+3040–U+309F: </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Hiragana_(Unicode_block)" title="Hiragana (Unicode block)">Hiragana</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U3040_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U3040_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U3040_grey"><a href="#endnote_U3040_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U3040.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr lang="ja"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small" lang="mul">U+304x </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+3041: HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL A">ぁ </td> <td title="U+3042: HIRAGANA LETTER A">あ </td> <td title="U+3043: HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL I">ぃ </td> <td title="U+3044: HIRAGANA LETTER I">い </td> <td title="U+3045: HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL U">ぅ </td> <td title="U+3046: HIRAGANA LETTER U">う </td> <td title="U+3047: HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL E">ぇ </td> <td title="U+3048: HIRAGANA LETTER E">え </td> <td title="U+3049: HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL O">ぉ </td> <td title="U+304A: HIRAGANA LETTER O">お </td> <td title="U+304B: HIRAGANA LETTER KA">か </td> <td title="U+304C: HIRAGANA LETTER GA">が </td> <td title="U+304D: HIRAGANA LETTER KI">き </td> <td title="U+304E: HIRAGANA LETTER GI">ぎ </td> <td title="U+304F: HIRAGANA LETTER KU">く </td></tr> <tr lang="ja"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small" lang="mul">U+305x </td> <td title="U+3050: HIRAGANA LETTER GU">ぐ </td> <td title="U+3051: HIRAGANA LETTER KE">け </td> <td title="U+3052: HIRAGANA LETTER GE">げ </td> <td title="U+3053: HIRAGANA LETTER KO">こ </td> <td title="U+3054: HIRAGANA LETTER GO">ご </td> <td title="U+3055: HIRAGANA LETTER SA">さ </td> <td title="U+3056: HIRAGANA LETTER ZA">ざ </td> <td title="U+3057: HIRAGANA LETTER SI">し </td> <td title="U+3058: HIRAGANA LETTER ZI">じ </td> <td title="U+3059: HIRAGANA LETTER SU">す </td> <td title="U+305A: HIRAGANA LETTER ZU">ず </td> <td title="U+305B: HIRAGANA LETTER SE">せ </td> <td title="U+305C: HIRAGANA LETTER ZE">ぜ </td> <td title="U+305D: HIRAGANA LETTER SO">そ </td> <td title="U+305E: HIRAGANA LETTER ZO">ぞ </td> <td title="U+305F: HIRAGANA LETTER TA">た </td></tr> <tr lang="ja"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small" lang="mul">U+306x </td> <td title="U+3060: HIRAGANA LETTER DA">だ </td> <td title="U+3061: HIRAGANA LETTER TI">ち </td> <td title="U+3062: HIRAGANA LETTER DI">ぢ </td> <td title="U+3063: HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL TU">っ </td> <td title="U+3064: HIRAGANA LETTER TU">つ </td> <td title="U+3065: HIRAGANA LETTER DU">づ </td> <td title="U+3066: HIRAGANA LETTER TE">て </td> <td title="U+3067: HIRAGANA LETTER DE">で </td> <td title="U+3068: HIRAGANA LETTER TO">と </td> <td title="U+3069: HIRAGANA LETTER DO">ど </td> <td title="U+306A: HIRAGANA LETTER NA">な </td> <td title="U+306B: HIRAGANA LETTER NI">に </td> <td title="U+306C: HIRAGANA LETTER NU">ぬ </td> <td title="U+306D: HIRAGANA LETTER NE">ね </td> <td title="U+306E: HIRAGANA LETTER NO">の </td> <td title="U+306F: HIRAGANA LETTER HA">は </td></tr> <tr lang="ja"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small" lang="mul">U+307x </td> <td title="U+3070: HIRAGANA LETTER BA">ば </td> <td title="U+3071: HIRAGANA LETTER PA">ぱ </td> <td title="U+3072: HIRAGANA LETTER HI">ひ </td> <td title="U+3073: HIRAGANA LETTER BI">び </td> <td title="U+3074: HIRAGANA LETTER PI">ぴ </td> <td title="U+3075: HIRAGANA LETTER HU">ふ </td> <td title="U+3076: HIRAGANA LETTER BU">ぶ </td> <td title="U+3077: HIRAGANA LETTER PU">ぷ </td> <td title="U+3078: HIRAGANA LETTER HE">へ </td> <td title="U+3079: HIRAGANA LETTER BE">べ </td> <td title="U+307A: HIRAGANA LETTER PE">ぺ </td> <td title="U+307B: HIRAGANA LETTER HO">ほ </td> <td title="U+307C: HIRAGANA LETTER BO">ぼ </td> <td title="U+307D: HIRAGANA LETTER PO">ぽ </td> <td title="U+307E: HIRAGANA LETTER MA">ま </td> <td title="U+307F: HIRAGANA LETTER MI">み </td></tr> <tr lang="ja"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small" lang="mul">U+308x </td> <td title="U+3080: HIRAGANA LETTER MU">む </td> <td title="U+3081: HIRAGANA LETTER ME">め </td> <td title="U+3082: HIRAGANA LETTER MO">も </td> <td title="U+3083: HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL YA">ゃ </td> <td title="U+3084: HIRAGANA LETTER YA">や </td> <td title="U+3085: HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL YU">ゅ </td> <td title="U+3086: HIRAGANA LETTER YU">ゆ </td> <td title="U+3087: HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL YO">ょ </td> <td title="U+3088: HIRAGANA LETTER YO">よ </td> <td title="U+3089: HIRAGANA LETTER RA">ら </td> <td title="U+308A: HIRAGANA LETTER RI">り </td> <td title="U+308B: HIRAGANA LETTER RU">る </td> <td title="U+308C: HIRAGANA LETTER RE">れ </td> <td title="U+308D: HIRAGANA LETTER RO">ろ </td> <td title="U+308E: HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL WA">ゎ </td> <td title="U+308F: HIRAGANA LETTER WA">わ </td></tr> <tr lang="ja"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small" lang="mul">U+309x </td> <td title="U+3090: HIRAGANA LETTER WI">ゐ </td> <td title="U+3091: HIRAGANA LETTER WE">ゑ </td> <td title="U+3092: HIRAGANA LETTER WO">を </td> <td title="U+3093: HIRAGANA LETTER N">ん </td> <td title="U+3094: HIRAGANA LETTER VU">ゔ </td> <td title="U+3095: HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL KA">ゕ </td> <td title="U+3096: HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL KE">ゖ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+3099: COMBINING KATAKANA-HIRAGANA VOICED SOUND MARK">゙ </td> <td title="U+309A: COMBINING KATAKANA-HIRAGANA SEMI-VOICED SOUND MARK">゚ </td> <td title="U+309B: KATAKANA-HIRAGANA VOICED SOUND MARK">゛ </td> <td title="U+309C: KATAKANA-HIRAGANA SEMI-VOICED SOUND MARK">゜ </td> <td title="U+309D: HIRAGANA ITERATION MARK">ゝ </td> <td title="U+309E: HIRAGANA VOICED ITERATION MARK">ゞ </td> <td title="U+309F: HIRAGANA DIGRAPH YORI">ゟ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U3040_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U3040_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U3040_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U3040_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Unicode hiragana block contains precomposed characters for all hiragana in the modern set, including small vowels and yōon kana for compound syllables as well as the rare ゐ <i>wi</i> and ゑ <i>we</i>; the archaic 𛀁 <i>ye</i> is included in <a href="/wiki/Plane_(Unicode)#Supplementary_Multilingual_Plane" title="Plane (Unicode)">plane 1</a> at U+1B001 (see below). All combinations of hiragana with <i>dakuten</i> and <i>handakuten</i> used in modern Japanese are available as precomposed characters (including the rare ゔ <i>vu</i>), and can also be produced by using a base hiragana followed by the combining dakuten and handakuten characters (U+3099 and U+309A, respectively). This method is used to add the diacritics to kana that are not normally used with them, for example applying the dakuten to a pure vowel or the handakuten to a kana not in the h-group. </p><p>Characters U+3095 and U+3096 are small か (<i>ka</i>) and small け (<i>ke</i>), respectively. U+309F is a ligature of <a href="/wiki/Yori_(kana)" title="Yori (kana)">より</a> (<i>yori</i>) occasionally used in vertical text. U+309B and U+309C are spacing (non-combining) equivalents to the combining dakuten and handakuten characters, respectively. </p><p>Historic and variant forms of Japanese kana characters were first added to the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in October, 2010 with the release of version 6.0, with significantly more added in 2017 as part of Unicode 10. </p><p>The Unicode block for Kana Supplement is U+1B000–U+1B0FF, and is immediately followed by the Kana Extended-A block (U+1B100–U+1B12F). These blocks include mainly <a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">hentaigana</a> (historic or variant hiragana): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244009259">.mw-parser-output .UnicodeKanaSupplementChart tr:not([lang|=en]):not([lang|=mul]) td:not([lang|=en]):not([lang|=mul]){font-family:"IPAmjMincho","BabelStone Han","Hanazono Mincho A","HanaMinA",sans-serif}.mw-parser-output .UnicodeKanaSupplementChart{border-collapse:collapse;background-color:#fff;color:var(--color-base,#202122);font-size:large;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .UnicodeKanaSupplementChart th{background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .UnicodeKanaSupplementChart tr:nth-child(2) th{width:20pt}.mw-parser-output .UnicodeKanaSupplementChart tr:last-child th{text-align:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .UnicodeKanaSupplementChart{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#000)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .UnicodeKanaSupplementChart th{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .UnicodeKanaSupplementChart{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#000)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .UnicodeKanaSupplementChart th{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)}}</style> <table class="wikitable nounderlines UnicodeKanaSupplementChart"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="17" lang="en"><b><a href="/wiki/Kana_Supplement" title="Kana Supplement">Kana Supplement</a></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U1B000_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U1B000_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1B000.