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<span>Writing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In English</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_English-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In English subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Replacement_of_/t/" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Replacement_of_/t/"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Replacement of /t/</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Replacement_of_/t/-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Before_initial_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_initial_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Before initial vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_initial_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence_in_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence_in_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Occurrence in other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence_in_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Glottal stop</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimmloser_glottaler_Plosiv" title="Stimmloser glottaler Plosiv – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Stimmloser glottaler Plosiv" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="انفجاري حنجري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انفجاري حنجري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oclusiva_glotal" title="Oclusiva glotal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Oclusiva glotal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seng-b%C3%BBn_sat-im" title="Seng-bûn sat-im – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Seng-bûn sat-im" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Глотална пауза – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Глотална пауза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stankenn_darzh" title="Stankenn darzh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Stankenn darzh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oclusiva_glotal_sorda" title="Oclusiva glotal sorda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oclusiva glotal sorda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1z_(fonetika)" title="Ráz (fonetika) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ráz (fonetika)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_klusil" title="Glottal klusil – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Glottal klusil" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottaler_Plosiv" title="Glottaler Plosiv – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Glottaler Plosiv" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5risulgh%C3%A4%C3%A4lik" title="Kõrisulghäälik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kõrisulghäälik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oclusiva_glotal" title="Oclusiva glotal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oclusiva glotal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glota_halto" title="Glota halto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Glota halto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="انسدادی چاکنایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انسدادی چاکنایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_de_glotte" title="Coup de glotte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coup de glotte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EB%AC%B8_%ED%8C%8C%EC%97%B4%EC%9D%8C" title="성문 파열음 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성문 파열음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Հագագային աղեղ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հագագային աղեղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glotalni_prekidnik" title="Glotalni prekidnik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Glotalni prekidnik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surda_glotala_klozita" title="Surda glotala klozita – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Surda glotala klozita" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonan_letup_celah-suara" title="Konsonan letup celah-suara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konsonan letup celah-suara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD_%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%BB%C3%A6%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Хурхон æрлæуд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хурхон æрлæуд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raddglufulokhlj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Raddglufulokhljóð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Raddglufulokhljóð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occlusiva_glottidale_sorda" title="Occlusiva glottidale sorda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Occlusiva glottidale sorda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%A7%D7%99,_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%9D,_%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9D" title="עיצור סדקי, סותם, אטום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיצור סדקי, סותם, אטום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occlusiva_glottidalis" title="Occlusiva glottidalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Occlusiva glottidalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glot%C4%81ls_sl%C4%93dzenis" title="Glotāls slēdzenis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Glotāls slēdzenis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glotalinis_sprogstamasis_priebalsis" title="Glotalinis sprogstamasis priebalsis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Glotalinis sprogstamasis priebalsis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottisslaag" title="Glottisslaag – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Glottisslaag" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glott%C3%A1lis_stop" title="Glottális stop – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Glottális stop" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гласилна избувна согласка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гласилна избувна согласка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hentian_glotis" title="Hentian glotis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hentian glotis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottisslag" title="Glottisslag – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Glottisslag" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E9%96%80%E7%A0%B4%E8%A3%82%E9%9F%B3" title="声門破裂音 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="声門破裂音" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_plosiv" title="Glottal plosiv – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Glottal plosiv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwarcie_krtaniowe" title="Zwarcie krtaniowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zwarcie krtaniowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oclusiva_glotal" title="Oclusiva glotal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oclusiva glotal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocluziune_glotal%C4%83" title="Ocluziune glotală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ocluziune glotală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гортанная смычка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гортанная смычка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfu_de_gorgobena" title="Corfu de gorgobena – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Corfu de gorgobena" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_stap" title="Glottal stap – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Glottal stap" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Glottal stop" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Глотални оклузив – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Глотални оклузив" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottaaliklusiili" title="Glottaaliklusiili – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Glottaaliklusiili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_klusil" title="Glottal klusil – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Glottal klusil" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87" title="เสียงหยุด เส้นเสียง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เสียงหยุด เส้นเสียง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the sound in spoken language. For the letter, see <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop_(letter)" title="Glottal stop (letter)">Glottal stop (letter)</a>. For consonants followed by superscript ˀ, see <a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">Glottalization</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sound made by stopping airflow in the glottis</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Glottal stop</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔ</span></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA Number">IPA Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">113</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Audio sample</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="150" style="width:150px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Glottal_stop.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Glottal_stop.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4d/Glottal_stop.ogg/Glottal_stop.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> <div><small><a href="/wiki/File:Glottal_stop.ogg" title="File:Glottal stop.ogg">source</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">help</a></small></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Encoding</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Entity <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(decimal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>&#660;</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unicode <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(hex)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">U+0294</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>?</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">Braille</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_Semicolon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠆ (braille pattern dots-23) U+2806"><img alt="⠆ (braille pattern dots-23)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_Semicolon.svg/25px-Braille_Semicolon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_Semicolon.svg/38px-Braille_Semicolon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_Semicolon.svg/50px-Braille_Semicolon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; margin:0; border:0; background: transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#FFFFE6; border:0;">Image </th></tr> <tr> <td class="center" style="background: transparent; border:0;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glottal_stop_(vector).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Glottal_stop_%28vector%29.svg/150px-Glottal_stop_%28vector%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Glottal_stop_%28vector%29.svg/225px-Glottal_stop_%28vector%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Glottal_stop_%28vector%29.svg/300px-Glottal_stop_%28vector%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>glottal stop</b> or <b>glottal plosive</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonantal</a> sound used in many <a href="/wiki/Speech_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech communication">spoken</a> <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a>, produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract or, more precisely, the <a href="/wiki/Glottis" title="Glottis">glottis</a>. The symbol in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> that represents this sound is ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ʔ</span>⟩. </p><p>As a result of the obstruction of the airflow in the glottis, the glottal vibration either stops or becomes irregular with a low rate and sudden drop in intensity.<sup id="cite_ref-umeda_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umeda-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glottal_stop&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Features of the glottal stop:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Its <a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">manner of articulation</a> is <a href="/wiki/Occlusive_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Occlusive (phonetics)">occlusive</a>, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasal outlet</a>, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosive</a>.</li> <li>Its <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place of articulation</a> is <a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">glottal</a>, which means it is articulated at and by the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_folds" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal folds">vocal cords</a> (vocal folds).</li> <li>It has no <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a> at all, as there is no airflow through the glottis.