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<span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Process</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Process subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pre-processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Data mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results_validation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results_validation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Results validation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results_validation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privacy_concerns_and_ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privacy_concerns_and_ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Privacy concerns and ethics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Privacy_concerns_and_ethics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Privacy concerns and ethics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Privacy_concerns_and_ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Situation_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Situation_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Situation in Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Situation_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Situation_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Situation_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Situation in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Situation_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Copyright law</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Copyright_law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Copyright law subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Copyright_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Situation_in_Europe_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Situation_in_Europe_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Situation in Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Situation_in_Europe_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Situation_in_the_United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Situation_in_the_United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Situation in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Situation_in_the_United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Software</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Software-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Software subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Free_open-source_data_mining_software_and_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_open-source_data_mining_software_and_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Free open-source data mining software and applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_open-source_data_mining_software_and_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proprietary_data-mining_software_and_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietary_data-mining_software_and_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Proprietary data-mining software and applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proprietary_data-mining_software_and_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Data mining</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تنقيب في البيانات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تنقيب في البيانات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="ডেটা মাইনিং – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ডেটা মাইনিং" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Data mining" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8" title="উপাত্ত খনন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উপাত্ত খনন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Извличане на знания от данни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Извличане на знания от данни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineria_de_dades" title="Mineria de dades – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mineria de dades" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Data mining" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineria_de_maga_dato" title="Mineria de maga dato – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Mineria de maga dato" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloddio_data" title="Cloddio data – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cloddio data" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Data mining" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data-Mining" title="Data-Mining – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Data-Mining" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andmekaeve" title="Andmekaeve – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Andmekaeve" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BE%CF%8C%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BE%CE%B7_%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Εξόρυξη δεδομένων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εξόρυξη δεδομένων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miner%C3%ADa_de_datos" title="Minería de datos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Minería de datos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datu-meatzaritza" title="Datu-meatzaritza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Datu-meatzaritza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C" title="داده‌کاوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داده‌کاوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration_de_donn%C3%A9es" title="Exploration de données – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Exploration de données" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minar%C3%ADa_de_datos" title="Minaría de datos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Minaría de datos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0_%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%9D" title="데이터 마이닝 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데이터 마이닝" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%BE%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3" title="Տվյալների մայնինգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տվյալների մայնինգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8" title="आँकड़ा खनन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आँकड़ा खनन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudarenje_podataka" title="Rudarenje podataka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rudarenje podataka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penggalian_data" title="Penggalian data – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penggalian data" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Data mining" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2" title="כריית מידע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כריית מידע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B6_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ದತ್ತಾಂಶ ಗಣಿಗಾರಿಕೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದತ್ತಾಂಶ ಗಣಿಗಾರಿಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datizrace" title="Datizrace – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Datizrace" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adatb%C3%A1ny%C3%A1szat" title="Adatbányászat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Adatbányászat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Податочно рударење – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Податочно рударење" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="ഡാറ്റാ മൈനിങ്ങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡാറ്റാ മൈനിങ്ങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8" title="विदा उत्खनन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विदा उत्खनन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlombongan_data" title="Perlombongan data – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perlombongan data" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Data mining" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%96%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဒေတာတူးဖော်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒေတာတူးဖော်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datamining" title="Datamining – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Datamining" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="データマイニング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="データマイニング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informasjonsutvinning" title="Informasjonsutvinning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Informasjonsutvinning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datautvinning" title="Datautvinning – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Datautvinning" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksploracja_danych" title="Eksploracja danych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eksploracja danych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_dados" title="Mineração de dados – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mineração de dados" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extragerea_de_cuno%C8%99tin%C8%9Be_din_date" title="Extragerea de cunoștințe din date – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Extragerea de cunoștințe din date" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Data mining" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimi_i_t%C3%AB_dh%C3%ABnave" title="Minimi i të dhënave – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Minimi i të dhënave" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Data mining" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%BAbkov%C3%A1_anal%C3%BDza_d%C3%A1t" title="Hĺbková analýza dát – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hĺbková analýza dát" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podatkovno_rudarjenje" title="Podatkovno rudarjenje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Podatkovno rudarjenje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8E%DA%A9%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پێکھاتەی دراوەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پێکھاتەی دراوەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istra%C5%BEivanje_podataka" title="Istraživanje podataka – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Istraživanje podataka" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analiza_podataka" title="Analiza podataka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Analiza podataka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Data mining" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedonlouhinta" title="Tiedonlouhinta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tiedonlouhinta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datautvinning" title="Datautvinning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Datautvinning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="தரவு அகழ்தல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தரவு அகழ்தல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5" title="การทำเหมืองข้อมูล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การทำเหมืองข้อมูล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D3%A3" title="Додаковӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Додаковӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veri_madencili%C4%9Fi" title="Veri madenciliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Veri madenciliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Добування даних – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Добування даних" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khai_ph%C3%A1_d%E1%BB%AF_li%E1%BB%87u" title="Khai phá dữ liệu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khai phá dữ liệu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%8C%96%E6%8E%98" title="数据挖掘 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="数据挖掘" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9F" title="דאטן גראבן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דאטן גראבן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A%E6%8E%A2%E5%8B%98" title="數據探勘 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="數據探勘" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%8C%96%E6%8E%98" title="数据挖掘 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="数据挖掘" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q172491#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Process of extracting and discovering patterns in large data sets</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Web mining" redirects here. 