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </th></tr> <tr lang="mul"> <th style="width:45pt"> </th> <th>0</th> <th>1</th> <th>2</th> <th>3</th> <th>4</th> <th>5</th> <th>6</th> <th>7</th> <th>8</th> <th>9</th> <th>A</th> <th>B</th> <th>C</th> <th>D</th> <th>E</th> <th>F </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" lang="mul">U+1B00x </th> <td title="U+1B000: KATAKANA LETTER ARCHAIC E">𛀀 </td> <td title="U+1B001: HIRAGANA LETTER ARCHAIC YE (alias HENTAIGANA LETTER E-1)">𛀁 </td> <td title="U+1B002: HENTAIGANA LETTER A-1">𛀂 </td> <td title="U+1B003: HENTAIGANA LETTER A-2">𛀃 </td> <td title="U+1B004: HENTAIGANA LETTER A-3">𛀄 </td> <td title="U+1B005: HENTAIGANA LETTER A-WO">𛀅 </td> <td title="U+1B006: HENTAIGANA LETTER I-1">𛀆 </td> <td title="U+1B007: HENTAIGANA LETTER I-2">𛀇 </td> <td title="U+1B008: HENTAIGANA LETTER I-3">𛀈 </td> <td title="U+1B009: HENTAIGANA LETTER I-4">𛀉 </td> <td title="U+1B00A: HENTAIGANA LETTER U-1">𛀊 </td> <td title="U+1B00B: HENTAIGANA LETTER U-2">𛀋 </td> <td title="U+1B00C: HENTAIGANA LETTER U-3">𛀌 </td> <td title="U+1B00D: HENTAIGANA LETTER U-4">𛀍 </td> <td title="U+1B00E: HENTAIGANA LETTER U-5">𛀎 </td> <td title="U+1B00F: HENTAIGANA LETTER E-2">𛀏 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" lang="mul">U+1B01x </th> <td title="U+1B010: HENTAIGANA LETTER E-3">𛀐 </td> <td title="U+1B011: HENTAIGANA LETTER E-4">𛀑 </td> <td title="U+1B012: HENTAIGANA LETTER E-5">𛀒 </td> <td title="U+1B013: HENTAIGANA LETTER E-6">𛀓 </td> <td title="U+1B014: HENTAIGANA LETTER O-1">𛀔 </td> <td title="U+1B015: HENTAIGANA LETTER O-2">𛀕 </td> <td title="U+1B016: HENTAIGANA LETTER O-3">𛀖 </td> <td title="U+1B017: HENTAIGANA LETTER KA-1">𛀗 </td> <td title="U+1B018: HENTAIGANA LETTER KA-2">𛀘 </td> <td title="U+1B019: HENTAIGANA LETTER KA-3">𛀙 </td> <td title="U+1B01A: HENTAIGANA LETTER KA-4">𛀚 </td> <td title="U+1B01B: HENTAIGANA LETTER KA-5">𛀛 </td> <td title="U+1B01C: HENTAIGANA LETTER KA-6">𛀜 </td> <td title="U+1B01D: HENTAIGANA LETTER KA-7">𛀝 </td> <td title="U+1B01E: HENTAIGANA LETTER KA-8">𛀞 </td> <td title="U+1B01F: HENTAIGANA LETTER KA-9">𛀟 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" lang="mul">U+1B02x </th> <td title="U+1B020: HENTAIGANA LETTER KA-10">𛀠 </td> <td title="U+1B021: HENTAIGANA LETTER KA-11">𛀡 </td> <td title="U+1B022: HENTAIGANA LETTER KA-KE">𛀢 </td> <td title="U+1B023: HENTAIGANA LETTER KI-1">𛀣 </td> <td title="U+1B024: HENTAIGANA LETTER KI-2">𛀤 </td> <td title="U+1B025: HENTAIGANA LETTER KI-3">𛀥 </td> <td title="U+1B026: HENTAIGANA LETTER KI-4">𛀦 </td> <td title="U+1B027: HENTAIGANA LETTER KI-5">𛀧 </td> <td title="U+1B028: HENTAIGANA LETTER KI-6">𛀨 </td> <td title="U+1B029: HENTAIGANA LETTER KI-7">𛀩 </td> <td title="U+1B02A: HENTAIGANA LETTER KI-8">𛀪 </td> <td title="U+1B02B: HENTAIGANA LETTER KU-1">𛀫 </td> <td title="U+1B02C: HENTAIGANA LETTER KU-2">𛀬 </td> <td title="U+1B02D: HENTAIGANA LETTER KU-3">𛀭 </td> <td title="U+1B02E: HENTAIGANA LETTER KU-4">𛀮 </td> <td title="U+1B02F: HENTAIGANA LETTER KU-5">𛀯 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" lang="mul">U+1B03x </th> <td title="U+1B030: HENTAIGANA LETTER KU-6">𛀰 </td> <td title="U+1B031: HENTAIGANA LETTER KU-7">𛀱 </td> <td title="U+1B032: HENTAIGANA LETTER KE-1">𛀲 </td> <td title="U+1B033: HENTAIGANA LETTER KE-2">𛀳 </td> <td title="U+1B034: HENTAIGANA LETTER KE-3">𛀴 </td> <td title="U+1B035: HENTAIGANA LETTER KE-4">𛀵 </td> <td title="U+1B036: HENTAIGANA LETTER KE-5">𛀶 </td> <td title="U+1B037: HENTAIGANA LETTER KE-6">𛀷 </td> <td title="U+1B038: HENTAIGANA LETTER KO-1">𛀸 </td> <td title="U+1B039: HENTAIGANA LETTER KO-2">𛀹 </td> <td title="U+1B03A: HENTAIGANA LETTER KO-3">𛀺 </td> <td title="U+1B03B: HENTAIGANA LETTER KO-KI">𛀻 </td> <td title="U+1B03C: HENTAIGANA LETTER SA-1">𛀼 </td> <td title="U+1B03D: HENTAIGANA LETTER SA-2">𛀽 </td> <td title="U+1B03E: HENTAIGANA LETTER SA-3">𛀾 </td> <td title="U+1B03F: HENTAIGANA LETTER SA-4">𛀿 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" lang="mul">U+1B04x </th> <td title="U+1B040: HENTAIGANA LETTER SA-5">𛁀 </td> <td title="U+1B041: HENTAIGANA LETTER SA-6">𛁁 </td> <td title="U+1B042: HENTAIGANA LETTER SA-7">𛁂 </td> <td title="U+1B043: HENTAIGANA LETTER SA-8">𛁃 </td> <td title="U+1B044: HENTAIGANA LETTER SI-1">𛁄 </td> <td title="U+1B045: HENTAIGANA LETTER SI-2">𛁅 </td> <td title="U+1B046: HENTAIGANA LETTER SI-3">𛁆 </td> <td title="U+1B047: HENTAIGANA LETTER SI-4">𛁇 </td> <td title="U+1B048: HENTAIGANA LETTER SI-5">𛁈 </td> <td title="U+1B049: HENTAIGANA LETTER SI-6">𛁉 </td> <td title="U+1B04A: HENTAIGANA LETTER SU-1">𛁊 </td> <td title="U+1B04B: HENTAIGANA LETTER SU-2">𛁋 </td> <td title="U+1B04C: HENTAIGANA LETTER SU-3">𛁌 </td> <td title="U+1B04D: HENTAIGANA LETTER SU-4">𛁍 </td> <td title="U+1B04E: HENTAIGANA LETTER SU-5">𛁎 </td> <td title="U+1B04F: HENTAIGANA LETTER SU-6">𛁏 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" lang="mul">U+1B05x </th> <td title="U+1B050: HENTAIGANA LETTER SU-7">𛁐 </td> <td title="U+1B051: HENTAIGANA LETTER SU-8">𛁑 </td> <td title="U+1B052: HENTAIGANA LETTER SE-1">𛁒 </td> <td title="U+1B053: HENTAIGANA LETTER SE-2">𛁓 </td> <td title="U+1B054: HENTAIGANA LETTER SE-3">𛁔 </td> <td title="U+1B055: HENTAIGANA LETTER SE-4">𛁕 </td> <td title="U+1B056: HENTAIGANA LETTER SE-5">𛁖 </td> <td title="U+1B057: HENTAIGANA LETTER SO-1">𛁗 </td> <td title="U+1B058: HENTAIGANA LETTER SO-2">𛁘 </td> <td title="U+1B059: HENTAIGANA LETTER SO-3">𛁙 </td> <td title="U+1B05A: HENTAIGANA LETTER SO-4">𛁚 </td> <td title="U+1B05B: HENTAIGANA LETTER SO-5">𛁛 </td> <td title="U+1B05C: HENTAIGANA LETTER SO-6">𛁜 </td> <td title="U+1B05D: HENTAIGANA LETTER SO-7">𛁝 </td> <td title="U+1B05E: HENTAIGANA LETTER TA-1">𛁞 </td> <td title="U+1B05F: HENTAIGANA LETTER TA-2">𛁟 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" lang="mul">U+1B06x </th> <td title="U+1B060: HENTAIGANA LETTER TA-3">𛁠 </td> <td title="U+1B061: HENTAIGANA LETTER TA-4">𛁡 </td> <td title="U+1B062: HENTAIGANA LETTER TI-1">𛁢 </td> <td title="U+1B063: HENTAIGANA LETTER TI-2">𛁣 </td> <td title="U+1B064: HENTAIGANA LETTER TI-3">𛁤 </td> <td title="U+1B065: HENTAIGANA LETTER TI-4">𛁥 </td> <td title="U+1B066: HENTAIGANA LETTER TI-5">𛁦 </td> <td title="U+1B067: HENTAIGANA LETTER TI-6">𛁧 </td> <td title="U+1B068: HENTAIGANA LETTER TI-7">𛁨 </td> <td title="U+1B069: HENTAIGANA LETTER TU-1">𛁩 </td> <td title="U+1B06A: HENTAIGANA LETTER TU-2">𛁪 </td> <td title="U+1B06B: HENTAIGANA LETTER TU-3">𛁫 </td> <td title="U+1B06C: HENTAIGANA LETTER TU-4">𛁬 </td> <td title="U+1B06D: HENTAIGANA LETTER TU-TO">𛁭 </td> <td title="U+1B06E: HENTAIGANA LETTER TE-1">𛁮 </td> <td title="U+1B06F: HENTAIGANA LETTER TE-2">𛁯 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" lang="mul">U+1B07x </th> <td title="U+1B070: HENTAIGANA LETTER TE-3">𛁰 </td> <td title="U+1B071: HENTAIGANA LETTER TE-4">𛁱 </td> <td title="U+1B072: HENTAIGANA LETTER TE-5">𛁲 </td> <td title="U+1B073: HENTAIGANA LETTER TE-6">𛁳 </td> <td title="U+1B074: HENTAIGANA LETTER TE-7">𛁴 </td> <td title="U+1B075: HENTAIGANA LETTER TE-8">𛁵 </td> <td title="U+1B076: HENTAIGANA LETTER TE-9">𛁶 </td> <td title="U+1B077: HENTAIGANA LETTER TO-1">𛁷 </td> <td title="U+1B078: HENTAIGANA LETTER TO-2">𛁸 </td> <td title="U+1B079: HENTAIGANA LETTER TO-3">𛁹 </td> <td title="U+1B07A: HENTAIGANA LETTER TO-4">𛁺 </td> <td title="U+1B07B: HENTAIGANA LETTER TO-5">𛁻 </td> <td title="U+1B07C: HENTAIGANA LETTER TO-6">𛁼 </td> <td title="U+1B07D: HENTAIGANA LETTER TO-RA">𛁽 </td> <td title="U+1B07E: HENTAIGANA LETTER NA-1">𛁾 </td> <td title="U+1B07F: HENTAIGANA LETTER NA-2">𛁿 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" lang="mul">U+1B08x </th> <td title="U+1B080: HENTAIGANA LETTER NA-3">𛂀 </td> <td title="U+1B081: HENTAIGANA LETTER NA-4">𛂁 </td> <td title="U+1B082: HENTAIGANA LETTER NA-5">𛂂 </td> <td title="U+1B083: HENTAIGANA LETTER NA-6">𛂃 </td> <td title="U+1B084: HENTAIGANA LETTER NA-7">𛂄 </td> <td title="U+1B085: HENTAIGANA LETTER NA-8">𛂅 </td> <td title="U+1B086: HENTAIGANA LETTER NA-9">𛂆 </td> <td title="U+1B087: HENTAIGANA LETTER NI-1">𛂇 </td> <td title="U+1B088: HENTAIGANA LETTER NI-2">𛂈 </td> <td title="U+1B089: HENTAIGANA LETTER NI-3">𛂉 </td> <td title="U+1B08A: HENTAIGANA LETTER NI-4">𛂊 </td> <td title="U+1B08B: HENTAIGANA LETTER NI-5">𛂋 </td> <td title="U+1B08C: HENTAIGANA LETTER NI-6">𛂌 </td> <td title="U+1B08D: HENTAIGANA LETTER NI-7">𛂍 </td> <td title="U+1B08E: HENTAIGANA LETTER NI-TE">𛂎 </td> <td title="U+1B08F: HENTAIGANA LETTER NU-1">𛂏 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" lang="mul">U+1B09x </th> <td title="U+1B090: HENTAIGANA LETTER NU-2">𛂐 </td> <td title="U+1B091: HENTAIGANA LETTER NU-3">𛂑 </td> <td title="U+1B092: HENTAIGANA LETTER NE-1">𛂒 </td> <td title="U+1B093: HENTAIGANA LETTER NE-2">𛂓 </td> <td title="U+1B094: HENTAIGANA LETTER NE-3">𛂔 </td> <td title="U+1B095: HENTAIGANA LETTER NE-4">𛂕 </td> <td title="U+1B096: HENTAIGANA LETTER NE-5">𛂖 </td> <td title="U+1B097: HENTAIGANA LETTER NE-6">𛂗 </td> <td title="U+1B098: HENTAIGANA LETTER NE-KO">𛂘 </td> <td title="U+1B099: HENTAIGANA LETTER NO-1">𛂙 </td> <td title="U+1B09A: HENTAIGANA LETTER NO-2">𛂚 </td> <td title="U+1B09B: HENTAIGANA LETTER NO-3">𛂛 </td> <td title="U+1B09C: HENTAIGANA LETTER NO-4">𛂜 </td> <td title="U+1B09D: HENTAIGANA LETTER NO-5">𛂝 </td> <td title="U+1B09E: HENTAIGANA LETTER HA-1">𛂞 </td> <td title="U+1B09F: HENTAIGANA LETTER HA-2">𛂟 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" lang="mul">U+1B0Ax </th> <td title="U+1B0A0: HENTAIGANA LETTER HA-3">𛂠 </td> <td title="U+1B0A1: HENTAIGANA LETTER HA-4">𛂡 </td> <td title="U+1B0A2: HENTAIGANA LETTER HA-5">𛂢 </td> <td title="U+1B0A3: HENTAIGANA LETTER HA-6">𛂣 </td> <td title="U+1B0A4: HENTAIGANA LETTER HA-7">𛂤 </td> <td title="U+1B0A5: HENTAIGANA LETTER HA-8">𛂥 </td> <td title="U+1B0A6: HENTAIGANA LETTER HA-9">𛂦 </td> <td title="U+1B0A7: HENTAIGANA LETTER HA-10">𛂧 </td> <td title="U+1B0A8: HENTAIGANA LETTER HA-11">𛂨 </td> <td title="U+1B0A9: HENTAIGANA LETTER HI-1">𛂩 </td> <td title="U+1B0AA: HENTAIGANA LETTER HI-2">𛂪 </td> <td title="U+1B0AB: HENTAIGANA LETTER HI-3">𛂫 </td> <td title="U+1B0AC: HENTAIGANA LETTER HI-4">𛂬 </td> <td title="U+1B0AD: HENTAIGANA LETTER HI-5">𛂭 </td> <td title="U+1B0AE: HENTAIGANA LETTER HI-6">𛂮 </td> <td title="U+1B0AF: HENTAIGANA LETTER HI-7">𛂯 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" lang="mul">U+1B0Bx </th> <td title="U+1B0B0: HENTAIGANA LETTER HU-1">𛂰 </td> <td title="U+1B0B1: HENTAIGANA LETTER HU-2">𛂱 </td> <td title="U+1B0B2: HENTAIGANA LETTER HU-3">𛂲 </td> <td title="U+1B0B3: HENTAIGANA LETTER HE-1">𛂳 </td> <td title="U+1B0B4: HENTAIGANA LETTER HE-2">𛂴 </td> <td title="U+1B0B5: HENTAIGANA LETTER HE-3">𛂵 </td> <td title="U+1B0B6: HENTAIGANA LETTER HE-4">𛂶 </td> <td title="U+1B0B7: HENTAIGANA LETTER HE-5">𛂷 </td> <td title="U+1B0B8: HENTAIGANA LETTER HE-6">𛂸 </td> <td title="U+1B0B9: HENTAIGANA LETTER HE-7">𛂹 </td> <td title="U+1B0BA: HENTAIGANA LETTER HO-1">𛂺 </td> <td title="U+1B0BB: HENTAIGANA LETTER HO-2">𛂻 </td> <td title="U+1B0BC: HENTAIGANA LETTER HO-3">𛂼 </td> <td title="U+1B0BD: HENTAIGANA LETTER HO-4">𛂽 </td> <td title="U+1B0BE: HENTAIGANA LETTER HO-5">𛂾 </td> <td title="U+1B0BF: HENTAIGANA LETTER HO-6">𛂿 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" lang="mul">U+1B0Cx </th> <td title="U+1B0C0: HENTAIGANA LETTER HO-7">𛃀 </td> <td title="U+1B0C1: HENTAIGANA LETTER HO-8">𛃁 </td> <td title="U+1B0C2: HENTAIGANA LETTER MA-1">𛃂 </td> <td title="U+1B0C3: HENTAIGANA LETTER MA-2">𛃃 </td> <td title="U+1B0C4: HENTAIGANA LETTER MA-3">𛃄 </td> <td title="U+1B0C5: HENTAIGANA LETTER MA-4">𛃅 </td> <td title="U+1B0C6: HENTAIGANA LETTER MA-5">𛃆 </td> <td title="U+1B0C7: HENTAIGANA LETTER MA-6">𛃇 </td> <td title="U+1B0C8: HENTAIGANA LETTER MA-7">𛃈 </td> <td title="U+1B0C9: HENTAIGANA LETTER MI-1">𛃉 </td> <td title="U+1B0CA: HENTAIGANA LETTER MI-2">𛃊 </td> <td title="U+1B0CB: HENTAIGANA LETTER MI-3">𛃋 </td> <td title="U+1B0CC: HENTAIGANA LETTER MI-4">𛃌 </td> <td title="U+1B0CD: HENTAIGANA LETTER MI-5">𛃍 </td> <td title="U+1B0CE: HENTAIGANA LETTER MI-6">𛃎 </td> <td title="U+1B0CF: HENTAIGANA LETTER MI-7">𛃏 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" lang="mul">U+1B0Dx </th> <td title="U+1B0D0: HENTAIGANA LETTER MU-1">𛃐 </td> <td title="U+1B0D1: HENTAIGANA LETTER MU-2">𛃑 </td> <td title="U+1B0D2: HENTAIGANA LETTER MU-3">𛃒 </td> <td title="U+1B0D3: HENTAIGANA LETTER MU-4">𛃓 </td> <td title="U+1B0D4: HENTAIGANA LETTER ME-1">𛃔 </td> <td title="U+1B0D5: HENTAIGANA LETTER ME-2">𛃕 </td> <td title="U+1B0D6: HENTAIGANA LETTER ME-MA">𛃖 </td> <td title="U+1B0D7: HENTAIGANA LETTER MO-1">𛃗 </td> <td title="U+1B0D8: HENTAIGANA LETTER MO-2">𛃘 </td> <td title="U+1B0D9: HENTAIGANA LETTER MO-3">𛃙 </td> <td title="U+1B0DA: HENTAIGANA LETTER MO-4">𛃚 </td> <td title="U+1B0DB: HENTAIGANA LETTER MO-5">𛃛 </td> <td title="U+1B0DC: HENTAIGANA LETTER MO-6">𛃜 </td> <td title="U+1B0DD: HENTAIGANA LETTER YA-1">𛃝 </td> <td title="U+1B0DE: HENTAIGANA LETTER YA-2">𛃞 </td> <td title="U+1B0DF: HENTAIGANA LETTER YA-3">𛃟 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" lang="mul">U+1B0Ex </th> <td title="U+1B0E0: HENTAIGANA LETTER YA-4">𛃠 </td> <td title="U+1B0E1: HENTAIGANA LETTER YA-5">𛃡 </td> <td title="U+1B0E2: HENTAIGANA LETTER YA-YO">𛃢 </td> <td title="U+1B0E3: HENTAIGANA LETTER YU-1">𛃣 </td> <td title="U+1B0E4: HENTAIGANA LETTER YU-2">𛃤 </td> <td title="U+1B0E5: HENTAIGANA LETTER YU-3">𛃥 </td> <td title="U+1B0E6: HENTAIGANA LETTER YU-4">𛃦 </td> <td title="U+1B0E7: HENTAIGANA LETTER YO-1">𛃧 </td> <td title="U+1B0E8: HENTAIGANA LETTER YO-2">𛃨 </td> <td title="U+1B0E9: HENTAIGANA LETTER YO-3">𛃩 </td> <td title="U+1B0EA: HENTAIGANA LETTER YO-4">𛃪 </td> <td title="U+1B0EB: HENTAIGANA LETTER YO-5">𛃫 </td> <td title="U+1B0EC: HENTAIGANA LETTER YO-6">𛃬 </td> <td title="U+1B0ED: HENTAIGANA LETTER RA-1">𛃭 </td> <td title="U+1B0EE: HENTAIGANA LETTER RA-2">𛃮 </td> <td title="U+1B0EF: HENTAIGANA LETTER RA-3">𛃯 </td></tr> <tr> <th lang="mul">U+1B0Fx </th> <td title="U+1B0F0: HENTAIGANA LETTER RA-4">𛃰 </td> <td title="U+1B0F1: HENTAIGANA LETTER RI-1">𛃱 </td> <td title="U+1B0F2: HENTAIGANA LETTER RI-2">𛃲 </td> <td title="U+1B0F3: HENTAIGANA LETTER RI-3">𛃳 </td> <td title="U+1B0F4: HENTAIGANA LETTER RI-4">𛃴 </td> <td title="U+1B0F5: HENTAIGANA LETTER RI-5">𛃵 </td> <td title="U+1B0F6: HENTAIGANA LETTER RI-6">𛃶 </td> <td title="U+1B0F7: HENTAIGANA LETTER RI-7">𛃷 </td> <td title="U+1B0F8: HENTAIGANA LETTER RU-1">𛃸 </td> <td title="U+1B0F9: HENTAIGANA LETTER RU-2">𛃹 </td> <td title="U+1B0FA: HENTAIGANA LETTER RU-3">𛃺 </td> <td title="U+1B0FB: HENTAIGANA LETTER RU-4">𛃻 </td> <td title="U+1B0FC: HENTAIGANA LETTER RU-5">𛃼 </td> <td title="U+1B0FD: HENTAIGANA LETTER RU-6">𛃽 </td> <td title="U+1B0FE: HENTAIGANA LETTER RE-1">𛃾 </td> <td title="U+1B0FF: HENTAIGANA LETTER RE-2">𛃿 </td></tr> <tr lang="en"> <th colspan="17"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U1B000_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U1B000_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd></dl> </th></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244009430">.mw-parser-output .UnicodeKanaExtendedAChart tr:not([lang|=en]):not([lang|=mul]) td:not([lang|=en]):not([lang|=mul]){font-family:"IPAmjMincho","BabelStone Han","Hanazono Mincho A","HanaMinA",sans-serif}.mw-parser-output .UnicodeKanaExtendedAChart{border-collapse:collapse;background-color:#fff;color:var(--color-base,#202122);font-size:large;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .UnicodeKanaExtendedAChart th{background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .UnicodeKanaExtendedAChart tr:nth-child(2) th{width:20pt}.mw-parser-output .UnicodeKanaExtendedAChart tr:last-child th{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .UnicodeKanaExtendedAChart .reserved{background-color:#CCCCCC}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .UnicodeKanaExtendedAChart{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#000)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .UnicodeKanaExtendedAChart th{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .UnicodeKanaExtendedAChart{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#000)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .UnicodeKanaExtendedAChart th{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)}}</style> <table class="wikitable nounderlines UnicodeKanaExtendedAChart"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="17" lang="en"><b><a href="/wiki/Kana_Extended-A" title="Kana Extended-A">Kana Extended-A</a></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U1B100_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U1B100_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U1B100_grey"><a href="#endnote_U1B100_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1B100.