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is voiceless, however, in the sense that it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.</li> <li>It is an <a href="/wiki/Oral_consonant" title="Oral consonant">oral consonant</a>, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.</li> <li>Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the <a href="/wiki/Central_consonant" title="Central consonant">central</a>–<a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a> dichotomy does not apply.</li> <li>Its <a href="/wiki/Airstream_mechanism" title="Airstream mechanism">airstream mechanism</a> is <a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_egressive" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonic egressive">pulmonic</a>, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercostal muscle">intercostal muscles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_muscles" title="Abdominal muscles">abdominal muscles</a>, as in most sounds.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing">Writing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glottal_stop&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop_(letter)" title="Glottal stop (letter)">Glottal stop (letter)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilingual_road_sign_in_squamish_language_1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bilingual_road_sign_in_squamish_language_1a.jpg/200px-Bilingual_road_sign_in_squamish_language_1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bilingual_road_sign_in_squamish_language_1a.jpg/300px-Bilingual_road_sign_in_squamish_language_1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bilingual_road_sign_in_squamish_language_1a.jpg/400px-Bilingual_road_sign_in_squamish_language_1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1331" data-file-height="1370" /></a><figcaption>Road sign in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> showing the use of the digit ⟨7⟩ to represent <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span></span> in <a href="/wiki/Squamish_language" title="Squamish language">Squamish</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the traditional <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> of many languages, such as Arabic, the glottal stop is transcribed with the <a href="/wiki/Modifier_letter_apostrophe" title="Modifier letter apostrophe">apostrophe</a> <a href="/wiki/%CA%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ʼ"><span class="nowrap">⟨ʼ⟩</span></a> or the symbol <a href="/wiki/%CA%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ʾ"><span class="nowrap">⟨ʾ⟩</span></a>, which is the source of the IPA character ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ʔ</span>⟩. In many <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian languages</a> that use the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, however, the glottal stop is written with a rotated apostrophe, <span class="nowrap">⟨ʻ⟩</span> (called <i><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBokina" class="mw-redirect" title="ʻokina">ʻokina</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a>), which is commonly used to transcribe the Arabic <a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">ayin</a> as well (also <span class="nowrap">⟨ʽ⟩</span>) and is the source of the IPA character for the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">voiced pharyngeal fricative</a> ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ʕ</span>⟩. In <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> the glottal stop is represented by the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span> (at the end of words), in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_language" title="Võro language">Võro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a> by <span class="nowrap">⟨q⟩</span>. Another way of writing the glottal stop is the <a href="/wiki/Saltillo_(linguistics)#The_saltillo_letter" title="Saltillo (linguistics)">saltillo</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨Ꞌ ꞌ⟩</span>, used in languages such as <a href="/wiki/Tlapanec_language" title="Tlapanec language">Tlapanec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Rapa Nui</a>. </p><p>Other scripts also have letters used for representing the glottal stop, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew letter</a> <a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">aleph</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">א</span>‎⟩</span> and the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> letter <a href="/wiki/Palochka" title="Palochka">palochka</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨Ӏ⟩</span>, used in several <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasian languages</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">hamza</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ء</span></span>⟩</span>, which can appear both as a <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> and as an independent letter (though not part of the alphabet). In <a href="/wiki/Tundra_Nenets_language" title="Tundra Nenets language">Tundra Nenets</a>, it is represented by the letters <a href="/wiki/Modifier_letter_apostrophe" title="Modifier letter apostrophe">apostrophe</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨ʼ⟩</span> and <a href="/wiki/Modifier_letter_double_apostrophe" title="Modifier letter double apostrophe">double apostrophe</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨ˮ⟩</span>. In <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, glottal stops occur at the end of interjections of surprise or anger and are represented by the character <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="っ">っ</a>⟩</span>. </p><p>In the graphic representation of most <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a>, the glottal stop has no consistent symbolization. In most cases, however, a word that begins with a vowel-letter (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">aso</i></span>, "dog") is always pronounced with an unrepresented glottal stop before that vowel (as in Modern <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a>). Some orthographies use a hyphen instead of the reverse apostrophe if the glottal stop occurs in the middle of the word (e.g. Tagalog <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">pag-ibig</i></span>, "love"; or <a href="/wiki/Visayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayan languages">Visayan</a> <i>gabi-i</i>, "night"). If it occurs in the end of a word, the last vowel can be written with a <a href="/wiki/Circumflex_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumflex accent">circumflex accent</a> (known as the <i>pakupyâ</i>) if both a stress and a glottal stop occur in the final vowel (e.g. <i>basâ</i>, "wet") or a <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a> (known as the <i>paiwà</i>) if the glottal stop occurs at the final vowel, but the stress occurs at the penultimate syllable (e.g. <i>batà</i>, "child").<sup id="cite_ref-expr_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-expr-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nolasco_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nolasco-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tagalog_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tagalog-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada#Indigenous_languages" title="Languages of Canada">Canadian indigenous languages</a>, especially some of the <a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan languages</a>, have adopted the IPA letter <span class="nowrap">⟨ʔ⟩</span> into their orthographies. In some of them, it occurs as a <a href="/wiki/Casing_pair" class="mw-redirect" title="Casing pair">casing pair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop_(letter)" title="Glottal stop (letter)"><span class="nowrap">⟨Ɂ⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ɂ⟩</span></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The digit <span class="nowrap">⟨7⟩</span> or a <a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question mark</a> is sometimes substituted for <span class="nowrap">⟨ʔ⟩</span>, and is preferred in languages such as <a href="/wiki/Squamish_language" title="Squamish language">Squamish</a>. <a href="/wiki/SEN%C4%86O%C5%A6EN" class="mw-redirect" title="SENĆOŦEN">SENĆOŦEN</a> – whose alphabet is mostly unique from other Salish languages – contrastly uses the <a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">comma</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨,⟩</span> to represent the glottal stop, though it is optional. </p><p>In 2015, two women in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> challenged the territorial government over its refusal to permit them to use the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨ʔ⟩</span> in their daughters' names: <i>Sahaiʔa</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Chipewyan</a> name, and <i>Sakaeʔah</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Slavey</a> name (the two names are actually <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a>). The territory argued that territorial and federal identity documents were unable to accommodate the character. The women registered the names with hyphens instead of the <span class="nowrap">⟨ʔ⟩</span>, while continuing to challenge the policy.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Crow_language" title="Crow language">Crow language</a>, the glottal stop is written as a <a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question mark</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨?⟩</span>. The only instance of the glottal stop in Crow is as a <a href="/wiki/Question_marker" class="mw-redirect" title="Question marker">question marker</a> morpheme at the end of a sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Use of the glottal stop is a distinct characteristic of the Southern Mainland <a href="/wiki/Argyll" title="Argyll">Argyll</a> dialects of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>. In such a dialect, the standard Gaelic phrase <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Tha Gàidhlig agam</i></span> ("I speak Gaelic"), would be rendered <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Tha Gàidhlig a'am</i></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Nawdm_language" title="Nawdm language">Nawdm language</a> of Ghana, the glottal stop is written <i>ɦ</i>, capital <i>Ĥ</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_English">In English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glottal_stop&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Replacement_of_/t/"><span id="Replacement_of_.2Ft.2F"></span>Replacement of /t/</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glottal_stop&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Replacement of /t/"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In English, the glottal stop occurs as an <a href="/wiki/Open_juncture" class="mw-redirect" title="Open juncture">open juncture</a> (for example, between the vowel sounds in <i>uh-oh!</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and allophonically in <a href="/wiki/T-glottalization" title="T-glottalization">t-glottalization</a>. In <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>, the glottal stop is most familiar in the <a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a> pronunciation of "butter" as "bu'er". <a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Geordie</a> English often uses glottal stops for t, k, and p, and has a unique form of glottalization. Additionally, there is the glottal stop as a <a href="/wiki/Syllable#Null_onset" title="Syllable">null onset</a> for English; in other words, it is the non-phonemic glottal stop occurring before isolated or initial vowels. </p><p>Often a glottal stop happens at the beginning of vowel <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a> after a silence.<sup id="cite_ref-umeda_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umeda-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although this <a href="/wiki/Segment_(linguistics)" title="Segment (linguistics)">segment</a> is not a <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> in English, it occurs phonetically in nearly all dialects of English, as an <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a> of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> in the syllable coda. Speakers of Cockney, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a> and several other British dialects also pronounce an intervocalic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> between vowels as in <i>city</i>. In <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a>, a glottal stop is inserted before a <a href="/wiki/Tautosyllabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tautosyllabic">tautosyllabic</a> voiceless stop: stoʼp, thaʼt, knoʼck, waʼtch, also leaʼp, soaʼk, helʼp, pinʼch.