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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shivaji_and_his_descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shivaji_and_his_descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Shivaji and his descendants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shivaji_and_his_descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peshwa_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peshwa_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Peshwa era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peshwa_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confederacy_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confederacy_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Confederacy era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confederacy_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maratha–Mysore_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maratha–Mysore_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Maratha–Mysore Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maratha–Mysore_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>British intervention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Territorial evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Government and military</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_military-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and military subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afghan_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghan_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Afghan accounts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghan_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>European accounts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rulers,_administrators_and_generals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rulers,_administrators_and_generals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rulers, administrators and generals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rulers,_administrators_and_generals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rulers, administrators and generals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rulers,_administrators_and_generals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Royal_houses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_houses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Royal houses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_houses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peshwas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peshwas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Peshwas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peshwas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peshwas_from_the_Bhat_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peshwas_from_the_Bhat_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Peshwas from the Bhat family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peshwas_from_the_Bhat_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_houses_of_Maratha_Confederacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_houses_of_Maratha_Confederacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Federal houses of Maratha Confederacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_houses_of_Maratha_Confederacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Maratha Confederacy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="मराठा साम्राज्य – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मराठा साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7" title="إمبراطورية ماراثا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إمبراطورية ماراثا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="মাৰাঠা সাম্ৰাজ্য – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মাৰাঠা সাম্ৰাজ্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_maratha" title="Imperiu maratha – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu maratha" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Maratha imperiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maratha imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="ماراتها ایمپیراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماراتها ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="মারাঠা সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মারাঠা সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_T%C3%A8-kok" title="Maratha Tè-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Maratha Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Дзяржава маратхаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дзяржава маратхаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Маратга – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Маратга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Маратхска империя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маратхска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Maratha" title="Imperi Maratha – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Maratha" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%A1thsk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Maráthská říše – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maráthská říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathaforbundet" title="Marathaforbundet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Marathaforbundet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha" title="Maratha – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maratha" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_konf%C3%B6deratsioon" title="Maratha konföderatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maratha konföderatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Αυτοκρατορία των Μαράτα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοκρατορία των Μαράτα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_maratha" title="Imperio maratha – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio maratha" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marata_Imperio" title="Marata Imperio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marata Imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Inperioa" title="Maratha Inperioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maratha Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="امپراتوری مراتا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری مراتا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_marathe" title="Empire marathe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire marathe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A0%E0%AA%BE_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF" title="મરાઠા સામ્રાજ્ય – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મરાઠા સામ્રાજ્ય" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%9D%BC%ED%83%80_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="마라타 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마라타 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մարատհական կայսրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարատհական կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="मराठा साम्राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मराठा साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carstvo_Marata" title="Carstvo Marata – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Carstvo Marata" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemaharajaan_Maratha" title="Kemaharajaan Maratha – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kemaharajaan Maratha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marattaveldi%C3%B0" title="Marattaveldið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Marattaveldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Maratha" title="Impero Maratha – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero Maratha" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%94%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האימפריה המראטהית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה המראטהית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A0%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಮರಾಠಾ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮರಾಠಾ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="მარათების სახელმწიფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარათების სახელმწიფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emperatoriya_Maratha" title="Împeratoriya Maratha – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Împeratoriya Maratha" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%A1tha_Birodalom" title="Marátha Birodalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Marátha Birodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A0_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="മറാഠ സാമ്രാജ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മറാഠ സാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="मराठा साम्राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मराठा साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Maratha" title="Empayar Maratha – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Maratha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratharijk" title="Maratharijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maratharijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="मराठा साम्राज्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मराठा साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="मराठा साम्राज्य – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मराठा साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="マラーター王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マラーター王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathariket" title="Marathariket – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Marathariket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathariket" title="Marathariket – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Marathariket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratxa_imperiyasi" title="Maratxa imperiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Maratxa imperiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A0%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਮਰਾਠਾ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਰਾਠਾ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%81%D9%B9%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="مرہٹا سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مرہٹا سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Marath%C3%B3w" title="Imperium Marathów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Imperium Marathów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Marata" title="Império Marata – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Marata" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Государство маратхов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Государство маратхов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="मराठासाम्राज्यम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मराठासाम्राज्यम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire" title="Maratha Empire – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Maratha Empire" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire" title="Maratha Empire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Maratha Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتی ماراتا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتی ماراتا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Царство Марата – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Царство Марата" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marata_Carstvo" title="Marata Carstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Marata Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathivaltakunta" title="Marathivaltakunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Marathivaltakunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathariket" title="Marathariket – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Marathariket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="மராட்டியப் பேரரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மராட்டியப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenkud_n_Martha" title="Amenkud n Martha – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amenkud n Martha" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A0%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="మరాఠా సామ్రాజ్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మరాఠా సామ్రాజ్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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.ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Maratha Confederacy<br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">Maratha Empire</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1674–1818</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Marathas"><img alt="Flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="58" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="280" /></a></span></div> <div>Flag</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Shivaji.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Seal of Shivaji I of Marathas"><img alt="Royal Seal of Shivaji I of Marathas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Seal_of_Shivaji.png/120px-Seal_of_Shivaji.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Seal_of_Shivaji.png/250px-Seal_of_Shivaji.png 1.5x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div>Royal Seal of <a href="/wiki/Shivaji_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivaji I">Shivaji I</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b>"हर हर महादेव"<br />"<a href="/wiki/Hara_Hara_Mahadeva" title="Hara Hara Mahadeva">Har Har Mahādēv</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><div>(<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>: "Praises to <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Mahādēv (Shiva)</a>")</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:India1760_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Maratha Confederacy and its occupied territories during the Afghan–Maratha War in 1758 (yellow)"><img alt="The Maratha Confederacy and its occupied territories during the Afghan–Maratha War in 1758 (yellow)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/India1760_1905.jpg/250px-India1760_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/India1760_1905.jpg/375px-India1760_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/India1760_1905.jpg/500px-India1760_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="1485" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Maratha Confederacy and its occupied territories during the <a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Maratha_War" title="Afghan–Maratha War">Afghan–Maratha War</a> in 1758 (yellow)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Royal seat:</b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raigad_Fort" title="Raigad Fort">Raigad</a> (1674–1708, <span class="nowrap"><i>de jure</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingee_Fort" title="Gingee Fort">Jinji</a> (1691–1698, <span class="nowrap"><i>de facto</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatalkar1958_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatalkar1958-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satara_(city)" title="Satara (city)">Satara</a> (1708–1818)</li></ul> </div><hr /><b>Peshwa's seat:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Poona" class="mw-redirect" title="Poona">Poona</a> (1728–1818)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> (court language, literature)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> (religious)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>State religion:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <hr /><b>Other:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Asia" title="Religion in South Asia">Other religions in South Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a> (1674–1731)<br /><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> with a restricted monarchial <a href="/wiki/Figurehead" title="Figurehead">figurehead</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1731–1818)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1674–1680 <small>(first)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shivaji_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivaji I">Shivaji I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1808–1818 <small>(last)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh,_Raja_of_Satara" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratap Singh, Raja of Satara">Pratap Singh</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwa</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1674–1683 <small>(first)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moropant_Trimbak_Pingle" title="Moropant Trimbak Pingle">Moropant Pingle</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1803–1818 <small>(last)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baji_Rao_II" title="Baji Rao II">Baji Rao II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1858–1859 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nana_Saheb_Peshwa_II" title="Nana Saheb Peshwa II">Nana Saheb</a> (claimed titular)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ashta_Pradhan" title="Ashta Pradhan">Ashta Pradhan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Coronation of <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 June 1674</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan Wars">Deccan Wars</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1680–1707</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Recognition of <a href="/wiki/Shahu_I" title="Shahu I">Shahu I</a> as the legitimate ruler by <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_I" title="Bahadur Shah I">Bahadur Shah I</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 August 1707</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Appointment of <a href="/wiki/Balaji_Vishwanath" title="Balaji Vishwanath">Balaji Vishwanath</a> as hereditary <a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwa</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 November 1713<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bhopal" title="Treaty of Bhopal">Treaty of Bhopal</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 January 1738</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third Anglo-Maratha War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 November 1817 – 9 April 1819</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Dissolution of the Maratha Confederacy </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1818</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1760<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurchinAdamsHall2006223_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurchinAdamsHall2006223-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OxfordArea_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxfordArea-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">2,500,000 km<sup>2</sup> (970,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rupee" title="Rupee">Rupee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paisa" title="Paisa">Paisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohur" title="Mohur">Mohur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shivrai" title="Shivrai">Shivrai</a>, Hon</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adil_Shahi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adil Shahi dynasty">Bijapur Sultanate</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company rule in India</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Maratha Confederacy</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also referred to as the <b>Maratha Empire</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern India">early modern</a> <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. It comprised the realms of the <a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwa</a> and four major independent <a href="/wiki/List_of_Maratha_dynasties_and_states" title="List of Maratha dynasties and states">Maratha states</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKantak199324_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKantak199324-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often subordinate to the former. It was established in 1674 with the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Chhatrapati" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Chhatrapati">Maratha Chhatrapati</a> and recognised by <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_I" title="Bahadur Shah I">Bahadur Shah I</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary state</a> in 1707 following a <a href="/wiki/Deccan_wars" title="Deccan wars">prolonged rebellion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this, the <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Marathas</a> continued to recognise the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperor">Mughal emperor</a> as their nominal <a href="/wiki/Suzerain" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzerain">suzerain</a>, similar to other contemporary Indian entities, though in practice, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Government of the Mughal Empire">imperial politics</a> at <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> were largely influenced by the Marathas between 1737 and 1803.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Shivaji came from the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_(caste)" title="Maratha (caste)">Maratha community</a>, the Maratha government also included warriors, administrators, and other nobles from the Maratha and several other <a href="/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Marathi</a> groups from what is known today as <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kantak78_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kantak78-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shivaji's monarchy was initially referred to as the <b>Maratha Kingdom</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which expanded into a large realm in the 18th century under the leadership of Peshwa <a href="/wiki/Bajirao_I" title="Bajirao I">Bajirao I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marathas were a <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>-speaking peasantry group from the western <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>) who rose to prominence by establishing <a href="/wiki/Hindavi_Swarajya" title="Hindavi Swarajya">Hindavi Swarajya</a> (meaning "self-rule of Hindus").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagdi199398_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagdi199398-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200538_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200538-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Marathas became prominent in the politics of the Indian subcontinent during the seventeenth century under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a>, who revolted against the <a href="/wiki/Adil_Shahi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adil Shahi dynasty">Adil Shahi dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a> to carve out a kingdom with <a href="/wiki/Raigad_Fort" title="Raigad Fort">Raigad</a> as his capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPearson1976221–235_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearson1976221–235-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapper1997_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapper1997-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen20101941–_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen20101941–-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The religious attitude of <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Emperor Aurangzeb</a> estranged <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">non-Muslims</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_wars" title="Deccan wars">Maratha insurgency</a> came at a great cost for his men and treasury and eventually ensured Maratha ascendency and their control over sizeable portions of former Mughal dominions in the north of the Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Aurangzeb's death in 1707, Shivaji's grandson <a href="/wiki/Shahu_I" title="Shahu I">Shahu</a> under the leadership of Peshwa Bajirao revived Maratha power and confided a great deal of authority to the Bhat family, who became hereditary <a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">peshwas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime ministers</a>). After he died in 1749, they became the effective rulers. The leading Maratha families – Scindia, Holkar, Bhonsle, and Gaekwad – extended their conquests in northern and central India and became more independent and difficult to control. The Marathas' rapid expansion was halted with the great <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">defeat of Panipat</a> in 1761, at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan Empire">Afghan Empire</a>, following which the effective power of Peshwas over other chiefs came to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The structure of the Maratha state was that of a confederacy of four Rajas under the leadership of the Peshwa at <a href="/wiki/Poona" class="mw-redirect" title="Poona">Poona</a> (now Pune) in <a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">western India</a> from 1721 till 1818. These were the <a href="/wiki/Gwalior_State" title="Gwalior State">Raja of Gwalior</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Scindia" title="House of Scindia">House of Scindia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baroda_State" title="Baroda State">Raja of Baroda</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gaekwad_dynasty" title="Gaekwad dynasty">House of Gaekwad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indore_State" title="Indore State">Raja of Indore</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holkars" class="mw-redirect" title="Holkars">House of Holkar</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nagpur_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagpur kingdom">Raja of Nagpur</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bhonsles_of_Nagpur" title="Bhonsles of Nagpur">House of Bhonsle</a>, (in order of territory and jurisdiction they hold),<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Peshwa's dominions included the territories that later became the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay Province">Bombay Province</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Provinces" title="Central Provinces">Central Provinces</a>. </p><p>After he was defeated by the Holkar dynasty in 1802, the Peshwa <a href="/wiki/Baji_Rao_II" title="Baji Rao II">Baji Rao II</a> sought protection from the British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>, whose intervention destroyed the confederacy by 1818 after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third Anglo-Maratha Wars</a>. The stable borders of the confederacy after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhopal" title="Battle of Bhopal">Battle of Bhopal</a> in 1737 extended from modern-day <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005204_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005204-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the south to <a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a> in the north, to <a href="/wiki/Orissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa">Orissa</a> in the east<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen201016_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen201016-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or about a third of the subcontinent. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2></div> <p>The Maratha Confederacy is also referred to as the Maratha Empire. Historian <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ramusack" title="Barbara Ramusack">Barbara Ramusack</a> notes, "neither term is fully accurate since one implies a substantial degree of centralisation and the other signifies some surrender of power to a central government and a longstanding core of political administrators".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamusack200435_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamusack200435-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although at present, the word <a href="/wiki/Maratha_(caste)" title="Maratha (caste)">Maratha</a> refers to a traditionally Marathi peasantry group, in the past the word has been used to describe all <a href="/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Marathi people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones197425_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones197425-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGokhale1988112_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGokhale1988112-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Stewart_N._Gordon" title="Stewart N. Gordon">Stewart Gordon</a> argues against using the term "confederacy" because it implies long-term, stable power-sharing, which did not characterize the Maratha state. Instead, power dynamics within the Maratha leadership frequently changed, sometimes as often as each decade.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon1993_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon1993-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars prefer the term "<i>Maratha Raj</i>" or "<i>Maratha rule,</i>" emphasizing the state's unique blend of centralized and decentralized authority.<sup id="cite_ref-Kulkarni2008_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kulkarni2008-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This structure enabled both territorial expansion and regional autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Wink1986_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wink1986-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shivaji_and_his_descendants">Shivaji and his descendants</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joppenshivaji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Joppenshivaji.jpg/250px-Joppenshivaji.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Joppenshivaji.jpg/330px-Joppenshivaji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Joppenshivaji.jpg/500px-Joppenshivaji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="1538" /></a><figcaption>Early Maratha conquests, in Shivaji's and Shahji's time</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg/170px-Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg/255px-Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg/340px-Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>A portrait of <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji I</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a> (1630–1680) was a Maratha aristocrat of the <a href="/wiki/Bhonsle_(clan)" title="Bhonsle (clan)">Bhonsle</a> clan and was the founder of the Maratha state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPearson1976221–235_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearson1976221–235-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shivaji led a resistance against the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bijapur" title="Sultanate of Bijapur">Sultanate of Bijapur</a> in 1645 by winning the fort Torna, followed by many more forts, placing the area under his control and establishing <a href="/wiki/Hindavi_Swarajya" title="Hindavi Swarajya">Hindavi Swarajya</a> (self-rule of Hindu people<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200538_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200538-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). He created an independent Maratha state with <a href="/wiki/Raigad_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Raigad fort">Raigad</a> as its capital<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVartak19991126–1134_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVartak19991126–1134-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and successfully fought against the Mughals to defend his kingdom. He was crowned as <a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a> (sovereign) of the new Maratha Kingdom in 1674.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Maratha dominion under him comprised about 4.1% of the subcontinent, but it was spread over large tracts. At the time of his death,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPearson1976221–235_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearson1976221–235-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was reinforced with about 300 forts, and defended by about 40,000 cavalries, and 50,000 soldiers, as well as naval establishments along the west coast. Over time, the kingdom would increase in size and heterogeneity;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKantak199318_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKantak199318-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the time of his grandson's rule, and later under the Peshwas in the early 18th century, it became a vast realm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005707_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005707-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shivaji had two sons: <a href="/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajaram_I" title="Rajaram I">Rajaram</a>, who had different mothers and were half-brothers. In 1681, Sambhaji succeeded to the crown after his father's death and resumed his expansionist policies. Sambhaji had earlier defeated the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wodeyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Wodeyar">Chikka Deva Raya</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore</a>. To nullify the alliance between his rebel son, Akbar, and the Marathas,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards199512_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards199512-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> headed south in 1681. With his entire imperial court, administration and an army of about 500,000 troops, he proceeded to expand the Mughal empire, gaining territories such as the sultanates of Bijapur and <a href="/wiki/Golconda" title="Golconda">Golconda</a>. During the eight years that followed, Sambhaji led the Marathas successfully against the Mughals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In early 1689, Sambhaji called his commanders for a strategic meeting at <a href="/wiki/Sangameshwar" title="Sangameshwar">Sangameshwar</a> to consider an onslaught on the Mughal forces. In a meticulously planned operation, Ganoji and Aurangzeb's commander, Mukarrab Khan, attacked Sangameshwar when Sambhaji was accompanied by just a few men. Sambhaji was ambushed and captured by the Mughal troops on 1 February 1689. He and his advisor, <a href="/wiki/Kavi_Kalash" title="Kavi Kalash">Kavi Kalash</a>, were taken to Bahadurgad by the imperial army, where <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Sambhaji" title="Execution of Sambhaji">they were executed</a> by the Mughals on 21 March 1689.