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </th></tr> <tr lang="mul"> <th style="width:45pt"> </th> <th>0</th> <th>1</th> <th>2</th> <th>3</th> <th>4</th> <th>5</th> <th>6</th> <th>7</th> <th>8</th> <th>9</th> <th>A</th> <th>B</th> <th>C</th> <th>D</th> <th>E</th> <th>F </th></tr> <tr lang="ja"> <th lang="mul">U+1B10x </th> <td title="U+1B100: HENTAIGANA LETTER RE-3">𛄀 </td> <td title="U+1B101: HENTAIGANA LETTER RE-4">𛄁 </td> <td title="U+1B102: HENTAIGANA LETTER RO-1">𛄂 </td> <td title="U+1B103: HENTAIGANA LETTER RO-2">𛄃 </td> <td title="U+1B104: HENTAIGANA LETTER RO-3">𛄄 </td> <td title="U+1B105: HENTAIGANA LETTER RO-4">𛄅 </td> <td title="U+1B106: HENTAIGANA LETTER RO-5">𛄆 </td> <td title="U+1B107: HENTAIGANA LETTER RO-6">𛄇 </td> <td title="U+1B108: HENTAIGANA LETTER WA-1">𛄈 </td> <td title="U+1B109: HENTAIGANA LETTER WA-2">𛄉 </td> <td title="U+1B10A: HENTAIGANA LETTER WA-3">𛄊 </td> <td title="U+1B10B: HENTAIGANA LETTER WA-4">𛄋 </td> <td title="U+1B10C: HENTAIGANA LETTER WA-5">𛄌 </td> <td title="U+1B10D: HENTAIGANA LETTER WI-1">𛄍 </td> <td title="U+1B10E: HENTAIGANA LETTER WI-2">𛄎 </td> <td title="U+1B10F: HENTAIGANA LETTER WI-3">𛄏 </td></tr> <tr lang="ja"> <th lang="mul">U+1B11x </th> <td title="U+1B110: HENTAIGANA LETTER WI-4">𛄐 </td> <td title="U+1B111: HENTAIGANA LETTER WI-5">𛄑 </td> <td title="U+1B112: HENTAIGANA LETTER WE-1">𛄒 </td> <td title="U+1B113: HENTAIGANA LETTER WE-2">𛄓 </td> <td title="U+1B114: HENTAIGANA LETTER WE-3">𛄔 </td> <td title="U+1B115: HENTAIGANA LETTER WE-4">𛄕 </td> <td title="U+1B116: HENTAIGANA LETTER WO-1">𛄖 </td> <td title="U+1B117: HENTAIGANA LETTER WO-2">𛄗 </td> <td title="U+1B118: HENTAIGANA LETTER WO-3">𛄘 </td> <td title="U+1B119: HENTAIGANA LETTER WO-4">𛄙 </td> <td title="U+1B11A: HENTAIGANA LETTER WO-5">𛄚 </td> <td title="U+1B11B: HENTAIGANA LETTER WO-6">𛄛 </td> <td title="U+1B11C: HENTAIGANA LETTER WO-7">𛄜 </td> <td title="U+1B11D: HENTAIGANA LETTER N-MU-MO-1">𛄝 </td> <td title="U+1B11E: HENTAIGANA LETTER N-MU-MO-2">𛄞 </td> <td title="U+1B11F: HIRAGANA LETTER ARCHAIC WU">𛄟 </td></tr> <tr lang="ja"> <th lang="mul">U+1B12x </th> <td title="U+1B120: KATAKANA LETTER ARCHAIC YI">𛄠 </td> <td title="U+1B121: KATAKANA LETTER ARCHAIC YE">𛄡 </td> <td title="U+1B122: KATAKANA LETTER ARCHAIC WU">𛄢 </td> <td title="Reserved" class="reserved"> </td> <td title="Reserved" class="reserved"> </td> <td title="Reserved" class="reserved"> </td> <td title="Reserved" class="reserved"> </td> <td title="Reserved" class="reserved"> </td> <td title="Reserved" class="reserved"> </td> <td title="Reserved" class="reserved"> </td> <td title="Reserved" class="reserved"> </td> <td title="Reserved" class="reserved"> </td> <td title="Reserved" class="reserved"> </td> <td title="Reserved" class="reserved"> </td> <td title="Reserved" class="reserved"> </td> <td title="Reserved" class="reserved"> </td></tr> <tr lang="en"> <th colspan="17"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U1B100_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U1B100_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U1B100_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U1B100_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Unicode block for Kana Extended-B is U+1AFF0–U+1AFFF: </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;font-family:sans-serif,'FRBTaiwaneseKana','Nishiki-teki';text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Kana_Extended-B" title="Kana Extended-B">Kana Extended-B</a></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U1AFF0_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U1AFF0_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U1AFF0_grey"><a href="#endnote_U1AFF0_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1AFF0.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1AFFx </td> <td title="U+1AFF0: KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN TONE-2">𚿰 </td> <td title="U+1AFF1: KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN TONE-3">𚿱 </td> <td title="U+1AFF2: KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN TONE-4">𚿲 </td> <td title="U+1AFF3: KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN TONE-5">𚿳 </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1AFF5: KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN TONE-7">𚿵 </td> <td title="U+1AFF6: KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN TONE-8">𚿶 </td> <td title="U+1AFF7: KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN NASALIZED TONE-1">𚿷 </td> <td title="U+1AFF8: KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN NASALIZED TONE-2">𚿸 </td> <td title="U+1AFF9: KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN NASALIZED TONE-3">𚿹 </td> <td title="U+1AFFA: KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN NASALIZED TONE-4">𚿺 </td> <td title="U+1AFFB: KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN NASALIZED TONE-5">𚿻 </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1AFFD: KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN NASALIZED TONE-7">𚿽 </td> <td title="U+1AFFE: KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN NASALIZED TONE-8">𚿾 </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U1AFF0_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U1AFF0_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U1AFF0_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U1AFF0_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Unicode block for Small Kana Extension is U+1B130–U+1B16F: </p><p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;font-family:sans-serif,'BabelStone Han','Nishiki-teki','FRBTaiwaneseKana';text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Small_Kana_Extension" title="Small Kana Extension">Small Kana Extension</a></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U1B130_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U1B130_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U1B130_grey"><a href="#endnote_U1B130_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1B130.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr lang="ja"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small" lang="mul">U+1B13x </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1B132: HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL KO">𛄲 </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr lang="ja"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small" lang="mul">U+1B14x </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr lang="ja"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small" lang="mul">U+1B15x </td> <td title="U+1B150: HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL WI">𛅐 </td> <td title="U+1B151: HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL WE">𛅑 </td> <td title="U+1B152: HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL WO">𛅒 </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1B155: KATAKANA LETTER SMALL KO">𛅕 </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr lang="ja"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small" lang="mul">U+1B16x </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1B164: KATAKANA LETTER SMALL WI">𛅤 </td> <td title="U+1B165: KATAKANA LETTER SMALL WE">𛅥 </td> <td title="U+1B166: KATAKANA LETTER SMALL WO">𛅦 </td> <td title="U+1B167: KATAKANA LETTER SMALL N">𛅧 </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U1B130_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U1B130_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U1B130_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U1B130_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the following character sequences a kana from the /k/ row is modified by a <i>handakuten</i> combining mark to indicate that a syllable starts with an initial nasal, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Dakuten#Phonetic_shifts" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakuten">bidakuon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" class="extiw" title="ja:鼻濁音">ja</a>]</span></i>. As of Unicode 16.0, these character combinations are explicitly called out as Named Sequences: </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <caption>Hiragana named sequences<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small"> <th>Sequence name</th> <th colspan="2" style="width:20pt">Codepoints</th> <th style="width:20pt">Glyph </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:small;">HIRAGANA LETTER BIDAKUON NGA</td> <td style="font-size:small;">U+304B</td> <td style="font-size:small;">U+309A</td> <td>か゚ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:small;">HIRAGANA LETTER BIDAKUON NGI</td> <td style="font-size:small;">U+304D</td> <td style="font-size:small;">U+309A</td> <td>き゚ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:small;">HIRAGANA LETTER BIDAKUON NGU</td> <td style="font-size:small;">U+304F</td> <td style="font-size:small;">U+309A</td> <td>く゚ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:small;">HIRAGANA LETTER BIDAKUON NGE</td> <td style="font-size:small;">U+3051</td> <td style="font-size:small;">U+309A</td> <td>け゚ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:small;">HIRAGANA LETTER BIDAKUON NGO</td> <td style="font-size:small;">U+3053</td> <td style="font-size:small;">U+309A</td> <td>こ゚ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiragana&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> (Zhùyīn fúhào, "phonetic symbols"), a phonetic system of 37 characters for writing Chinese developed in the 1900s and which is more common in Taiwan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iteration_mark" title="Iteration mark">Iteration mark</a> explains the iteration marks used with hiragana.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Japanese phonology</a> explains Japanese pronunciation in detail.