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kortlandt_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kortlandt-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, a "t" is usually not aspirated in syllables ending either in a vowel + "t", such as "cat" or "outside"; or in a "t" + unstressed vowel + "n", such as "mountain" or "Manhattan". This is referred to as a "held t" as the airflow is stopped by tongue at the ridge behind the teeth. However, there is a trend of younger speakers in the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Atlantic states">Mid-Atlantic states</a> to replace the "held t" with a glottal stop, so that "Manhattan" sounds like "Man-haʔ-in" or "Clinton" like "Cli(n)ʔ-in", where "ʔ" is the glottal stop. This may have crossed over from <a href="/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English" class="mw-redirect" title="African American Vernacular English">African American Vernacular English</a>, particularly that of New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_initial_vowels">Before initial vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glottal_stop&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Before initial vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"hard attack" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hard_Attack_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Hard Attack (disambiguation)">Hard Attack</a>.</div> <p>Most English speakers today often use a glottal stop before the initial vowel of words beginning with a vowel, particularly at the beginning of sentences or phrases or when a word is emphasized. This is also known as "hard attack".<sup id="cite_ref-glottal2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glottal2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally in <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a>, "hard attack" was seen as a way to emphasize a word. Today, in British, American and other varieties of English, it is increasingly used not only to emphasize but also simply to separate two words, especially when the first word ends in a glottal stop.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Does this mean the first word already ends in a glottal stop and then a second glottal stop is added to the beginning of the second word? (June 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-glottal1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glottal1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-glottal2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glottal2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-glottal3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glottal3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence_in_other_languages">Occurrence in other languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glottal_stop&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Occurrence in other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many languages that do not allow a sequence of vowels, such as <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, the glottal stop may be used <a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">epenthetically</a> to prevent such a <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a>. There are intricate interactions between falling <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a> and the glottal stop in the histories of such languages as <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> (see <a href="/wiki/St%C3%B8d" title="Stød">stød</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In many languages, the unstressed intervocalic allophone of the glottal stop is a <a href="/wiki/Creaky-voiced_glottal_approximant" title="Creaky-voiced glottal approximant">creaky-voiced glottal approximant</a>. It is known to be contrastive in only one language, <a href="/wiki/Gimi_language" title="Gimi language">Gimi</a>, in which it is the voiced equivalent of the stop. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The table below demonstrates how widely the sound of glottal stop is found among the world's <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken languages</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Family </th> <th colspan="2">Language</th> <th>Word</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>Meaning</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></td> <td><span title="Abkhaz-language text"><span lang="ab"><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_alphabet" title="Abkhaz alphabet">аи</a></span></span>/ai</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔaj]</span></td> <td>'no'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_phonology" title="Abkhaz phonology">Abkhaz phonology</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></td> <td><span title="Adyghe-language text"><span lang="ady-Cyrl"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script"><b>ӏ</b>э</a></span></span>/'ė</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔa]</span></td> <td>'arm/hand'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">أغاني</a></span></span>/ʿaġani</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔaˈɣaːniː]</span></td> <td>'songs'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Arabic phonology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian</a><sup id="cite_ref-armetr_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armetr-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">شقة</a></span></span>/ša''a</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʃæʔʔæ]</span></td> <td>'apartment'</td> <td>Corresponds to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a>/</span> in other dialects. See <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_phonology" title="Levantine Arabic phonology">Levantine Arabic phonology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_phonology" title="Egyptian Arabic phonology">Egyptian Arabic phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fasi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcenian</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar-015" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">قال</a></span></span>/'al</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʔaːl]</span></td> <td>'he said'</td> <td>Corresponds to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a>/</span> in other dialects. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azeri</a></td> <td><span title="Azerbaijani-language text"><i lang="az-Latn">ər</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔær]</span></td> <td>'husband'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bantawa_language" title="Bantawa language">Bantawa</a></td> <td><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">चा:वा</a></span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡saʔwa]</span></td> <td>'drinking water'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bikol_languages" title="Bikol languages">Bikol</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bikol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikol language">Bikol</a></td> <td><span title="Bikol-language text"><i lang="bik-Latn">bàgo</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈbaːʔɡo]</span></td> <td>'new'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></td> <td><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">ъ-ъ</span></span>/ŭ-ŭ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʔɤʔɤ]</span></td> <td>'nope'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese script">မြစ်များ</a></span></span>/<i>mrac mya:</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mjiʔ<span class="wrap"> </span>mjá]</span></td> <td>'rivers'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a></td> <td><span title="Cebuano-language text"><i lang="ceb-Latn">tubò</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈtuboʔ]</span></td> <td>'to grow'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a></td> <td><span title="Chamorro-language text"><i lang="ch">halu<b>ʼ</b>u</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[həluʔu]</span></td> <td>'shark'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></td> <td><span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue-Hani"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">愛</a></span></span>/<span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><i lang="yue-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">oi3</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔɔːi˧]</span></td> <td>'love'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese phonology</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></td> <td><span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu-Hani"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">一级了</a></span></span>/<span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><i lang="wuu-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">ih cih leh</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔiɪʔ.tɕiɪʔ.ʔləʔ]</span></td> <td>'superb'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></td> <td><span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><span lang="cmn-Hani"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">合</a></span></span>/<span title="Min Nan Chinese-language text"><i lang="nan-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">ha̍h</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hɐʔ˥]</span></td> <td>'to suit'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori" title="Cook Islands Māori">Cook Islands Māori</a></td> <td><span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar">taʻi</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taʔi]</span></td> <td>'one'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a></td> <td><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs"><a href="/wiki/Czech_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech alphabet">používat</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[poʔuʒiːvat]</span></td> <td>'to use'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Czech_phonology" title="Czech phonology">Czech phonology</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dahalo_language" title="Dahalo language">Dahalo</a></td> <td><span title="Dahalo-language text"><i lang="dal">ma<b>ʼ</b>a</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[maʔa]</span></td> <td>'water'</td> <td>see <a href="/wiki/Dahalo_language#Consonants" title="Dahalo language">Dahalo phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></td> <td><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da"><a href="/wiki/Danish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish alphabet">hån<b>d</b></a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈhʌ̹nʔ]</span></td> <td>'hand'</td> <td>One of the possible realizations of <a href="/wiki/St%C3%B8d" title="Stød">stød</a>. Depending on the dialect and style of speech, it can be instead realized as <a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">laryngealisation</a> of the preceding sound. See <a href="/wiki/Danish_phonology" title="Danish phonology">Danish phonology</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography">beamen</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bəʔˈaːmə(n)]</span></td> <td>'to confirm'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Dutch_phonology" title="Dutch phonology">Dutch phonology</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="12"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> </td> <td rowspan="12"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td> <td>Multiple dialects</td> <td>[[[English orthography|I]]] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |bold= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔaɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔæm]</span> (emphatic "am")) or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔaɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>æm]</span></td> <td>'I'</td> <td>Glottal stop before initial vowel at the start of a phrase. Elsewhere, optionally, to emphasize a word or separate it from the previous one.<sup id="cite_ref-glottal1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glottal1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-glottal2_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glottal2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">RP</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="English-language text"><i lang="en"><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">uh-oh</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈɐʔəʊ]</span></td> <td rowspan="2">'<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/uh_oh" class="extiw" title="wikt:uh oh">uh-oh</a>'</td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American</a></td> <td><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/transcoded\/5\/5d\/Uh-oh-pronunciation-audio.ogg\/Uh-oh-pronunciation-audio.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[\u02c8\u028c\u0294o\u028a]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Uh-oh-pronunciation-audio.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/5/5d/Uh-oh-pronunciation-audio.ogg/Uh-oh-pronunciation-audio.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʌʔoʊ]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Uh-oh-pronunciation-audio.ogg" title="File:Uh-oh-pronunciation-audio.