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a><br />and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">data mining</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Paradigms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-supervised_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-supervised learning">Semi-supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-supervised_learning" title="Self-supervised learning">Self-supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-learning_(computer_science)" title="Meta-learning (computer science)">Meta-learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_machine_learning" title="Online machine learning">Online learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batch_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Batch learning">Batch learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curriculum_learning" title="Curriculum learning">Curriculum learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule-based_machine_learning" title="Rule-based machine learning">Rule-based learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuro-symbolic_AI" title="Neuro-symbolic AI">Neuro-symbolic AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic engineering">Neuromorphic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_machine_learning" title="Quantum machine learning">Quantum machine learning</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Problems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_classification" title="Statistical classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_model" title="Generative model">Generative modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Clustering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimensionality_reduction" title="Dimensionality reduction">Dimensionality reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Density_estimation" title="Density estimation">Density estimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomaly_detection" title="Anomaly detection">Anomaly detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Data cleaning">Data cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_machine_learning" title="Automated machine learning">AutoML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_rule_learning" title="Association rule learning">Association rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_analysis_(machine_learning)" title="Semantic analysis (machine learning)">Semantic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_prediction" title="Structured prediction">Structured prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_engineering" title="Feature engineering">Feature engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_learning" title="Feature learning">Feature learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_to_rank" title="Learning to rank">Learning to rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar_induction" title="Grammar induction">Grammar induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_learning" title="Ontology learning">Ontology learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimodal_learning" title="Multimodal learning">Multimodal learning</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(<b><a href="/wiki/Statistical_classification" title="Statistical classification">classification</a></b> • <b><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">regression</a></b>)</span></span> </div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship_learning" title="Apprenticeship learning">Apprenticeship learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_tree_learning" title="Decision tree learning">Decision trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensemble_learning" title="Ensemble learning">Ensembles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bootstrap_aggregating" title="Bootstrap aggregating">Bagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boosting_(machine_learning)" title="Boosting (machine learning)">Boosting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_forest" title="Random forest">Random forest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-nearest_neighbors_algorithm" title="K-nearest neighbors algorithm"><i>k</i>-NN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_regression" title="Linear regression">Linear regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naive_Bayes_classifier" title="Naive Bayes classifier">Naive Bayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">Artificial neural networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistic_regression" title="Logistic regression">Logistic regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perceptron" title="Perceptron">Perceptron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relevance_vector_machine" title="Relevance vector machine">Relevance vector machine (RVM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Support_vector_machine" title="Support vector machine">Support vector machine (SVM)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Clustering</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BIRCH" title="BIRCH">BIRCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CURE_algorithm" title="CURE algorithm">CURE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_clustering" title="Hierarchical clustering">Hierarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-means_clustering" title="K-means clustering"><i>k</i>-means</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzzy_clustering" title="Fuzzy clustering">Fuzzy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expectation%E2%80%93maximization_algorithm" title="Expectation–maximization algorithm">Expectation–maximization (EM)</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/DBSCAN" title="DBSCAN">DBSCAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPTICS_algorithm" title="OPTICS algorithm">OPTICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_shift" title="Mean shift">Mean shift</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Dimensionality_reduction" title="Dimensionality reduction">Dimensionality reduction</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factor_analysis" title="Factor analysis">Factor analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_correlation" title="Canonical correlation">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_component_analysis" title="Independent component analysis">ICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_discriminant_analysis" title="Linear discriminant analysis">LDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-negative_matrix_factorization" title="Non-negative matrix factorization">NMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_component_analysis" title="Principal component analysis">PCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_generalized_decomposition" title="Proper generalized decomposition">PGD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-distributed_stochastic_neighbor_embedding" title="T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding">t-SNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparse_dictionary_learning" title="Sparse dictionary learning">SDL</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Structured_prediction" title="Structured prediction">Structured prediction</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_model" title="Graphical model">Graphical models</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_network" title="Bayesian network">Bayes net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_random_field" title="Conditional random field">Conditional random field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_Markov_model" title="Hidden Markov model">Hidden Markov</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anomaly_detection" title="Anomaly detection">Anomaly detection</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Random_sample_consensus" title="Random sample consensus">RANSAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-nearest_neighbors_algorithm" title="K-nearest neighbors algorithm"><i>k</i>-NN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_outlier_factor" title="Local outlier factor">Local outlier factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_forest" title="Isolation forest">Isolation forest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">Artificial neural network</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoencoder" title="Autoencoder">Autoencoder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedforward_neural_network" title="Feedforward neural network">Feedforward neural network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recurrent_neural_network" title="Recurrent neural network">Recurrent neural network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_short-term_memory" title="Long short-term memory">LSTM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gated_recurrent_unit" title="Gated recurrent unit">GRU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_state_network" title="Echo state network">ESN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_computing" title="Reservoir computing">reservoir computing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boltzmann_machine" title="Boltzmann machine">Boltzmann machine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Restricted_Boltzmann_machine" title="Restricted Boltzmann machine">Restricted</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_adversarial_network" title="Generative adversarial network">GAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_model" title="Diffusion model">Diffusion model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-organizing_map" title="Self-organizing map">SOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network" title="Convolutional neural network">Convolutional neural network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-Net" title="U-Net">U-Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeNet" title="LeNet">LeNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlexNet" title="AlexNet">AlexNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeepDream" title="DeepDream">DeepDream</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_radiance_field" title="Neural radiance field">Neural radiance field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(machine_learning_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformer (machine learning model)">Transformer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vision_transformer" title="Vision transformer">Vision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamba_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Mamba (deep learning architecture)">Mamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiking_neural_network" title="Spiking neural network">Spiking neural network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memtransistor" title="Memtransistor">Memtransistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_RAM" title="Electrochemical RAM">Electrochemical RAM</a> (ECRAM)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q-learning" title="Q-learning">Q-learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State%E2%80%93action%E2%80%93reward%E2%80%93state%E2%80%93action" title="State–action–reward–state–action">SARSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_difference_learning" title="Temporal difference learning">Temporal difference (TD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-agent_reinforcement_learning" title="Multi-agent reinforcement learning">Multi-agent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-play_(reinforcement_learning_technique)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-play (reinforcement learning technique)">Self-play</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Learning with humans</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_learning_(machine_learning)" title="Active learning (machine learning)">Active learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-in-the-loop" title="Human-in-the-loop">Human-in-the-loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback" title="Reinforcement learning from human feedback">RLHF</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Model diagnostics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_determination" title="Coefficient of determination">Coefficient of determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confusion_matrix" title="Confusion matrix">Confusion matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_curve_(machine_learning)" title="Learning curve (machine learning)">Learning curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receiver_operating_characteristic" title="Receiver operating characteristic">ROC curve</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Mathematical foundations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kernel_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernel machines">Kernel machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias%E2%80%93variance_tradeoff" title="Bias–variance tradeoff">Bias–variance tradeoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_learning_theory" title="Computational learning theory">Computational learning theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empirical_risk_minimization" title="Empirical risk minimization">Empirical risk minimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam_learning" title="Occam learning">Occam learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probably_approximately_correct_learning" title="Probably approximately correct learning">PAC learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_learning_theory" title="Statistical learning theory">Statistical learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapnik%E2%80%93Chervonenkis_theory" title="Vapnik–Chervonenkis theory">VC theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Journals and conferences</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ECML_PKDD" title="ECML PKDD">ECML PKDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Neural_Information_Processing_Systems" title="Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems">NeurIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Machine_Learning" title="International Conference on Machine Learning">ICML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Learning_Representations" title="International Conference on Learning Representations">ICLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Joint_Conference_on_Artificial_Intelligence" title="International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence">IJCAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_Learning_(journal)" title="Machine Learning (journal)">ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Machine_Learning_Research" title="Journal of Machine Learning Research">JMLR</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Glossary of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_datasets_for_machine-learning_research" title="List of datasets for machine-learning research">List of datasets for machine-learning research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_datasets_in_computer_vision_and_image_processing" title="List of datasets in computer vision and image processing">List of datasets in computer vision and image processing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning" title="Outline of machine learning">Outline of machine learning</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Machine_learning" title="Template:Machine learning"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Machine_learning" title="Template talk:Machine learning"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Machine_learning" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Machine learning"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Data mining</b> is the process of extracting and discovering patterns in large <a href="/wiki/Data_set" title="Data set">data sets</a> involving methods at the intersection of <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Database_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Database system">database systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-acm_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data mining is an <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdisciplinary">interdisciplinary</a> subfield of <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a> with an overall goal of extracting information (with intelligent methods) from a data set and transforming the information into a comprehensible structure for further use.