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_typographic_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese typographic symbols">Japanese typographic symbols</a> gives other non-kana, non-kanji symbols.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese writing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a>, a syllabary writing system used by women in China's <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> province</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shod%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Shodō">Shodō</a>, Japanese calligraphy.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiragana&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiragana&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daijirin.dual-d.net/extra/hiragana.html">Dual 大辞林</a><br />「平」とは平凡な、やさしいという意で、当時普通に使用する文字体系であったことを意味する。漢字は書簡文や重要な文章などを書く場合に用いる公的な文字であるのに対して、平仮名は漢字の知識に乏しい人々などが用いる私的な性格のものであった。<br />Translation: 平 [the "hira" part of "hiragana"] means "ordinary, common" or "easy, simple" since at that time [the time that the name was given] it was a writing system for everyday use. While kanji was the official system used for letter-writing and important texts, hiragana was for personal use by people who had limited knowledge of kanji.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Japanese-calligraphy#ref1049371">"Japanese calligraphy"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Japanese+calligraphy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FJapanese-calligraphy%23ref1049371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiragana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF山田_健三_(Yamada_Kenzō)" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">山田健三 (Yamada Kenzō). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soar-ir.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/21282/files/ShinshuStudiesinHumanities_7-2_13.pdf">"平安期神楽歌謡文献からみる「平仮名」の位置"</a> [The Position of "Hiragana" As Seen from Kagura Song References of the Heian Period] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Japanese). p. 239<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-18</span></span>. <q><p>「かたかな」の「かた」は単に「片方」という意味ではなく、本来あるべきものが欠落しているという評価形容語と解すべきことはよく知られているが（亀井孝1941）、(7)としてまとめた対立関係から考えると、「ひらがな」も同様に「かな」の「ひら」という評価位置に存在するものと考えられる。</p><p>本国語大辞典「ひらがな」の説明は「ひら」を「角のない、通俗平易の意」とし、また「ひら」を前部要素とする複合語の形態素説明で、多くの辞書は「ひら」に「たいら」という意味を認める。</p><p>しかし、辞書の意味説明が必ずしも原義説明を欲してはいないことを知りつつも、野暮を承知でいうならば、これは「ひら」の原義（中核的意味）説明としては適当ではない。「ひら」は、「枚」や擬態語「ひらひら」などと同根の情態言とでもいうべき形態素／ pira ／であり、その中核的意味は、物理的／精神的な「薄さ」を示し、「たいら」はそこからの派生義と思われる。となると、「ひらがな」に物理的「薄さ」（thinness）は当然求められないので、「ひら」とはより精神的な表現に傾き、「かたかな」同様、「かな」から見て、ワンランク下であることを示す、いささか差別的・蔑視的ニュアンスを含む表現であったということになる。</p></q> [<p>The "<i>kata</i>" in "<i>katakana</i>" does not mean just "one side", and it is well known (Takashi Kamei 1941) that it should be interpreted as a valuation epithet stating that something that should be there is missing, and considering the oppositional relationship summarized in figure (7), the word "<i>hiragana</i>" can be thought of in a valuation position as the "<i>hira</i>" kind of "<i>kana</i>".</p><p>The explanation of the term <i>hiragana</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Kokugo_Daijiten" title="Nihon Kokugo Daijiten">Nihon Kokugo Daijiten</a> dictionary states that <i>hira</i> means "unangular, easy for common people", and descriptions of <i>hira</i> as a prefixing element in compounds as given in many dictionaries explain this <i>hira</i> as meaning "flat" (<i>taira</i>).</p><p>However, knowing that dictionary explanations of meaning do not always drive for the original senses, if we are to be brash, we might point out that this is not a fitting explanation of the original sense (core meaning) of <i>hira</i>. <i>Hira</i> is morpheme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pira/</span>, cognate with words like <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">枚</span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">hira</i></span>, "slip of paper, cloth, or something else flat")</span> or <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ひらひら</span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">hirahira</i></span>, "flutteringly")</span>, and the core meaning indicates physical or emotional "thinness", and <i>taira</i> ("flat") appears to be a derived meaning therefrom. As such, we naturally cannot get physical "thinness" from <i>hiragana</i>, so the <i>hira</i> leans more towards an emotional expression, and much like for <i>katakana</i>, from the perspective of <i>kana</i>, it indicates a lower relative ranking [relative to the <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a>], and the expression contains a slight nuance of discrimination or contempt.</p>]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%89%E6%9C%9F%E7%A5%9E%E6%A5%BD%E6%AD%8C%E8%AC%A1%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%81%BF%E3%82%8B%E3%80%8C%E5%B9%B3%E4%BB%AE%E5%90%8D%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E4%BD%8D%E7%BD%AE&rft.pages=239&rft.au=%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%B0+%E5%81%A5%E4%B8%89+%28Yamada+Kenz%C5%8D%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoar-ir.repo.nii.ac.jp%2Frecord%2F21282%2Ffiles%2FShinshuStudiesinHumanities_7-2_13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiragana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_BowringHaruko_Uryu_Laurie2004" class="citation book cs1">Richard Bowring; Haruko Uryu Laurie (2004). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontomo01bowr"><i>An Introduction to Modern Japanese: Book 1</i></a></span>. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontomo01bowr/page/n27">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521548878" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521548878"><bdi>978-0521548878</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Modern+Japanese%3A+Book+1&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0521548878&rft.au=Richard+Bowring&rft.au=Haruko+Uryu+Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontomo01bowr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiragana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2009" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Xuexin (2009). "Japanese Simplification of Chinese Characters in Perspective". <i>Southeast Review of Asian Studies</i>. <b>31</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+Review+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Japanese+Simplification+of+Chinese+Characters+in+Perspective&rft.volume=31&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Xuexin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiragana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obsolete-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-obsolete_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obsolete_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obsolete_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obsolete_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obsolete_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obsolete_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obsolete_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obsolete_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#Obsolete_kana">obsolete kana</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhk.or.jp/lesson/english/syllabary/hiragana_english.pdf">"The Japanese Syllabaries (Hiragana)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NHK World</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NHK+World&rft.atitle=The+Japanese+Syllabaries+%28Hiragana%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhk.or.jp%2Flesson%2Fenglish%2Fsyllabary%2Fhiragana_english.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiragana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024633/http://www.halcat.com/roomazi/doc/ansiz3911.html"><bdi lang="ja">■米国規格(ANSI Z39.11-1972)―要約</bdi></a>. <i>halcat.com</i> (in Japanese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.halcat.com/roomazi/doc/ansiz3911.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=halcat.com&rft.atitle=%E2%96%A0%E7%B1%B3%E5%9B%BD%E8%A6%8F%E6%A0%BC%28ANSI+Z39.11-1972%29%E2%80%95%E8%A6%81%E7%B4%84&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.halcat.com%2Froomazi%2Fdoc%2Fansiz3911.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiragana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ALA-LC-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ALA-LC_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ALA-LC_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/japanese.pdf">"ALA-LC Japanese Romanization Table"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></i>. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230509160436/https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/japanese.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=ALA-LC+Japanese+Romanization+Table&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcatdir%2Fcpso%2Fromanization%2Fjapanese.