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian</a></td> <td rowspan="5"><span title="English-language text"><i lang="en"><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">ca<b>t</b></a></i></span></td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰæʔ(t)]</span></td> <td rowspan="5">'cat'</td> <td rowspan="9">Allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>, /k/ or /p/. See <a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">glottalization</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English phonology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Definite_article_reduction" title="Definite article reduction">definite article reduction</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">GA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">Estuary</a></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰæʔ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰɛ̝ʔ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish</a></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰäʔ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Some <a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Northern_England" title="English language in Northern England">Northern England</a></td> <td><span title="British English-language text"><i lang="en-GB"><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography"><b>the</b></a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span></td> <td>'the' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Geordie</a></td> <td><span title="British English-language text"><i lang="en-GB"><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">than<b>k</b> you</a></i></span></td> <td></td> <td>'thank you' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Geordie</a></td> <td><span title="British English-language text"><i lang="en-GB"><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">peo<b>p</b>le</a></i></span></td> <td></td> <td>'people' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">RP</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">GA</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">bu<b>tt</b>on</a></i></td> <td><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/74\/En-us-button.ogg\/En-us-button.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[\u02c8b\u0250\u0294n\u0329]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-button.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/En-us-button.ogg/En-us-button.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈbɐʔn̩]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-button.ogg" title="File:En-us-button.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></td> <td>'button' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_dialects" title="German dialects">Northern</a></td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography">Beamter</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bəˈʔamtɐ]</span></td> <td>'civil servant'</td> <td>Generally all vowel onsets. See <a href="/wiki/Standard_German_phonology" title="Standard German phonology">Standard German phonology</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tupi-Guarani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupi-Guarani languages">Tupi-Guarani</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guaraní language">Guaraní</a></td> <td><span title="Guarani-language text"><i lang="gn"><a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Guaraní alphabet">avañe<b>ʼ</b>ẽ</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ãʋ̃ãɲẽˈʔẽ]</span></td> <td>'Guaraní'</td> <td>Occurs only between vowels. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_alphabet" title="Hawaiian alphabet"><b>ʻ</b>ele<b>ʻ</b>ele</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʔɛlɛˈʔɛlɛ]</span></td> <td>'black'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology" title="Hawaiian phonology">Hawaiian phonology</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">מַ<b>אֲ</b>מָר</a></span></span>/ma'amar</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[maʔămaʁ]</span></td> <td>'article'</td> <td>Often elided in casual speech. See <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern Hebrew phonology</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a></td> <td><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_orthography" title="Icelandic orthography">en</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔɛn]</span></td> <td>'but'</td> <td>Only used according to emphasis, never occurring in minimal pairs. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Iloko</a></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">nalab<b>-</b>ay</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nalabˈʔaj]</span></td> <td>'bland tasting'</td> <td>Hyphen when occurring within the word. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></td> <td><span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">ba<b>k</b>so</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˌbäʔˈso]</span></td> <td>'meatball'</td> <td>Allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> in the syllable coda. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northeast-Caucasian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast-Caucasian languages">Northeast-Caucasian</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></td> <td><span title="Chechen-language text"><span lang="ce-Cyrl"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">кхо<b>ъ</b></a></span></span> / <span title="Chechen-language text"><i lang="ce-Latn">qo<b>ʼ</b></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[qoʔ]</span></td> <td>'three'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kagoshima_dialect" title="Kagoshima dialect">Kagoshima</a></td> <td>/kuQ/</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kuʔ]</span></td> <td>'neck'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Javanese-language text"><i lang="jv">ꦲꦤꦏ꧀</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[änäʔ]</span></td> <td>'child'</td> <td>Allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a>-final position. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jedek_language" title="Jedek language">Jedek</a><sup id="cite_ref-Yager_&_Burenhult_2017_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yager_&_Burenhult_2017-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wɛ̃ʔ]</span> </td> <td>'left side' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest-Caucasian</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></td> <td><span title="Kabardian-language text"><span lang="kbd-Cyrl"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script"><b>ӏ</b>э</a></span></span>/'ė</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔa]</span></td> <td>'arm/hand'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manobo_languages" title="Manobo languages">Manobo</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kagayanen_language" title="Kagayanen language">Kagayanen</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Kagayanen-language text"><i lang="cgc">saag</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[saˈʔaɡ]</span></td> <td>'floor'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khasi-Palaungic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasi-Palaungic languages">Khasi-Palaungic</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a></td> <td><span title="Khasi-language text"><i lang="kha">l<b>y</b>o<b>h</b></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lʔɔːʔ]</span></td> <td>'cloud'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mon-Khmer_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon-Khmer languages">Mon-Khmer</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></td> <td><span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">សំអាត</a></span></span> / <span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">sâm<b>q</b>at</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sɑmʔɑːt]</span></td> <td>'to clean'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Khmer_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer phonology">Khmer phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">일</a></span></span>/il</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔil]</span></td> <td>'one'</td> <td>In <a href="/wiki/Free_variation" title="Free variation">free variation</a> with no glottal stop. Occurs only in initial position of a word. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> </td> <td>Standard</td> <td><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms"><a href="/wiki/Malay_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay alphabet">tida<b>k</b></a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈtidäʔ]</span></td> <td>'no'</td> <td>Allophone of final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> in the syllable coda, pronounced before consonants and at end of the a word. In other positions, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> has phonemic status only in loanwords from Arabic. See <a href="/wiki/Malay_phonology" title="Malay phonology">Malay phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantan-Pattani</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms"><a href="/wiki/Malay_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay alphabet">ika<b>t</b></a></i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˌiˈkaʔ]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">'to tie' </td> <td rowspan="2">Allophone of final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p,<span class="wrap"> </span>t,<span class="wrap"> </span>k/</span> in the syllable coda. Pronounced before consonants and at the end of a word. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Terengganu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a></td> <td><span title="Maltese-language text"><i lang="mt"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet"><b>q</b>attus</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʔattus]</span></td> <td>'cat'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taranaki" title="Taranaki">Taranaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whanganui" title="Whanganui">Whanganui</a></td> <td><span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">wahine</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[waʔinɛ]</span></td> <td>'woman'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></td> <td><span title="Minangkabau-language text"><i lang="min">wa<b>ʼ</b>ang</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wäʔäŋ]</span></td> <td>'you'</td> <td>Sometimes written without an apostrophe. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yok-Utian_languages" title="Yok-Utian languages">Yok-Utian</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mutsun_language" title="Mutsun language">Mutsun</a></td> <td><span title="Southern Ohlone-language text"><i lang="css">tawka<b>ʼ</b>li</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tawkaʔli]</span></td> <td>'black gooseberry'</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Ribes_divaricatum" title="Ribes divaricatum">Ribes divaricatum</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></td> <td><span title="Mingrelian-language text"><span lang="xmf"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian alphabet">ჸოროფა</a></span></span>/?oropha</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔɔrɔpʰɑ]</span></td> <td>'love'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahuatl language">Nahuatl</a></td> <td><span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci">ta<b>h</b>tli</i></span></td> <td><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e5\/Nah-tahtli.ogg\/Nah-tahtli.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[ta\u0294t\u026ci]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nah-tahtli.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Nah-tahtli.ogg/Nah-tahtli.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taʔtɬi]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Nah-tahtli.ogg" title="File:Nah-tahtli.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></td> <td>'father'</td> <td>Often left unwritten. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau-Penutian</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_language" title="Nez Perce language">Nez Perce</a></td> <td><span title="Nez Perce-language text"><i lang="nez"><a href="/wiki/Americanist_phonetic_notation" title="Americanist phonetic notation">yáaka<b>ʔ</b></a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈjaːkaʔ]</span></td> <td>'black bear'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tupi-Guarani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupi-Guarani languages">Tupi-Guarani</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nheengatu_language" title="Nheengatu language">Nheengatu</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Nhengatu-language text"><i lang="yrl">ai</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aˈʔi]</span></td> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Sloth" title="Sloth">sloth</a>'</td> <td>Transcription (or absence thereof) varies. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a></td> <td><span title="Ojibwe-language text"><span lang="oj">ᒪᓯᓇᐃᑲᓐ</span></span>/<span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">mazina'igan</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˌmʌzɪˌnʌʔɪˈɡʌn]</span></td> <td>'a book; a letter; a document; a paper'</td> <td>Merges with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> in some dialects. See <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_phonology" title="Ojibwe phonology">Ojibwe phonology</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_language" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan</a></td> <td><span title="Okinawan-language text"><span lang="ryu">音</span></span>/utu</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔutu]</span></td> <td>'sound'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">معنی</a></span></span>/ma'ni</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[maʔni]</span></td> <td>'meaning'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Persian_phonology" title="Persian phonology">Persian phonology</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></td> <td>era </td> <td>[ʔɛra] </td> <td>'era' </td> <td>Most often occurs as an <i>anlaut</i> of an initial vowel (Ala ‒> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[Ɂala]</span>). See <a href="/wiki/Polish_phonology#Glottal_stop" title="Polish phonology">Polish phonology#Glottal stop</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muran_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Muran languages">Mura</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pirah%C3%A3_language" title="Pirahã language">Pirahã</a></td> <td><span title="Pirahã-language text"><i lang="myp">baí<b>x</b>i</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmàí̯ʔì]</span></td> <td>'parent'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Vernacular <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian</a></td> <td><span title="Brazilian Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt-BR">ê<b>-</b>ê</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˌʔe̞ˈʔeː]</span></td> <td>'yeah right'<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td rowspan="2">Marginal sound. Does not occur after or before a consonant. In Brazilian casual speech, there is at least one <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span>–<a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a>–<a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch accent</a> minimal pair (triply unusual, the <a href="/wiki/Ideophone" title="Ideophone">ideophones</a> short <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">ih</i></span> vs. long <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">ih</i></span>). See <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_phonology" title="Portuguese phonology">Portuguese phonology</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Some speakers</td> <td><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">à aula</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈa<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʔawlɐ]</span></td> <td>'to the class' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rotuman_language" title="Rotuman language">Rotuman</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Rotuman-language text"><i lang="rtm"><b>ʻ</b>usu</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔusu]</span></td> <td>'to box'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> </td> <td>не-а / <i>ne-a</i> </td> <td>[ˈnʲeʔə] </td> <td>'nope' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a></td> <td><span title="Samoan-language text"><i lang="sm">ma<b>ʻ</b>i</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[maʔi]</span></td> <td>'sickness/illness'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Some dialects of <a href="/wiki/Barbagia" title="Barbagia">Barbagia</a></td> <td><span title="Sardinian-language text"><i lang="sc">unu pacu</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈuːnu<span class="wrap"> </span>paʔu]</span></td> <td>'a little'</td> <td rowspan="2">Intervocalic allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n,<span class="wrap"> </span>k,<span class="wrap"> </span>l/</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Some dialects of <a href="/wiki/Sarrabus-Gerrei" title="Sarrabus-Gerrei">Sarrabus</a></td> <td><span title="Sardinian-language text"><i lang="sc">sa luna</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sa<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔuʔa]</span></td> <td>'the moon' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a><sup id="cite_ref-Landau68_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landau68-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><i lang="sh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">i onda</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iː<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔô̞n̪d̪a̠]</span></td> <td>'and then'</td> <td>Optionally inserted between vowels across word boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Landau68_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landau68-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_phonology" title="Serbo-Croatian phonology">Serbo-Croatian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Isolate</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></td> <td><span title="Seri-language text"><i lang="sei"><a href="/wiki/Seri_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Seri alphabet"><b>h</b>e</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔɛ]</span></td> <td>'I'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> </td> <td><span title="Somali-language text"><i lang="so">ba<b>ʼ</b></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[baʔ]</span> </td> <td>'calamity' </td> <td>though <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> occurs before all vowels, it is only written medially and finally.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Somali_phonology" title="Somali phonology">Somali phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Spanish" title="Nicaraguan Spanish">Nicaraguan</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es-NI"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">má<b>s</b> alto</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈma<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʔal̻t̻o̞]</span></td> <td>'higher'</td> <td rowspan="2">Marginal sound or allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> between vowels in different words. Does not occur after or before a consonant. See <a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish phonology</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Yucateco</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es-MX"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">cuatro años</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈkwatɾo̞<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʔãɲo̞s]</span></td> <td>'four years' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Squamish_language" title="Squamish language">Squamish</a></td> <td><i>Sḵwx̱wú<b>7</b>mesh sníchim</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sqʷχʷoʔməʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>snit͡ʃim]</span></td> <td>'Squamish language'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></td> <td><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl"><a href="/wiki/Filipino_orthography" title="Filipino orthography">aaâ</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔɐʔɐˈʔaʔ]</span></td> <td>'to poo' (<a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">fut.</a>)</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_phonology" title="Tagalog phonology">Tagalog phonology</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a></td> <td><span title="Tigrinya-language text"><i lang="ti">puaʻa</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[puaʔa]</span></td> <td>'pig'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tai-Kadai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai-Kadai languages">Tai-Kadai</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></td> <td><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th"><a href="/wiki/Thai_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai alphabet"><b>อ</b>า</a></span></span>/'ā</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔaː]</span></td> <td>'uncle/aunt' (father's younger sibling)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a></td> <td><span title="Tongan-language text"><i lang="to">tu<b>ʻ</b>u</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tuʔu]</span></td> <td>'stand'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_languages" title="Samoyedic languages">Samoyedic</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Nenets_language" title="Tundra Nenets language">Tundra Nenets</a></td> <td><span title="Nenets-language text"><span lang="yrk"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">вы<b>ʼ</b></a></span></span>/vy'</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wɨʔ]</span></td> <td>'tundra'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietic_languages" title="Vietic languages">Vietic</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">oi</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔɔj˧]</span></td> <td>'sultry'</td> <td>In <a href="/wiki/Free_variation" title="Free variation">free variation</a> with no glottal stop. See <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_phonology" title="Vietnamese phonology">Vietnamese phonology</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_language" title="Võro language">Võro</a></td> <td><span title="Võro-language text"><i lang="vro">pini<b>q</b></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈpinʲiʔ]</span></td> <td>'dogs'</td> <td>"q" is Võro plural marker (<i>maa</i>, <i>kala</i>, "land", "fish"; <i>maaq</i>, <i>kalaq</i>, "lands", "fishes"). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Isolate</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a></td> <td><span title="Wagiman-language text"><i lang="waq">jam<b>h</b></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t̠ʲʌmʔ]</span></td> <td>'to eat' (<a href="/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">perf.</a>)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Omotic_languages" title="Omotic languages">Omotic</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Welayta_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Welayta language">Welayta</a></td> <td>7írTi </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔirʈa]</span></td> <td>'wet'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Wallisian_language" title="Wallisian language">Wallisian</a></td> <td><span title="Wallisian-language text"><i lang="wls">ma<b>ʻ</b>uli</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[maʔuli]</span></td> <td>'life'</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glottal_stop&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saltillo_(linguistics)" title="Saltillo (linguistics)">Saltillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_phonetics_articles" title="Index of phonetics articles">Index of phonetics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">Voiced pharyngeal fricative</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glottal_stop&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-umeda-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-umeda_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-umeda_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUmeda1978" class="citation journal cs1">Umeda, Noriko (1978). "Occurrence of Glottal Stops in Fluent Speech". <i>The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</i>. <b>64</b> (1): 88–94. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978ASAJ...64...88U">1978ASAJ...64...88U</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.381959">10.1121/1.381959</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/712005">712005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Occurrence+of+Glottal+Stops+in+Fluent+Speech&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=88-94&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F712005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.381959&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978ASAJ...64...88U&rft.aulast=Umeda&rft.aufirst=Noriko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlottal+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatford1990" class="citation journal cs1">Catford, J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pilipino+Express&rft.atitle=The+Basics+of+Filipino+Pronunciation%3A+Part+2+of+3+%E2%80%A2+Accent+Marks&rft.date=2011-03-16&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pilipino-express.com%2Fhistory-a-culture%2Fin-other-words%2F1180-basics-of-filipino-pronunciation-part-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlottal+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nolasco-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nolasco_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolasco" class="citation cs2">Nolasco, Ricardo M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistic+Typology&rft.atitle=Jedek%3A+A+Newly-Discovered+Aslian+Variety+of+Malaysia&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=493-545&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11858%2F00-001M-0000-002E-7CD2-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A126145797%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Flingty-2017-0012&rft.aulast=Yager&rft.aufirst=Joanne&rft.au=Burtenhult%2C+Niclas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubman.mpdl.mpg.de%2Fpubman%2Fitem%2Fescidoc%3A2506643%2Fcomponent%2Fescidoc%3A2511374%2FYager_Burenhult_2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlottal+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsonMielkeSanicas-DagumanPebley2010">Olson et al. (2010</a>:206–207)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruz2011" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cruz, Aline da (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140307093829/https://www.lotpublications.nl/publish/articles/004280/bookpart.pdf"><i>Fonologia e Gramática do Nheengatú: A língua geral falada pelos povos Baré, Warekena e Baniwa</i></a> [<i>Phonology and Grammar of Nheengatú: The general language spoken by the Baré, Warekena and Baniwa peoples</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Doctor thesis) (in Portuguese). Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-6093-063-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-6093-063-8"><bdi>978-94-6093-063-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lotpublications.nl/publish/articles/004280/bookpart.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 7, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Fonologia+e+Gram%C3%A1tica+do+Nheengat%C3%BA%3A+A+l%C3%ADngua+geral+falada+pelos+povos+Bar%C3%A9%2C+Warekena+e+Baniwa&rft.degree=Doctor&rft.inst=Vrije+Universiteit+Amsterdam&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-94-6093-063-8&rft.aulast=Cruz&rft.aufirst=Aline+da&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lotpublications.nl%2Fpublish%2Farticles%2F004280%2Fbookpart.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlottal+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelosoMartins2013" class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Veloso, João; Martins, Pedro Tiago (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140306060220/https://sigarra.up.pt/flup/pt/publs_pesquisa.show_publ_file?pct_gdoc_id=81017"><i>O Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP: disponibilização on-line de um corpus dialetal do português</i></a>. XXVIII Encontro Nacional da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística, Coimbra, APL (in Portuguese). pp. 673–692. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-989-97440-2-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-989-97440-2-8"><bdi>978-989-97440-2-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sigarra.up.pt/flup/pt/publs_pesquisa.show_publ_file?pct_gdoc_id=81017">the original</a> on 2014-03-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=O+Arquivo+Dialetal+do+CLUP%3A+disponibiliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o+on-line+de+um+corpus+dialetal+do+portugu%C3%AAs&rft.pages=673-692&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-989-97440-2-8&rft.aulast=Veloso&rft.aufirst=Jo%C3%A3o&rft.au=Martins%2C+Pedro+Tiago&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsigarra.up.pt%2Fflup%2Fpt%2Fpubls_pesquisa.show_publ_file%3Fpct_gdoc_id%3D81017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlottal+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141108224637/https://users.ox.ac.uk/~srp/portphon12.pdf"><i>Phonetic Symbols for Portuguese Phonetic Transcription</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, October 2012, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://users.ox.ac.uk/~srp/portphon12.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-11-08 – via users.ox.ac.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phonetic+Symbols+for+Portuguese+Phonetic+Transcription&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusers.ox.ac.uk%2F~srp%2Fportphon12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlottal+stop" class="Z3988"></span> In European Portuguese, the "é é" interjection usually employs an epenthetic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, being pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e̞ˈje̞]</span> instead.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It may be used mostly as a general call of attention for disapproval, disagreement or inconsistency, but also serves as a synonym of the multiuse expression "eu, hein!". <span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adirferreira.com.br/2011/06/como-dizer-eu-hein-em-ingles/">How to say 'eu, hein' in English – Adir Ferreira Idiomas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130708191822/https://www.adirferreira.com.br/2011/06/como-dizer-eu-hein-em-ingles/">Archived</a> 2013-07-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlevins1994">Blevins (1994</a>:492)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimaldiMensching2004" class="citation book cs1">Grimaldi, Lucia; Mensching, Guido, eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131205163922/https://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2010072213042400039.pdf"><i>Su sardu limba de Sardigna et limba de Europa</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cooperativa Universitaria Editrice Cagliaritana. pp. 110–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8467-170-1" title="Special:BookSources/88-8467-170-1"><bdi>88-8467-170-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2010072213042400039.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-12-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Su+sardu+limba+de+Sardigna+et+limba+de+Europa&rft.pages=110-111&rft.pub=Cooperativa+Universitaria+Editrice+Cagliaritana&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=88-8467-170-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sardegnadigitallibrary.it%2Fmmt%2Ffullsize%2F2010072213042400039.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlottal+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landau68-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Landau68_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landau68_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandauLončarićHorgaŠkarić1999">Landau et al. (1999</a>:67)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmondsonEslingHarris" class="citation cs2">Edmondson, J. A.; Esling, J. H.; Harris, J. G., <i>Supraglottal Cavity Shape, Linguistic Register, and Other Phonetic Features of Somali</i>, <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.570.821">10.1.1.570.821</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supraglottal+Cavity+Shape%2C+Linguistic+Register%2C+and+Other+Phonetic+Features+of+Somali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.570.821%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Edmondson&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft.au=Esling%2C+J.+H.&rft.au=Harris%2C+J.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlottal+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChappell" class="citation cs2">Chappell, Whitney, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140307152549/https://www.nwav42.pitt.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Chappell.cfm_.pdf"><i>The Hypo-Hyperarticulation Continuum in Nicaraguan Spanish</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nwav42.pitt.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Chappell.cfm_.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-07</span></span> – via nwav42.pitt.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hypo-Hyperarticulation+Continuum+in+Nicaraguan+Spanish&rft.aulast=Chappell&rft.aufirst=Whitney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwav42.pitt.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F10%2FChappell.cfm_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlottal+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichnowiczCarpenter" class="citation cs2">Michnowicz, Jim; Carpenter, Lindsey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etd.lib.ncsu.edu/publications/bitstream/1840.2/2562/1/Michnowicz+%26+Carpenter+2013+-+ptk+in+Yucatan+Spanish.pdf"><i>Voiceless Stop Aspiration in Yucatán Spanish: A Sociolinguistic Analysis</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140307143708/https://etd.lib.ncsu.edu/publications/bitstream/1840.2/2562/1/Michnowicz+%26+Carpenter+2013+-+ptk+in+Yucatan+Spanish.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2014-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-07</span></span> – via etd.lib.ncsu.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voiceless+Stop+Aspiration+in+Yucat%C3%A1n+Spanish%3A+A+Sociolinguistic+Analysis&rft.aulast=Michnowicz&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+Lindsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetd.lib.ncsu.edu%2Fpublications%2Fbitstream%2F1840.2%2F2562%2F1%2FMichnowicz%2B%2526%2BCarpenter%2B2013%2B-%2Bptk%2Bin%2BYucatan%2BSpanish.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlottal+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1959">Thompson (1959</a>:458–461)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glottal_stop&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlevins1994" class="citation cs2">Blevins, Juliette (1994), "The Bimoraic Foot in Rotuman Phonology and Morphology", <i>Oceanic Linguistics</i>, <b>33</b> (2): 491–516, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3623138">10.2307/3623138</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3623138">3623138</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Bimoraic+Foot+in+Rotuman+Phonology+and+Morphology&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=491-516&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3623138&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3623138%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Blevins&rft.aufirst=Juliette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlottal+stop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkYallopFletcher2007" class="citation cs2">Clark, John Ellery; Yallop, Colin; Fletcher, Janet (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dX5P5mxtYYIC"><i>An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology</i></a>, Wiley-Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3083-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3083-7"><bdi>978-1-4051-3083-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610213730/https://books.google.com/books?id=dX5P5mxtYYIC">archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-10<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-22</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Phonetics+and+Phonology&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3083-7&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=John+Ellery&rft.au=Yallop%2C+Colin&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdX5P5mxtYYIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlottal+stop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGussenhoven1992" class="citation cs2">Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>22</b> (2): 45–47, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510030000459X">10.1017/S002510030000459X</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243772965">243772965</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Dutch&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=45-47&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002510030000459X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243772965%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gussenhoven&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlottal+stop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadefoged2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged" title="Peter Ladefoged">Ladefoged, Peter</a> (2005), <i>Vowels and Consonants</i> (Second ed.), Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-21411-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-21411-9"><bdi>0-631-21411-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vowels+and+Consonants&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-631-21411-9&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlottal+stop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandauLončarićHorgaŠkarić1999" class="citation cs2">Landau, Ernestina; 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(1968), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/FrenchPhon_00_Scha"><i>French Phonology and Morphology</i></a></span>, Boston, Mass.: M.I.T. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Illustrations+of+the+IPA%3A+Arabic&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=37-41&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300004266&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243640727%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Thelwall&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlottal+stop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1959" class="citation cs2">Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", <i>Language</i>, <b>35</b> (3): 454–476, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F411232">10.2307/411232</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/411232">411232</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Saigon+phonemics&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=454-476&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F411232&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F411232%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlottal+stop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2002" class="citation cs2">Watson, Janet (2002), <i>The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic</i>, New York: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-824137-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-824137-2"><bdi>0-19-824137-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+and+Morphology+of+Arabic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-824137-2&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlottal+stop" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glottal_stop&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_navigation" title="Template:IPA navigation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IPA_navigation" title="Template talk:IPA navigation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IPA_navigation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IPA navigation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(chart)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">chart</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="IPA_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">IPA topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IPA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Association" title="International Phonetic Association">International Phonetic Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_Quality_Symbols" title="Voice Quality Symbols">Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_International_Phonetic_Association" title="Journal of the International Phonetic Association"><i>Journal of the IPA</i> (<i>JIPA</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_forms_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Cursive forms of the International Phonetic Alphabet">Cursive forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_variants_of_IPA_letters" title="Case variants of IPA letters">Case variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_and_nonstandard_symbols_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet">Obsolete and nonstandard symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinological_extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Sinological extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Orthography" title="World Orthography">World Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects">IPA chart for English dialects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Encodings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_ASCII_encodings_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Comparison of ASCII encodings of the International Phonetic Alphabet">ASCII encodings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAMPA" title="SAMPA">SAMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirshenbaum" title="Kirshenbaum">Kirshenbaum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIPA_(software)" title="TIPA (software)">TIPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Phonetic symbols in Unicode">Phonetic symbols in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_number" title="IPA number">IPA number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Consonants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_consonant" title="Pulmonic consonant">Pulmonic consonants</a></b> <table role="presentation" class="" style="margin: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable IPA-pulmonic-main" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-pulmonic-placearrow"><a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">Place</a> → </th> <th scope="col" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_consonant" title="Laryngeal consonant">Laryngeal</a> </th></tr> <tr class="wrap wraplinks"> <th scope="col" class="IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow"><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">Manner</a> ↓ </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labiodental</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Linguolabial_consonant" title="Linguolabial consonant">Linguolabial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal/epiglottal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiceless bilabial nasal">m̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiceless labiodental nasal">ɱ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiced labiodental nasal">ɱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_nasal" title="Voiced linguolabial nasal">n̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_nasal" title="Voiceless alveolar nasal">n̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiceless retroflex nasal">ɳ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_nasal" title="Voiceless palatal nasal">ɲ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_nasal" title="Voiceless velar nasal">ŋ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_nasal" title="Voiceless uvular nasal">ɴ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_nasal" title="Voiced uvular nasal">ɴ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_plosive" title="Voiceless labiodental plosive">p̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_plosive" title="Voiced labiodental plosive">b̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_linguolabial_plosive" title="Voiceless linguolabial plosive">t̼</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_plosive" title="Voiced linguolabial plosive">d̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_plosive" title="Voiced uvular plosive">ɢ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_plosive" title="Epiglottal plosive">ʡ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ʔ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">Sibilant</a> <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t̠ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d̠ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">tʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex affricate">dʐ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʑ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Non-sibilant affricate </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_affricate" title="Voiceless bilabial affricate">pɸ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_affricate" title="Voiced bilabial affricate">bβ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiceless labiodental affricate">p̪f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiced labiodental affricate">b̪v</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate">t̪θ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiced dental non-sibilant affricate">d̪ð</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate">tɹ̝̊</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate">dɹ̝</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate">t̠ɹ̠̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate">d̠ɹ̠˔</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal affricate">cç</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_affricate" title="Voiced palatal affricate">ɟʝ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_affricate" title="Voiceless velar affricate">kx</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_affricate" title="Voiced velar affricate">ɡɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_affricate" title="Voiceless uvular affricate">qχ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_affricate" title="Voiced uvular affricate">ɢʁ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_affricate" title="Voiceless epiglottal affricate">ʡʜ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_affricate" title="Voiced epiglottal affricate">ʡʢ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_affricate" title="Voiceless glottal affricate">ʔh</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Sibilant <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Non-sibilant fricative </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_linguolabial_fricative" title="Voiceless linguolabial fricative">θ̼</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_fricative" title="Voiced linguolabial fricative">ð̼</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative">θ̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative">ð̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̠̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̠˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative">ɻ̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative">ɻ˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">ʝ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_approximant" title="Voiced velar approximant">ɰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Creaky-voiced_glottal_approximant" title="Creaky-voiced glottal approximant">ʔ̞</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Tap/flap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_flap" title="Voiced bilabial flap">ⱱ̟</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_flap" title="Voiced labiodental flap">ⱱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced linguolabial tap">ɾ̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar tap">ɾ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_flap" title="Voiceless retroflex flap">ɽ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_tap_and_flap" title="Voiced uvular tap and flap">ɢ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_tap" title="Voiced epiglottal tap">ʡ̆</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_trill" title="Voiceless bilabial trill">ʙ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_trill" title="Voiced bilabial trill">ʙ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">r̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_trill" title="Voiceless retroflex trill">ɽ̊r̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_trill" title="Voiced retroflex trill">ɽr</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_trill" title="Voiceless uvular trill">ʀ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiceless epiglottal trill">ʜ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiced epiglottal trill">ʢ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> affricate </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate">tɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar lateral affricate">dɮ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate">tꞎ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex lateral affricate">d𝼅</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal lateral affricate">c𝼆</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced palatal lateral affricate">ɟʎ̝</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless velar lateral affricate">k𝼄</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced velar lateral affricate">ɡʟ̝</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral fricative </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral fricative">ɮ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral fricative">ꞎ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex lateral fricative">𝼅</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal lateral fricative">𝼆</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced palatal lateral fricative">ʎ̝</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless velar lateral fricative">𝼄</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced velar lateral fricative">ʟ̝</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral approximant </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced velar lateral approximant">ʟ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced uvular lateral approximant">ʟ̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral tap/flap </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_flap" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral flap">ɺ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral flap">ɺ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral flap">𝼈̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiced retroflex lateral flap">𝼈</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_flap" title="Voiced palatal lateral flap">ʎ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_tap" title="Voiced velar lateral tap">ʟ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA pulmonic consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Symbols to the right in a cell are <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a>, to the left are <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a>. <span style="display: inline-block;">Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="nowrap"><div style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 2em;"><b>Non-pulmonic consonants</b> <table role="presentation" class="" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable" style=""> <tbody><tr class="wrap wraplinks"> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant"><abbr title="Bilabial">BL</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant"><abbr title="Labiodental">LD</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant"><abbr