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta200550_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta200550-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aurangzeb had charged Sambhaji with attacks by Maratha forces on <a href="/wiki/Burhanpur" title="Burhanpur">Burhanpur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1995223_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1995223-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon Sambhaji's death, his half-brother Rajaram ascended the throne. The Mughal siege of Raigad continued, and he had to flee to <a href="/wiki/Vishalgad" title="Vishalgad">Vishalgad</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/Gingee_Fort" title="Gingee Fort">Gingee</a> for safety. From there, the Marathas raided Mughal territory, and many forts were recaptured by Maratha commanders such as <a href="/wiki/Santaji_Ghorpade" title="Santaji Ghorpade">Santaji Ghorpade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhanaji_Jadhav" title="Dhanaji Jadhav">Dhanaji Jadhav</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parshuram_Pant_Pratinidhi" title="Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi">Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi</a>, Shankaraji Narayan Sacheev and Melgiri Pandit. In 1697, Rajaram offered a truce but this was rejected by Aurangzeb. Rajaram died in 1700 at <a href="/wiki/Sinhagad" title="Sinhagad">Sinhagad</a>. His widow, <a href="/wiki/Tarabai" title="Tarabai">Tarabai</a>, assumed control in the name of her son, Ramaraja (Shivaji II).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta200553,_706_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta200553,_706-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sambhaji_painting_late_17th_century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sambhaji_painting_late_17th_century.png/250px-Sambhaji_painting_late_17th_century.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sambhaji_painting_late_17th_century.png/330px-Sambhaji_painting_late_17th_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sambhaji_painting_late_17th_century.png/500px-Sambhaji_painting_late_17th_century.png 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>A portrait of <a href="/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a>, and the second Maratha ruler.</figcaption></figure> <p>After Aurangzeb died in 1707, <a href="/wiki/Shahu_I" title="Shahu I">Shahu</a>, the son of Sambhaji (and grandson of Shivaji), was released by <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_I" title="Bahadur Shah I">Bahadur Shah I</a>, the new Mughal emperor. However, his mother was kept a hostage of the Mughals to ensure that Shahu adhered to the release conditions. Upon release, Shahu immediately claimed the Maratha throne and challenged his aunt Tarabai and her son. The spluttering Mughal-Maratha war became a three-cornered affair. This resulted in two rival seats of government being set up in 1707 at Satara and <a href="/wiki/Kolhapur" title="Kolhapur">Kolhapur</a> by Shahu and Tarabai respectively. Shahu appointed <a href="/wiki/Balaji_Vishwanath" title="Balaji Vishwanath">Balaji Vishwanath</a> as his Peshwa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen201011_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen201011-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Peshwa was instrumental in securing Mughal recognition of Shahu as the rightful heir of Shivaji and the <a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a> of the Marathas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen201011_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen201011-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Balaji also gained the release of Shahu's mother, <a href="/wiki/Yesubai_Bhonsale" title="Yesubai Bhonsale">Yesubai</a>, from Mughal captivity in 1719.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta200581_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta200581-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Shahu's reign, <a href="/wiki/Raghoji_I_Bhonsle" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghoji I Bhonsle">Raghoji Bhonsle</a> expanded the kingdom eastwards. <a href="/wiki/Khanderao_Dabhade" title="Khanderao Dabhade">Khanderao Dabhade</a> and later his son, Triambakrao, expanded it Westwards into Gujarat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005101–103_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005101–103-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peshwa Bajirao and his three chiefs, <a href="/wiki/Pawar" title="Pawar">Pawar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dhar" title="Dhar">Dhar</a>), <a href="/wiki/House_of_Holkar" title="House of Holkar">Holkar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indore" title="Indore">Indore</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Scindia" class="mw-redirect" title="Scindia">Scindia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a>) expanded it northwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta200538–39_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta200538–39-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peshwa_era">Peshwa era</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shaniwarwada_gate.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Shaniwarwada_gate.JPG/150px-Shaniwarwada_gate.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Shaniwarwada_gate.JPG/225px-Shaniwarwada_gate.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Shaniwarwada_gate.JPG/300px-Shaniwarwada_gate.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_entrance_of_Shaniwar_Wada..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/The_entrance_of_Shaniwar_Wada..JPG/150px-The_entrance_of_Shaniwar_Wada..JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/The_entrance_of_Shaniwar_Wada..JPG/225px-The_entrance_of_Shaniwar_Wada..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/The_entrance_of_Shaniwar_Wada..JPG/300px-The_entrance_of_Shaniwar_Wada..JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Shaniwar_Wada" title="Shaniwar Wada">Shaniwar Wada</a> palace fort in <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>, it was the seat of the Peshwa rulers of the Maratha Confederacy until 1818.</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_of_Malhar_Rao_Holkar_(alt._spelt_as_%27Malharrao_Holkar)_and_Peshwa_Bajirao_I_seated_together,_circa_18th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Painting_of_Malhar_Rao_Holkar_%28alt._spelt_as_%27Malharrao_Holkar%29_and_Peshwa_Bajirao_I_seated_together%2C_circa_18th_century.jpg/250px-Painting_of_Malhar_Rao_Holkar_%28alt._spelt_as_%27Malharrao_Holkar%29_and_Peshwa_Bajirao_I_seated_together%2C_circa_18th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Painting_of_Malhar_Rao_Holkar_%28alt._spelt_as_%27Malharrao_Holkar%29_and_Peshwa_Bajirao_I_seated_together%2C_circa_18th_century.jpg/330px-Painting_of_Malhar_Rao_Holkar_%28alt._spelt_as_%27Malharrao_Holkar%29_and_Peshwa_Bajirao_I_seated_together%2C_circa_18th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Painting_of_Malhar_Rao_Holkar_%28alt._spelt_as_%27Malharrao_Holkar%29_and_Peshwa_Bajirao_I_seated_together%2C_circa_18th_century.jpg/500px-Painting_of_Malhar_Rao_Holkar_%28alt._spelt_as_%27Malharrao_Holkar%29_and_Peshwa_Bajirao_I_seated_together%2C_circa_18th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2164" data-file-height="2621" /></a><figcaption>Peshwa <a href="/wiki/Bajirao_I" title="Bajirao I">Bajirao I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malhar_Rao_Holkar" title="Malhar Rao Holkar">Malhar Rao Holkar</a> c.18th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Shahu appointed <a href="/wiki/Balaji_Vishwanath" title="Balaji Vishwanath">Balaji Vishwanath</a> as Peshwa in 1713. Balaji Vishwanath's first major achievement was the conclusion of the <i>Treaty of Lonavala</i> in 1714 with <a href="/wiki/Kanhoji_Angre" title="Kanhoji Angre">Kanhoji Angre</a>, the most powerful naval chief on the Western Coast who later accepted Shahu as Chhatrapati. In 1719, <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Army" title="Maratha Army">Marathas</a> under Balaji marched to <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_brothers" title="Sayyid brothers">Sayyid Hussain Ali</a>, the Mughal governor of Deccan, and deposed the Mughal emperor, <a href="/wiki/Farrukhsiyar" title="Farrukhsiyar">Farrukhsiyar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen201012_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen201012-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new teenage emperor, <a href="/wiki/Rafi_ud-Darajat" title="Rafi ud-Darajat">Rafi ud-Darajat</a> and a puppet of the Sayyid brothers, granted Shahu rights to collecting <a href="/wiki/Chauth" title="Chauth">Chauth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardeshmukhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardeshmukhi">Sardeshmukhi</a> from the six Mogul provinces of Deccan, and full possession of the territories controlled by Shivaji in 1680.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgrawal198324,_200–202_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgrawal198324,_200–202-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005492–494_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005492–494-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Balaji Vishwanath's death in April 1720, his son, <a href="/wiki/Baji_Rao_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Baji Rao I">Baji Rao I</a>, was appointed Peshwa by Shahu. Bajirao is credited with expanding the Maratha Kingdom tenfold from 3% to 30% of the modern Indian landscape during 1720–1740.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontgomery1972132_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery1972132-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palkhed" title="Battle of Palkhed">Battle of Palkhed</a> was a land battle that took place on 28 February 1728 at the village of Palkhed, near the city of Nashik, Maharashtra, India between Baji Rao I and <a href="/wiki/Qamar-ud-din_Khan,_Asaf_Jah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asaf Jah I">Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asaf Jah I</a> of Hyderabad. The Marathas defeated the <a href="/wiki/Nizam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam">Nizam</a>. The battle is considered an example of the brilliant execution of military strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen201012_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen201012-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1737, Marathas under <a href="/wiki/Bajirao_I" title="Bajirao I">Bajirao I</a> raided the suburbs of Delhi in a blitzkrieg in the Battle of Delhi (1737).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005117_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005117-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen200612_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen200612-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nizam set out from the Deccan to rescue the Mughals from the invasion of the Marathas, but was defeated decisively in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhopal" title="Battle of Bhopal">Battle of Bhopal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen2006_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen2006-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen201023_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen201023-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marathas extracted a large tribute from the Mughals and signed a treaty which ceded <a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a> to the Marathas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen201013_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen201013-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vasai" title="Battle of Vasai">Battle of Vasai</a> was fought between the Marathas and the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese</a> rulers of <a href="/wiki/Vasai" title="Vasai">Vasai</a>, a village lying on the northern shore of Vasai creek, 50 km north of <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>. The Marathas were led by <a href="/wiki/Chimaji_Appa" title="Chimaji Appa">Chimaji Appa</a>, brother of Baji Rao. The Maratha victory in this war was a major achievement of Baji Rao's time in office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen2006_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen2006-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baji Rao's son, <a href="/wiki/Nanasaheb_Peshwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanasaheb Peshwa">Balaji Bajirao</a> (Nanasaheb), was appointed as the next Peshwa by Shahu despite the opposition of other chiefs. In 1740, the Maratha forces, under Raghoji Bhonsle, came down upon <a href="/wiki/Arcot" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcot">Arcot</a> and defeated the <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Arcot" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Arcot">Nawab of Arcot</a>, Dost Ali, in the pass of Damalcherry. In the war that followed, Dost Ali, one of his sons Hasan Ali, and several other prominent people died. This initial success at once enhanced Maratha prestige in the south. From Damalcherry, the Marathas proceeded to Arcot, which surrendered to them without much resistance. Then, Raghuji invaded Trichinopoly in December 1740. Unable to resist, <a href="/wiki/Chanda_Sahib" title="Chanda Sahib">Chanda Sahib</a> surrendered the fort to Raghuji on 14 March 1741. Chanda Saheb and his son were arrested and sent to Nagpur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005202_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005202-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana</a> also came under Maratha attacks during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen201015_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen201015-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1756 Luís Mascarenhas, Count of Alva (Conde de Alva), the Portuguese Viceroy was killed in action by the Maratha Army in Goa. </p><p>After the successful campaign of Karnataka and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trichinopoly_(1741)" title="Siege of Trichinopoly (1741)">Trichinopolly</a>, Raghuji returned from Karnataka. He undertook <a href="/wiki/Expeditions_in_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Expeditions in Bengal">six expeditions into Bengal</a> from 1741 to 1748.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar1991_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar1991-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resurgent Maratha Confederacy launched <a href="/wiki/Maratha_invasions_of_Bengal" title="Maratha invasions of Bengal">brutal raids against the prosperous Bengali state in the 18th century</a>, which further added to the decline of the Nawabs of Bengal. During their invasions and occupation of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaudhuri2006253_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaudhuri2006253-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">western Bengal</a> up to the <a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall200672_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall200672-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and during their occupation of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">western Bengal</a>, the Marathas perpetrated atrocities against the local population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall200672_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall200672-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maratha atrocities were recorded by both Bengali and European sources, which reported that the Marathas demanded payments, and tortured or killed anyone who couldn't pay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall200672_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall200672-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raghuji was able to annex <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> to his kingdom permanently as he successfully exploited the chaotic conditions prevailing in Bengal after the death of its governor <a href="/wiki/Murshid_Quli_Khan" title="Murshid Quli Khan">Murshid Quli Khan</a> in 1727. Constantly harassed by the Bhonsles, Odisha, Bengal and parts of Bihar were economically ruined. Alivardi Khan, the <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Bengal">Nawab of Bengal</a> made peace with Raghuji in 1751 ceding Cuttack (Odisha) up to the river Subarnarekha, and agreeing to pay Rs. 1.2 million annually as the <a href="/wiki/Chauth" title="Chauth">Chauth</a> for Bengal and Bihar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen201015_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen201015-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city of Delhi was sacked ten times by Marathas between 1737 and 1788. During this period, Maratha soldiers raped thousands of women including 350 Mughal queens and princesses.<sup id="cite_ref-Hari_Gupta_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hari_Gupta-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1754, <a href="/wiki/Malhar_Rao_Holkar" title="Malhar Rao Holkar">Malhar Rao Holkar</a> with his 20,000 Maratha soldiers raided the camp of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Bahadur" title="Ahmad Shah Bahadur">Emperor Ahmad Shah</a> at Sikandarabad, they proceeded to loot the camp and raped women in gangs including queens and princesses after emperor had fled.<sup id="cite_ref-Hari_Gupta_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hari_Gupta-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Balaji Bajirao encouraged agriculture, protected the villagers and brought about a marked improvement in the state of the territory. <a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Rao" title="Raghunath Rao">Raghunath Rao</a>, brother of Nanasaheb, pushed into the wake of the Afghan withdrawal after <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Shah_Abdali" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Shah Abdali">Ahmed Shah Abdali</a>'s plunder of Delhi in 1756. Delhi was captured by the Maratha army under Raghunath Rao in August 1757, defeating the Afghan garrison in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Delhi,_1757" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Delhi, 1757">Battle of Delhi</a>. This laid the foundation for the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_conquest_of_North-west_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha conquest of North-west India">Maratha conquest of North-west India</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, as in Delhi, the Marathas were now major players.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy200480–81_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy200480–81-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 1758 Battle of <a href="/wiki/Attock" title="Attock">Attock</a>, the Marathas captured <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> defeating the Afghan troops in the Battle of Peshawar on 8 May 1758.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen201016_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen201016-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just prior to the battle of Panipat in 1761, the Marathas looted "Diwan-i-Khas" or <i>Hall of Private Audiences</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a> of Delhi, which was the place where the Mughal emperors used to receive courtiers and state guests, in one of their expeditions to Delhi. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Marathas who were hard pressed for money stripped the ceiling of Diwan-i-Khas of its silver and looted the shrines dedicated to Muslim maulanas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgrawal198326_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgrawal198326-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>During the Maratha invasion of Rohilkhand in the 1750s </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Marathas defeated the Rohillas, forced them to seek shelter in hills and ransacked their country in such a manner that the Rohillas dreaded the Marathas and hated them ever afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgrawal198326_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgrawal198326-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chhatrapati_Shahu_Maharaj_hunting_with_his_Peshwa_Balaji_Bajirao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Chhatrapati_Shahu_Maharaj_hunting_with_his_Peshwa_Balaji_Bajirao.jpg/250px-Chhatrapati_Shahu_Maharaj_hunting_with_his_Peshwa_Balaji_Bajirao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Chhatrapati_Shahu_Maharaj_hunting_with_his_Peshwa_Balaji_Bajirao.jpg/330px-Chhatrapati_Shahu_Maharaj_hunting_with_his_Peshwa_Balaji_Bajirao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Chhatrapati_Shahu_Maharaj_hunting_with_his_Peshwa_Balaji_Bajirao.jpg/500px-Chhatrapati_Shahu_Maharaj_hunting_with_his_Peshwa_Balaji_Bajirao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1706" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Peshwa <a href="/wiki/Balaji_Baji_Rao" title="Balaji Baji Rao">Balaji Bajirao</a> meets <a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chatrapati</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahu_I" title="Shahu I">Shahu I</a> by Shivram Chitari <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1750</span></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1760, the Marathas under <a href="/wiki/Sadashivrao_Bhau" title="Sadashivrao Bhau">Sadashivrao Bhau</a> (referred to as the Bhau or Bhao in sources) responded to the news of the Afghans' return to North India by sending a large army north. Bhau's force was bolstered by some Maratha forces under <a href="/wiki/House_of_Holkar" title="House of Holkar">Holkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scindia" class="mw-redirect" title="Scindia">Scindia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaekwad" title="Gaekwad">Gaekwad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Govind_Pant_Bundele" class="mw-redirect" title="Govind Pant Bundele">Govind Pant Bundele</a> with <a href="/wiki/Suraj_Mal" title="Suraj Mal">Suraj Mal</a>. The combined army of over 50,000 regular troops re-captured the former Mughal capital, Delhi, from an Afghan garrison in August 1760.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005140_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005140-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Delhi had been reduced to ashes many times due to previous invasions, and there was an acute shortage of supplies in the Maratha camp. Bhau ordered the sacking of the already depopulated city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgrawal198326_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgrawal198326-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005274_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005274-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is said to have planned to place his nephew and the Peshwa's son, <a href="/wiki/Vishwasrao" title="Vishwasrao">Vishwasrao</a>, on the Mughal throne. By 1760, with the defeat of the Nizam in the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a>, Maratha power had reached its zenith with a territory of over 2,500,000 square kilometres (970,000 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurchinAdamsHall2006223_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurchinAdamsHall2006223-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:288px;max-width:288px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maratha_Armor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Maratha Helmet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Maratha_Armor.jpg/250px-Maratha_Armor.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Maratha_Armor.jpg/330px-Maratha_Armor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="1348" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Signature Maratha helmet with curved back, front view</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maratha_Armour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Maratha Armor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Maratha_Armour.jpg/250px-Maratha_Armour.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Maratha_Armour.jpg/330px-Maratha_Armour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="1348" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Signature Maratha helmet with curved back, side view</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Maratha armour from Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia</div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a> called on the <a href="/wiki/Rohillas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohillas">Rohillas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Oudh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Oudh">Nawab of Oudh</a> to assist him in driving out the Marathas from Delhi.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Huge armies of Muslim forces and Marathas collided with each other on 14 January 1761 in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Army" title="Maratha Army">Maratha Army</a> lost the battle, which halted their imperial expansion. The <a href="/wiki/Jat" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat">Jats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajputs</a> did not support the Marathas. Historians have criticised the Maratha treatment of fellow Hindu groups. Kaushik Roy says, "The treatment by the Marathas of their co-religionist fellows – Jats and Rajputs was definitely unfair and ultimately had to pay its price in Panipat where Muslim forces had united in the name of religion."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy200480–81_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy200480–81-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Marathas had antagonised the Jats and Rajputs by taxing them heavily, punishing them after defeating the Mughals and interfering in their internal affairs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Marathas were abandoned by <a href="/wiki/Suraj_Mal" title="Suraj Mal">Raja Suraj Mal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bharatpur,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatpur, India">Bharatpur</a>, who quit the Maratha alliance at <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a> before the start of the great battle and withdrew their troops as Maratha general <a href="/wiki/Sadashivrao_Bhau" title="Sadashivrao Bhau">Sadashivrao Bhau</a> did not heed the advice to leave soldiers' families (women and children) and pilgrims at Agra and not take them to the battlefield with the soldiers, rejected their co-operation. Their supply chains (earlier assured by <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a> <a href="/wiki/Suraj_Mal" title="Suraj Mal">Suraj Mal</a>) did not exist.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Peshwa <a href="/wiki/Madhavrao_I" title="Madhavrao I">Madhavrao I</a> was the fourth Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy. He worked as a unifying force in the Confederacy and moved to the south to subdue Mysore and the Nizam of Hyderabad to assert Maratha power. He sent generals such as Bhonsle, Scindia and Holkar to the north, where they re-established Maratha authority by the early 1770s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Madhav Rao I crossed the <a href="/wiki/Krishna_River" title="Krishna River">Krishna River</a> in 1767 and defeated <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a> in the battles of Sira and Madgiri. He also rescued the last queen of the <a href="/wiki/Keladi_Nayaka_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Keladi Nayaka Kingdom">Keladi Nayaka Kingdom</a>, who had been kept in confinement by Hyder Ali in the fort of Madgiri.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005458_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005458-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1771, ten years after the collapse of Maratha authority over North India following the Third Battle of Panipat, <a href="/wiki/Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Mahadaji Shinde</a> recaptured Delhi and installed <a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a> as a puppet ruler on the Mughal throne<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERathod19948_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERathod19948-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> receiving in return the title of deputy <i><a href="/wiki/Vakil-i-Mutlaq" title="Vakil-i-Mutlaq">Vakil-ul-Mutlak</a></i> or vice-regent of the Empire and that of <i>Vakil-ul-Mutlak</i> being at his request conferred on the Peshwa. The Mughals also gave him the title of <i>Amir-ul-Amara</i> (head of the amirs).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarooqui2011334_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarooqui2011334-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After taking control of Delhi, the Marathas sent a large army in 1772 to punish Afghan <a href="/wiki/Rohilla" title="Rohilla">Rohillas</a> for their involvement in Panipat. Their army devastated <a href="/wiki/Rohilkhand" title="Rohilkhand">Rohilkhand</a> by looting and plundering as well as taking members of the royal family as captives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERathod19948_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERathod19948-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Marathas invaded Rohilkhand to avenge the Rohillas' atrocities in the <a href="/wiki/Panipat" title="Panipat">Panipat</a> war. The Marathas under the leadership of Mahadaji Shinde entered the <i><a href="/wiki/Jagir" title="Jagir">land</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a> Najib-ud-Daula which was held by his son <a href="/wiki/Zabita_Khan" title="Zabita Khan">Zabita Khan</a> after his death. Zabita Khan initially resisted the attack with Sayyid Khan and Saadat Khan behaving with gallantry, but was eventually defeated with the death of Saadat Khan by the Marathas and was forced to flee to the camp of <a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a> and his country was ravaged by Marathas.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahadaji Shinde captured the family of Zabita Khan, desecrated the grave of <a href="/wiki/Najib_ad-Dawlah" title="Najib ad-Dawlah">Najib ad-Dawlah</a> and looted his fort.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the fleeing of the Rohillas, the rest of the country was burnt, with the exception of the city of Amroha, which was defended by some thousands of <a href="/wiki/Amrohi_Syed" title="Amrohi Syed">Amrohi Sayyid</a> tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rohillas who could offer no resistance fled to the Terai whence the remaining Sardar <a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Rahmat_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafiz Rahmat Khan">Hafiz Rahmat Khan</a> Barech sought assistance in an agreement formed with the Nawab of <a href="/wiki/Oudh" class="mw-redirect" title="Oudh">Oudh</a>, Shuja-ud-Daula, by which the Rohillas agreed to pay four million rupees in return for military help against the Marathas. Hafiz Rehmat, abhorring unnecessary violence, unlike the outlook of his fellow Rohillas such as Ali Muhammad and Najib Khan, prided himself on his role as a political mediator and sought an alliance with Awadh to keep the Marathas out of Rohilkhand. He bound himself to pay on behalf of the Rohillas. However, after he refused to pay, <a href="/wiki/Oudh" class="mw-redirect" title="Oudh">Oudh</a> attacked the Rohillas.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a>, the Mughal Emperor spent six years in the Allahabad fort and after the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Delhi_(1771)" title="Capture of Delhi (1771)">capture of Delhi</a> in 1771 by the Marathas, left for his capital under their protection.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was escorted to Delhi by Mahadaji Shinde and left Allahabad in May 1771. During their short stay, Marathas constructed two temples in Allahabad city, one of them being the famous <a href="/wiki/Alopi_Devi_Mandir" title="Alopi Devi Mandir">Alopi Devi Mandir</a>. After reaching Delhi in January 1772 and realising the Maratha intent of territorial encroachment, however, Shah Alam ordered his general <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Najaf_Khan" title="Mirza Najaf Khan">Najaf Khan</a> to drive them out. In retaliation, <a href="/wiki/Tukoji_Rao_Holkar" title="Tukoji Rao Holkar">Tukoji Rao Holkar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visaji_Krushna_Biniwale" title="Visaji Krushna Biniwale">Visaji Krushna Biniwale</a> attacked Delhi and defeated Mughal forces in 1772. The Marathas were granted an imperial <i><a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">sanad</a></i> for Kora and Allahabad. They turned their attention to Oudh to gain these two territories. Shuja was, however, unwilling to give them up and made appeals to the English and the Marathas did not fare well at the Battle of Ramghat.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maratha and British armies fought in Ram Ghat, but the sudden demise of the Peshwa and the civil war in <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a> to choose the next Peshwa forced the Marathas to retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Madhavrao_I" title="Madhavrao I">Madhavrao Peshwa</a>'s victory over the <a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Nizam of Hyderabad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mysore_State" title="Mysore State">Mysore</a> in southern India established Maratha dominance in the Deccan. On the other hand, Mahadaji's victory over Jats of Mathura, Rajputs of Rajasthan and Pashtun-Rohillas of <a href="/wiki/Rohilkhand" title="Rohilkhand">Rohilkhand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bareilly_division" title="Bareilly division">Bareilly division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moradabad_division" title="Moradabad division">Moradabad division</a> of present-day <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>) re-established the Marathas in northern India. With the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Delhi,_1771" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Delhi, 1771">Capture of Delhi in 1771</a> and the capture of Najibabad in 1772 and treaties with Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a> as a restricted monarch to the throne under Maratha suzerainty, the resurrection of Maratha power in the North was complete.