<sup id="cite_ref-acm_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brittanica_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittanica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-elements_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elements-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data mining is the analysis step of the "<a href="/wiki/Knowledge_discovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge discovery">knowledge discovery in databases</a>" process, or KDD.<sup id="cite_ref-Fayyad_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fayyad-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from the raw analysis step, it also involves database and <a href="/wiki/Data_management" title="Data management">data management</a> aspects, <a href="/wiki/Data_pre-processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Data pre-processing">data pre-processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistical_model" title="Statistical model">model</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statistical_inference" title="Statistical inference">inference</a> considerations, interestingness metrics, <a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">complexity</a> considerations, post-processing of discovered structures, <a href="/wiki/Data_and_information_visualization" title="Data and information visualization">visualization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Online_algorithm" title="Online algorithm">online updating</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-acm_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "data mining" is a <a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">misnomer</a> because the goal is the extraction of <a href="/wiki/Pattern" title="Pattern">patterns</a> and knowledge from large amounts of data, not the <a href="/wiki/Data_scraping" title="Data scraping">extraction (<i>mining</i>) of data itself</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-han-kamber_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-han-kamber-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also is a <a href="/wiki/Buzzword" title="Buzzword">buzzword</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is frequently applied to any form of large-scale data or <a href="/wiki/Data_processing" title="Data processing">information processing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Data_collection" title="Data collection">collection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_extraction" title="Information extraction">extraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_warehouse" title="Data warehouse">warehousing</a>, analysis, and statistics) as well as any application of <a href="/wiki/Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">computer decision support system</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> (e.g., machine learning) and <a href="/wiki/Business_intelligence" title="Business intelligence">business intelligence</a>. Often the more general terms (<i>large scale</i>) <i><a href="/wiki/Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">data analysis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Analytics" title="Analytics">analytics</a></i>—or, when referring to actual methods, <i>artificial intelligence</i> and <i>machine learning</i>—are more appropriate. </p><p>The actual data mining task is the semi-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/automatic" class="extiw" title="wikt:automatic">automatic</a> or automatic analysis of large quantities of data to extract previously unknown, interesting patterns such as groups of data records (<a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">cluster analysis</a>), unusual records (<a href="/wiki/Anomaly_detection" title="Anomaly detection">anomaly detection</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Dependency_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dependency (computer science)">dependencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Association_rule_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Association rule mining">association rule mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sequential_pattern_mining" title="Sequential pattern mining">sequential pattern mining</a>). This usually involves using database techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Spatial_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Spatial index">spatial indices</a>. These patterns can then be seen as a kind of summary of the input data, and may be used in further analysis or, for example, in machine learning and <a href="/wiki/Predictive_analytics" title="Predictive analytics">predictive analytics</a>. For example, the data mining step might identify multiple groups in the data, which can then be used to obtain more accurate prediction results by a <a href="/wiki/Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">decision support system</a>. Neither the data collection, data preparation, nor result interpretation and reporting is part of the data mining step, although they do belong to the overall KDD process as additional steps. </p><p>The difference between <a href="/wiki/Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">data analysis</a> and data mining is that data analysis is used to test models and hypotheses on the dataset, e.g., analyzing the effectiveness of a <a href="/wiki/Marketing_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Marketing campaign">marketing campaign</a>, regardless of the amount of data. In contrast, data mining uses machine learning and statistical models to uncover clandestine or hidden patterns in a large volume of data.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The related terms <i><a href="/wiki/Data_dredging" title="Data dredging">data dredging</a></i>, <i>data fishing</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Data_snooping" class="mw-redirect" title="Data snooping">data snooping</a></i> refer to the use of data mining methods to sample parts of a larger population data set that are (or may be) too small for reliable statistical inferences to be made about the validity of any patterns discovered. These methods can, however, be used in creating new hypotheses to test against the larger data populations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_mining&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1960s, statisticians and economists used terms like <i>data fishing</i> or <i>data dredging</i> to refer to what they considered the bad practice of analyzing data without an <a href="/wiki/A_priori_probability" class="mw-redirect" title="A priori probability">a-priori</a> hypothesis. The term "data mining" was used in a similarly critical way by economist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lovell" title="Michael Lovell">Michael Lovell</a> in an article published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Review_of_Economic_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Review of Economic Studies">Review of Economic Studies</a></i> in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lovell indicates that the practice "masquerades under a variety of aliases, ranging from "experimentation" (positive) to "fishing" or "snooping" (negative). </p><p>The term <i>data mining</i> appeared around 1990 in the database community, with generally positive connotations. For a short time in 1980s, the phrase "database mining"™, was used, but since it was trademarked by HNC, a <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>–based company, to pitch their Database Mining Workstation;<sup id="cite_ref-Mena_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mena-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> researchers consequently turned to <i>data mining</i>. Other terms used include <i>data archaeology</i>, <i>information harvesting</i>, <i>information discovery</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_extraction" title="Knowledge extraction">knowledge extraction</a></i>, etc. <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Piatetsky-Shapiro" title="Gregory Piatetsky-Shapiro">Gregory Piatetsky-Shapiro</a> coined the term "knowledge discovery in databases" for the first workshop on the same topic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kdnuggets.com/meetings/kdd89/">(KDD-1989)</a> and this term became more popular in the <a href="/wiki/AI" class="mw-redirect" title="AI">AI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> communities. However, the term data mining became more popular in the business and press communities.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, the terms <i>data mining</i> and <i>knowledge discovery</i> are used interchangeably. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_mining&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The manual extraction of patterns from <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a> has occurred for centuries. Early methods of identifying patterns in data include <a href="/wiki/Bayes%27_theorem" title="Bayes' theorem">Bayes' theorem</a> (1700s) and <a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">regression analysis</a> (1800s).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proliferation, ubiquity and increasing power of computer technology have dramatically increased data collection, storage, and manipulation ability. As <a href="/wiki/Data_set" title="Data set">data sets</a> have grown in size and complexity, direct "hands-on" data analysis has increasingly been augmented with indirect, automated data processing, aided by other discoveries in computer science, specially in the field of machine learning, such as <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">neural networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">cluster analysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_algorithms" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic algorithms">genetic algorithms</a> (1950s), <a href="/wiki/Decision_tree_learning" title="Decision tree learning">decision trees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decision_rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Decision rules">decision rules</a> (1960s), and <a href="/wiki/Support_vector_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Support vector machines">support vector machines</a> (1990s). Data mining is the process of applying these methods with the intention of uncovering hidden patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-Kantardzic_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kantardzic-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in large data sets. It bridges the gap from <a href="/wiki/Applied_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Applied statistics">applied statistics</a> and artificial intelligence (which usually provide the mathematical background) to <a href="/wiki/Database_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Database management">database management</a> by exploiting the way data is stored and indexed in databases to execute the actual learning and discovery algorithms more efficiently, allowing such methods to be applied to ever-larger data sets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_mining&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) process</i> is commonly defined with the stages: </p> <ol><li>Selection</li> <li>Pre-processing</li> <li>Transformation</li> <li><i>Data mining</i></li> <li>Interpretation/evaluation.<sup id="cite_ref-Fayyad_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fayyad-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>It exists, however, in many variations on this theme, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cross-industry_standard_process_for_data_mining" title="Cross-industry standard process for data mining">Cross-industry standard process for data mining</a> (CRISP-DM) which defines six phases: </p> <ol><li>Business understanding</li> <li>Data understanding</li> <li>Data preparation</li> <li>Modeling</li> <li>Evaluation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_deployment" title="System deployment">Deployment</a></li></ol> <p>or a simplified process such as (1) Pre-processing, (2) Data Mining, and (3) Results Validation. </p><p>Polls conducted in 2002, 2004, 2007 and 2014 show that the CRISP-DM methodology is the leading methodology used by data miners.<sup id="cite_ref-KDN_1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KDN_1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KDN_2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KDN_2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KDN_3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KDN_3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KDN_4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KDN_4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only other data mining standard named in these polls was <a href="/wiki/SEMMA" title="SEMMA">SEMMA</a>. However, 3–4 times as many people reported using CRISP-DM. Several teams of researchers have published reviews of data mining process models,<sup id="cite_ref-kurgan_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurgan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Azevedo and Santos conducted a comparison of CRISP-DM and SEMMA in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-AzevedoSantos_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AzevedoSantos-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-processing">Pre-processing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_mining&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before data mining algorithms can be used, a target data set must be assembled. As data mining can only uncover patterns actually present in the data, the target data set must be large enough to contain these patterns while remaining concise enough to be mined within an acceptable time limit. A common source for data is a <a href="/wiki/Data_mart" title="Data mart">data mart</a> or <a href="/wiki/Data_warehouse" title="Data warehouse">data warehouse</a>. Pre-processing is essential to analyze the <a href="/wiki/Multivariate_statistics" title="Multivariate statistics">multivariate</a> data sets before data mining. The target set is then cleaned. Data cleaning removes the observations containing <a href="/wiki/Statistical_noise" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical noise">noise</a> and those with <a href="/wiki/Missing_data" title="Missing data">missing data</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_mining">Data mining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_mining&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Data mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Data mining involves six common classes of tasks:<sup id="cite_ref-Fayyad_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fayyad-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomaly_detection" title="Anomaly detection">Anomaly detection</a> (outlier/change/deviation detection) – The identification of unusual data records, that might be interesting or data errors that require further investigation due to being out of standard range.