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiragana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary</i> (Fourth ed.). <a href="/wiki/Kenky%C5%ABsha" title="Kenkyūsha">Kenkyūsha</a>. 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kenkyusha%27s+New+Japanese-English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Kenky%C5%ABsha&rft.date=1974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiragana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/pdf/20170401_6.pdf">"鼻濁音の位置づけと現況"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%BC%BB%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3%E3%81%AE%E4%BD%8D%E7%BD%AE%E3%81%A5%E3%81%91%E3%81%A8%E7%8F%BE%E6%B3%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhk.or.jp%2Fbunken%2Fresearch%2Fkotoba%2Fpdf%2F20170401_6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiragana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1B000.pdf">"Unicode 10 Extended Kana Block"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unicode+10+Extended+Kana+Block&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FU1B000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiragana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walter_&_Walter_1998-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walter_&_Walter_1998_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter & Walter 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvest_in_Izu-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harvest_in_Izu_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.jp/itikun01/hibi/zat2.html"><bdi lang="ja">伊豆での収穫 : 日本国語学史上比類なき変体仮名</bdi></a> [Harvest in Izu: Hentaigana unique in the history of Japanese linguistics]. <i>geocities.jp</i> (in Japanese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geocities.jp&rft.atitle=%E4%BC%8A%E8%B1%86%E3%81%A7%E3%81%AE%E5%8F%8E%E7%A9%AB+%3A+%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E6%AF%94%E9%A1%9E%E3%81%AA%E3%81%8D%E5%A4%89%E4%BD%93%E4%BB%AE%E5%90%8D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.jp%2Fitikun01%2Fhibi%2Fzat2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiragana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Proposal_to_Encode_Missing_Japanese_Kana-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Proposal_to_Encode_Missing_Japanese_Kana_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Proposal_to_Encode_Missing_Japanese_Kana_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross2020" class="citation web cs1">Gross, Abraham (2020-01-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19381-missing-kana.pdf">"Proposal to Encode Missing Japanese Kana"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proposal+to+Encode+Missing+Japanese+Kana&rft.date=2020-01-05&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2019%2F19381-missing-kana.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiragana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unicode_Kana_Supplement-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Unicode_Kana_Supplement_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1B000.pdf">"Unicode Kana Supplement"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>unicode.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unicode.org&rft.atitle=Unicode+Kana+Supplement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FU1B000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiragana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glyphwiki.org/wiki/hiragana-wu">"Glyphwiki Hiraga Wu Reconstructed"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glyphwiki+Hiraga+Wu+Reconstructed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglyphwiki.org%2Fwiki%2Fhiragana-wu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiragana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/862200">"仮名遣"</a>. 1891.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%BB%AE%E5%90%8D%E9%81%A3&rft.date=1891&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdl.ndl.go.jp%2Finfo%3Andljp%2Fpid%2F862200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiragana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hirakanagenji-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hirakanagenji_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iannacone, Jake (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kobunworld.blog.fc2.com/blog-entry-5.html">"Reply to The Origin of Hiragana /wu/ 平仮名のわ行うの字源に対する新たな発見"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hvitumavar.blog.se/japanese-original-50-kana-yi-ye-wu/">"Japanese full 50 kana: yi, ye, wu"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japanese+full+50+kana%3A+yi%2C+ye%2C+wu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhvitumavar.blog.se%2Fjapanese-original-50-kana-yi-ye-wu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiragana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Yookoso! An Invitation to Contemporary Japanese</i> 1st edition McGraw-Hill, page 13 "Linguistic Note: The Origins of Hiragana and Katakana"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seeley (2000:19–23)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_BowringHaruko_Uryu_Laurie2004" class="citation book cs1">Richard Bowring; Haruko Uryu Laurie (2004). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontomo01bowr"><i>An Introduction to Modern Japanese: Book 1</i></a></span>. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontomo01bowr/page/n26">8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521548878" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521548878"><bdi>978-0521548878</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Modern+Japanese%3A+Book+1&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0521548878&rft.au=Richard+Bowring&rft.au=Haruko+Uryu+Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontomo01bowr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiragana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatasaKazumi_HatasaSeiichi_Makino2010" class="citation book cs1">Hatasa, Yukiko Abe; Kazumi Hatasa; Seiichi Makino (2010). <i>Nakama 1: Introductory Japanese: Communication, Culture, Context 2nd ed</i>. Heinle. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0495798187" title="Special:BookSources/978-0495798187"><bdi>978-0495798187</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nakama+1%3A+Introductory+Japanese%3A+Communication%2C+Culture%2C+Context+2nd+ed.&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Heinle&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0495798187&rft.aulast=Hatasa&rft.aufirst=Yukiko+Abe&rft.au=Kazumi+Hatasa&rft.au=Seiichi+Makino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiragana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 108. Kataoka, Kuniyoshi. 1997. "Affect and letter writing: unconventional conventions in casual writing by young Japanese women". <i>Language in Society</i> 26:103–136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/NamedSequences.txt">Unicode Named Character Sequences Database</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiragana&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Yujiro Nakata, <i>The Art of Japanese Calligraphy</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8348-1013-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8348-1013-1">0-8348-1013-1</a>, gives details of the development of <i>onode</i> and <i>onnade</i>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiragana&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">を</span></span> is transliterated as <i><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">o</i></span></i> in <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Modified Hepburn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kunrei" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunrei">Kunrei</a> and as <i><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">wo</i></span></i> in Traditional Hepburn and <a href="/wiki/Nippon-shiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nippon-shiki">Nippon-shiki</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiragana&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" class="extiw" title="commons:Hiragana"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Hiragana</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hiragana" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hiragana">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hiragana" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:hiragana">hiragana</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U3040.pdf">Hiragana unicode chart</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kanjikana.com/en/hiragana">Hiragana table with strokes animations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn-scripts.github.io/hiragana.html">Practice Hiragana</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_language" title="Template:Japanese language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_language" title="Template