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1993158_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart1993158-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERathod19948_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERathod19948-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Madhav Rao died in 1772, at the age of 27. His death is considered to be a fatal blow to the Maratha Confederacy and from that time Maratha power started to move on a downward trajectory, less an empire than a confederacy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confederacy_era">Confederacy era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:States_of_the_Maratha_Confederacy_at_peak_1760.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/States_of_the_Maratha_Confederacy_at_peak_1760.png/250px-States_of_the_Maratha_Confederacy_at_peak_1760.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/States_of_the_Maratha_Confederacy_at_peak_1760.png/330px-States_of_the_Maratha_Confederacy_at_peak_1760.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/States_of_the_Maratha_Confederacy_at_peak_1760.png/500px-States_of_the_Maratha_Confederacy_at_peak_1760.png 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Constituent kingdoms</a>/<a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">states</a> of the Maratha Confederacy,1760.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahadaji_Sindhia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mahadaji_Sindhia.jpg/250px-Mahadaji_Sindhia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mahadaji_Sindhia.jpg/330px-Mahadaji_Sindhia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mahadaji_Sindhia.jpg/500px-Mahadaji_Sindhia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1421" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Mahadaji Shinde</a> restored the Maratha domination of northern India</figcaption></figure> <p>In a bid to effectively manage the large empire, <a href="/wiki/Madhavrao_Peshwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhavrao Peshwa">Madhavrao Peshwa</a> gave semi-autonomy to the strongest of the aristocracy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Your explanation here (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After the death of Peshwa <a href="/wiki/Madhavrao_I" title="Madhavrao I">Madhavrao I</a>, various chiefs and <a href="/wiki/Jagirdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagirdar">jagirdars</a> became <i>de facto</i> rulers and regents for the infant Peshwa <a href="/wiki/Madhavrao_II" title="Madhavrao II">Madhavrao II</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Under the leadership of Mahadaji Shinde, the ruler of the state of Gwalior in central India, the Marathas defeated the Jats, the Rohilla Afghans and took Delhi which remained under Maratha control for the next three decades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1993158_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart1993158-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His forces conquered modern day Haryana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittal198613_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittal198613-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shinde was instrumental in resurrecting Maratha power after the débâcle of the Third Battle of Panipat, and in this, he was assisted by <a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_de_Boigne" title="Benoît de Boigne">Benoît de Boigne</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the growth in power of feudal lords like the Malwa sardars, the landlords of Bundelkhand and the Rajput kingdoms of Rajasthan who refused to pay tribute to him, he sent his army to conquer states such as <a href="/wiki/Bhopal_State" title="Bhopal State">Bhopal</a>, Datiya, Chanderi, Narwar, Salbai and Gohad. However, he launched an unsuccessful expedition against the Raja of Jaipur but withdrew after the inconclusive Battle of Lalsot in 1787.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERathod199495_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERathod199495-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gajendragad" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gajendragad">Battle of Gajendragad</a> was fought between the Marathas under the command of Tukojirao Holkar (the adopted son of Malharrao Holkar) and <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> from March 1786 to March 1787 in which Tipu Sultan was defeated by the Marathas. By the victory in this battle, the border of the Maratha territory was extended to the <a href="/wiki/Tungabhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungabhadra">Tungabhadra</a> river.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampath2008238_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESampath2008238-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strong fort of <a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a> was then in the hands of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhatar_Singh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chhatar Singh (page does not exist)">Chhatar Singh</a>, the Jat ruler of <a href="/wiki/Gohad" title="Gohad">Gohad</a>. In 1783, Mahadaji besieged the fort of Gwalior and conquered it. He delegated the administration of Gwalior to Khanderao Hari Bhalerao. After celebrating the conquest of Gwalior, Mahadaji Shinde turned his attention to Delhi again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERathod199430_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERathod199430-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Maratha-Sikh treaty in 1785 made the small Cis-Sutlej states an autonomous protectorate of the <a href="/wiki/Scindia_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Scindia Dynasty">Scindia Dynasty</a> of the Maratha Confederacy,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as Mahadaji Shinde was deputed the <i><a href="/wiki/Vakil-i-Mutlaq" title="Vakil-i-Mutlaq">Vakil-i-Mutlaq</a></i> (Regent of the empire) of Mughal affairs in 1784.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaurasia200413_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaurasia200413-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a> in 1806, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a> drafted a treaty granting independence to the Sikh clans east of the <a href="/wiki/Sutlej_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutlej River">Sutlej River</a> in exchange for their allegiance to the British General <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard Lake">Gerard Lake</a> acting on his dispatch.<sup id="cite_ref-DukeDispatch_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DukeDispatch-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-duketreaty_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duketreaty-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the conclusion of the war, the frontier of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> was extended to the Yamuna. </p><p>Mahadaji Shinde had conquered <a href="/wiki/Rania,_Haryana" class="mw-redirect" title="Rania, Haryana">Rania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatehabad_district" title="Fatehabad district">Fatehabad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sirsa" title="Sirsa">Sirsa</a> from the governor of Hissar. <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> then came under the Marathas. He divided Haryana into four territories: Delhi (Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a>, his family and areas surrounding Delhi), Panipat (Karnal, Sonepat, Kurukshetra and Ambala), Hisar (Hisar, Sirsa, Fatehabad, parts of Rohtak), Ahirwal (Gurugram, Rewari, Narnaul, Mahendragarh) and Mewat. <a href="/wiki/Daulat_Rao_Scindia" class="mw-redirect" title="Daulat Rao Scindia">Daulat Rao Scindia</a> ceded Haryana on 30 December 1803 under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Surji-Anjangaon" title="Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon">Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon</a> to the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> leading to the <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company rule in India</a>. </p><p>In 1788, Mahadaji's armies defeated <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Beg" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismail Beg">Ismail Beg</a>, a Mughal noble who resisted the Marathas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERathod1994106_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERathod1994106-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rohilla chief <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Kadir" title="Ghulam Kadir">Ghulam Kadir</a>, Ismail Beg's ally, took over Delhi, capital of the Mughal dynasty and deposed and blinded the king Shah Alam II, placing a puppet on the Delhi throne. Mahadaji intervened and killed him, taking possession of Delhi on 2 October restoring Shah Alam II to the throne and acting as his protector.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulakarṇī1996_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulakarṇī1996-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jodhpur" title="Jodhpur">Jodhpur</a>, the two most powerful Rajput states, were still out of direct Maratha domination, so Mahadaji sent his general <a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_de_Boigne" title="Benoît de Boigne">Benoît de Boigne</a> to crush the forces of Jaipur and Jodhpur at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Patan" title="Battle of Patan">Battle of Patan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar1994_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar1994-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another achievement of the Marathas was their victories over the <a href="/wiki/Nizam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam">Nizam</a> of Hyderabad's armies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1951b_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1951b-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarua200591_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarua200591-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>The last of these took place at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kharda" title="Battle of Kharda">Battle of Kharda</a> in 1795 with all the major Maratha powers jointly fighting Nizam's forces.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maratha–Mysore_Wars"><span id="Maratha.E2.80.93Mysore_Wars"></span>Maratha–Mysore Wars</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Maratha%E2%80%93Mysore_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha–Mysore Wars">Maratha–Mysore Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sringeri_Sharada_Peetham" title="Sringeri Sharada Peetham">Sringeri Sharada Peetham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a></div> <p>The Marathas came into conflict with <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a>, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Maratha%E2%80%93Mysore_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha–Mysore Wars">Maratha–Mysore War</a> in 1785. The war ended in 1787 with Tipu Sultan being defeated by the Marathas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan2005105–107_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan2005105–107-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maratha-Mysore war ended in April 1787 following the finalizing of the <i>treaty of Gajendragad</i>, as per which the Tipu Sultan of Mysore was obligated to pay 4.8 million rupees as a war cost to the Marathas and an annual tribute of 1.2 million rupees, in addition to returning all the territory captured by <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaravane2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbxsa3jtHoCECpgPA175_175]_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaravane2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbxsa3jtHoCECpgPA175_175]-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1791–92, large areas of the Maratha Confederacy suffered a massive population loss due to the <a href="/wiki/Doji_bara_famine" title="Doji bara famine">Doji bara famine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-igi-III-502_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi-III-502-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1791, <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">irregulars</a> like <i>lamaans</i> and <a href="/wiki/Pindari" title="Pindari">pindaris</a> of the Maratha army raided and looted the temple of <a href="/wiki/Sringeri" title="Sringeri">Sringeri</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Shankaracharya" title="Shankaracharya">Shankaracharya</a></i>, killing and wounding many people, including Brahmins, plundering the monastery of all its valuable possessions, and desecrating the temple by displacing the image of goddess <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Sāradā</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The incumbent <i>Shankaracharya</i> petitioned <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> for help. A bunch of about 30 letters written in <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, which were exchanged between Tipu Sultan's court and the <a href="/wiki/Sringeri" title="Sringeri">Sringeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Shankaracharya" title="Shankaracharya">Shankaracharya</a> were discovered in 1916 by the Director of Archaeology in <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a>. Tipu Sultan expressed his indignation and grief at the news of the raid:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan2005358_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan2005358-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>People who have sinned against such a holy place are sure to suffer the consequences of their misdeeds at no distant date in this Kali age in accordance with the verse: "Hasadbhih kriyate karma rudadbhir-anubhuyate" (People do [evil] deeds smilingly but suffer the consequences crying).<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Tipu Sultan immediately ordered the Asaf of <a href="/wiki/Bednur" class="mw-redirect" title="Bednur">Bednur</a> to supply the Swami with 200 <i>rahati</i>s (<i><a href="/wiki/Travancore_Fanam" title="Travancore Fanam">fanam</a></i>s) in cash and other gifts and articles. Tipu Sultan's interest in the Sringeri temple continued for many years, and he was still writing to the Swami in the 1790s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan2005359_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan2005359-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Maratha Confederacy soon allied with the British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> (based in the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a>) against Mysore in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a>. After the British had suffered a defeat against Mysore in the first two Anglo-Mysore Wars, the Maratha cavalry assisted the British in the last two Anglo-Mysore Wars from 1790 onwards, eventually helping the British conquer Mysore in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a> in 1799.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper2003_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper2003-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the British conquest, however, the Marathas launched frequent raids in Mysore to plunder the region, which they justified as compensation for past losses to Tipu Sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper200369_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper200369-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_intervention">British intervention</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Maratha_Wars_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Maratha Wars (disambiguation)">Anglo-Maratha Wars (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maratha_British_Treaty.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Maratha_British_Treaty.JPG/220px-Maratha_British_Treaty.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Maratha_British_Treaty.JPG/330px-Maratha_British_Treaty.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Maratha_British_Treaty.JPG/440px-Maratha_British_Treaty.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A mural depicting the British surrender during the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a>. The mural is a part of the Victory Memorial (Vijay Stambh) located at <a href="/wiki/Vadgaon_Maval" title="Vadgaon Maval">Vadgaon Maval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1775, the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>, from its base in Bombay, intervened in a succession struggle in Pune, on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Raghunathrao" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghunathrao">Raghunathrao</a> (also called Raghobadada), who wanted to become Peshwa of the confederacy. The British also wanted to end any potential anti-British, French-Maratha alliance at its crib.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maratha forces under Tukojirao Holkar and Mahadaji Shinde defeated a British expeditionary force at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadgaon" title="Battle of Wadgaon">Battle of Wadgaon</a>, but the heavy surrender terms, which included the return of annexed territory and a share of revenues, were disavowed by the British authorities at Bengal and fighting continued. What became known as the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a> ended in 1782 with a restoration of the pre-war <i>status quo</i> and the East India Company's abandonment of Raghunathrao's cause.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Daniell,_Sir_Charles_Warre_Malet,_Concluding_a_Treaty_in_1790_in_Durbar_with_the_Peshwa_of_the_Maratha_Empire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Thomas_Daniell%2C_Sir_Charles_Warre_Malet%2C_Concluding_a_Treaty_in_1790_in_Durbar_with_the_Peshwa_of_the_Maratha_Empire.jpg/220px-Thomas_Daniell%2C_Sir_Charles_Warre_Malet%2C_Concluding_a_Treaty_in_1790_in_Durbar_with_the_Peshwa_of_the_Maratha_Empire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Thomas_Daniell%2C_Sir_Charles_Warre_Malet%2C_Concluding_a_Treaty_in_1790_in_Durbar_with_the_Peshwa_of_the_Maratha_Empire.jpg/330px-Thomas_Daniell%2C_Sir_Charles_Warre_Malet%2C_Concluding_a_Treaty_in_1790_in_Durbar_with_the_Peshwa_of_the_Maratha_Empire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Thomas_Daniell%2C_Sir_Charles_Warre_Malet%2C_Concluding_a_Treaty_in_1790_in_Durbar_with_the_Peshwa_of_the_Maratha_Empire.jpg/440px-Thomas_Daniell%2C_Sir_Charles_Warre_Malet%2C_Concluding_a_Treaty_in_1790_in_Durbar_with_the_Peshwa_of_the_Maratha_Empire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Peshwa <a href="/wiki/Madhavrao_II" title="Madhavrao II">Madhavrao II</a> in his court in 1790, concluding a treaty with the British</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1799, <a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Holkar" title="Yashwantrao Holkar">Yashwantrao Holkar</a> was crowned King of the Holkars and he captured Ujjain. He started campaigning towards the north to expand his dominion in that region. Yashwant Rao rebelled against the policies of Peshwa <a href="/wiki/Baji_Rao_II" title="Baji Rao II">Baji Rao II</a>. In May 1802, he marched towards Pune the seat of the Peshwa. This gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poona" title="Battle of Poona">Battle of Poona</a> in which the Peshwa was defeated. After the Battle of Poona, the flight of the Peshwa left the government of the Maratha state in the hands of Yashwantrao Holkar.(<a href="#CITEREFKincaidPārasanīsa1925">Kincaid & Pārasanīsa 1925</a>, p. 194) He appointed Amrutrao as the Peshwa and went to Indore on 13 March 1803. All except Gaekwad, chief of <a href="/wiki/Baroda" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroda">Baroda</a>, who had already accepted British protection by a separate treaty on 26 July 1802, supported the new regime. He made a treaty with the British. Also, Yashwant Rao successfully resolved the disputes with Scindia and the Peshwa. He tried to unite the Maratha Confederacy but to no avail. In 1802, the British intervened in Baroda to support the heir to the throne against rival claimants and they signed a treaty with the new Maharaja recognising his independence from the Maratha Confederacy in return for his acknowledgement of British paramountcy. Before the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1803–1805), the Peshwa Baji Rao II signed a similar treaty. The defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi,_1803" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Delhi, 1803">Battle of Delhi, 1803</a> during the Second Anglo-Maratha War resulted in the loss of influence over Delhi for the Marathas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapper199728_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapper199728-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Second Anglo-Maratha War represents the military high-water mark of the Marathas who posed the last serious opposition to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>. The real contest for India was never a single decisive battle for the subcontinent, rather, it turned on a complex social and political struggle for the control of the South Asian military economy. The victory in 1803 hinged as much on finance, diplomacy, politics and intelligence as it did on battlefield manoeuvring and war itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper200369_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper200369-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2-12th_Madras_Native_Infantry_at_the_Battle_of_Assaye,_1803._Painting_by_JC_Stadler_(1780-1822),_c._1815..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2-12th_Madras_Native_Infantry_at_the_Battle_of_Assaye%2C_1803._Painting_by_JC_Stadler_%281780-1822%29%2C_c._1815..jpg/220px-2-12th_Madras_Native_Infantry_at_the_Battle_of_Assaye%2C_1803._Painting_by_JC_Stadler_%281780-1822%29%2C_c._1815..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2-12th_Madras_Native_Infantry_at_the_Battle_of_Assaye%2C_1803._Painting_by_JC_Stadler_%281780-1822%29%2C_c._1815..jpg/330px-2-12th_Madras_Native_Infantry_at_the_Battle_of_Assaye%2C_1803._Painting_by_JC_Stadler_%281780-1822%29%2C_c._1815..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2-12th_Madras_Native_Infantry_at_the_Battle_of_Assaye%2C_1803._Painting_by_JC_Stadler_%281780-1822%29%2C_c._1815..jpg/440px-2-12th_Madras_Native_Infantry_at_the_Battle_of_Assaye%2C_1803._Painting_by_JC_Stadler_%281780-1822%29%2C_c._1815..jpg 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assaye" title="Battle of Assaye">Battle of Assaye</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ultimately, the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1817–1818) resulted in the loss of Maratha independence. It left the British in control of most of the Indian subcontinent. The Peshwa was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Bithoor" title="Bithoor">Bithoor</a> (Marat, near Kanpur, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>) as a pensioner of the British. The Maratha heartland of Desh, including Pune, came under direct British rule, except the states of <a href="/wiki/Kolhapur" title="Kolhapur">Kolhapur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satara_(city)" title="Satara (city)">Satara</a>, which retained local Maratha rulers (descendants of Shivaji and Sambhaji II ruled over Kolhapur). The Maratha-ruled states of Gwalior, Indore, and Nagpur all lost territory and came under subordinate alliances with the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> as <a href="/wiki/Princely_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely states">princely states</a> that retained internal sovereignty under British paramountcy. Other small princely states of Maratha knights were retained under the British Raj as well.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peshwa_Baji_Rao_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Peshwa_Baji_Rao_II.jpg/250px-Peshwa_Baji_Rao_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Peshwa_Baji_Rao_II.jpg/330px-Peshwa_Baji_Rao_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Peshwa_Baji_Rao_II.jpg/500px-Peshwa_Baji_Rao_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Peshwa Baji Rao II signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bassein_(1802)" title="Treaty of Bassein (1802)">Treaty of Bassein</a> with the British East India Company</figcaption></figure> <p>The Third Anglo-Maratha War was fought by Maratha warlords separately instead of forming a common front and they surrendered one by one. Shinde and the Pashtun Amir Khan were subdued by the use of diplomacy and pressure, which resulted in the Treaty of Gwalior<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrakash2002300_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrakash2002300-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 5 November 1817.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> All other Maratha chiefs like Holkars, Bhonsles and the Peshwa gave up arms by 1818. British historian <a href="/wiki/Percival_Spear" title="Percival Spear">Percival Spear</a> describes 1818 as a watershed year in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">history of India</a>, saying that by that year "the British dominion in India became the British dominion of India".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENayar200864_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENayar200864-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrivediAllen200030_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrivediAllen200030-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war left the British, under the auspices of the British East India Company, in control of virtually all of present-day India south of the <a href="/wiki/Sutlej_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutlej River">Sutlej River</a>. The famed <a href="/wiki/Nassak_Diamond" title="Nassak Diamond">Nassak Diamond</a> was looted by the company as part of the spoils of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Court_of_Customs_and_Patent_Appeals1930121_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Court_of_Customs_and_Patent_Appeals1930121-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British acquired large chunks of territory from the Maratha Empire and in effect put an end to their most dynamic opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack200677_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack200677-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms of surrender Major-general <a href="/wiki/John_Malcolm" title="John Malcolm">John Malcolm</a> offered to the Peshwa were controversial amongst the British for being too liberal: The Peshwa was offered a luxurious life near Kanpur and given a pension of about 80,000 pounds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <p>The Maratha Confederacy, at its peak, encompassed a large area of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian sub-continent</a>. At its zenith, it expanded from <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> in the north to <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a> in the south, <a href="/wiki/Kutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutch">Kutch</a> in the west to <a href="/wiki/Oudh" class="mw-redirect" title="Oudh">Oudh</a> in the east. It bordered <a href="/wiki/Oudh" class="mw-redirect" title="Oudh">Oudh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana</a> in the north. Apart from capturing various regions, the Marathas maintained a large number of tributaries who were bound by agreements to pay a certain amount of regular tax, known as <a href="/wiki/Chauth" title="Chauth">Chauth</a>. The confederacy collected defeated the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mysore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Mysore">Sultanate of Mysore</a> under <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Oudh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Oudh">Nawab of Oudh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Nizam of Hyderabad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Bengal">Nawab of Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talpur_dynasty" title="Talpur dynasty">Nawab of Sindh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Arcot" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Arcot">Nawab of Arcot</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Polygar" title="Polygar">Polygar</a> kingdoms of South India. They extracted <i>chauth</i> from the rulers in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oudh_State" title="Oudh State">Oudh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay1967556_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay1967556-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESainiChandn.d.97_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESainiChandn.d.97-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They built up the large empire in India.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Seat_of_the_Mahratta_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/The_Seat_of_the_Mahratta_War.jpg/220px-The_Seat_of_the_Mahratta_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/The_Seat_of_the_Mahratta_War.jpg/330px-The_Seat_of_the_Mahratta_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/The_Seat_of_the_Mahratta_War.jpg/440px-The_Seat_of_the_Mahratta_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2910" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The Marathas were requested by <a href="/wiki/Safdarjung" class="mw-redirect" title="Safdarjung">Safdarjung</a>, the Nawab of Oudh, in 1752 to help him defeat the Afghani Rohillas. The Maratha force set out from Pune and defeated the Afghan Rohillas in 1752, capturing the whole of <a href="/wiki/Rohilkhand" title="Rohilkhand">Rohilkhand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bareilly_division" title="Bareilly division">Bareilly division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moradabad_division" title="Moradabad division">Moradabad division</a> of present-day <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgrawal198326_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgrawal198326-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1752, the Marathas entered into an agreement with the Mughal emperor, through his <i>wazir</i>, Safdarjung, and the Mughals gave the Marathas the chauth of <a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Doab</a> in addition to the <i><a href="/wiki/Subahdar" title="Subahdar">Subahdari</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen200613_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen200613-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1758, Marathas started their <a href="/wiki/Maratha_conquest_of_North-west_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha conquest of North-west India">north-west conquest</a> and expanded their boundary till Afghanistan. They defeated the Afghan forces of <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Shah_Abdali" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Shah Abdali">Ahmed Shah Abdali</a>. The Afghans numbered around 25,000–30,000 and were led by <a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Timur Shah">Timur Shah</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy2011103_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy2011103-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the confederacy era, Mahadaji Shinde resurrected the Maratha domination over much of Northern India which was lost after the Third Battle of Panipat. <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> and much of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> were under the suzerainty of the <a href="/wiki/Scindhias" class="mw-redirect" title="Scindhias">Scindhias</a> of the Maratha Confederacy, but following the Second Anglo-Maratha War of 1803–1805, the Marathas lost these territories to the British East India Company.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarooqui2011334_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarooqui2011334-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaurasia200413_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaurasia200413-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territorial_evolution">Territorial evolution</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Expanse</th> <th>Background </th></tr> <tr> <th>1680 </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_India_in_1680.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Southern_India_in_1680.png/250px-Southern_India_in_1680.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Southern_India_in_1680.png/330px-Southern_India_in_1680.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Southern_India_in_1680.png/500px-Southern_India_in_1680.png 2x" data-file-width="8371" data-file-height="8357" /></a></span> </td> <td>Except for the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese possessions</a> of Goa, Chaul, Salsette, and Bassein, the <a href="/wiki/Murud-Janjira" title="Murud-Janjira">Abyssinian pirate stronghold of Janjira</a>, and the English settlement on Bombay Island, Sivaji had complete control over the entire <a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan region</a> from Daman in the north to Karwar in the south at the time of his death in 1680. His eastern boundary extended through the districts of Nasik and Poona, encompassing the entire Satara region and most of Kolhapur. Additionally, he held territories in Bellary, Kopal, Sira, Bangalore, Kolar, Vellore, Arni, and Gingi, along with a share in his brother's principality of <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Tanjore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_1959_48_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_1959_48-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1700 </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:India_in_1700.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/India_in_1700.png/220px-India_in_1700.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/India_in_1700.png/330px-India_in_1700.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/India_in_1700.png/440px-India_in_1700.png 2x" data-file-width="8279" data-file-height="10780" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji</a>, who succeeded Shivaji, was captured and subsequently executed by <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb</a> in 1689. However, by the beginning of the 18th century, the Marathas had managed to regain their power.