title="Dental">D</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant"><abbr title="Alveolar">A</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant"><abbr title="Postalveolar">PA</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant"><abbr title="Retroflex">RF</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant"><abbr title="Palatal">P</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant"><abbr title="Velar">V</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant"><abbr title="Uvular">U</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant"><abbr title="Epiglottal">EG</abbr></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a> </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Stop</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_stop" title="Retroflex ejective stop">ʈʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_ejective_stop" title="Palatal ejective stop">cʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiglottal ejective">ʡʼ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_ejective_affricate" title="Labiodental ejective affricate">p̪fʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_ejective_affricate" title="Dental ejective affricate">t̪θʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">tsʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t̠ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_affricate" title="Retroflex ejective affricate">tʂʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolo-palatal ejective affricate">tɕʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_affricate" title="Velar ejective affricate">kxʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_affricate" title="Uvular ejective affricate">qχʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_fricative" title="Bilabial ejective fricative">ɸʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_ejective_fricative" title="Labiodental ejective fricative">fʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_ejective_fricative" title="Dental ejective fricative">θʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar ejective fricative">sʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Palato-alveolar ejective fricative">ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_fricative" title="Retroflex ejective fricative">ʂʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolo-palatal ejective fricative">ɕʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_fricative" title="Velar ejective fricative">xʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_fricative" title="Uvular ejective fricative">χʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> affricate </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar lateral ejective affricate">tɬʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Palatal lateral ejective affricate">c𝼆ʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Velar lateral ejective affricate">k𝼄ʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Uvular lateral ejective affricate">q𝼄ʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral fricative </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar lateral ejective fricative">ɬʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">Click</a><br />(top: velar;<br />bottom: uvular) </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Tenuis</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_bilabial_click" title="Tenuis bilabial click">kʘ<br />qʘ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_dental_click" title="Tenuis dental click">kǀ<br />qǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_click" title="Tenuis alveolar click">kǃ<br />qǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_retroflex_click" title="Tenuis retroflex click">k𝼊<br />q𝼊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_palatal_click" title="Tenuis palatal click">kǂ<br />qǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voiced</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_click" title="Voiced bilabial click">ɡʘ<br />ɢʘ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_click" title="Voiced dental click">ɡǀ<br />ɢǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_click" title="Voiced alveolar click">ɡǃ<br />ɢǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_click" title="Voiced retroflex click">ɡ𝼊<br />ɢ𝼊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_click" title="Voiced palatal click">ɡǂ<br />ɢǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_click" title="Nasal click">Nasal</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial nasal click">ŋʘ<br />ɴʘ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental nasal click">ŋǀ<br />ɴǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal click">ŋǃ<br />ɴǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex nasal click">ŋ𝼊<br />ɴ𝼊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal nasal click">ŋǂ<br />ɴǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Back-released_click" title="Back-released click">ʞ</a></span><br />  </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Tenuis <a href="/wiki/Lateral_click" title="Lateral click">lateral</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenuis alveolar lateral click">kǁ<br />qǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Voiced lateral </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral click">ɡǁ<br />ɢǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nasal lateral </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral nasal click">ŋǁ<br />ɴǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a> </th> <th scope="row">Voiced </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">ɗ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_implosive" title="Voiced retroflex implosive">ᶑ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_implosive" title="Voiced palatal implosive">ʄ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_implosive" title="Voiced velar implosive">ɠ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_implosive" title="Voiced uvular implosive">ʛ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Voiceless</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiceless bilabial implosive">ɓ̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_implosive" title="Voiceless alveolar implosive">ɗ̥</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_implosive" title="Voiceless retroflex implosive">ᶑ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_implosive" title="Voiceless palatal implosive">ʄ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_implosive" title="Voiceless velar implosive">ɠ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_implosive" title="Voiceless uvular implosive">ʛ̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_non-pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA non-pulmonic consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="display: inline-block;"><b><a href="/wiki/Co-articulated_consonant" title="Co-articulated consonant">Co-articulated consonants</a></b> <table role="presentation" class="" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td> <div class="nowrap IPA-coarticulated-main IPA-coarticulated-nocaption" style=""> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_nasal" title="Voiced labial–alveolar nasal">n͡m</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93coronal_consonant" title="Labial–coronal consonant">Labial–alveolar</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced labial–retroflex nasal">ɳ͡m</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93retroflex_consonant" title="Labial–retroflex consonant">Labial–retroflex</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_nasal" title="Voiced labial–velar nasal">ŋ͡m</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Labial–velar consonant">Labial–velar</a></div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–alveolar plosive">t͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–alveolar plosive">d͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–alveolar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–retroflex plosive">ʈ͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced labial–retroflex plosive">ɖ͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–retroflex</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar plosive">k͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–velar plosive">ɡ͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular–epiglottal plosive">q͡ʡ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_consonant" title="Uvular–epiglottal consonant">Uvular–epiglottal</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–uvular plosive">q͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93uvular_consonant" title="Labial–uvular consonant">Labial–uvular</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">approximant</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–palatal fricative">ɥ̊</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labio-palatalization" title="Labio-palatalization">Labial–palatal</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–velar fricative">ʍ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound">ɧ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound"><i>Sj</i>-sound</a> (variable)</div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> approximant</div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">Velarized</a> alveolar</div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_implosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar implosive">ɠ̊͜ɓ̥</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_implosive" title="Voiced labial–velar implosive">ɠ͡ɓ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93alveolar_ejective_stop" title="Labial–alveolar ejective stop">t͡pʼ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–alveolar</div> </div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_co-articulated_consonants" title="Template:IPA co-articulated consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Other" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Nasal labial–velar approximant">Nasal labial–velar approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w̃]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_palatal_approximant" title="Nasal palatal approximant">Nasal palatal approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j̃]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bidental_fricative" title="Voiceless bidental fricative">Voiceless bidental fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h̪͆]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabially_post-trilled_dental_stop" title="Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop">Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t̪ʙ̥]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_nasal_glottal_approximant" title="Voiceless nasal glottal approximant">Voiceless nasal glottal approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h̃]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Vowels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table role="presentation" class="" style="margin: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="nowrap IPA-vowels-main IPA-vowels-nocaption IPA-vowels-noaudio" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td class="IPA-vowels-image-cell"><span class="IPA-vowels-image skin-invert notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/320px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/480px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/640px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-22px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-1px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">Near-close</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(40px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-15px, -1px);"><div></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ɘ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(42px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Mid front rounded vowel">ø̞</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(32px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ̞</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(64px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(42px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ɜ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central rounded vowel">ɞ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_vowel" title="Near-open vowel">Near-open</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(85px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(53px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(106px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open front rounded vowel">ɶ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(63px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/IPA_vowel_chart_with_audio" title="IPA vowel chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/IPA_vowel_chart_with_audio" title="IPA vowel chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_vowels" title="Template:IPA vowels">template</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Legend: <a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded <span style="color: 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