talk:Japanese language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earlier forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Japanese" title="Old Japanese">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Japanese" title="Early Middle Japanese">Early Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Japanese" title="Late Middle Japanese">Late Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Japanese" title="Early Modern Japanese">Early Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects">Dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects"><b>Eastern</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkaido_dialects" title="Hokkaido dialects">Hokkaidō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_dialect" title="Tōhoku dialect"><b>Tōhoku</b></a> <ul><li>Northern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanbu_dialect" title="Nanbu dialect">Nanbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsugaru_dialect" title="Tsugaru dialect">Tsugaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akita_dialect" title="Akita dialect">Akita</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kesen_dialect" title="Kesen dialect">Kesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairiku_dialect" title="Nairiku dialect">Nairiku</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kantō dialect"><b>Kantō</b></a> <ul><li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunma_dialect" title="Gunma dialect">Gunma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanagawa_dialect" title="Kanagawa dialect">Kanagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_dialect" title="Tokyo dialect">Tokyo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibaraki_dialect" title="Ibaraki dialect">Ibaraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tochigi_dialect" title="Tochigi dialect">Tochigi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Izu_Archipelago_dialects" title="Northern Izu Archipelago dialects">Northern Izu Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkai%E2%80%93T%C5%8Dsan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōkai–Tōsan dialect"><b>Tōkai–Tōsan</b></a> <ul><li>Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shizuoka_dialect" title="Shizuoka dialect">Shizuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narada_dialect" title="Narada dialect">Narada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Echigo <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagaoka_dialect" title="Nagaoka dialect">Nagaoka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Gifu-Aichi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya_dialect" title="Nagoya dialect">Nagoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikawa_dialect" title="Mikawa dialect">Mikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mino_dialect" title="Mino dialect">Mino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hida_dialect" title="Hida dialect">Hida</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects"><b>Western</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokuriku_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokuriku dialect"><b>Hokuriku</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaga_dialect" title="Kaga dialect">Kaga</a> <ul><li>Kanazawa</li> <li>Shiramine</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansai_dialect" title="Kansai dialect"><b>Kansai</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awaji_dialect" title="Awaji dialect">Awaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bansh%C5%AB_dialect" title="Banshū dialect">Banshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish%C5%AB_dialect" title="Kishū dialect">Kishū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okuyoshino_dialect" title="Okuyoshino dialect">Okuyoshino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikoku_dialect" title="Shikoku dialect"><b>Shikoku</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iyo_dialect" title="Iyo dialect">Iyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosa_dialect" title="Tosa dialect">Tosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanuki_dialect" title="Sanuki dialect">Sanuki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABgoku_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chūgoku dialect"><b>Chūgoku</b></a> <ul><li>San'yō <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bingo_dialect" title="Bingo dialect">Bingo</a></li></ul></li> <li>East San'in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insh%C5%AB_dialect" title="Inshū dialect">Inshū</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpaku_dialect" title="Umpaku dialect"><b>Umpaku</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects"><b>Kyūshū</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnichi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hōnichi dialect"><b>Hōnichi</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cita_dialect" title="Ōita dialect">Ōita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hichiku_dialect" title="Hichiku dialect"><b>Hichiku</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chikuzen_dialect" title="Chikuzen dialect">Chikuzen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakata_dialect" title="Hakata dialect">Hakata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumamoto_dialect" title="Kumamoto dialect">Kumamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasaki_dialect" title="Nagasaki dialect">Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_dialect" title="Saga dialect">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsushima_dialect" title="Tsushima dialect">Tsushima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagoshima_dialect" title="Kagoshima dialect"><b>Satsugū</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b>Other</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_Japanese" title="Amami Japanese">Amami Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_Japanese" title="Okinawan Japanese">Okinawan Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese-based_creole_languages" title="Japanese-based creole languages">Pidgins and creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_English" title="Bamboo English">Bamboo English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonin_English" title="Bonin English">Bonin English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_loanwords_in_Hawaii" title="Japanese loanwords in Hawaii">Hawaiian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyowa-go" title="Kyowa-go">Kyowa-go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Chinese" title="Pseudo-Chinese">Pseudo-Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yilan_Creole_Japanese" title="Yilan Creole Japanese">Yilan Creole Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokohama_Pidgin_Japanese" title="Yokohama Pidgin Japanese">Yokohama Pidgin Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Old_Japanese" title="Eastern Old Japanese">Eastern Old Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_language" title="Hachijō language">Hachijō</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_grammar" title="Hachijō grammar">grammar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ryukyuan_languages" title="Northern Ryukyuan languages">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_%C5%8Cshima_language" title="Amami Ōshima language">Amami Ōshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Amami_%C5%8Cshima_language" title="Southern Amami Ōshima language">Southern Amami Ōshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikai_language" title="Kikai language">Kikai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunigami_language" title="Kunigami language">Kunigami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_language" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinoerabu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinoerabu language">Okinoerabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokunoshima_language" title="Tokunoshima language">Tokunoshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoron_language" title="Yoron language">Yoron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ryukyuan_languages" title="Southern Ryukyuan languages">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miyakoan_language" title="Miyakoan language">Miyako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarama_language" title="Tarama language">Tarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaeyama_language" title="Yaeyama language">Yaeyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonaguni_language" title="Yonaguni language">Yonaguni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Writing system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_script_reform" title="Japanese script reform">Script reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanbun" title="Kanbun">Kanbun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kanji_by_stroke_count" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kanji