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_1959_48_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_1959_48-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1785 </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:India_in_1785.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/India_in_1785.png/250px-India_in_1785.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/India_in_1785.png/330px-India_in_1785.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/India_in_1785.png/500px-India_in_1785.png 2x" data-file-width="8281" data-file-height="10933" /></a></span> </td> <td>After Aurangzeb, Marathas conquered a significant portion of India, stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Chenab_River" title="Chenab River">Chenab River</a> to the borders of Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>The involvement of the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Government</a> in advocating <a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Rao" title="Raghunath Rao">Raghoba</a>'s claim to the Peshwaship of the Maratha Confederacy resulted in the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a>, ultimately concluding with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Salbai" title="Treaty of Salbai">Treaty of Salbai</a> (1782).<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1798 </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:India_in_1798.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/India_in_1798.png/220px-India_in_1798.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/India_in_1798.png/330px-India_in_1798.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/India_in_1798.png/440px-India_in_1798.png 2x" data-file-width="8237" data-file-height="10918" /></a></span> </td> <td>In 1795, the Marathas overwhelmed the <a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Nizam of Hyderabad</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kharda" title="Battle of Kharda">Kharda</a>. The Maratha frontier was expanded all the way to the <a href="/wiki/Tungabhadra_River" title="Tungabhadra River">Tungabhadra River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1805 </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:India_in_1805.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/India_in_1805.png/250px-India_in_1805.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/India_in_1805.png/330px-India_in_1805.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/India_in_1805.png/500px-India_in_1805.png 2x" data-file-width="8220" data-file-height="10919" /></a></span> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bassein_(1802)" title="Treaty of Bassein (1802)">Treaty of Bassein</a> (1802) resulted in a conflict with the Marathas. As per the treaty, the Peshwa, <a href="/wiki/Baji_Rao_II" title="Baji Rao II">Baji Rao II</a>, was reinstated in Poona as a mere figurehead under the control of the British East India Company. In exchange, he agreed to allow the British to station a subsidiary force in his territory and accepted British arbitration in any disputes with other regional powers. This agreement made a war with the Marathas unavoidable. In the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a>, the Treaty of Deogaon saw Berar surrender the province of Cuttack, including Balasore, which connected Bengal with Madras. Additionally, the Treaty of Surji Arjangaon led to <a href="/wiki/Scindia_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Scindia Dynasty">Scindia</a> relinquishing the Upper Doab, his forts and territories northeast of the Rajput States, the districts of Broach and Ahmadnagar, as well as his possessions south of the Ajanta hills. Asirgarh, Burhanpur, and certain districts in the Tapti Valley were returned to Scindia. The Peshwa received the fort and district of Ahmadnagar, while the Nizam acquired the district south of the Ajanta hills. Furthermore, the western part of Berar, lying west of the Wardha River and south of the fortress of Gawilgarh, was also granted to the Nizam.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1836 </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:India_in_1836.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/India_in_1836.png/250px-India_in_1836.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/India_in_1836.png/330px-India_in_1836.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/India_in_1836.png/500px-India_in_1836.png 2x" data-file-width="8216" data-file-height="10901" /></a></span> </td> <td>During the final and <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third Anglo-Maratha war</a> (1817–19), the British achieved widespread success in their military endeavours. They successfully removed the Peshwa from power, confiscated his territories, and compelled him to reside in Bithur near Cawnpore. The <a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh_(Raja_of_Satara)" title="Pratap Singh (Raja of Satara)">Raja of Satara</a> was permitted to retain a small portion of his ancestral domains until it eventually came under British control during the time of Dalhousie. The independence of Scindia, Holkar, and Berar was completely dismantled, leading to significant territorial reductions for these states. Holkar was compelled to relinquish Ajmer, which held strategic importance in Rajputana. The pirate leaders of the Konkan were coerced into surrendering their coastal holdings. Treaties were established with significant Rajput States such as Jaipur, Jodhpur, and Mewar, as well as with smaller Rajput States like Banswara, Dungarpur, Partabgarh, Jaisalmer, and Kotah. Additionally, British protection was extended to Bhopal, the States of Bundelkhand, Malwa, and Kathiawar.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1856 </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:India_in_1856.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/India_in_1856.png/250px-India_in_1856.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/India_in_1856.png/330px-India_in_1856.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/India_in_1856.png/500px-India_in_1856.png 2x" data-file-width="8220" data-file-height="10745" /></a></span> </td> <td>The British territory expanded by incorporating the following States under Dalhousie's rule, following the doctrine of lapse: <a href="/wiki/Satara_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Satara state">Satara</a> (1848), Jaitpur (1849) situated northeast of Jhansi, Sambalpur (1849), <a href="/wiki/Jhansi_State" title="Jhansi State">Jhansi</a> (1853), and <a href="/wiki/Nagpur_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagpur kingdom">Nagpur</a> (1854).<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_military">Government and military</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration">Administration</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pratapgad_The_Fort_of_Valour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Pratapgad_The_Fort_of_Valour.jpg/220px-Pratapgad_The_Fort_of_Valour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Pratapgad_The_Fort_of_Valour.jpg/330px-Pratapgad_The_Fort_of_Valour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Pratapgad_The_Fort_of_Valour.jpg/440px-Pratapgad_The_Fort_of_Valour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pratapgad" title="Pratapgad">Pratapgad</a> fort, one of the earliest forts built by Shivaji.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maratha_darbar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Maratha_darbar.jpg/220px-Maratha_darbar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Maratha_darbar.jpg/330px-Maratha_darbar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Maratha_darbar.jpg/440px-Maratha_darbar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="935" /></a><figcaption>Maratha darbar or <a href="/wiki/Court_(royal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court (royal)">court</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MWI3371-Sivaji-CNG73.1186-2.81g-7h.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/MWI3371-Sivaji-CNG73.1186-2.81g-7h.jpg/220px-MWI3371-Sivaji-CNG73.1186-2.81g-7h.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/MWI3371-Sivaji-CNG73.1186-2.81g-7h.jpg/330px-MWI3371-Sivaji-CNG73.1186-2.81g-7h.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/MWI3371-Sivaji-CNG73.1186-2.81g-7h.jpg/440px-MWI3371-Sivaji-CNG73.1186-2.81g-7h.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="214" /></a><figcaption>Gold coins minted during Shivaji's era, 17th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ashtapradhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtapradhan">Ashtapradhan</a> (<i>The Council of Eight</i>) was a council of eight ministers that administered the Maratha Kingdom. This system was formed by Shivaji.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai2002_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai2002-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ministerial designations were drawn from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> language and comprised: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwa</a></i> or <i>Pantpradhan</i> – <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a>, general administration of the Empire</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amatya" title="Amatya">Amatya</a></i> or <i>Mazumdar</i> – <a href="/wiki/Finance_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance Minister">Finance Minister</a>, managing accounts of the Empire<sup id="cite_ref-kkhs_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kkhs-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (August 2017)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sachiv" title="Sachiv">Sachiv</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary" title="Secretary">Secretary</a>, preparing royal edicts</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mantri" title="Mantri">Mantri</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Interior_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior Minister">Interior Minister</a>, managing internal affairs especially intelligence and espionage</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senapati" title="Senapati">Senapati</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief">Commander-in-Chief</a>, managing the forces and defense of the Empire</li> <li><i>Sumant</i> – <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Minister">Foreign Minister</a>, to manage relationships with other sovereigns</li> <li><i>Nyayadhyaksh</i> – <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice">Chief Justice</a>, dispensing justice on civil and criminal matters</li> <li><i>Panditrao</i> – <a href="/wiki/High_Priest" class="mw-redirect" title="High Priest">High Priest</a>, managing internal religious matters</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitnis" title="Chitnis">Chitnis</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Personal_Secretary" title="Personal Secretary">Personal Secretary</a> and senior writer of the Chhatrapati. Sometimes considered second to the Peshwa in their absence, not in the <a href="/wiki/Ashta_Pradhan" title="Ashta Pradhan">Ashta Pradhan Mandal</a> but equal to them.</li></ul> <p>With the notable exception of the priestly <i>Panditrao</i> and the judicial <i>Nyayadisha</i>, the other <i>pradhans</i> held full-time military commands and their deputies performed their civil duties in their stead. In the later era of the Maratha Confederacy, these deputies and their staff constituted the core of the Peshwa's bureaucracy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Peshwa was the titular equivalent of a modern Prime Minister. Shivaji created the Peshwa designation in order to more effectively delegate administrative duties during the growth of the Maratha Kingdom. Prior to 1749, the Peshwas held office for 8–9 years and controlled the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Army" title="Maratha Army">Maratha Army</a>. They later became the <i>de facto</i> hereditary administrators of the Maratha Empire from 1749 till its end in 1818.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Under the administration of the Peshwas and with the support of several key generals and diplomats (listed below), the Maratha Empire reached its zenith, ruling most of the Indian subcontinent. It was also under the Peshwas that the Maratha Empire came to its end through its formal annexation into the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> by the British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> in 1818.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Marathas used a secular policy of administration and allowed complete <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwardesGarrett1995116_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardesGarrett1995116-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shivaji was an able administrator who established a government that included modern concepts such as cabinet, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">internal intelligence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh199893_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh199893-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He established an effective civil and military administration. He believed that there was a close bond between the state and the citizens. He is remembered as a just and welfare-minded king. Cosme da Guarda says of him that:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1951b_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1951b-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Such was the good treatment Shivaji accorded to people and such was the honesty with which he observed the capitulations that none looked upon him without a feeling of love and confidence. By his people he was exceedingly loved. Both in matters of reward and punishment he was so impartial that while he lived he made no exception for any person; no merit was left unrewarded, no offence went unpunished; and this he did with so much care and attention that he specially charged his governors to inform him in writing of the conduct of his soldiers, mentioning in particular those who had distinguished themselves, and he would at once order their promotion, either in rank or in pay, according to their merit. He was naturally loved by all men of valor and good conduct.</p></blockquote> <p>The Marathas carried out many sea raids, such as plundering <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Navy">Mughal Naval</a> ships and European trading vessels. European traders described these attacks as <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a>, but the Marathas viewed them as legitimate targets because they were trading with, and thus financially supporting, their Mughal and Bijapur enemies. After the representatives of various European powers signed agreements with Shivaji or his successors, the threat of plundering or raids against Europeans began to reduce. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Navy" title="Maratha Navy">Maratha Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Army" title="Maratha Army">Maratha Army</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Army" title="Maratha Army">Maratha Army</a> under <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a> was a national army consisting of personnel drawn mainly from his empire which corresponds to present-day <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>. It was a homogeneous body commanded by a regular cadre of officers, who had to obey one supreme commander. With the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwas</a>, however, this national army had to make room for a feudal force provided by different Maratha sardars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKar1980[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKar1980[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new Maratha Army was not homogeneous, but employed soldiers of different backgrounds, both locals and foreign mercenaries, including large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajputs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rohilla" title="Rohilla">Rohillas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habesha_peoples" title="Habesha peoples">Abyssinians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a>, and Europeans. The army of <a href="/wiki/Nana_Fadnavis" title="Nana Fadnavis">Nana Fadnavis</a>, for example, included 5,000 Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1951b512_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1951b512-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The army of <a href="/wiki/Baji_Rao_II" title="Baji Rao II">Baji Rao II</a> included the Pinto brothers <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Pintos" title="Conspiracy of the Pintos">Jose Antonio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Pintos" title="Conspiracy of the Pintos">Francisco</a> from the famous <a href="/wiki/Goan" class="mw-redirect" title="Goan">Goan</a> noble family who had escaped Goa after trying to overthrow the government in the <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Pintos" title="Conspiracy of the Pintos">Conspiracy of the Pintos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maratha_ships_scroll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Maratha_ships_scroll.jpg/800px-Maratha_ships_scroll.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Maratha_ships_scroll.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption><div class="center">A painted scroll depicting different types of ships of the Maratha Navy including some captured English ships.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Some historians have credited the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Navy" title="Maratha Navy">Maratha Navy</a> for laying the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a> and bringing significant changes in naval warfare. A series of sea forts and battleships were built in the 17th century during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a>. It has been noted that vessels built in the dockyards of <a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a> were mostly indigenous and constructed without foreign aid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhave200028_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhave200028-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, in the 18th century, during the reign of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Kanhoji_Angre" title="Kanhoji Angre">Kanhoji Angre</a>, a host of dockyard facilities were built along the entire western coastline of present-day <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>. The Marathas fortified the entire coastline with sea fortresses with navigational facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESridharan200043_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESridharan200043-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly all the hill forts, which dot the landscape of present-day western Maharashtra were built by the Marathas. The renovation of <a href="/wiki/Gingee_Fort" title="Gingee Fort">Gingee Fort</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, has been particularly applauded, according to the contemporary European accounts, the defence fortifications matched the European ones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKantak199310_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKantak199310-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Marathas prioritized technical advancement over establishing a modern command structure, resulting in a trade-off. While they excelled as craftsmen and technicians, successfully replicating the latest foreign military technology, their ability to govern as nation-builders was hindered because they struggled to effectively manage the intricate workings of command and failed to address the shortcomings in their general staff system. The fragmented Maratha state was unable to unite due to political divisions, undoing the progress made through technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper_1989_pp._31–38_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper_1989_pp._31–38-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gash_1990_p._147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gash_1990_p.-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Afghan_accounts">Afghan accounts</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maratha-Grabs-and-Gallivats-attacking-an-English-Ship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Maratha-Grabs-and-Gallivats-attacking-an-English-Ship.jpg/220px-Maratha-Grabs-and-Gallivats-attacking-an-English-Ship.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Maratha-Grabs-and-Gallivats-attacking-an-English-Ship.jpg/330px-Maratha-Grabs-and-Gallivats-attacking-an-English-Ship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Maratha-Grabs-and-Gallivats-attacking-an-English-Ship.jpg/440px-Maratha-Grabs-and-Gallivats-attacking-an-English-Ship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1311" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>Maratha Gurab ships attacking a British East India Company ship</figcaption></figure> <p>The Maratha Army, especially its <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a>, was praised by almost all the enemies of the Maratha Empire, ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Abdali" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Shah Abdali">Ahmad Shah Abdali</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After the Third Battle of Panipat, Abdali was relieved as the Maratha Army in the initial stages were almost in the position of destroying the Afghan armies and their Indian Allies, the Nawab of Oudh and Rohillas. The grand <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">wazir</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Shah_Wali_Khan" title="Sardar Shah Wali Khan">Sardar Shah Wali Khan</a> was shocked when Maratha commander-in-chief <a href="/wiki/Sadashivrao_Bhau" title="Sadashivrao Bhau">Sadashivrao Bhau</a> launched a fierce assault on the centre of the Durrani Army, over 10,000 Durrani soldiers were killed alongside Haji Atai Khan, one of the chief commander of the Durrani Army and nephew of wazir Shah Wali Khan. Such was the fierce assault of the Maratha infantry in hand-to-hand combat that Afghan armies started to flee and the wazir in desperation and rage shouted, "Comrades whither do you fly, our country is far off".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar1950245_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar1950245-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post battle, Ahmad Shah Abdali, in a letter to one Indian ruler claimed that Afghans were able to defeat the Marathas only because of the blessings of the almighty and that any other army would have been destroyed by the Maratha army on that particular day even though the Maratha Army was numerically inferior to the Durrani Army and its Indian allies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2011213_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2011213-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Abdali won the battle, he also had heavy casualties on his side. Hence, he sought immediate peace with the Marathas. Abdali wrote in his letter to Peshwa on 10 February 1761: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is no reason to have animosity amongst us. Your son Vishwasrao and your brother Sadashivrao died in battle – it was unfortunate. Bhau started the battle, so I had to fight back unwillingly. Yet I feel sorry for his death. Please continue your guardianship of Delhi as before, to that I have no opposition. Only let Punjab until Sutlaj remain with us. Reinstate Shah Alam on Delhi's throne as you did before and let there be peace and friendship between us, this is my ardent desire. Please grant me that desire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1935_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1935-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_accounts">European accounts</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Maratha_History_of_India_1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Arms_of_Maratha_History_of_India_1906.jpg/220px-Arms_of_Maratha_History_of_India_1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Arms_of_Maratha_History_of_India_1906.jpg/330px-Arms_of_Maratha_History_of_India_1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Arms_of_Maratha_History_of_India_1906.jpg/440px-Arms_of_Maratha_History_of_India_1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="1308" /></a><figcaption>Maratha arms</figcaption></figure> <p>Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a>, after defeating the Marathas, noted that the Marathas, though poorly led by their generals, had regular infantry and artillery that matched the level of that of the Europeans and warned other British officers from underestimating the Marathas on the battlefield. He cautioned one British general: "You must never allow Maratha infantry to attack head on or in close hand-to-hand combat as in that your army will cover itself with utter disgrace".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee201185_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201185-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He summarised Maratha tactics as follows: the Mahrattas employ two methods in their operations. They primarily rely on their cavalry to disrupt the enemy's supplies, causing distress in their camp and forcing them to retreat. Once the retreat begins, the Mahrattas unleash their infantry and formidable artillery to relentlessly pursue the enemy. By depriving the opponent of provisions, they compel them to hasten their march, while remaining confident in their own safety from counterattacks. They trail the enemy with their cavalry during marches, and when the enemy halts, they encircle and assault them using their infantry and cannons, making escape nearly impossible. Under no circumstances should you allow the enemy to engage you with their infantry. The Mahrattas possess such powerful artillery that it would be impossible to maintain your camp against it. If you receive word of their approach when they are close and ready to attack, it would be advisable to secure your baggage in any way possible and initiate an attack against them. It is crucial to prevent them from launching an attack on your camp at all costs.<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper_1989_pp._31–382_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper_1989_pp._31–382-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even when Wellesley became the Prime Minister of Britain, he held the Maratha infantry in utmost respect, claiming it to be one of the best in the world. However, at the same time, he noted the poor leadership of Maratha Generals, who were often responsible for their defeats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee201185_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201185-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p> Wellesley Charles Metcalfe, one of the ablest of the British Officials in India and later acting Governor-General, wrote in 1806: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>India contains no more than two great powers, British and Mahratta, and every other state acknowledges the influence of one or the other. Every inch that we recede will be occupied by them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe1855_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe1855-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENehru1946_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENehru1946-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Norman_Gash" title="Norman Gash">Norman Gash</a> says that the Maratha infantry was equal to that of British infantry.<sup id="cite_ref-Gash_1990_p._147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gash_1990_p.-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Anglo-Maratha war">Third Anglo-Maratha war</a> in 1818, Britain listed the Marathas as one of the <a href="/wiki/Martial_race" title="Martial race">martial races</a> to serve in the British Indian Army. The 19th-century diplomat Sir <a href="/wiki/Justin_Sheil" title="Justin Sheil">Justin Sheil</a> commented about the British East India Company copying the French Indian Army in raising an army of Indians: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is to the military genius of the French that we are indebted for the formation of the Indian army. Our warlike neighbours were the first to introduce into India the system of drilling native troops and converting them into a regularly disciplined force. Their example was copied by us, and the result is what we now behold. The French carried to Persia the same military and administrative faculties, and established the origin of the present Persian regular army, as it is styled. When Napoleon the Great resolved to take Iran under his auspices, he dispatched several officers of superior intelligence to that country with the mission of General Gardanne in 1808. Those gentlemen commenced their operations in the provinces of Azerbaijan and Kermanshah, and it is said with considerable success.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sir <a href="/wiki/Justin_Sheil" title="Justin Sheil">Justin Sheil</a> (1803–1871).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheilSheil1856_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheilSheil1856-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rulers,_administrators_and_generals"><span id="Rulers.2C_administrators_and_generals"></span>Rulers, administrators and generals</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_houses">Royal houses</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a> (1630–1680)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji</a> (1657–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaram_I" title="Rajaram I">Rajaram I</a> (1670–1700)</li></ul> <p><b>Satara</b>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_I" title="Shahu I">Shahu I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1708–1749</span>) (alias Shivaji II, son of Sambhaji)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaraja">Ramaraja</a> II (nominally, grandson of Rajaram and Queen Tarabai) (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1749–1777</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_II_of_Satara" title="Shahu II of Satara">Shahu II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1777–1808</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh,_Raja_of_Satara" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratap Singh, Raja of Satara">Pratap Singh</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1808–1839</span>) – signed a treaty with the East India Company ceding part of the sovereignty of his kingdom to the company<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkarni199521_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkarni199521-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Kolhapur</b>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tarabai" title="Tarabai">Tarabai</a> (1675–1761) (wife of Rajaram) in the name of her son Shivaji II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivaji_II" title="Shivaji II">Shivaji II</a> (1700–1714)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambhaji_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambhaji II">Sambhaji II</a> (1714–1760) – came to power by deposing his half-brother Shivaji II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivaji_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivaji III">Shivaji III</a> (1760–1812) (adopted from the family of Khanwilkar)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peshwas">Peshwas</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moropant_Trimbak_Pingle" title="Moropant Trimbak Pingle">Moropant Trimbak Pingle</a> (1657–1683)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moreshvar_Pingale" title="Moreshvar Pingale">Nilakanth Moreshvar Pingale</a> (1683–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramchandra_Pant_Amatya" title="Ramchandra Pant Amatya">Ramchandra Pant Amatya</a> (1689–1708)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahiroji_Pingale" title="Bahiroji Pingale">Bahiroji Pingale</a> (1708–1711)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parshuram_Pant_Pratinidhi" title="Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi">Parshuram Trimbak Kulkarni</a> (1711–1713)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peshwas_from_the_Bhat_family">Peshwas from the Bhat family</h4></div> <p>From Balaji Vishwanath onwards, the actual power gradually shifted to the Bhat family of Peshwas based in <a href="/wiki/Poona" class="mw-redirect" title="Poona">Poona</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balaji_Vishwanath" title="Balaji Vishwanath">Balaji Vishwanath</a> (1713–1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajirao" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajirao">Bajirao</a> (1720–1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanasaheb_Peshwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanasaheb Peshwa">Balaji Bajirao</a> (4 Jul 1740 – 23 Jun 1761) (born 8 Dec 1721, d. 23 Jun 1761)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavrao_Peshwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhavrao Peshwa">Madhavrao Peshwa</a> (1761 – 18 Nov 1772) (born 16 Feb 1745, d. 18 Nov 1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayanrao_Bajirao" class="mw-redirect" title="Narayanrao Bajirao">Narayanrao Bajirao</a> (13 Dec 1772 – 30 Aug 1773) (born 10 Aug 1755, d. 30 Aug 1773)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunathrao" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghunathrao">Raghunathrao</a> (5 Dec 1773 – 1774) (born 18 Aug 1734, d. 11 Dec 1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawai_Madhava_Rao_II_Narayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawai Madhava Rao II Narayan">Sawai Madhava Rao II Narayan</a> (1774 – 27 Oct 1795) (born 18 Apr 1774, d. 27 Oct 1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baji_Rao_II" title="Baji Rao II">Baji Rao II</a> (6 Dec 1796 – 3 Jun 1818) (died 28 Jan 1851)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_houses_of_Maratha_Confederacy">Federal houses of Maratha Confederacy</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Holkar" title="House of Holkar">Holkars</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indore_State" title="Indore State">Indore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scindia" class="mw-redirect" title="Scindia">Scindias</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gwalior_State" title="Gwalior State">Gwalior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaekwad" title="Gaekwad">Gaekwads</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baroda_State" title="Baroda State">Baroda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhonsle_(clan)" title="Bhonsle (clan)">Bhonsles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nagpur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagpur State">Nagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhonsle_(clan)" title="Bhonsle (clan)">Bhonsles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Maratha_kingdom" title="Thanjavur Maratha kingdom">Thanjavur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawars" class="mw-redirect" title="Pawars">Pawars</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dewas" title="Dewas">Dewas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhar" title="Dhar">Dhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwardhan_dynasty" title="Patwardhan dynasty">Patwardhans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoite_Saranjam" title="Bhoite Saranjam">Bhoites</a> of Jalgaon, <a href="/wiki/Bhoite" title="Bhoite">Aradgaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newalkar" title="Newalkar">Newalkars</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jhansi_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhansi state">Jhansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinchurkar_family" title="Vinchurkar family">Vinchurkars</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Maratha_Confederacy" title="List of battles involving the Maratha Confederacy">List of battles involving the Maratha Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_titles" title="Maratha titles">Maratha titles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maratha_Fort_Systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maratha Fort Systems (page does not exist)">Maratha Fort Systems</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bajirao succeeded his father as the Peshwa. His sons, grandsons, and great-grandson succeeded him. They were <a href="/wiki/Chitpavan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitpavan">Chitpavan</a> Brahmins.