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_rule_learning" title="Association rule learning">Association rule learning</a> (dependency modeling) – Searches for relationships between variables. For example, a supermarket might gather data on customer purchasing habits. Using association rule learning, the supermarket can determine which products are frequently bought together and use this information for marketing purposes. This is sometimes referred to as market basket analysis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Clustering</a> – is the task of discovering groups and structures in the data that are in some way or another "similar", without using known structures in the data.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_classification" title="Statistical classification">Classification</a> – is the task of generalizing known structure to apply to new data. For example, an e-mail program might attempt to classify an e-mail as "legitimate" or as "spam".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression</a> – attempts to find a function that models the data with the least error that is, for estimating the relationships among data or datasets.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_summarization" title="Automatic summarization">Summarization</a> – providing a more compact representation of the data set, including visualization and report generation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Results_validation">Results validation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_mining&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Results validation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spurious_correlations_-_spelling_bee_spiders.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Spurious_correlations_-_spelling_bee_spiders.svg/390px-Spurious_correlations_-_spelling_bee_spiders.svg.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Spurious_correlations_-_spelling_bee_spiders.svg/585px-Spurious_correlations_-_spelling_bee_spiders.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Spurious_correlations_-_spelling_bee_spiders.svg/780px-Spurious_correlations_-_spelling_bee_spiders.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>An example of data produced by <a href="/wiki/Data_dredging" title="Data dredging">data dredging</a> through a bot operated by statistician Tyler Vigen, apparently showing a close link between the best word winning a spelling bee competition and the number of people in the United States killed by venomous spiders</figcaption></figure><p>Data mining can unintentionally be misused, producing results that appear to be significant but which do not actually predict future behavior and cannot be <a href="/wiki/Reproducibility" title="Reproducibility">reproduced</a> on a new sample of data, therefore bearing little use. This is sometimes caused by investigating too many hypotheses and not performing proper <a href="/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical hypothesis testing">statistical hypothesis testing</a>. A simple version of this problem in <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> is known as <a href="/wiki/Overfitting" title="Overfitting">overfitting</a>, but the same problem can arise at different phases of the process and thus a train/test split—when applicable at all—may not be sufficient to prevent this from happening.<sup id="cite_ref-hawkins_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hawkins-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final step of knowledge discovery from data is to verify that the patterns produced by the data mining algorithms occur in the wider data set. Not all patterns found by the algorithms are necessarily valid. It is common for data mining algorithms to find patterns in the training set which are not present in the general data set. This is called <a href="/wiki/Overfitting" title="Overfitting">overfitting</a>. To overcome this, the evaluation uses a <a href="/wiki/Test_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Test set">test set</a> of data on which the data mining algorithm was not trained. The learned patterns are applied to this test set, and the resulting output is compared to the desired output. For example, a data mining algorithm trying to distinguish "spam" from "legitimate" e-mails would be trained on a <a href="/wiki/Training_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Training set">training set</a> of sample e-mails. Once trained, the learned patterns would be applied to the test set of e-mails on which it had <i>not</i> been trained. The accuracy of the patterns can then be measured from how many e-mails they correctly classify. Several statistical methods may be used to evaluate the algorithm, such as <a href="/wiki/Receiver_operating_characteristic" title="Receiver operating characteristic">ROC curves</a>. </p><p>If the learned patterns do not meet the desired standards, it is necessary to re-evaluate and change the pre-processing and data mining steps. If the learned patterns do meet the desired standards, then the final step is to interpret the learned patterns and turn them into knowledge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_mining&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The premier professional body in the field is the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a>'s (ACM) Special Interest Group (SIG) on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (<a href="/wiki/SIGKDD" class="mw-redirect" title="SIGKDD">SIGKDD</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1989, this ACM SIG has hosted an annual international conference and published its proceedings,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and since 1999 it has published a biannual <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journal</a> titled "SIGKDD Explorations".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Computer science conferences on data mining include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIKM_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="CIKM Conference">CIKM Conference</a> – ACM <a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Information_and_Knowledge_Management" title="Conference on Information and Knowledge Management">Conference on Information and Knowledge Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conference_on_Machine_Learning_and_Principles_and_Practice_of_Knowledge_Discovery_in_Databases" class="mw-redirect" title="European Conference on Machine Learning and Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases">European Conference on Machine Learning and Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDD_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="KDD Conference">KDD Conference</a> – ACM SIGKDD <a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Knowledge_Discovery_and_Data_Mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining">Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining</a></li></ul> <p>Data mining topics are also present in many <a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_science_conferences#Data_Management" title="List of computer science conferences">data management/database conferences</a> such as the ICDE Conference, <a href="/wiki/SIGMOD" title="SIGMOD">SIGMOD Conference</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Very_Large_Data_Bases" title="International Conference on Very Large Data Bases">International Conference on Very Large Data Bases</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_mining&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been some efforts to define standards for the data mining process, for example, the 1999 European <a href="/wiki/Cross_Industry_Standard_Process_for_Data_Mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining">Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining</a> (CRISP-DM 1.0) and the 2004 <a href="/wiki/Java_Data_Mining" title="Java Data Mining">Java Data Mining</a> standard (JDM 1.0). Development on successors to these processes (CRISP-DM 2.0 and JDM 2.0) was active in 2006 but has stalled since. JDM 2.0 was withdrawn without reaching a final draft. </p><p>For exchanging the extracted models—in particular for use in <a href="/wiki/Predictive_analytics" title="Predictive analytics">predictive analytics</a>—the key standard is the <a href="/wiki/Predictive_Model_Markup_Language" title="Predictive Model Markup Language">Predictive Model Markup Language</a> (PMML), which is an <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>-based language developed by the Data Mining Group (DMG) and supported as exchange format by many data mining applications. As the name suggests, it only covers prediction models, a particular data mining task of high importance to business applications. However, extensions to cover (for example) <a href="/wiki/Subspace_clustering" class="mw-redirect" title="Subspace clustering">subspace clustering</a> have been proposed independently of the DMG.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_uses">Notable uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_mining&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notable uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Examples_of_data_mining" title="Examples of data mining">Examples of data mining</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Applied_data_mining" title="Category:Applied data mining">Category:Applied data mining</a></div> <p>Data mining is used wherever there is digital data available. Notable <a href="/wiki/Examples_of_data_mining" title="Examples of data mining">examples of data mining</a> can be found throughout business, medicine, science, finance, construction, and surveillance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Privacy_concerns_and_ethics">Privacy concerns and ethics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_mining&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Privacy concerns and ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the term "data mining" itself may have no ethical implications, it is often associated with the mining of information in relation to <a href="/wiki/User_behavior_analytics" title="User behavior analytics">user behavior</a> (ethical and otherwise).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ways in which data mining can be used can in some cases and contexts raise questions regarding <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a>, legality, and <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, data mining government or commercial data sets for <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a> or <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a> purposes, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Total_Information_Awareness" title="Total Information Awareness">Total Information Awareness</a> Program or in <a href="/wiki/ADVISE" title="ADVISE">ADVISE</a>, has raised privacy concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Data mining requires data preparation which uncovers information or patterns which compromise <a href="/wiki/Confidentiality" title="Confidentiality">confidentiality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data_privacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Data privacy">privacy</a> obligations. A common way for this to occur is through <a href="/wiki/Aggregate_function" title="Aggregate function">data aggregation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Data_aggregation" title="Data aggregation">Data aggregation</a> involves combining data together (possibly from various sources) in a way that facilitates analysis (but that also might make identification of private, individual-level data deducible or otherwise apparent).<sup id="cite_ref-NASCIO_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASCIO-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not data mining <i>per se</i>, but a result of the preparation of data before—and for the purposes of—the analysis. The threat to an individual's privacy comes into play when the data, once compiled, cause the data miner, or anyone who has access to the newly compiled data set, to be able to identify specific individuals, especially when the data were originally anonymous.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is recommended<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (August 2019)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to be aware of the following <b>before</b> data are collected:<sup id="cite_ref-NASCIO_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASCIO-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The purpose of the data collection and any (known) data mining projects.</li> <li>How the data will be used.</li> <li>Who will be able to mine the data and use the data and their derivatives.</li> <li>The status of security surrounding access to the data.</li> <li>How collected data can be updated.</li></ul> <p>Data may also be modified so as to <i>become</i> anonymous, so that individuals may not readily be identified.<sup id="cite_ref-NASCIO_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASCIO-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, even "<a href="/wiki/Data_anonymization" title="Data anonymization">anonymized</a>" data sets can potentially contain enough information to allow identification of individuals, as occurred when journalists were able to find several individuals based on a set of search histories that were inadvertently released by AOL.