by stroke count">by stroke count</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kanji radicals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kanji_radicals_by_frequency" title="List of kanji radicals by frequency">by frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kanji_radicals_by_stroke_count" title="List of kanji radicals by stroke count">by stroke count</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokuji" title="Kokuji">Kokuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryakuji" title="Ryakuji">Ryakuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ateji" title="Ateji">Ateji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furigana" title="Furigana">Furigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okurigana" title="Okurigana">Okurigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goj%C5%ABon" title="Gojūon">Gojūon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_ligature" title="Kana ligature">Kana ligature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Orthography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Braille</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_punctuation" title="Japanese punctuation">Punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanazukai" title="Kanazukai">Kanazukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_kana_orthography" title="Historical kana orthography">Historical kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_kana_usage" title="Modern kana usage">Modern kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddai_Tokushu_Kanazukai" title="Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai">Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yotsugana" title="Yotsugana">Yotsugana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Japanese" title="Transcription into Japanese">Transcription into Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Encoding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code" title="Extended Unix Code">EUC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code#EUC-JP" title="Extended Unix Code">EUC-JP</a></li></ul></li> <li>ISO/IEC <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li>JIS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0201" title="JIS X 0201">0201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0208" title="JIS X 0208">0208</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0211" title="JIS X 0211">0211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0212" title="JIS X 0212">0212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0213" title="JIS X 0213">0213</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift_JIS" title="Shift JIS">Shift JIS</a></li></ul></li> <li>Unicode <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana_(Unicode_block)" title="Hiragana (Unicode block)">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_Extended-A" title="Kana Extended-A">Kana Extended-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_Extended-B" title="Kana Extended-B">Kana Extended-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_Supplement" title="Kana Supplement">Kana Supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Kana_Extension" title="Small Kana Extension">Small Kana Extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana_(Unicode_block)" title="Katakana (Unicode block)">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana_Phonetic_Extensions" title="Katakana Phonetic Extensions">Katakana Phonetic Extensions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARIB_STD_B24_character_set" title="ARIB STD B24 character set">ARIB STD B24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosed_CJK_Letters_and_Months" title="Enclosed CJK Letters and Months">Enclosed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosed_Ideographic_Supplement" title="Enclosed Ideographic Supplement">EIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_shinjitai" title="Extended shinjitai">Extended shinjitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_fullwidth_forms" title="Halfwidth and fullwidth forms">Half/Full</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Grammar and<br />vocabulary</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_grammar" title="Japanese grammar">Japanese grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_verb_conjugation" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese verb conjugation">Verb conjugations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_godan_and_ichidan_verbs" title="Japanese godan and ichidan verbs">Godan and ichidan verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_irregular_verbs" title="Japanese irregular verbs">Irregular verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pronouns" title="Japanese pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_adjectives" title="Japanese adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_possessives" title="Japanese possessives">Possessives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_particles" title="Japanese particles">Particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_marker" title="Topic marker">Topic marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_counter_word" title="Japanese counter word">Counter words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_numerals" title="Japanese numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_kotoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamato kotoba">Native words (<i>yamato kotoba</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Japanese vocabulary">Sino-Japanese vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gairaigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gairaigo">Loan words (<i>gairaigo</i>)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_words_of_Dutch_origin" title="Glossary of Japanese words of Dutch origin">from Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_words_of_Portuguese_origin" title="Glossary of Japanese words of Portuguese origin">from Portuguese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasei-eigo" title="Wasei-eigo">Wasei-eigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasei-kango" title="Wasei-kango">Wasei-kango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorific_speech_in_Japanese" title="Honorific speech in Japanese">Honorific speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_honorifics" title="Japanese honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C5%8Db%C5%8D_kotoba" title="Nyōbō kotoba">Court lady language (<i>nyōbō kotoba</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuwarigo" title="Yakuwarigo">Role language (<i>yakuwarigo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_Japanese" title="Gender differences in Japanese">Gender differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dictionary" title="Japanese dictionary">Dictionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Phonology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pitch_accent" title="Japanese pitch accent">Pitch accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendaku" title="Rendaku">Rendaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_sound_symbolism" title="Japanese sound symbolism">Sound symbolism</a></li> <li>Kanji pronunciation sources <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Go-on" title="Go-on">Go-on</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kan-on" title="Kan-on">Kan-on</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8D-on" title="Tō-on">Tō-on</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transliteration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki_romanization" title="Nihon-shiki romanization">Nihon-shiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSL_romanization" title="JSL romanization">JSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81puro_r%C5%8Dmaji" title="Wāpuro rōmaji">Wāpuro rōmaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_of_the_Japanese_language_in_Esperanto" title="Transcription of the Japanese language in Esperanto">In Esperanto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Japanese" title="Cyrillization of Japanese">Cyrillization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polivanov_system" title="Polivanov system">Polivanov system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_poetry" title="Japanese poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_writers" title="List of Japanese writers">Writers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_speculative_fiction_writers" title="List of Japanese speculative fiction writers">Speculative fiction writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Japanese" title="Classical Japanese">Classical Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_Japanese_texts" title="List of classical Japanese texts">texts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48332#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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