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">muh-<span style="font-size:90%">RAH</span>-ta</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Marathi pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Marathi" title="Help:IPA/Marathi">[məˈɾaːʈʰaː]</a></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Peshwa between 1737 and 1761 and the Scindias between 1771 and 1803</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(excluding Sind)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMadan1988" class="citation book cs1">Madan, T. N. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1_qMH9PY9fQC&pg=PA360"><i>Way of Life: King, Householder, Renouncer : Essays in Honour of Louis Dumont</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 360. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0527-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0527-9"><bdi>978-81-208-0527-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Way+of+Life%3A+King%2C+Householder%2C+Renouncer+%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Louis+Dumont&rft.pages=360&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0527-9&rft.aulast=Madan&rft.aufirst=T.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1_qMH9PY9fQC%26pg%3DPA360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChattopadhyaya1978" class="citation book cs1">Chattopadhyaya, Sudhakar (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CmaewdodLZQC&pg=PA75"><i>Reflections on the Tantras</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0691-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0691-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0691-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+the+Tantras&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0691-7&rft.aulast=Chattopadhyaya&rft.aufirst=Sudhakar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCmaewdodLZQC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatalkar1958-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatalkar1958_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHatalkar1958">Hatalkar (1958)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesFarEast/India_EarlyModern_Marathas11.htm">"Maratha Aristocracy: The Scindias of Gwalior"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maratha+Aristocracy%3A+The+Scindias+of+Gwalior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyfiles.co.uk%2FFeaturesFarEast%2FIndia_EarlyModern_Marathas11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kincaid & Parasnis, p.156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaig_L1967" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Haig L, t-Colonel Sir Wolseley (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&q=%22SAyYID+BROTHERS%22+balaji+vishwanath&pg=PA1"><i>The Cambridge History of India</i></a>. Vol. 3 (III). Turks and Afghans. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University press. p. 394. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781343884571" title="Special:BookSources/9781343884571"><bdi>9781343884571</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+India&rft.place=Cambridge+UK&rft.pages=394&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9781343884571&rft.aulast=Haig+L&rft.aufirst=t-Colonel+Sir+Wolseley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyoI8AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522SAyYID%2BBROTHERS%2522%2Bbalaji%2Bvishwanath%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurchinAdamsHall2006223-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurchinAdamsHall2006223_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurchinAdamsHall2006223_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurchinAdamsHall2006">Turchin, Adams & Hall (2006)</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OxfordArea-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OxfordArea_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBangBaylyScheidel2020" class="citation book cs1">Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9mkLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92"><i>The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">92–</span>94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977311-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977311-4"><bdi>978-0-19-977311-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+World+History+of+Empire%3A+Volume+One%3A+The+Imperial+Experience&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-977311-4&rft.aulast=Bang&rft.aufirst=Peter+Fibiger&rft.au=Bayly%2C+C.+A.&rft.au=Scheidel%2C+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9mkLEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUptonKretzschmar2017" class="citation book cs1">Upton, Clive; Kretzschmar, William A. (2017). <i>The Routledge dictionary of pronunciation for current English</i> (2nd ed.). London; New York: Routledge. p. 803. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-12566-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-12566-7"><bdi>978-1-138-12566-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+dictionary+of+pronunciation+for+current+English&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=803&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-138-12566-7&rft.aulast=Upton&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft.au=Kretzschmar%2C+William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBollard1998" class="citation book cs1">Bollard, John K., ed. (1998). <i>Pronouncing dictionary of proper names: pronunciations for more than 28,000 proper names, selected for currency, frequency, or difficulty of pronunciation</i> (2nd ed.). Detroit, Mich: Omnigraphics. p. 633. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7808-0098-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7808-0098-4"><bdi>978-0-7808-0098-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pronouncing+dictionary+of+proper+names%3A+pronunciations+for+more+than+28%2C000+proper+names%2C+selected+for+currency%2C+frequency%2C+or+difficulty+of+pronunciation&rft.place=Detroit%2C+Mich&rft.pages=633&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Omnigraphics&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7808-0098-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUptonKretzschmarKonopka2001" class="citation book cs1">Upton, Clive; Kretzschmar, William A.; Konopka, Rafal (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm46433686"><i>The Oxford dictionary of pronunciation for current English</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 622. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-863156-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-863156-9"><bdi>978-0-19-863156-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46433686">46433686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+dictionary+of+pronunciation+for+current+English&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=622&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2Focm46433686&rft.isbn=978-0-19-863156-9&rft.aulast=Upton&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft.au=Kretzschmar%2C+William+A.&rft.au=Konopka%2C+Rafal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2Focm46433686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNandakumar2020" class="citation book cs1">Nandakumar, Sanish (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8AbPDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22maratha+kingdom%22&pg=PT53"><i>Rise and Fall of The Maratha Empire 1750–1818</i></a>. Notion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64783-961-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64783-961-1"><bdi>978-1-64783-961-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rise+and+Fall+of+The+Maratha+Empire+1750%E2%80%931818&rft.pub=Notion+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-64783-961-1&rft.aulast=Nandakumar&rft.aufirst=Sanish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8AbPDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522maratha%2Bkingdom%2522%26pg%3DPT53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGordon1977" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon, Stewart N. (February 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/slow-conquest-administrative-integration-of-malwa-into-the-maratha-empire-17201760/3203253507F66BB5E5A1E4AA75BDF915">"The Slow Conquest: Administrative Integration of Malwa into the Maratha Empire, 1720–1760"</a>. <i>Modern Asian Studies</i>. <b>11</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X00013202">10.1017/S0026749X00013202</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-8099">1469-8099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Slow+Conquest%3A+Administrative+Integration+of+Malwa+into+the+Maratha+Empire%2C+1720%E2%80%931760&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1977-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X00013202&rft.issn=1469-8099&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Stewart+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fmodern-asian-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fslow-conquest-administrative-integration-of-malwa-into-the-maratha-empire-17201760%2F3203253507F66BB5E5A1E4AA75BDF915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVendell2021" class="citation journal cs1">Vendell, Dominic (26 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685209-12341554">"Transacting Politics in the Maratha Empire: An Agreement between Friends, 1795"</a>. <i>Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient</i>. <b>64</b> (<span class="nowrap">5–</span>6): <span class="nowrap">826–</span>863. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685209-12341554">10.1163/15685209-12341554</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F125607">10871/125607</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1568-5209">1568-5209</a>. <q>The secretaries Sridhar Lakshman and Krishnarao Madhav managed the communications of the Maratha ruler at Nagpur, while their partner, the merchant-moneylender Baburao Viswanath Vaidya, was the envoy of the Pune-based Peshwa, a powerful Brahmin minister and leader of the allied states comprising the Maratha Empire.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Orient&rft.atitle=Transacting+Politics+in+the+Maratha+Empire%3A+An+Agreement+between+Friends%2C+1795&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E826-%3C%2Fspan%3E863&rft.date=2021-11-26&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F125607&rft.issn=1568-5209&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685209-12341554&rft.aulast=Vendell&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F15685209-12341554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumar2013" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Ravinder (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1djYAQAAQBAJ"><i>Western India in the Nineteenth Century: A Study in the Social History of Maharashtra</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-03146-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-03146-6"><bdi>978-1-135-03146-6</bdi></a>. <q>Prominent among these chiefs were the Bhonsles who established themselves in Nagpur; the Scindhias who gained control of Gwalior; the Gaekwads who set themselves up in Baroda; and the Holkars who seized hold of Indore. Between the Peshwas and the Maratha chiefs there subsisted a relationship which it is most difficult to define. The chiefs were to all intents and purposes independent, yet they recognised the Peshwa as the head of the Maratha polity</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+India+in+the+Nineteenth+Century%3A+A+Study+in+the+Social+History+of+Maharashtra&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-03146-6&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Ravinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1djYAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKantak199324-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKantak199324_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKantak1993">Kantak (1993)</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaig_L1967" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Haig L, t-Colonel Sir Wolseley (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&q=%22SAyYID+BROTHERS%22+balaji+vishwanath&pg=PA1"><i>The Cambridge History of India</i></a>. Vol. 3 (III). Turks and Afghans. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University press. p. 395. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781343884571" title="Special:BookSources/9781343884571"><bdi>9781343884571</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+India&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=395&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9781343884571&rft.aulast=Haig+L&rft.aufirst=t-Colonel+Sir+Wolseley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyoI8AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522SAyYID%2BBROTHERS%2522%2Bbalaji%2Bvishwanath%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarg2022" class="citation book cs1">Garg, Sanjay (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0MudEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Raj and the Rajas : Money and Coinage in Colonial India</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-82889-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-82889-4"><bdi>978-1-000-82889-4</bdi></a>. <q>From the Mughal point of view, the hostilities between the Company Bahadur and the Marathas could appear as a troublesome contest for power between the Imperial Diwan of Bengal and the Vakil-i Mutlaq or Imperial Regent. The actual participants of course were considerably more cynical of the position of the Emperor, both the English and Scindia treating their suzerain lord with scant respect..The paramount position of the Mughal within the rituals of supreme and sovereign authority may be amply demonstrated by reference to the coins of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Following the doctrine of khutba and sikka, new claimants to hegemony could be expected to be revealed on the coins of different jurisdictions. Yet for much of India they are not to be found. Reference to the graph at the end of this paper will confirm that both the Marathas and the British coined in the name of the Mughal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Raj+and+the+Rajas+%3A+Money+and+Coinage+in+Colonial+India&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-000-82889-4&rft.aulast=Garg&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0MudEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta 2005</a>: "Vishwanath consolidated the Maratha power in the Deccan and led an expeditionary force to Delhi (1718–19) as an ally of the Sayyad brothers. He made the Maratha presence felt at the metropolis for the first time, secured the release of Shahu's family members from Mughal captivity, and obtained the confirmation of the Mughal-Maratha Treaty of 1718 from the emperor. This treaty, by which Shahu accepted the nominal suzerainty of the Mughal Crown in return for his right to collect chauth and sardeshmukhi from all the six provinces of 'the Mughal Deccan'...Delhi became the hub of Maratha political and military activities with effect from 1752, and they used the Mughal emperor as a mere tool in their hands to wield the imperial powers in his name and under his nominal suzerainty."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChaurasia_R.S2004" class="citation book cs1">Chaurasia R.S (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D_v3Y7hns8QC&q=Vakil-i-mutlak+and+the+real+control+of+Delhi+passed+into+the+hands+of+Mahadaji+Scindhia"><i>History of the Marathas - Google Books</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0394-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0394-8"><bdi>978-81-269-0394-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2025</span>. <q>..... a formidable confederacy was formed by Maratha diplomats during the first Maratha war.........the Peshwa was made <i>Vakil-i-mutlak</i> and Mahadaji Scindhia deputy <i>Vakil-i-mutlak</i> and the real control of Delhi passed into the hands of Mahadaji Scindhia</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Marathas+-+Google+Books&rft.pages=x&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0394-8&rft.au=Chaurasia+R.S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD_v3Y7hns8QC%26q%3DVakil-i-mutlak%2Band%2Bthe%2Breal%2Bcontrol%2Bof%2BDelhi%2Bpassed%2Binto%2Bthe%2Bhands%2Bof%2BMahadaji%2BScindhia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kantak78-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kantak78_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKantak1978" class="citation journal cs1">Kantak, M.R. (1978). "The Political Role of Different Hindu Castes and Communities in Maharashtra in the Foundation of the Shivaji's Swarajya". <i>Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute</i>. <b>38</b> (1): 44. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42931051">42931051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Deccan+College+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Political+Role+of+Different+Hindu+Castes+and+Communities+in+Maharashtra+in+the+Foundation+of+the+Shivaji%27s+Swarajya&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42931051%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kantak&rft.aufirst=M.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSen1994" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC&dq=%22maratha+kingdom%22&pg=PA1"><i>Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785–96</i></a>. Vol. 2. Popular Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-789-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-789-0"><bdi>978-81-7154-789-0</bdi></a>. <q>While the distracted Maratha kingdom of Aurangzeb's later ycars was fighting for survival, none could foresee that the insignificant British settlements of Bombay, Madras and Calcutta would one day become the political and economic bases of a vast empire.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Maratha+Relations%2C+1785%E2%80%9396&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-7154-789-0&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY-kanqrtVhYC%26dq%3D%2522maratha%2Bkingdom%2522%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGokhale2008" class="citation book cs1">Gokhale, Sandhya (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez4wAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Chitpavans: Social Ascendancy of a Creative Minority in Maharashtra, 1818–1918</i></a>. Shubhi Publications. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8290-132-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8290-132-2"><bdi>978-81-8290-132-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chitpavans%3A+Social+Ascendancy+of+a+Creative+Minority+in+Maharashtra%2C+1818%E2%80%931918&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Shubhi+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-8290-132-2&rft.aulast=Gokhale&rft.aufirst=Sandhya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEz4wAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGordon2007" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Stewart (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C"><i>The Marathas 1600–1818</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">120–</span>131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03316-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03316-9"><bdi>978-0-521-03316-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marathas+1600%E2%80%931818&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-03316-9&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHK-BhVXOU4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagdi199398-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagdi199398_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPagdi1993">Pagdi (1993)</a>, p. 98: Shivaji's coronation and setting himself up as a sovereign prince symbolises the rise of the Indian people in all parts of the country. It was a bid for <i>Hindavi Swarajya</i> (Indian rule), a term in use in Marathi sources of history.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200538-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200538_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200538_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2005">Jackson (2005)</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearson1976221–235-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPearson1976221–235_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPearson1976221–235_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPearson1976221–235_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPearson1976">Pearson (1976)</a>, pp. 221–235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECapper1997-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapper1997_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCapper1997">Capper (1997)</a>: This source establishes the Maratha control of Delhi before the British</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen20101941–-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen20101941–_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSen2010">Sen (2010)</a>, pp. 1941–: The victory at Bhopal in 1738 established Maratha dominance at the Mughal court</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOsborne2020" class="citation journal cs1">Osborne, Eric W. (3 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2020.1764711">"The Ulcer of the Mughal Empire: Mughals and Marathas, 1680–1707"</a>. <i>Small Wars & Insurgencies</i>. <b>31</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">988–</span>1009. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592318.2020.1764711">10.1080/09592318.2020.1764711</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-2318">0959-2318</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221060782">221060782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small+Wars+%26+Insurgencies&rft.atitle=The+Ulcer+of+the+Mughal+Empire%3A+Mughals+and+Marathas%2C+1680%E2%80%931707&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E988-%3C%2Fspan%3E1009&rft.date=2020-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221060782%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0959-2318&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592318.2020.1764711&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F09592318.2020.1764711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClingingsmithWilliamson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Clingingsmith, David; Williamson, Jeffrey G. (1 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014498307000447">"Deindustrialization in 18th and 19th century India: Mughal decline, climate shocks and British industrial ascent"</a>. <i>Explorations in Economic History</i>. <b>45</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">209–</span>234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eeh.2007.11.002">10.1016/j.eeh.2007.11.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-4983">0014-4983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Explorations+in+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Deindustrialization+in+18th+and+19th+century+India%3A+Mughal+decline%2C+climate+shocks+and+British+industrial+ascent&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E234&rft.date=2008-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.eeh.2007.11.002&rft.issn=0014-4983&rft.aulast=Clingingsmith&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Williamson%2C+Jeffrey+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0014498307000447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNandakumar2020" class="citation book cs1">Nandakumar, Sanish (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8AbPDwAAQBAJ&dq=maratha+resurrection&pg=PT41"><i>Rise and Fall of The Maratha Empire 1750–1818</i></a>. Notion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64783-961-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64783-961-1"><bdi>978-1-64783-961-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rise+and+Fall+of+The+Maratha+Empire+1750%E2%80%931818&rft.pub=Notion+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-64783-961-1&rft.aulast=Nandakumar&rft.aufirst=Sanish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8AbPDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmaratha%2Bresurrection%26pg%3DPT41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGhosh" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh, D.K. Ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.149767"><i>A Comprehensive History Of India Vol. 9</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">512–</span>523.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+Of+India+Vol.+9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E512-%3C%2Fspan%3E523&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=D.K.+Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.149767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNew_Cambridge_History_of_India" class="citation book cs1">New Cambridge History of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/the-marathas-1600-1818-cambridge-history-of-india-vol.-2-part-4"><i>The Marathas – Cambridge History of India (Vol. 2, Part 4)</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marathas+%E2%80%93+Cambridge+History+of+India+%28Vol.+2%2C+Part+4%29&rft.au=New+Cambridge+History+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-marathas-1600-1818-cambridge-history-of-india-vol.-2-part-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Maratha-confederacy">"Rajas of Maratha Confederacy"</a>. <i>Britannica History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica+History&rft.atitle=Rajas+of+Maratha+Confederacy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FMaratha-confederacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005204-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005204_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta (2005)</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen201016-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen201016_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen201016_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSen2010">Sen (2010)</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamusack200435-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamusack200435_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamusack2004">Ramusack (2004)</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones197425-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones197425_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1974">Jones (1974)</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGokhale1988112-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGokhale1988112_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGokhale1988">Gokhale (1988)</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gordon1993-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gordon1993_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, Stewart (1993). <i>The Marathas 1600–1818</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 178–195. ISBN 978-0-521-26883-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kulkarni2008-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kulkarni2008_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kulkarni, A.R. (2008). "Military Organization of the Marathas". <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>, 69: 417–425.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wink1986-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wink1986_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wink, André (1986). <i>Land and Sovereignty in India: Agrarian Society and Politics under the Eighteenth-century Maratha Svarajya</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-0-521-05180-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVartak19991126–1134-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVartak19991126–1134_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVartak1999">Vartak (1999)</a>, pp. 1126–1134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKantak199318-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKantak199318_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKantak1993">Kantak (1993)</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005707-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005707_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta (2005)</a>, p. 707: quote: It explains the rise to power of his Peshwa (prime minister) Balaji Vishwanath (1713–20) and the transformation of the Maratha Kingdom into a vast realm, by the collective action of all the Maratha stalwarts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards199512-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards199512_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1995">Richards (1995)</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta (2005)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta200550-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta200550_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta (2005)</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1995223-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1995223_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1995">Richards (1995)</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta200553,_706-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta200553,_706_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta (2005)</a>, pp. 53, 706.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen201011-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen201011_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen201011_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSen2010">Sen (2010)</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta200581-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta200581_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta (2005)</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005101–103-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005101–103_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta (2005)</a>, pp. 101–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta200538–39-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta200538–39_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta (2005)</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen201012-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen201012_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen201012_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSen2010">Sen (2010)</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgrawal198324,_200–202-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgrawal198324,_200–202_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgrawal1983">Agrawal (1983)</a>, pp. 24, 200–202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005492–494-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005492–494_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta (2005)</a>, pp. 492–494.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery1972132-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontgomery1972132_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontgomery1972">Montgomery (1972)</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005117-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005117_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta (2005)</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen200612-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen200612_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSen2006">Sen (2006)</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen2006-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen2006_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen2006_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSen2006">Sen (2006)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen201023-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen201023_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSen2010">Sen (2010)</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen201013-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen201013_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSen2010">Sen (2010)</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005202-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005202_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta (2005)</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen201015-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen201015_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen201015_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSen2010">Sen (2010)</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar1991-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar1991_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar1991">Sarkar (1991)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaudhuri2006253-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaudhuri2006253_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChaudhuri2006">Chaudhuri (2006)</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall200672-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall200672_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall200672_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall200672_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2006">Marshall (2006)</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hari_Gupta-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hari_Gupta_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hari_Gupta_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGupta1999" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Hari Ram (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IiiSikhDominationOfTheMughalEmpire1764-1803/page/n369/mode/1up">"Role of the Sikhs in Delhi as Compared with Others"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=82wwAQAAIAAJ"><i>History of the Sikhs: Sikh domination of the Mughal Empire, 1764-1803</i></a>. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 353,364. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0213-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0213-9"><bdi>978-81-215-0213-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Role+of+the+Sikhs+in+Delhi+as+Compared+with+Others&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Sikhs%3A+Sikh+domination+of+the+Mughal+Empire%2C+1764-1803&rft.pages=353%2C364&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-215-0213-9&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Hari+Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IiiSikhDominationOfTheMughalEmpire1764-1803%2Fpage%2Fn369%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy200480–81-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy200480–81_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy200480–81_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoy2004">Roy (2004)</a>, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgrawal198326-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgrawal198326_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgrawal198326_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgrawal198326_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgrawal198326_76-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgrawal1983">Agrawal (1983)</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005140-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005140_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta (2005)</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005274-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005274_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta (2005)</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005458-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005458_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta (2005)</a>, p. 458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERathod19948-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERathod19948_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERathod19948_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERathod19948_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRathod1994">Rathod (1994)</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarooqui2011334-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarooqui2011334_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarooqui2011334_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarooqui2011">Farooqui (2011)</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwin_Thomas_Atkinson1875" class="citation book cs1">Edwin Thomas Atkinson (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7YBAAAAYAAJ&dq=sayyid+rohilla&pg=PA88"><i>Statistical, Descriptive and Historical Account of the North-western Provinces of India: Meerut division. 1875–76</i></a>. Printed at the North-western Provinces' Government Press. p. 88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistical%2C+Descriptive+and+Historical+Account+of+the+North-western+Provinces+of+India%3A+Meerut+division.+1875%E2%80%9376&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Printed+at+the+North-western+Provinces%27+Government+Press&rft.date=1875&rft.au=Edwin+Thomas+Atkinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ7YBAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3Dsayyid%2Brohilla%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Great Maratha Mahadji Scindia</i> by N.G. Rathod, pp. 8–9<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPoonam_Sagar1993" class="citation book cs1">Poonam Sagar (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Av9HAAAAMAAJ&q=marathas+amroha"><i>Maratha Policy Towards Northern India</i></a>. Meenakshi Prakashan. p. 158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maratha+Policy+Towards+Northern+India&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Meenakshi+Prakashan&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Poonam+Sagar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAv9HAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmarathas%2Bamroha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJos_J.L._Gommans1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jos_Gommans" title="Jos Gommans">Jos J.L. Gommans</a> (1995). <i>The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire: c. 1710–1780</i>. Brill. p. 178.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Indo-Afghan+Empire%3A+c.+1710%E2%80%931780&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Jos+J.L.+Gommans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFA.C._BanerjeeD.K._Ghose1978" class="citation book cs1">A.C. Banerjee; D.K. Ghose, eds. (1978). <i>A Comprehensive History of India: Volume Nine (1712–1772)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Indian_History_Congress" title="Indian History Congress">Indian History Congress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orient_Longman" class="mw-redirect" title="Orient Longman">Orient Longman</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">60–</span>61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+India%3A+Volume+Nine+%281712%E2%80%931772%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.pub=Indian+History+Congress%2C+Orient+Longman&rft.date=1978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSailendra_Nath_Sen1998" class="citation book cs1">Sailendra Nath Sen (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r4hHNz7T-AEC&pg=PA7"><i>Anglo-Maratha relations during the administration of Warren Hastings 1772–1785</i></a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Popular_Prakashan" title="Popular Prakashan">Popular Prakashan</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171545780" title="Special:BookSources/9788171545780"><bdi>9788171545780</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Maratha+relations+during+the+administration+of+Warren+Hastings+1772%E2%80%931785&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9788171545780&rft.au=Sailendra+Nath+Sen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr4hHNz7T-AEC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChaurasia1947" class="citation book cs1">Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MS_jrForJOoC&pg=PA57"><i>History of Modern India: 1707 A.D. up to 2000 A.D.</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Modern+India%3A+1707+A.D.+up+to+2000+A.D.&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Chaurasia&rft.aufirst=Radhey+Shyam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMS_jrForJOoC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart1993158-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1993158_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1993158_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart1993">Stewart (1993)</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TXxjo0OY2oQC&dq=marathas+re-established+themselves+under+mahadji&pg=PA138">Mahrattas, Sikhs and Southern Sultans of India: Their Fight Against Foreign (2001)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKadiyan2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kadiyan, Chand Singh (26 June 2019). "Panipat in History: A Study of Inscriptions". <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>64</b>: <span class="nowrap">403–</span>419. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145479">44145479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Panipat+in+History%3A+A+Study+of+Inscriptions&rft.volume=64&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E403-%3C%2Fspan%3E419&rft.date=2019-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44145479%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kadiyan&rft.aufirst=Chand+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittal198613-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittal198613_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMittal1986">Mittal (1986)</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERathod199495-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERathod199495_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRathod1994">Rathod (1994)</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESampath2008238-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampath2008238_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampath2008">Sampath (2008)</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERathod199430-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERathod199430_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRathod1994">Rathod (1994)</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSen2010">Sen (2010)</a>, p. 83: "By Mahadji Shinde's treaty of 1785 with the Sikhs, Maratha influence had been established over the divided Cis-Sutlej states. But at the end of the second Maratha war in 1806 that influence had been pass over to the British."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2011" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Farooqui Salma (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&q=daulatrao+scindia+punjab&pg=PA334"><i>A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid ... – Farooqui Salma Ahmed, Salma Ahmed Farooqui</i></a>. Pearson Education India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131732021" title="Special:BookSources/9788131732021"><bdi>9788131732021</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2012</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+Medieval+India%3A+From+Twelfth+to+the+Mid+...+%E2%80%93+Farooqui+Salma+Ahmed%2C+Salma+Ahmed+Farooqui&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9788131732021&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Farooqui+Salma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsxhAtCflwOMC%26q%3Ddaulatrao%2Bscindia%2Bpunjab%26pg%3DPA334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaurasia200413-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaurasia200413_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaurasia200413_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChaurasia2004">Chaurasia (2004)</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DukeDispatch-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DukeDispatch_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWellesley1837" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellesley, Arthur</a> (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JB0-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA264"><i>The Despatches, Minutes, and Correspondance, of the Marquess Wellesley, K.G. During His Administration in India</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">264–</span>267.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Despatches%2C+Minutes%2C+and+Correspondance%2C+of+the+Marquess+Wellesley%2C+K.G.+During+His+Administration+in+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E264-%3C%2Fspan%3E267&rft.date=1837&rft.aulast=Wellesley&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJB0-AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duketreaty-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-duketreaty_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWellesley1859" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellesley, Arthur</a> (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y9EgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA269"><i>Supplementary Despatches and Memoranda of Field Marshal Arthur, Duke of Wellington, K.G.: India, 1797–1805</i></a>. Vol. I. pp. <span class="nowrap">269–</span>279, 319. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"ART VI Scindiah to renounce all claims the Seik chiefs or territories" (p. 318)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supplementary+Despatches+and+Memoranda+of+Field+Marshal+Arthur%2C+Duke+of+Wellington%2C+K.G.%3A+India%2C+1797%E2%80%931805&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E279%2C+319&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Wellesley&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy9EgAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERathod1994106-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERathod1994106_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRathod1994">Rathod (1994)</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulakarṇī1996-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulakarṇī1996_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulakarṇī1996">Kulakarṇī (1996)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar1994-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar1994_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar1994">Sarkar (1994)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1951b-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1951b_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1951b_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMajumdar1951b">Majumdar (1951b)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarua200591-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarua200591_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarua2005">Barua (2005)</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStewart_Gordon1993" class="citation book cs1">Stewart Gordon (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/the-marathas-1600-1818-cambridge-history-of-india-vol.-2-part-4"><i>The Marathas – Cambridge History of India (Vol. 2, Part 4)</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">169–</span>171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139055666" title="Special:BookSources/9781139055666"><bdi>9781139055666</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marathas+%E2%80%93+Cambridge+History+of+India+%28Vol.+2%2C+Part+4%29&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E171&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9781139055666&rft.au=Stewart+Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-marathas-1600-1818-cambridge-history-of-india-vol.-2-part-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan2005105–107-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan2005105–107_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHasan2005">Hasan (2005)</a>, pp. 105–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaravane2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbxsa3jtHoCECpgPA175_175]-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaravane2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbxsa3jtHoCECpgPA175_175]_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaravane2006">Naravane (2006)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bxsa3jtHoCEC&pg=PA175">175</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC&dq=gajendragad+1787&pg=PA54"><i>Anglo-Maratha relations, 1785–96</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-igi-III-502-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-igi-III-502_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._III1907">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III 1907</a>, p. 502</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan2005358-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan2005358_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHasan2005">Hasan (2005)</a>, p. 358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Annual Report of the Mysore Archaeological Department</i> 1916 pp. 10–11, 73–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan2005359-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan2005359_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHasan2005">Hasan (2005)</a>, p. 359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper2003-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper2003_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper2003">Cooper (2003)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper200369-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper200369_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper200369_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper2003">Cooper (2003)</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKadam2016" class="citation book cs1">Kadam, Umesh Ashok (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315276809-18/maratha-court-embassies-saint-lubin-montigny-truce-towards-cordial-relations-towards-cordial-relations-umesh-ashok-kadam">"The Maratha Court and the Embassies of Saint-Lubin and M. Montigny: A Truce towards Cordial Relations"</a>. In Malekandathil, Pius (ed.). <i>The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315276809">10.4324/9781315276809</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-27680-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-27680-9"><bdi>978-1-315-27680-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Maratha+Court+and+the+Embassies+of+Saint-Lubin+and+M.+Montigny%3A+A+Truce+towards+Cordial+Relations&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Ocean+in+the+Making+of+Early+Modern+India&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315276809&rft.isbn=978-1-315-27680-9&rft.aulast=Kadam&rft.aufirst=Umesh+Ashok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9781315276809-18%2Fmaratha-court-embassies-saint-lubin-montigny-truce-towards-cordial-relations-towards-cordial-relations-umesh-ashok-kadam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/battle-of-Wadgaon">"Battle of Wadgaon, <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220623110244/https://www.britannica.com/topic/battle-of-Wadgaon">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Wadgaon%2C+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fbattle-of-Wadgaon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECapper199728-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapper199728_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCapper1997">Capper (1997)</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrakash2002300-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrakash2002300_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrakash2002">Prakash (2002)</a>, p. 300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENayar200864-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENayar200864_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNayar2008">Nayar (2008)</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrivediAllen200030-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrivediAllen200030_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrivediAllen2000">Trivedi & Allen (2000)</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Court_of_Customs_and_Patent_Appeals1930121-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Court_of_Customs_and_Patent_Appeals1930121_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnited_States_Court_of_Customs_and_Patent_Appeals1930">United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals (1930)</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack200677-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack200677_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack2006">Black (2006)</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay1967556-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay1967556_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindsay1967">Lindsay (1967)</a>, p. 556.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESainiChandn.d.97-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESainiChandn.d.97_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSainiChandn.d.">Saini & Chand (n.d.)</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen200613-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen200613_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSen2006">Sen (2006)</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy2011103-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy2011103_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoy2011">Roy (2011)</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies_1959_48-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_1959_48_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_1959_48_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies1959" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Cuthbert Collin (1959). <i>An Historical Atlas of the Indian Peninsula</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-635139-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-635139-1"><bdi>978-0-19-635139-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Atlas+of+the+Indian+Peninsula&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-19-635139-1&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Cuthbert+Collin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies1959" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Cuthbert Collin (1959). <i>An Historical Atlas of the Indian Peninsula</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-635139-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-635139-1"><bdi>978-0-19-635139-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Atlas+of+the+Indian+Peninsula&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-19-635139-1&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Cuthbert+Collin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies1959" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Cuthbert Collin (1959). <i>An Historical Atlas of the Indian Peninsula</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-635139-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-635139-1"><bdi>978-0-19-635139-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Atlas+of+the+Indian+Peninsula&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-19-635139-1&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Cuthbert+Collin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies1959" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Cuthbert Collin (1959). <i>An Historical Atlas of the Indian Peninsula</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-635139-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-635139-1"><bdi>978-0-19-635139-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Atlas+of+the+Indian+Peninsula&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-19-635139-1&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Cuthbert+Collin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies1959" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Cuthbert Collin (1959). <i>An Historical Atlas of the Indian Peninsula</i>. 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(April 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1951b512-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1951b512_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMajumdar1951b">Majumdar (1951b)</a>, p. 512.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/noted-goans-during-peshwe-era-in-pune3-2-goans-follow-illustrious-kin/91809.html">"Noted Goans during Peshwe era in Pune-3: 2 Goans follow illustrious kin"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Noted+Goans+during+Peshwe+era+in+Pune-3%3A+2+Goans+follow+illustrious+kin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegoan.net%2Fglobal-goenkar%2Fnoted-goans-during-peshwe-era-in-pune3-2-goans-follow-illustrious-kin%2F91809.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/goan-colonel-decorated-in-the-maratha-army/91527.html">"Goan colonel decorated in the Maratha army"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Goan+colonel+decorated+in+the+Maratha+army&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegoan.net%2Fglobal-goenkar%2Fgoan-colonel-decorated-in-the-maratha-army%2F91527.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhave200028-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhave200028_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhave2000">Bhave (2000)</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESridharan200043-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESridharan200043_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSridharan2000">Sridharan (2000)</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKantak199310-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKantak199310_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKantak1993">Kantak (1993)</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooper_1989_pp._31–38-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cooper_1989_pp._31–38_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooper1989" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper, Randolf G.S. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/40105953">"Wellington and the Marathas in 1803"</a>. <i>The International History Review</i>. <b>11</b> (1). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.1989.9640499">10.1080/07075332.1989.9640499</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0707-5332">0707-5332</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40105953">40105953</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153841517">153841517</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=Wellington+and+the+Marathas+in+1803&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38&rft.date=1989&rft.issn=0707-5332&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153841517%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40105953%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.1989.9640499&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Randolf+G.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40105953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gash_1990_p.-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gash_1990_p._147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gash_1990_p._147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGash1990" class="citation book cs1">Gash, Norman (1990). <i>Wellington</i>. Manchester University Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-2974-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-2974-5"><bdi>978-0-7190-2974-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-2974-5&rft.aulast=Gash&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar1950245-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar1950245_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar1950">Sarkar (1950)</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2011213-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2011213_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2011">Singh (2011)</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1935-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1935_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSardesai1935">Sardesai (1935)</a>:The reference for this letter – Peshwe Daftar letters 2.103, 146; 21.206; 1.202, 207, 210, 213; 29, 42, 54, and 39.161. Satara Daftar – document number 2.301, Shejwalkar's Panipat, p. 99. Moropanta's account – 1.1, 6, 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201185-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee201185_151-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee201185_151-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2011">Lee (2011)</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooper_1989_pp._31–382-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cooper_1989_pp._31–382_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooper1989" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper, Randolf G.S. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/40105953">"Wellington and the Marathas in 1803"</a>. <i>The International History Review</i>. <b>11</b> (1). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.1989.9640499">10.1080/07075332.1989.9640499</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0707-5332">0707-5332</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40105953">40105953</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153841517">153841517</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=Wellington+and+the+Marathas+in+1803&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=34&rft.date=1989&rft.issn=0707-5332&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153841517%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40105953%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.1989.9640499&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Randolf+G.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40105953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe1855-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe1855_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfe1855">Metcalfe (1855)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENehru1946-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENehru1946_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNehru1946">Nehru (1946)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheilSheil1856-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheilSheil1856_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheilSheil1856">Sheil & Sheil (1856)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkarni199521-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkarni199521_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulkarni1995">Kulkarni (1995)</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAgrawal1983" class="citation book cs1">Agrawal, Ashvini (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AZdCrUxFAHEC"><i>Studies in Mughal History</i></a>. 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University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-1344-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-1344-1"><bdi>0-8032-1344-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+at+War+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8032-1344-1&rft.aulast=Barua&rft.aufirst=Pradeep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFIIQhuAOGaIC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBhave2000" class="citation book cs1">Bhave, Y. G. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5kVk6msxUcC&pg=PA28"><i>From the Death of Shivaji to the Death of Aurangzeb: The Critical Years</i></a>. Northern Book Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-100-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-100-7"><bdi>978-81-7211-100-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Death+of+Shivaji+to+the+Death+of+Aurangzeb%3A+The+Critical+Years&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7211-100-7&rft.aulast=Bhave&rft.aufirst=Y.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ5kVk6msxUcC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlack2006" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hNVtQY4sXYMC"><i>A Military History of Britain: from 1775 to the Present</i></a>. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99039-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99039-8"><bdi>978-0-275-99039-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Britain%3A+from+1775+to+the+Present&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99039-8&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhNVtQY4sXYMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCapper1997" class="citation book cs1">Capper, John (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aqqBPS1TDUgC&pg=PA28"><i>Delhi, the Capital of India</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1282-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1282-2"><bdi>978-81-206-1282-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delhi%2C+the+Capital+of+India&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-206-1282-2&rft.aulast=Capper&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaqqBPS1TDUgC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChaurasia2004" class="citation book cs1">Chaurasia, R.S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D_v3Y7hns8QC&pg=PA13"><i>History of the Marathas</i></a>. New Delhi: Atlantic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0394-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0394-8"><bdi>978-81-269-0394-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Marathas&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Atlantic&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0394-8&rft.aulast=Chaurasia&rft.aufirst=R.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD_v3Y7hns8QC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kirti_N._Chaudhuri" title="Kirti N. Chaudhuri">Chaudhuri, Kirti N.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9xt7Fgzq9e8C&pg=PA253"><i>The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company: 1660–1760</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03159-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03159-2"><bdi>978-0-521-03159-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trading+World+of+Asia+and+the+English+East+India+Company%3A+1660%E2%80%931760&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-03159-2&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Kirti+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9xt7Fgzq9e8C%26pg%3DPA253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooper2003" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Randolf G.S. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qweZWra_tbwC&pg=PA69"><i>The Anglo-Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India: The Struggle for Control of the South Asian Military Economy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82444-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82444-6"><bdi>978-0-521-82444-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Maratha+Campaigns+and+the+Contest+for+India%3A+The+Struggle+for+Control+of+the+South+Asian+Military+Economy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82444-6&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Randolf+G.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqweZWra_tbwC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwardesGarrett1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Edwardes" title="Stephen Edwardes">Edwardes, Stephen Meredyth</a>; Garrett, Herbert Leonard Offley (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4aqU9Zu7mFoC"><i>Mughal Rule in India</i></a>. Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Dist. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-551-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-551-1"><bdi>978-81-7156-551-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mughal+Rule+in+India&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-7156-551-1&rft.aulast=Edwardes&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Meredyth&rft.au=Garrett%2C+Herbert+Leonard+Offley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4aqU9Zu7mFoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFarooqui2011" class="citation book cs1">Farooqui, Salma Ahmed (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA334"><i>A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century</i></a>. Pearson Education India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3202-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3202-1"><bdi>978-81-317-3202-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+Medieval+India%3A+Twelfth+to+the+Mid-Eighteenth+Century&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-317-3202-1&rft.aulast=Farooqui&rft.aufirst=Salma+Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsxhAtCflwOMC%26pg%3DPA334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGokhale1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Balkrishna_Govind_Gokhale" title="Balkrishna Govind Gokhale">Gokhale, Balkrishna Govind</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=THR5AAAAIAAJ"><i>Poona in the eighteenth century: an urban history</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-562137-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-562137-2"><bdi>978-0-19-562137-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poona+in+the+eighteenth+century%3A+an+urban+history&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-562137-2&rft.aulast=Gokhale&rft.aufirst=Balkrishna+Govind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTHR5AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHasan2005" class="citation book cs1">Hasan, Mohibbul (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hkbJ6xA1_jEC&pg=PA105"><i>History of Tipu Sultan</i></a>. Delhi: Aakar Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87879-57-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87879-57-2"><bdi>978-81-87879-57-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Tipu+Sultan&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Aakar+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-87879-57-2&rft.aulast=Hasan&rft.aufirst=Mohibbul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhkbJ6xA1_jEC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHatalkar1958" class="citation book cs1">Hatalkar, V.G. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oUTRAAAAMAAJ"><i>Relations Between the French and the Marathas: 1668–1815</i></a>. T.V. 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Pp. xxx, 1 map, 552.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Empire%2C+Economic+%28Chapter+X%3A+Famine%2C+pp.+475%E2%80%93502%29&rft.pub=Published+under+the+authority+of+His+Majesty%27s+Secretary+of+State+for+India+in+Council%2C+Oxford+at+the+Clarendon+Press.+Pp.+xxx%2C+1+map%2C+552.&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Imperial+Gazetteer+of+India+vol.+III&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson2005" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, William Joseph (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PxvDNBc4qwUC&pg=PA38"><i>Vijayanagara voices: exploring South Indian history and Hindu literature</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3950-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3950-3"><bdi>978-0-7546-3950-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vijayanagara+voices%3A+exploring+South+Indian+history+and+Hindu+literature&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-3950-3&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=William+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPxvDNBc4qwUC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones1974" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Rodney W. (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/urbanpoliticsini0000jone"><i>Urban Politics in India: Area, Power, and Policy in a Penetrated System</i></a></span>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/urbanpoliticsini0000jone/page/25">25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02545-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02545-5"><bdi>978-0-520-02545-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Politics+in+India%3A+Area%2C+Power%2C+and+Policy+in+a+Penetrated+System&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02545-5&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Rodney+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Furbanpoliticsini0000jone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKantak1993" class="citation book cs1">Kantak, M. R. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cdXnVOKKkssC&pg=PA10"><i>The First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774–1783: A Military Study of Major Battles</i></a>. Popular Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-696-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-696-1"><bdi>978-81-7154-696-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Anglo-Maratha+War%2C+1774%E2%80%931783%3A+A+Military+Study+of+Major+Battles&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-7154-696-1&rft.aulast=Kantak&rft.aufirst=M.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcdXnVOKKkssC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKar1980" class="citation book cs1">Kar, H. C. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo0000karh"><i>Military history of India</i></a>. Calcutta: Firma KLM<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+history+of+India&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=Firma+KLM&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Kar&rft.aufirst=H.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmilitaryhistoryo0000karh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKincaidPārasanīsa1925" class="citation book cs1">Kincaid, Charles Augustus; Pārasanīsa, Dattātraya Baḷavanta (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=srE5AQAAIAAJ"><i>A History of the Maratha People: From the death of Shahu to the end of the Chitpavan epic</i></a>. Vol. III. S. 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Books & Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85016-50-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85016-50-4"><bdi>978-81-85016-50-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marathas+and+the+Marathas+Country%3A+The+Marathas&rft.pub=Books+%26+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-85016-50-4&rft.aulast=Kulakar%E1%B9%87%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=A.+R%C4%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkyBuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKulkarni1995" class="citation book cs1">Kulkarni, Sumitra (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SYOSHaZnBy8C&pg=PA21"><i>The Satara Raj, 1818–1848: A Study in History, Administration, and Culture</i></a>. Mittal Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-581-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-581-4"><bdi>978-81-7099-581-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Satara+Raj%2C+1818%E2%80%931848%3A+A+Study+in+History%2C+Administration%2C+and+Culture&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-7099-581-4&rft.aulast=Kulkarni&rft.aufirst=Sumitra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSYOSHaZnBy8C%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee2011" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Wayne (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xatMrooibacC&pg=PA85"><i>Empires and Indigenes: Intercultural Alliance, Imperial Expansion, and Warfare in the Early Modern World</i></a>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6527-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6527-2"><bdi>978-0-8147-6527-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+and+Indigenes%3A+Intercultural+Alliance%2C+Imperial+Expansion%2C+and+Warfare+in+the+Early+Modern+World&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-6527-2&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxatMrooibacC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLindsay1967" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lindsay, J.O., ed. 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New Delhi: Anmol Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-261-2313-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-261-2313-1"><bdi>978-81-261-2313-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medieval+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.isbn=978-81-261-2313-1&rft.aulast=Saini&rft.aufirst=A.K&rft.au=Chand%2C+Hukam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmeN0GwpRWhUC%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSampath2008" class="citation book cs1">Sampath, Vikram (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3aFmtr4MdLQC&pg=PT238"><i>Splendours of Royal Mysore</i></a> (Paperback ed.). 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Cosmo Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7755-286-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7755-286-7"><bdi>978-81-7755-286-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji%2C+the+great+Maratha&rft.pub=Cosmo+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7755-286-7&rft.aulast=Sardesai&rft.aufirst=H.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jadunath_Sarkar" title="Jadunath Sarkar">Sarkar, Jadunath</a> (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sgfVAAAAMAAJ&q=Haji+Atai+Khan%2C+the+slayer+of+Govind+Ballal%2C+fell+with+nearly+3000+other+Dur-ranis%2C+their+surviving+comrades+were"><i>Fall of the Mughal Empire: 1754–1771. (Panipat)</i></a>. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). M.C. Sarkar.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fall+of+the+Mughal+Empire%3A+1754%E2%80%931771.+%28Panipat%29&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=M.C.+Sarkar&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Jadunath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsgfVAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DHaji%2BAtai%2BKhan%252C%2Bthe%2Bslayer%2Bof%2BGovind%2BBallal%252C%2Bfell%2Bwith%2Bnearly%2B3000%2Bother%2BDur-ranis%252C%2Btheir%2Bsurviving%2Bcomrades%2Bwere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jadunath_Sarkar" title="Jadunath Sarkar">Sarkar, Jadunath</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gKOqA9lgtbwC"><i>Fall of the Mughal Empire</i></a>. Vol. I (4th ed.). Orient Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1149-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1149-1"><bdi>978-81-250-1149-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fall+of+the+Mughal+Empire&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-250-1149-1&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Jadunath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgKOqA9lgtbwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jadunath_Sarkar" title="Jadunath Sarkar">Sarkar, Jadunath</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC"><i>A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-0333-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-0333-5"><bdi>978-81-250-0333-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Jaipur%3A+C.+1503%E2%80%931938&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-250-0333-5&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Jadunath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO0oPIo9TXKcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2015" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Karl J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA54"><i>An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47681-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47681-8"><bdi>978-1-317-47681-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Atlas+and+Survey+of+South+Asian+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-47681-8&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Karl+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBqdzCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSen2006" class="citation book cs1">Sen, S.N (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ga-pmgxsWwoC&pg=PA12"><i>History Modern India</i></a> (3rd ed.). The New Age. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1774-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1774-6"><bdi>978-81-224-1774-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Modern+India&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=The+New+Age&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-224-1774-6&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=S.N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dga-pmgxsWwoC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSen2010" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra Nath (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&pg=PA1941-IA82"><i>An Advanced History of Modern India</i></a>. Macmillan India. pp. 1941–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-32885-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-32885-3"><bdi>978-0-230-32885-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Advanced+History+of+Modern+India&rft.pages=1941-&rft.pub=Macmillan+India&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-32885-3&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbXWiACEwPR8C%26pg%3DPA1941-IA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSheilSheil1856" class="citation book cs1">Sheil, Lady Mary Leonora Woulfe; <a href="/wiki/Justin_Sheil" title="Justin Sheil">Sheil, Sir Justin</a> (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/glimpseslifeand00sheigoog"><i>Glimpses of Life and Manners in Persia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glimpses+of+Life+and+Manners+in+Persia&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Sheil&rft.aufirst=Lady+Mary+Leonora+Woulfe&rft.au=Sheil%2C+Sir+Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglimpseslifeand00sheigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2011" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Harbakhsh (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fCaaQmq-u-YC&pg=PA213"><i>War Despatches: Indo-Pak Conflict 1965</i></a>. Lancer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935501-29-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935501-29-9"><bdi>978-1-935501-29-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Despatches%3A+Indo-Pak+Conflict+1965&rft.pub=Lancer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-935501-29-9&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Harbakhsh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfCaaQmq-u-YC%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh1998" class="citation book cs1">Singh, U.B. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S30xOPtnzZYC&pg=PA93"><i>Administrative System in India: Vedic Age to 1947</i></a>. APH Publishing. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7024-928-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7024-928-3"><bdi>978-81-7024-928-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Administrative+System+in+India%3A+Vedic+Age+to+1947&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-7024-928-3&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=U.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS30xOPtnzZYC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStewart1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Stewart, Gordon (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C"><i>The Marathas 1600–1818</i></a>. New Cambridge History of India. Vol. II . 4. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03316-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03316-9"><bdi>978-0-521-03316-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marathas+1600%E2%80%931818&rft.series=New+Cambridge+History+of+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-03316-9&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHK-BhVXOU4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrivediAllen2000" class="citation book cs1">Trivedi, Harish; Allen, Richard (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V9ufrUyISBsC&pg=PA30"><i>Literature and Nation</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21207-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21207-6"><bdi>978-0-415-21207-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literature+and+Nation&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-21207-6&rft.aulast=Trivedi&rft.aufirst=Harish&rft.au=Allen%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV9ufrUyISBsC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurchinAdamsHall2006" class="citation journal cs1">Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5195%2FJWSR.2006.369">"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States"</a>. <i>Journal of World-Systems Research</i>. <b>12</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">219–</span>229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5195%2FJWSR.2006.369">10.5195/JWSR.2006.369</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1076-156X">1076-156X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World-Systems+Research&rft.atitle=East-West+Orientation+of+Historical+Empires+and+Modern+States&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E219-%3C%2Fspan%3E229&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5195%2FJWSR.2006.369&rft.issn=1076-156X&rft.aulast=Turchin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Adams%2C+Jonathan+M.&rft.au=Hall%2C+Thomas+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5195%252FJWSR.2006.369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSridharan2000" class="citation book cs1">Sridharan, K. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9PiwJF7V4EQC&pg=PA43"><i>Sea: Our Saviour</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1245-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1245-1"><bdi>978-81-224-1245-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea%3A+Our+Saviour&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-224-1245-1&rft.aulast=Sridharan&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9PiwJF7V4EQC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Court_of_Customs_and_Patent_Appeals1930" class="citation cs2">United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals (1930), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OIcdAAAAMAAJ&q=E.+F.+BENDLER"><i>Court of Customs and Patent Appeals Reports</i></a>, vol. 18, Washington: Supreme Court of the United States, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2590161">2590161</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Court+of+Customs+and+Patent+Appeals+Reports&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2590161&rft.au=United+States+Court+of+Customs+and+Patent+Appeals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOIcdAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DE.%2BF.%2BBENDLER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVartak1999" class="citation journal cs1">Vartak, Malavika (8–14 May 1999). "Shivaji Maharaj: Growth of a Symbol". <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>. <b>34</b> (19): <span class="nowrap">1126–</span>1134. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4407933">4407933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Shivaji+Maharaj%3A+Growth+of+a+Symbol&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1126-%3C%2Fspan%3E1134&rft.date=1999-05-08%2F1999-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4407933%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vartak&rft.aufirst=Malavika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhmadKrishnamurti1962" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmad, Aziz; Krishnamurti, R. (1962). "Akbar: The Religious Aspect". <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>21</b> (4): 577. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2050934">10.2307/2050934</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118">0021-9118</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2050934">2050934</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161932929">161932929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Akbar%3A+The+Religious+Aspect.&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=577&rft.date=1962&rft.issn=0021-9118&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161932929%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2050934%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2050934&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Aziz&rft.au=Krishnamurti%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Apte, B.K. (editor) – <i>Chhatrapati Shivaji: Coronation Tercentenary Commemoration Volume, Bombay: University of Bombay</i> (1974–75)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBhosle2017" class="citation book cs1">Bhosle, Prince Pratap Sinh Serfoji Raje (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V-RDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT143"><i>Contributions of Thanjavur Maratha Kings</i></a> (2nd ed.). Notion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-948230-95-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-948230-95-7"><bdi>978-1-948230-95-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contributions+of+Thanjavur+Maratha+Kings&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Notion+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-948230-95-7&rft.aulast=Bhosle&rft.aufirst=Prince+Pratap+Sinh+Serfoji+Raje&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV-RDDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBose2017" class="citation book cs1">Bose, MeliaBelli (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiMxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT69"><i>Women, Gender and Art in Asia, c. 1500–1900</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-53655-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-53655-4"><bdi>978-1-351-53655-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%2C+Gender+and+Art+in+Asia%2C+c.+1500%E2%80%931900&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-53655-4&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=MeliaBelli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZiMxDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WVk1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA227"><i>Breathing in Bodhi – the General Awareness/ Comprehension book – Life Skills/ Level 2 for the avid readers</i></a>. Disha Publications. 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-84583-48-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-84583-48-4"><bdi>978-93-84583-48-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breathing+in+Bodhi+%E2%80%93+the+General+Awareness%2F+Comprehension+book+%E2%80%93+Life+Skills%2F+Level+2+for+the+avid+readers&rft.pub=Disha+Publications&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-93-84583-48-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWVk1DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChaturvedi2010" class="citation book cs1">Chaturvedi, R. P. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UBSlBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT197"><i>Great Personalities</i></a>. Upkar Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7482-061-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7482-061-7"><bdi>978-81-7482-061-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Personalities&rft.pub=Upkar+Prakashan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-7482-061-7&rft.aulast=Chaturvedi&rft.aufirst=R.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUBSlBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChhabra2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Chhabra, G.S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UkDi6rVbckoC&pg=PA56"><i>Advance Study in the History of Modern India</i></a>. Vol. 1: 1707–1803. Lotus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89093-06-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89093-06-8"><bdi>978-81-89093-06-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advance+Study+in+the+History+of+Modern+India&rft.pub=Lotus+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-89093-06-8&rft.aulast=Chhabra&rft.aufirst=G.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUkDi6rVbckoC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Desai, Ranjeet – <i>Shivaji the Great, Janata Raja</i> (1968), Pune: Balwant Printers – English Translation of popular <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> book.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGash1990" class="citation book cs1">Gash, Norman (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eCC8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA17"><i>Wellington: Studies in the Military and Political Career of the First Duke of Wellington</i></a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-2974-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-2974-5"><bdi>978-0-7190-2974-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington%3A+Studies+in+the+Military+and+Political+Career+of+the+First+Duke+of+Wellington&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-2974-5&rft.aulast=Gash&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeCC8AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGhazi2002" class="citation book cs1">Ghazi, M.A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QO4KjzuJ52QC&pg=PA130"><i>Islamic Renaissance In South Asia (1707–1867) : The Role Of Shah Waliallah & His Successors</i></a>. New Delhi: Adam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7435-400-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7435-400-6"><bdi>978-81-7435-400-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Renaissance+In+South+Asia+%281707%E2%80%931867%29+%3A+The+Role+Of+Shah+Waliallah+%26+His+Successors&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Adam&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7435-400-6&rft.aulast=Ghazi&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQO4KjzuJ52QC%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1951" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/R._C._Majumdar" title="R. C. Majumdar">Majumdar, R. C.</a> (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Q5uAAAAMAAJ"><i>The History and Culture of the Indian People</i></a>. Vol. 7: The Mughul Empire [1526–1707]. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan – via G. Allen & Unwin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Culture+of+the+Indian+People&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Q5uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManohar1959" class="citation book cs1">Manohar, Malgonkar (1959). <i>The Sea Hawk: Life and Battles of Kanoji Angrey</i>. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59302060">59302060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sea+Hawk%3A+Life+and+Battles+of+Kanoji+Angrey&rft.pages=63&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59302060&rft.aulast=Manohar&rft.aufirst=Malgonkar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald1968" class="citation cs2">McDonald, Ellen E. (1968), <i>The Modernizing of Communication: Vernacular Publishing in Nineteenth Century Maharashtra</i>, Berkeley: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/483944794">483944794</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modernizing+of+Communication%3A+Vernacular+Publishing+in+Nineteenth+Century+Maharashtra&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F483944794&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Ellen+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcEldowney1966" class="citation cs2">McEldowney, Philip F (1966), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/Ideas/pindaris.html"><i>Pindari Society and the Establishment of British Paramountcy in India</i></a>, Madison: University of Wisconsin, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53790277">53790277</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pindari+Society+and+the+Establishment+of+British+Paramountcy+in+India&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53790277&rft.aulast=McEldowney&rft.aufirst=Philip+F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.virginia.edu%2Farea-studies%2FSouthAsia%2FIdeas%2Fpindaris.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMehta2009" class="citation cs2">Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2009) [1984], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC"><i>Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India</i></a>, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-1015-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-207-1015-3"><bdi>978-81-207-1015-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Study+in+the+History+of+Medieval+India&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-207-1015-3&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Jaswant+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-TsMl0vSc0gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRath2012" class="citation book cs1">Rath, Saraju (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FaZs3T8hRToC&pg=PA164"><i>Aspects of Manuscript Culture in South India</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21900-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21900-7"><bdi>978-90-04-21900-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Manuscript+Culture+in+South+India&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21900-7&rft.aulast=Rath&rft.aufirst=Saraju&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFaZs3T8hRToC%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoy2013" class="citation journal cs1">Roy, Tirthankar (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/28443/">"Rethinking the Origins of British India: State Formation and Military-fiscal Undertakings in an Eighteenth Century World Region"</a>. <i>Modern Asian Studies</i>. <b>47</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1125–</span>1156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X11000825">10.1017/S0026749X11000825</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-749X">0026-749X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46532338">46532338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Rethinking+the+Origins+of+British+India%3A+State+Formation+and+Military-fiscal+Undertakings+in+an+Eighteenth+Century+World+Region&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1125-%3C%2Fspan%3E1156&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46532338%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0026-749X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X11000825&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Tirthankar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.lse.ac.uk%2F28443%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSen1994" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra Nath (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC&q=9788171547890"><i>Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785–96</i></a>. Vol. 2. Bombay: Popular Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-789-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-789-0"><bdi>978-81-7154-789-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Maratha+Relations%2C+1785%E2%80%9396&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-7154-789-0&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY-kanqrtVhYC%26q%3D9788171547890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSerfoji1979" class="citation book cs1">Serfoji, Tanjore Maharaja (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tifhAAAAMAAJ"><i>Journal of the Tanjore Maharaja Serfoji's Sarasvati Mahal Library</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Tanjore+Maharaja+Serfoji%27s+Sarasvati+Mahal+Library&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Serfoji&rft.aufirst=Tanjore+Maharaja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtifhAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Thompson, Carl (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5yrTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT293"><i>Women's Travel Writings in India 1777–1854</i></a>. Vol. I: Jemima Kindersley, Letters from the Island of Teneriffe, Brazil, the Cape of Good Hope and the East Indies (1777), and Maria Graham, Journal of a Residence in India (1812). Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-47311-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-47311-6"><bdi>978-1-315-47311-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Travel+Writings+in+India+1777%E2%80%931854&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-315-47311-6&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5yrTDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTruschke2017" class="citation cs2">Truschke, Audrey (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oUUkDwAAQBAJ"><i>Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King</i></a>, Stanford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0259-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0259-5"><bdi>978-1-5036-0259-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aurangzeb%3A+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+India%27s+Most+Controversial+King&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-0259-5&rft.aulast=Truschke&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoUUkDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaratha+Confederacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wink, Andre. <i>Land and Sovereignty in India: Agrarian Society and Politics under the Eighteenth Century Maratha Swarajya,</i> (Cambridge UP, 1986).