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inadvertent revelation of <a href="/wiki/Personally_identifiable_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Personally identifiable information">personally identifiable information</a> leading to the provider violates Fair Information Practices. This indiscretion can cause financial, emotional, or bodily harm to the indicated individual. In one instance of <a href="/wiki/Privacy_violation" class="mw-redirect" title="Privacy violation">privacy violation</a>, the patrons of Walgreens filed a lawsuit against the company in 2011 for selling prescription information to data mining companies who in turn provided the data to pharmaceutical companies.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Situation_in_Europe">Situation in Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_mining&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Situation in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">Europe</a> has rather strong privacy laws, and efforts are underway to further strengthen the rights of the consumers. However, the <a href="/wiki/International_Safe_Harbor_Privacy_Principles" title="International Safe Harbor Privacy Principles">U.S.–E.U. Safe Harbor Principles</a>, developed between 1998 and 2000, currently effectively expose European users to privacy exploitation by U.S. companies. As a consequence of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosure">global surveillance disclosure</a>, there has been increased discussion to revoke this agreement, as in particular the data will be fully exposed to the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a>, and attempts to reach an agreement with the United States have failed.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom in particular there have been cases of corporations using data mining as a way to target certain groups of customers forcing them to pay unfairly high prices. These groups tend to be people of lower socio-economic status who are not savvy to the ways they can be exploited in digital market places.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Situation_in_the_United_States">Situation in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_mining&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Situation in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, privacy concerns have been addressed by the <a href="/wiki/US_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="US Congress">US Congress</a> via the passage of regulatory controls such as the <a href="/wiki/Health_Insurance_Portability_and_Accountability_Act" title="Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act">Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act</a> (HIPAA). The HIPAA requires individuals to give their "informed consent" regarding information they provide and its intended present and future uses. According to an article in <i>Biotech Business Week</i>, "'[i]n practice, HIPAA may not offer any greater protection than the longstanding regulations in the research arena,' says the AAHC. More importantly, the rule's goal of protection through informed consent is approach a level of incomprehensibility to average individuals."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This underscores the necessity for data anonymity in data aggregation and mining practices. </p><p>U.S. information privacy legislation such as HIPAA and the <a href="/wiki/Family_Educational_Rights_and_Privacy_Act" title="Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act">Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act</a> (FERPA) applies only to the specific areas that each such law addresses. The use of data mining by the majority of businesses in the U.S. is not controlled by any legislation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Copyright_law">Copyright law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_mining&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Copyright law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Situation_in_Europe_2">Situation in Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_mining&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Situation in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Copyright law of the European Union">European copyright</a> <a href="/wiki/Database_Directive" title="Database Directive">database laws</a>, the mining of in-copyright works (such as by <a href="/wiki/Web_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Web mining">web mining</a>) without the permission of the copyright owner is not legal. Where a database is pure data in Europe, it may be that there is no copyright—but database rights may exist, so data mining becomes subject to <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> owners' rights that are protected by the <a href="/wiki/Database_Directive" title="Database Directive">Database Directive</a>. On the recommendation of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hargreaves_review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hargreaves review (page does not exist)">Hargreaves review</a>, this led to the UK government to amend its copyright law in 2014 to allow content mining as a <a href="/wiki/Limitations_and_exceptions_to_copyright" title="Limitations and exceptions to copyright">limitation and exception</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK was the second country in the world to do so after Japan, which introduced an exception in 2009 for data mining. However, due to the restriction of the <a href="/wiki/Information_Society_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Society Directive">Information Society Directive</a> (2001), the UK exception only allows content mining for non-commercial purposes. UK copyright law also does not allow this provision to be overridden by contractual terms and conditions. Since 2020 also Switzerland has been regulating data mining by allowing it in the research field under certain conditions laid down by art. 24d of the Swiss Copyright Act. This new article entered into force on 1 April 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> facilitated stakeholder discussion on text and data mining in 2013, under the title of Licences for Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The focus on the solution to this legal issue, such as licensing rather than limitations and exceptions, led to representatives of universities, researchers, libraries, civil society groups and <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> publishers to leave the stakeholder dialogue in May 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Situation_in_the_United_States_2">Situation in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_mining&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Situation in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/US_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="US copyright law">US copyright law</a>, and in particular its provision for <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a>, upholds the legality of content mining in America, and other fair use countries such as Israel, Taiwan and South Korea. As content mining is transformative, that is it does not supplant the original work, it is viewed as being lawful under fair use. For example, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Google_Book_Search_Settlement_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Book Search Settlement Agreement">Google Book settlement</a> the presiding judge on the case ruled that Google's digitization project of in-copyright books was lawful, in part because of the transformative uses that the digitization project displayed—one being text and data mining.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_mining&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Data_mining_and_machine_learning_software" title="Category:Data mining and machine learning software">Category:Data mining and machine learning software</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_open-source_data_mining_software_and_applications">Free open-source data mining software and applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_mining&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Free open-source data mining software and applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following applications are available under free/open-source licenses. Public access to application source code is also available. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrot2" title="Carrot2">Carrot2</a>: Text and search results clustering framework.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemicalize.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemicalize.org">Chemicalize.org</a>: A chemical structure miner and web search engine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELKI" title="ELKI">ELKI</a>: A university research project with advanced <a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">cluster analysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outlier_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Outlier detection">outlier detection</a> methods written in the <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> language.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Architecture_for_Text_Engineering" title="General Architecture for Text Engineering">GATE</a>: a <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a> and language engineering tool.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KNIME" title="KNIME">KNIME</a>: The Konstanz Information Miner, a user-friendly and comprehensive data analytics framework.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOA_(Massive_Online_Analysis)" class="mw-redirect" title="MOA (Massive Online Analysis)">Massive Online Analysis (MOA)</a>: a real-time big data stream mining with concept drift tool in the <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> programming language.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi_expression_programming" title="Multi expression programming">MEPX</a>: cross-platform tool for regression and classification problems based on a Genetic Programming variant.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mlpack" title="Mlpack">mlpack</a>: a collection of ready-to-use machine learning algorithms written in the <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> language.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NLTK" class="mw-redirect" title="NLTK">NLTK</a> (<a href="/wiki/Natural_Language_Toolkit" title="Natural Language Toolkit">Natural Language Toolkit</a>): A suite of libraries and programs for symbolic and statistical natural language processing (NLP) for the <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> language.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenNN" title="OpenNN">OpenNN</a>: Open <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">neural networks</a> library.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(software)" title="Orange (software)">Orange</a>: A component-based data mining and <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> software suite written in the <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> language.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSPP" title="PSPP">PSPP</a>: Data mining and statistics software under the GNU Project similar to <a href="/wiki/SPSS" title="SPSS">SPSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a>: A <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> and software environment for <a href="/wiki/Statistical" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical">statistical</a> computing, data mining, and graphics. It is part of the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scikit-learn" title="Scikit-learn">scikit-learn</a>: An open-source machine learning library for the Python programming language;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch_(machine_learning)" title="Torch (machine learning)">Torch</a>: An <a href="/wiki/Open-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source">open-source</a> <a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">deep learning</a> library for the <a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a> programming language and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific computing">scientific computing</a> framework with wide support for <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> algorithms.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UIMA" title="UIMA">UIMA</a>: The UIMA (Unstructured Information Management Architecture) is a component framework for analyzing unstructured content such as text, audio and video – originally developed by IBM.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weka_(machine_learning)" class="mw-redirect" title="Weka (machine learning)">Weka</a>: A suite of machine learning software applications written in the <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> programming language.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proprietary_data-mining_software_and_applications">Proprietary data-mining software and applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_mining&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Proprietary data-mining software and applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following applications are available under proprietary licenses. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angoss" title="Angoss">Angoss</a> KnowledgeSTUDIO: data mining tool</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIONsolver" title="LIONsolver">LIONsolver</a>: an integrated software application for data mining, business intelligence, and modeling that implements the Learning and Intelligent OptimizatioN (LION) approach.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PolyAnalyst" title="PolyAnalyst">PolyAnalyst</a>: data and text mining software by Megaputer Intelligence.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Analysis_Services" title="Microsoft Analysis Services">Microsoft Analysis Services</a>: data mining software provided by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetOwl" title="NetOwl">NetOwl</a>: suite of multilingual text and entity analytics products that enable data mining.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Data_Mining" title="Oracle Data Mining">Oracle Data Mining</a>: data mining software by <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSeven" title="PSeven">PSeven</a>: platform for automation of engineering simulation and analysis, multidisciplinary optimization and data mining provided by <a href="/wiki/DATADVANCE" title="DATADVANCE">DATADVANCE</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qlucore" title="Qlucore">Qlucore</a> Omics Explorer: data mining software.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RapidMiner" title="RapidMiner">RapidMiner</a>: An environment for <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> and data mining experiments.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAS_(software)#Components" title="SAS (software)">SAS Enterprise Miner</a>: data mining software provided by the <a href="/wiki/SAS_Institute" title="SAS Institute">SAS Institute</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPSS_Modeler" title="SPSS Modeler">SPSS Modeler</a>: data mining software provided by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/STATISTICA" class="mw-redirect" title="STATISTICA">STATISTICA</a> Data Miner: data mining software provided by <a href="/wiki/StatSoft" title="StatSoft">StatSoft</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanagra_(machine_learning)" title="Tanagra (machine learning)">Tanagra</a>: Visualisation-oriented data mining software, also for teaching.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertica" title="Vertica">Vertica</a>: data mining software provided by <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform" title="Google Cloud Platform">Google Cloud Platform</a>: automated custom ML models managed by <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_SageMaker" title="Amazon SageMaker">Amazon SageMaker</a>: managed service provided by <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a> for creating & productionising custom ML models.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_mining&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Methods</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_mining" title="Agent mining">Agent mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomaly_detection" title="Anomaly detection">Anomaly/outlier/change detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_rule_learning" title="Association rule learning">Association rule learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_network" title="Bayesian network">Bayesian networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_classification" title="Statistical classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Cluster analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_tree" title="Decision tree">Decision trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensemble_learning" title="Ensemble learning">Ensemble learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factor_analysis" title="Factor analysis">Factor analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_algorithms" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic algorithms">Genetic algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention_mining" title="Intention mining">Intention mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_classifier_system" title="Learning classifier system">Learning classifier system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilinear_subspace_learning" title="Multilinear subspace learning">Multilinear subspace learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">Neural networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequence mining">Sequence mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_data_analysis_(statistics)" title="Structured data analysis (statistics)">Structured data analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Support_vector_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Support vector machines">Support vector machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_mining" title="Text mining">Text mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_series_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Time series analysis">Time series analysis</a></li></ul></div> <dl><dt>Application domains</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytics" title="Analytics">Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavior_informatics" title="Behavior informatics">Behavior informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">Big data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_intelligence" title="Business intelligence">Business intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">Data analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_warehouse" title="Data warehouse">Data warehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">Decision support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_driven_data_mining" title="Domain driven data mining">Domain driven data mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_discovery" title="Drug discovery">Drug discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_data_analysis" title="Exploratory data analysis">Exploratory data analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predictive_analytics" title="Predictive analytics">Predictive analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_data" title="Real-time data">Real-time data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Web mining">Web mining</a></li></ul></div> <dl><dt>Application examples</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Examples_of_data_mining" title="Examples of data mining">Examples of data mining</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Applied_data_mining" title="Category:Applied data mining">Category:Applied data mining</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition_in_the_United_Kingdom#Data_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic number plate recognition in the United Kingdom">Automatic number plate recognition in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customer_analytics#Data_mining" title="Customer analytics">Customer analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_data_mining" title="Educational data mining">Educational data mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency#Data_mining" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_structure%E2%80%93activity_relationship#Data_mining_approach" title="Quantitative structure–activity relationship">Quantitative structure–activity relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance#Data_mining_and_profiling" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance#Data_mining" title="Mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Stellar_Wind" title="Stellar Wind">Stellar Wind</a>)</li></ul></div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt></dl> <p>For more information about extracting information out of data (as opposed to <i>analyzing</i> data), see: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_integration" title="Data integration">Data integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_transformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transformation">Data transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_discovery" title="Electronic discovery">Electronic discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_extraction" title="Information extraction">Information extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_integration" title="Information integration">Information integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Named-entity_recognition" title="Named-entity recognition">Named-entity recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profiling_(information_science)" title="Profiling (information science)">Profiling (information science)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_mining" title="Social media mining">Social media mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism" title="Surveillance capitalism">Surveillance capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_scraping" title="Web scraping">Web scraping</a></li></ul></div> <dl><dt>Other resources</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Data_Warehousing_and_Mining" title="International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining">International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_mining&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-acm-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-acm_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-acm_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-acm_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kdd.org/curriculum/index.html">"Data Mining Curriculum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">ACM</a> <a href="/wiki/SIGKDD" class="mw-redirect" title="SIGKDD">SIGKDD</a>. 2006-04-30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014213033/http://www.kdd.org/curriculum/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Data+Mining+Curriculum&rft.pub=ACM+SIGKDD&rft.date=2006-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kdd.org%2Fcurriculum%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brittanica-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brittanica_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClifton2010" class="citation web cs1">Clifton, Christopher (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1056150/data-mining">"Encyclopædia Britannica: Definition of Data Mining"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110205121520/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1056150/data-mining">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%3A+Definition+of+Data+Mining&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Clifton&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F1056150%2Fdata-mining&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elements-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-elements_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastieTibshiraniFriedman2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Hastie" title="Trevor Hastie">Hastie, Trevor</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Tibshirani" title="Robert Tibshirani">Tibshirani, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jerome_H._Friedman" title="Jerome H. Friedman">Friedman, Jerome</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091110212529/http://www-stat.stanford.edu/~tibs/ElemStatLearn/">"The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-stat.stanford.edu/~tibs/ElemStatLearn/">the original</a> on 2009-11-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Statistical+Learning%3A+Data+Mining%2C+Inference%2C+and+Prediction&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Hastie&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft.au=Tibshirani%2C+Robert&rft.au=Friedman%2C+Jerome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-stat.stanford.edu%2F~tibs%2FElemStatLearn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanKamberPei2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jiawei_Han" title="Jiawei Han">Han, Jaiwei</a>; Kamber, Micheline; Pei, Jian (2011). <i>Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques</i> (3rd ed.). Morgan Kaufmann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-381479-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-381479-1"><bdi>978-0-12-381479-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Data+Mining%3A+Concepts+and+Techniques&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-12-381479-1&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=Jaiwei&rft.au=Kamber%2C+Micheline&rft.au=Pei%2C+Jian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fayyad-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fayyad_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fayyad_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fayyad_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFayyadPiatetsky-ShapiroSmyth1996" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Usama_Fayyad" title="Usama Fayyad">Fayyad, Usama</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Piatetsky-Shapiro" title="Gregory Piatetsky-Shapiro">Piatetsky-Shapiro, Gregory</a>; Smyth, Padhraic (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kdnuggets.com/gpspubs/aimag-kdd-overview-1996-Fayyad.pdf">"From Data Mining to Knowledge Discovery in Databases"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.kdnuggets.com/gpspubs/aimag-kdd-overview-1996-Fayyad.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Data+Mining+to+Knowledge+Discovery+in+Databases&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Fayyad&rft.aufirst=Usama&rft.au=Piatetsky-Shapiro%2C+Gregory&rft.au=Smyth%2C+Padhraic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kdnuggets.com%2Fgpspubs%2Faimag-kdd-overview-1996-Fayyad.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-han-kamber-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-han-kamber_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanKamber2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jiawei_Han" title="Jiawei Han">Han, Jiawei</a>; Kamber, Micheline (2001). <i>Data mining: concepts and techniques</i>. <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Kaufmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan Kaufmann">Morgan Kaufmann</a>. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55860-489-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55860-489-6"><bdi>978-1-55860-489-6</bdi></a>. <q>Thus, data mining should have been more appropriately named "knowledge mining from data," which is unfortunately somewhat long</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Data+mining%3A+concepts+and+techniques&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55860-489-6&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=Jiawei&rft.au=Kamber%2C+Micheline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.okairp.org/documents/2005%20Fall/F05_ROMEDataQualityETC.pdf">OKAIRP 2005 Fall Conference, Arizona State University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201170452/http://www.okairp.org/documents/2005%20Fall/F05_ROMEDataQualityETC.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-02-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olson, D. L. (2007). Data mining in business services. <i>Service Business</i>, <i>1</i>(3), 181–193. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11628-006-0014-7">10.1007/s11628-006-0014-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovell1983" class="citation journal cs1">Lovell, Michael C. (1983). "Data Mining". <i>The Review of Economics and Statistics</i>. <b>65</b> (1): 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1924403">10.2307/1924403</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1924403">1924403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Economics+and+Statistics&rft.atitle=Data+Mining&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1924403&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1924403%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lovell&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharemzaDeadman1992" class="citation book cs1">Charemza, Wojciech W.; Deadman, Derek F. (1992). "Data Mining". <i>New Directions in Econometric Practice</i>. Aldershot: Edward Elgar. pp. 14–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85278-461-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85278-461-X"><bdi>1-85278-461-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Data+Mining&rft.btitle=New+Directions+in+Econometric+Practice&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pages=14-31&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-85278-461-X&rft.aulast=Charemza&rft.aufirst=Wojciech+W.&rft.au=Deadman%2C+Derek+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mena-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mena_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMena2011" class="citation book cs1">Mena, Jesús (2011). <i>Machine Learning Forensics for Law Enforcement, Security, and Intelligence</i>. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-6069-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-6069-4"><bdi>978-1-4398-6069-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machine+Learning+Forensics+for+Law+Enforcement%2C+Security%2C+and+Intelligence&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.pub=CRC+Press+%28Taylor+%26+Francis+Group%29&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4398-6069-4&rft.aulast=Mena&rft.aufirst=Jes%C3%BAs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiatetsky-ShapiroParker2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Piatetsky-Shapiro" title="Gregory Piatetsky-Shapiro">Piatetsky-Shapiro, Gregory</a>; Parker, Gary (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kdnuggets.com/data_mining_course/x1-intro-to-data-mining-notes.html">"Lesson: Data Mining, and Knowledge Discovery: An Introduction"</a>. <i>Introduction to Data Mining</i>. KD Nuggets. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120830035140/http://www.kdnuggets.com/data_mining_course/x1-intro-to-data-mining-notes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Introduction+to+Data+Mining&rft.atitle=Lesson%3A+Data+Mining%2C+and+Knowledge+Discovery%3A+An+Introduction&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Piatetsky-Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.au=Parker%2C+Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kdnuggets.com%2Fdata_mining_course%2Fx1-intro-to-data-mining-notes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoenen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Coenen, Frans (2011-02-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0269888910000378/type/journal_article">"Data mining: past, present and future"</a>. <i>The Knowledge Engineering Review</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 25–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0269888910000378">10.1017/S0269888910000378</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0269-8889">0269-8889</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6487637">6487637</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702140030/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/knowledge-engineering-review/article/abs/data-mining-past-present-and-future/EE2E494D98BCE76EBE3FE07897540C43">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Knowledge+Engineering+Review&rft.atitle=Data+mining%3A+past%2C+present+and+future&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-29&rft.date=2011-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6487637%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0269-8889&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0269888910000378&rft.aulast=Coenen&rft.aufirst=Frans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0269888910000378%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kantardzic-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kantardzic_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKantardzic2003" class="citation book cs1">Kantardzic, Mehmed (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dataminingconcep0000kant"><i>Data Mining: Concepts, Models, Methods, and Algorithms</i></a></span>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-22852-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-22852-3"><bdi>978-0-471-22852-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50055336">50055336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Data+Mining%3A+Concepts%2C+Models%2C+Methods%2C+and+Algorithms&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50055336&rft.isbn=978-0-471-22852-3&rft.aulast=Kantardzic&rft.aufirst=Mehmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdataminingconcep0000kant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KDN_1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KDN_1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kdnuggets.com/polls/2002/methodology.htm">"What main methodology are you using for data mining (2002)?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KDnuggets" class="mw-redirect" title="KDnuggets">KDnuggets</a>. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116195014/http://www.kdnuggets.com/polls/2002/methodology.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+main+methodology+are+you+using+for+data+mining+%282002%29%3F&rft.pub=KDnuggets&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kdnuggets.com%2Fpolls%2F2002%2Fmethodology.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KDN_2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KDN_2_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kdnuggets.com/polls/2004/data_mining_methodology.htm">"What main methodology are you using for data mining (2004)?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KDnuggets" class="mw-redirect" title="KDnuggets">KDnuggets</a>. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170208085109/http://www.kdnuggets.com/polls/2004/data_mining_methodology.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+main+methodology+are+you+using+for+data+mining+%282004%29%3F&rft.pub=KDnuggets&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kdnuggets.com%2Fpolls%2F2004%2Fdata_mining_methodology.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KDN_3-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KDN_3_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kdnuggets.com/polls/2007/data_mining_methodology.htm">"What main methodology are you using for data mining (2007)?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KDnuggets" class="mw-redirect" title="KDnuggets">KDnuggets</a>. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121117003400/http://www.kdnuggets.com/polls/2007/data_mining_methodology.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexology.com&rft.atitle=Judge+grants+summary+judgment+in+favor+of+Google+Books+%E2%80%93+a+fair+use+victory&rft.date=2013-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexology.com%2Flibrary%2Fdetail.aspx%3Fg%3Da18c5b92-5a20-4d1d-a098-a3095046a88e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_mining&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Cabena, Peter; Hadjnian, Pablo; Stadler, Rolf; Verhees, Jaap; Zanasi, Alessandro (1997); <i>Discovering Data Mining: From Concept to Implementation</i>, <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-743980-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-743980-6">0-13-743980-6</a></li> <li>M.S. Chen, J. Han, <a href="/wiki/Philip_S._Yu" title="Philip S. Yu">P.S. Yu</a> (1996) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cs.nju.edu.cn/zhouzh/zhouzh.files/course/dm/reading/reading01/chen_tkde96.pdf">Data mining: an overview from a database perspective</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221052/http://cs.nju.edu.cn/zhouzh/zhouzh.files/course/dm/reading/reading01/chen_tkde96.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>Knowledge and data Engineering, IEEE Transactions</i> on 8 (6), 866–883</li> <li>Feldman, Ronen; Sanger, James (2007); <i>The Text Mining Handbook</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83657-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83657-9">978-0-521-83657-9</a></li> <li>Guo, Yike; and Grossman, Robert (editors) (1999); <i>High Performance Data Mining: Scaling Algorithms, Applications and Systems</i>, <a href="/wiki/Kluwer_Academic_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Kluwer Academic Publishers">Kluwer Academic Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiawei_Han" title="Jiawei Han">Han, Jiawei</a>, Micheline Kamber, and Jian Pei. <i>Data mining: concepts and techniques</i>. Morgan kaufmann, 2006.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Hastie" title="Trevor Hastie">Hastie, Trevor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Tibshirani" title="Robert Tibshirani">Tibshirani, Robert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerome_H._Friedman" title="Jerome H. Friedman">Friedman, Jerome</a> (2001); <i>The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction</i>, Springer, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-95284-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-95284-5">0-387-95284-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bing_Liu_(computer_scientist)" title="Bing Liu (computer scientist)">Liu, Bing</a> (2007, 2011); <i>Web Data Mining: Exploring Hyperlinks, Contents and Usage Data</i>, <a href="/wiki/Springer_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Verlag">Springer</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-37881-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-37881-2">3-540-37881-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2011" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy, Chris (16 May 2011). "Is Data Mining Free Speech?". <i><a href="/wiki/InformationWeek" title="InformationWeek">InformationWeek</a></i>: 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InformationWeek&rft.atitle=Is+Data+Mining+Free+Speech%3F&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2011-05-16&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+mining" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Nisbet, Robert; Elder, John; Miner, Gary (2009); <i>Handbook of Statistical Analysis & Data Mining Applications</i>, <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>/Elsevier, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374765-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374765-5">978-0-12-374765-5</a></li> <li>Poncelet, Pascal; Masseglia, Florent; and Teisseire, Maguelonne (editors) (October 2007); "Data Mining Patterns: New Methods and Applications", <i>Information Science Reference</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59904-162-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59904-162-9">978-1-59904-162-9</a></li> <li>Tan, Pang-Ning; Steinbach, Michael; and Kumar, Vipin (2005); <i>Introduction to Data Mining</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-32136-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-32136-7">0-321-32136-7</a></li> <li>Theodoridis, Sergios; and Koutroumbas, Konstantinos (2009); <i>Pattern Recognition</i>, 4th Edition, Academic Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59749-272-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59749-272-0">978-1-59749-272-0</a></li> <li>Weiss, Sholom M.; and Indurkhya, Nitin (1998); <i>Predictive Data Mining</i>, <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Kaufmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan Kaufmann">Morgan Kaufmann</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitten,_Ian_H.Frank,_EibeHall,_Mark_A.2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_H._Witten" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian H. Witten">Witten, Ian H.</a>; Frank, Eibe; Hall, Mark A. (30 January 2011). <i>Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques</i> (3 ed.). Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374856-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374856-0"><bdi>978-0-12-374856-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Data+Mining%3A+Practical+Machine+Learning+Tools+and+Techniques&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2011-01-30&rft.isbn=978-0-12-374856-0&rft.au=Witten%2C+Ian+H.&rft.au=Frank%2C+Eibe&rft.au=Hall%2C+Mark+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+mining" class="Z3988"></span> (See also <a href="/wiki/Weka_(machine_learning)" class="mw-redirect" title="Weka (machine learning)">Free Weka software</a>)</li> <li>Ye, Nong (2003); <i>The Handbook of Data Mining</i>, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">Data</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_acquisition" title="Data acquisition">Acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_augmentation" title="Data augmentation">Augmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_archaeology" title="Data archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">Big</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_cleansing" title="Data cleansing">Cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_collection" title="Data collection">Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_corruption" title="Data corruption">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_curation" title="Data curation">Curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_degradation" title="Data degradation">Degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_ecosystem" title="Data ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_editing" title="Data editing">Editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extract,_transform,_load" title="Extract, transform, load">ETL</a>/<a href="/wiki/Extract,_load,_transform" title="Extract, load, transform">ELT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_extraction" title="Data extraction">Extract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_transformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transformation">Transform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_loading" title="Data loading">Load</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Data ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_farming" title="Data farming">Farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_format_management" title="Data format management">Format management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_fusion" title="Data fusion">Fusion</a></li> <li><a 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title="Data