</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_II_of_Satara" title="Shahu II of Satara">Shahu II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh,_Raja_of_Satara" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratap Singh, Raja of Satara">Pratap Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwas</a> (Prime ministers)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moropant_Trimbak_Pingle" title="Moropant Trimbak Pingle">Moropant Trimbak Pingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moreshvar_Pingale" title="Moreshvar Pingale">Moreshvar Pingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramchandra_Pant_Amatya" title="Ramchandra Pant Amatya">Ramchandra Pant Amatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahiroji_Pingale" title="Bahiroji Pingale">Bahiroji Pingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaji_Vishwanath" title="Balaji Vishwanath">Balaji Vishwanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baji_Rao_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Baji Rao I">Baji Rao I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaji_Baji_Rao" title="Balaji Baji Rao">Balaji Baji Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavrao_I" title="Madhavrao I">Madhavrao Ballal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayan_Rao" title="Narayan Rao">Narayan Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunathrao" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghunathrao">Raghunathrao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavrao_II" title="Madhavrao II">Sawai Madhavrao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baji_Rao_II" title="Baji Rao II">Baji Rao II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrut_Rao" title="Amrut Rao">Amrut Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Nana Sahib">Nana Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhat_family" title="Bhat family">Bhat family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amatya" title="Amatya">Amatya</a> & <a href="/wiki/Pratinidhi" title="Pratinidhi">Pratinidhi</a> (Councilors and viceroys)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramchandra_Pant_Amatya" title="Ramchandra Pant Amatya">Ramchandra Pant Amatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pralhad_Niraji" title="Pralhad Niraji">Pralhad Niraji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parshuram_Pant_Pratinidhi" title="Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi">Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi</a> (<i>hereditary</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shripatrao_Pant_Pratinidhi" title="Shripatrao Pant Pratinidhi">Shripatrao Pant Pratinidhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjivanrao_Pant_Pratinidhi" title="Jagjivanrao Pant Pratinidhi">Jagjivanrao Pant Pratinidhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Women</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahilyabai_Holkar" title="Ahilyabai Holkar">Ahilyabai Holkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandibai" title="Anandibai">Anandibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopikabai" title="Gopikabai">Gopikabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jankibai" title="Jankibai">Jankibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jijabai" title="Jijabai">Jijabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashibai" title="Kashibai">Kashibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmibai" title="Lakshmibai">Lakshmibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastani" title="Mastani">Mastani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvatibai" title="Parvatibai">Parvatibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putalabai" title="Putalabai">Putalabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramabai_Peshwa" title="Ramabai Peshwa">Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Bhosale" class="mw-redirect" title="Sai Bhosale">Saibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakvarbai" title="Sakvarbai">Sakvarbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyarabai" title="Soyarabai">Soyarabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umabai_Dabhade" title="Umabai Dabhade">Umabai Dabhade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baka_Bai" title="Baka Bai">Baka Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsi_Bai_Holkar" title="Tulsi Bai Holkar">Tulsi Bai Holkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maratha Confederacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhonsle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhonsle">Bhonsle of Nagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaekwad_dynasty" title="Gaekwad dynasty">Gaekwad of Baroda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scindia" class="mw-redirect" title="Scindia">Scindia of Gwalior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Holkar" title="House of Holkar">Holkar of Indore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwardhan_dynasty" title="Patwardhan dynasty">Patwardhan dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battles_involving_the_Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Battles involving the Maratha Empire">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pratapgarh" title="Battle of Pratapgarh">Pratapgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolhapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kolhapur">Kolhapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavan_Khind" title="Battle of Pavan Khind">Pavan Khind</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Umberkhind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Umberkhind (page does not exist)">Umberkhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chakan" title="Battle of Chakan">Chakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Surat">Surat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Purandar" title="Battle of Purandar">Purandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sinhagad" title="Battle of Sinhagad">Sinhagad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salher" title="Battle of Salher">Salher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalyan" title="Battle of Kalyan">Kalyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhupalgarh" title="Battle of Bhupalgarh">Bhupalgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bijapur" title="Siege of Bijapur">Bijapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raigarh_(1689)" title="Battle of Raigarh (1689)">Raigarh (1689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jinji" title="Siege of Jinji">Jinji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Satara" title="Battle of Satara">Satara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khelna" title="Battle of Khelna">Khelna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raigarh_(1703-1704)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Raigarh (1703-1704)">Raigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Torna" title="Battle of Torna">Torna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palkhed" title="Battle of Palkhed">Palkhed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Malwa">Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mandsaur" title="Battle of Mandsaur">Mandsaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhopal" title="Battle of Bhopal">Bhopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vasai" title="Battle of Vasai">Vasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trichinopoly_(1741)" title="Siege of Trichinopoly (1741)">1st Trichinopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Katwa" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Katwa">Katwa (1st)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trichinopoly_(1743)" title="Siege of Trichinopoly (1743)">2nd Trichinopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Katwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Katwa">Katwa (2nd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_invasions_of_Bengal" title="Maratha invasions of Bengal">Invasions of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burdwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Burdwan">Burdwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narela" title="Battle of Narela">Narela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1757)" title="Battle of Delhi (1757)">2nd Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_conquest_of_North-west_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha conquest of North-west India">North-west India</a></li> <li>Peshawar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">3rd Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alegaon" title="Battle of Alegaon">Alegaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rakshasbhuvan" title="Battle of Rakshasbhuvan">Rakshasbhuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Delhi,_1771" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Delhi, 1771">Capture of Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pachgaon" title="Battle of Pachgaon">Pachgaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saunshi" title="Battle of Saunshi">Saunshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadgaon" title="Battle of Wadgaon">Wadgaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adoni" title="Siege of Adoni">Adoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Badami" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Badami">Badami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savanur" title="Battle of Savanur">Savanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajendragad" title="Gajendragad">Gajendragad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bahadur_Benda" title="Siege of Bahadur Benda">Bahadur Benda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lalsot" title="Battle of Lalsot">Lalsot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaksana" title="Battle of Chaksana">Chaksana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Patan" title="Battle of Patan">Patan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kharda" title="Battle of Kharda">Kharda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poona" title="Battle of Poona">Poona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1803)" title="Battle of Delhi (1803)">3rd Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assaye" title="Battle of Assaye">Assaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laswari" title="Battle of Laswari">Laswari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Farrukhabad" title="Battle of Farrukhabad">Farrukhabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bharatpur_(1805)" title="Siege of Bharatpur (1805)">Bharatpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khadki" title="Battle of Khadki">Khadki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Koregaon" title="Battle of Koregaon">Koregaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mahidpur" title="Battle of Mahidpur">Mahidpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maratha-Mughal_War_of_27_years" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha-Mughal War of 27 years">Maratha-Mughal War of 27 years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha%E2%80%93Mysore_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha–Mysore War">Maratha–Mysore War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third Anglo-Maratha War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bijapur" title="Sultanate of Bijapur">Adil Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Golconda" title="Sultanate of Golconda">Qutb Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Nizam of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rohilkhand" title="Kingdom of Rohilkhand">Kingdom of Rohilkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mangad_Fort" title="Mangad Fort">Mangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhala_Fort" title="Panhala Fort">Panhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratapgad" title="Pratapgad">Pratapgad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandar_Fort" title="Purandar Fort"> Purandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raigad_Fort" title="Raigad Fort">Raigad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajgad_Fort" title="Rajgad Fort">Rajgad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaniwar_Wada" title="Shaniwar Wada">Shaniwar Wada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivneri_Fort" title="Shivneri Fort">Shivneri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhudurg_Fort" title="Sindhudurg Fort">Sindhudurg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajgad_Fort" title="Rajgad Fort">Rajgad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torna_Fort" title="Torna Fort">Torna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shivrai" title="Shivrai">Shivrai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="India_topics37" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:India_topics" title="Template:India topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:India_topics" title="Template talk:India topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:India_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:India topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="India_topics37" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_India" title="Outline of India">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History37" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_India" title="List of years in India">Years</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of clothing in the Indian subcontinent">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_India" title="LGBTQ history in India">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper_currency_in_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of paper currency in Indian subcontinent">Paper currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_India" title="Postage stamps and postal history of India">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_on_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of science and technology on the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_kingdom" title="Indo-Parthian kingdom">Indo-Parthian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Mauryan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid–Mauryan war">Seleucid–Mauryan war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">European trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late modern">Late modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">1857 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India#History" title="Rail transport in India">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India_under_the_British_Raj" title="Economy of India under the British Raj">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindar#British_era" title="Zamindar">Zamindari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909">Political reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">1943 famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India" title="Five-Year Plans of India">Five-Year Plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Flood">White Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxal Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Space programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">History of India (1947–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Economic liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography37" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_India" title="Category:Geology of India">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Parks_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil Parks of India">Fossil Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heritage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Geological_Monuments_of_India" title="National Geological Monuments of India">National Geological Monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains#India" title="Sacred mountains">Sacred mountains of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River#Sacred" title="River">Sacred rivers of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_of_India" title="Stones of India">Stones of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title="Environment of India">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_classification_of_India" title="Biogeographic classification of India">Biogeographic classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_India" title="Climate change in India">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_India" title="List of earthquakes in India">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India" title="List of ecoregions in India">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_India" title="Fauna of India">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_India" title="List of forests in India">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_India" title="Flora of India">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries of India">sanctuaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_India" title="List of beaches in India">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_India" title="List of canals in India">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India" title="Exclusive economic zone of India">ECZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India" title="List of extreme points of India">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of India">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_highest_point" title="List of Indian states and union territories by highest point">Highest point by states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_India" title="List of islands of India">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_India" title="List of lakes of India">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India" title="List of mountains in India">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_of_India" title="List of mountain passes of India">Mountain passes</a></li> <li>Plains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western coastal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_India" title="List of rivers of India">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_India" title="List of valleys in India">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_India" title="List of volcanoes in India">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of India">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest India">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast India">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_India" title="Template:Borders of India">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population" title="List of towns in India by population">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_National_Importance_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of National Importance of India">National monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature worship</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Sites in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics37" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of agencies of the government of India">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">Civil Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_(India)" title="Cabinet Secretary (India)">Cabinet Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">State governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">State legislative assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_councils_of_India" title="State legislative councils of India">State legislative councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_secretary_(India)" title="Chief secretary (India)">Chief Secretaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental rights, principles and duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in India">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_India" title="District courts of India">District Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Law enforcement in India">Enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force (BSF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guard" title="National Security Guard">National Security Guard (NSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Force" title="Railway Protection Force">Railway Protection Force (RPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashastra_Seema_Bal" title="Sashastra Seema Bal">Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Group" title="Special Protection Group">Special Protection Group (SPG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_intelligence_agencies" title="List of Indian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Development" title="Bureau of Police Research and Development">Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Revenue_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Revenue Intelligence">Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate (ED)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">Intelligence Bureau (IB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Bureau" title="Narcotics Control Bureau">Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigation_Agency" title="National Investigation Agency">National Investigation Agency (NIA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_India" title="Democracy in India">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scandals_in_India" title="List of scandals in India">Scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_political_participation_in_India" title="Women's political participation in India">Women in politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy37" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_India" title="List of companies of India">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSE_SENSEX" title="BSE SENSEX">BSE SENSEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIFTY_50" title="NIFTY 50">NIFTY 50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Ministry of Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Finance ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Ministry of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_Commission" title="Finance Commission">Finance Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Advisory_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Advisory Council">Economic Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(India)" title="Central Statistics Office (India)">Central Statistical Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Board_of_India" title="Securities and Exchange Board of India">Securities and Exchange Board of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_debt_of_India" title="External debt of India">External debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_India" title="Foreign trade of India">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_India" title="Foreign direct investment in India">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign-exchange_reserves_of_India" title="Foreign-exchange reserves of India">Foreign exchange reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remittances_to_India" title="Remittances to India">Remittances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_India" title="Taxation in India">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidies_in_India" title="Subsidies in India">Subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_licensing_in_India" title="Industrial licensing in India">Industrial licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voluntary_Guidelines_on_Social,_Environmental_and_Economic_Responsibilities_of_Business" title="National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental and Economic Responsibilities of Business">Voluntary guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_in_India" title="Make in India">Make in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmanirbhar_Bharat" title="Atmanirbhar Bharat">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign">Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_rupee" title="History of the rupee">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate_history_of_the_Indian_rupee" title="Exchange rate history of the Indian rupee">Historical Forex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rupee" title="Digital rupee">Digital rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_paisa" title="Indian paisa">Paisa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint" title="India Government Mint">Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_in_India" title="Inflation in India">Inflation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_India" title="Banking in India">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_India" title="Insurance in India">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi_Commodity_Exchange" title="Multi Commodity Exchange">Multi Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gold_(Control)_Act,_1968" title="The Gold (Control) Act, 1968">Bullion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_black_money" title="Indian black money">Black money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India" title="National Stock Exchange of India">National</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development_in_India" title="Economic development in India">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_Raj" title="Licence Raj">Licence Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schemes_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of schemes of the government of India">Government initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Numbering system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indians_by_net_worth" title="List of Indians by net worth">By net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_India" title="Income in India">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_labour_law" title="Indian labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_India" title="Pensions in India">Pensions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employees%27_Provident_Fund_Organisation" title="Employees' Provident Fund Organisation">EPFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pension_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pension Scheme">NPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Provident_Fund_(India)" title="Public Provident Fund (India)">PPF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Assam" title="Economy of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bihar" title="Economy of Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Delhi" title="Economy of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gujarat" title="Economy of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haryana" title="Economy of Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Economy of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Economy of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Maharashtra" title="Economy of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mizoram" title="Economy of Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Odisha" title="Economy of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_India" title="Economy of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rajasthan" title="Economy of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Telangana" title="Economy of Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttarakhand" title="Economy of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Economy of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agriculture in India">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_India" title="Animal husbandry in India">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_India" title="Fishing in India">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_India" title="Chemical industry in India">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_India" title="Defence industry of India">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_India" title="Energy in India">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India" title="Electricity sector in India">Electricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India" title="Oil and gas industry in India">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_India" title="Solar power in India">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_India" title="Wind power in India">Wind</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_and_semiconductor_manufacturing_industry_in_India" title="Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India">Electronics and semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_industry_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertainment industry in India">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_India" title="Forestry in India">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_India" title="Gambling in India">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_India" title="List of hospitals in India">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_India" title="Information technology in India">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_India" title="FM broadcasting in India">FM Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_industry_in_India" title="Printing industry in India">Printing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_India" title="Mining in India">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_India" title="Coal in India">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India" title="Iron and steel industry in India">Iron and Steel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_India" title="Pharmaceutical industry in India">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">Pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailing_in_India" title="Retailing in India">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Science and technology in India">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_in_India" title="Biotechnology in India">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_India" title="Space industry of India">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_India" title="Textile industry in India">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_India" title="Aviation in India">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_India" title="Civil aviation in India">Civil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_India" title="List of ports in India">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India" title="Rail transport in India">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_organisations_in_India" title="List of electricity organisations in India">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_sector_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Power sector in India">Power</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority">IRDAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">RBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEBI" class="mw-redirect" title="SEBI">SEBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_Fund_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority">PFRDA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Tribunal">NCLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Appellate_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Appellate Tribunal">NCLAT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_for_Industrial_and_Financial_Reconstruction" title="Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction">BIFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Code,_2016" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016">IBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitisation_and_Reconstruction_of_Financial_Assets_and_Enforcement_of_Security_Interest_Act,_2002" title="Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002">SARFESI Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income-tax_Act,_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="Income-tax Act, 1961">Income Tax Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companies_Act,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies Act, 2013">Companies Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_Regulation_Act,_1949" title="Banking Regulation Act, 1949">Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Act,_1938" title="Insurance Act, 1938">Insurance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Exchange_Management_Act" title="Foreign Exchange Management Act">FEMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Consensus" title="Mumbai Consensus">Mumbai Consensus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_culture37" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Society and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_India" title="Crime in India">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_India" title="List of universities in India">Universities in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_colleges_in_India" title="List of medical colleges in India">Medical colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_India" title="List of law schools in India">Law colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education_in_India" title="Engineering education in India">Engineering colleges in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_relations_in_India" title="Ethnic relations in India">Ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_India" title="Health in India">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_by_life_expectancy_at_birth" title="List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_India" title="Prisons in India">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issue#India" title="Social issue">Socio-economic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_India" title="Standard of living in India">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_India" title="Youth in India">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_entertainment_in_India" title="Arts and entertainment in India">Arts and entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_blogosphere" title="Indian blogosphere">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webcomics_in_India" title="Webcomics in India">Webcomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wine" title="Indian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_India" title="Clothing in India">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_India" title="Folklore of India">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_India" title="List of festivals in India">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_India" title="Mass media in India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_painting" title="Indian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_physical_culture" title="Indian physical culture">Physical culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_India" title="Public holidays in India">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Sculpture in the Indian subcontinent">Sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_tallest_statues_in_India" title="List of the tallest statues in India">tallest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_India" title="Sport in India">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_India" title="Traditional games of India">Traditional</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires160" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_kingdom" title="Pagan kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_attempts_by_Poland" title="Colonization attempts by Poland">attempts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_imperialism" title="Academic imperialism">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_imperialism" title="Ecological imperialism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_imperialism" title="Green imperialism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_imperialism" title="Media imperialism">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Imperialists" title="Liberal Imperialists">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism" title="Theories of imperialism">Theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. imperialism">U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 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