pre-processing">Pre-processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_preservation" title="Data preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_processing" title="Data processing">Processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_privacy" title="Information privacy">Protection (privacy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_publishing" title="Data publishing">Publishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Open data</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_recovery" title="Data recovery">Recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_reduction" title="Data reduction">Reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_retention" title="Data retention">Retention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_quality" title="Data quality">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_science" title="Data science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_scraping" title="Data scraping">Scraping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_scrubbing" title="Data scrubbing">Scrubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_security" title="Data security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_steward" title="Data steward">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_storage" title="Data storage">Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_synchronization" title="Data synchronization">Synchronization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_type" title="Data type">Type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_validation" title="Data validation">Validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_warehouse" title="Data warehouse">Warehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_wrangling" title="Data wrangling">Wrangling/munging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Data_warehouses" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Data_warehouses" title="Template:Data warehouses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Data_warehouses" title="Template talk:Data warehouses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Data_warehouses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Data warehouses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Data_warehouses" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Data_warehouse" title="Data warehouse">Data warehouses</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Creating_a_data_warehouse" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Creating a data warehouse</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimension_(data_warehouse)" title="Dimension (data warehouse)">Dimension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimensional_modeling" title="Dimensional modeling">Dimensional modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact_(data_warehouse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fact (data warehouse)">Fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_analytical_processing" title="Online analytical processing">OLAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_schema" title="Star schema">Star schema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowflake_schema" title="Snowflake schema">Snowflake schema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_star_schema" title="Reverse star schema">Reverse star schema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggregate_(data_warehouse)" title="Aggregate (data warehouse)">Aggregate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_version_of_the_truth" title="Single version of the truth">Single version of the truth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Column-oriented_DBMS" class="mw-redirect" title="Column-oriented DBMS">Column-oriented DBMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_hub" title="Data hub">Data hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mesh" title="Data mesh">Data mesh</a></li> <li>Ensemble modeling patterns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_modeling" title="Anchor modeling">Anchor modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_vault_modeling" title="Data vault modeling">Data vault modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focal_point_modeling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Focal point modeling (page does not exist)">Focal point modeling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOLAP" class="mw-redirect" title="HOLAP">HOLAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOLAP" class="mw-redirect" title="MOLAP">MOLAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROLAP" class="mw-redirect" title="ROLAP">ROLAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_data_store" title="Operational data store">Operational data store</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_dictionary" title="Data dictionary">Data dictionary</a>/<a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mart" title="Data mart">Data mart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_normal_form" title="Sixth normal form">Sixth normal form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrogate_key" title="Surrogate key">Surrogate key</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fact_table" title="Fact table">Fact table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early-arriving_fact" title="Early-arriving fact">Early-arriving fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measure_(data_warehouse)" title="Measure (data warehouse)">Measure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dimension</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimension_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimension table">Dimension table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_dimension" title="Degenerate dimension">Degenerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slowly_changing_dimension" title="Slowly changing dimension">Slowly changing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Filling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extract,_transform,_load" title="Extract, transform, load">Extract, transform, load (ETL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extract,_load,_transform" title="Extract, load, transform">Extract, load, transform (ELT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_extraction" title="Data extraction">Extract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_transformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transformation">Transform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_loading" title="Data loading">Load</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Using_a_data_warehouse" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Using a data warehouse</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_intelligence" title="Business intelligence">Business intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashboard_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dashboard (business)">Dashboard</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Data mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">Decision support system (DSS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLAP_cube" title="OLAP cube">OLAP cube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_warehouse_automation" title="Data warehouse automation">Data warehouse automation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_Mining_Extensions" title="Data Mining Extensions">Data Mining Extensions (DMX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MultiDimensional_eXpressions" title="MultiDimensional eXpressions">MultiDimensional eXpressions (MDX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_for_Analysis" title="XML for Analysis">XML for Analysis (XMLA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_intelligence_software" title="Business intelligence software">Business intelligence software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reporting_software" title="List of reporting software">Reporting software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spreadsheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Spreadsheets">Spreadsheet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Inmon" title="Bill Inmon">Bill Inmon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_information_factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate information factory">Information factory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Kimball" title="Ralph Kimball">Ralph Kimball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_bus_matrix" title="Enterprise bus matrix">Enterprise bus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Linstedt" title="Dan Linstedt">Dan Linstedt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_OLAP_servers" title="Comparison of OLAP servers">Comparison of OLAP servers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Data_warehousing_products" title="Category:Data warehousing products">Data warehousing products and their producers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_science" title="Template:Computer science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_science" title="Template talk:Computer science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Computer_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 <a href="/wiki/ACM_Computing_Classification_System" title="ACM Computing Classification System">ACM Computing Classification System</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">Peripheral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Scale_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Large Scale Integration">Very Large Scale Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">Systems on Chip (SoCs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing">Energy consumption (Green computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_size_categories" title="List of computer size categories">Size</a> / <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer systems organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity" title="Computational complexity">Computational complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependability" title="Dependability">Dependability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_architecture" title="Network architecture">Network architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">Network protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Network components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_performance" title="Network performance">Network performance evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_service" title="Network service">Network service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">Software notations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compiler_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler construction">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">Domain-specific language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">Software repository</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Control variable (programming)">Control variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Software construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_team" title="Programming team">Programming team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Model of computation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_computing" title="Stochastic computing">Stochastic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">Formal language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">Computability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">Computational complexity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">Analysis of algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Algorithmic efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_algorithm" title="Randomized algorithm">Randomized algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_geometry" title="Computational geometry">Computational geometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics of <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">Mathematical software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Mathematical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">Theoretical computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Information storage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_information_system" title="Enterprise information system">Enterprise information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">Social information systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">Decision support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">Process control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_database" title="Multimedia database">Multimedia information system</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Data mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Computing platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_hacker" title="Security hacker">Security hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_service_(telecommunication)" title="Security service (telecommunication)">Security services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_security" title="Hardware security">Hardware security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_computing" title="Social computing">Social computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning and scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Search methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_artificial_intelligence" title="Distributed artificial intelligence">Distributed artificial intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-task_learning" title="Multi-task learning">Multi-task learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)" title="Cross-validation (statistics)">Cross-validation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_reality" title="Mixed reality">Mixed reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_modeling" title="Solid modeling">Solid modeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applied computing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum Computing">Quantum Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">E-commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_software" title="Enterprise software">Enterprise software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_mathematics" title="Computational mathematics">Computational 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