CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Wilberforce University - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"23b5c94a-b967-43aa-8119-4c141ff31d09","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Wilberforce_University","wgTitle":"Wilberforce University","wgCurRevisionId":1259615763,"wgRevisionId":1259615763,"wgArticleId":245772,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 errors: missing periodical","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from April 2012","Coordinates on Wikidata","Articles using infobox university","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023","Wilberforce University", "Historically black universities and colleges in the United States","Private universities and colleges in Ohio","Universities and colleges affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church","Education in Greene County, Ohio","Universities and colleges established in 1856","Buildings and structures in Greene County, Ohio","Universities and colleges affiliated with the Methodist Episcopal Church","Antebellum educational institutions that admitted African Americans","1856 establishments in Ohio"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Wilberforce_University","wgRelevantArticleId":245772,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0, "wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":39.7075,"lon":-83.88055555555555},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1730032","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging", "ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b3/Wilberforce_University_Seal.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b3/Wilberforce_University_Seal.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Wilberforce University - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilberforce_University"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Wilberforce_University&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilberforce_University"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Wilberforce_University rootpage-Wilberforce_University skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Wilberforce+University" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Wilberforce+University" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Wilberforce+University" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Wilberforce+University" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2008_Financial_aid_audit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_Financial_aid_audit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>2008 Financial aid audit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_Financial_aid_audit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Academics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Academics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Academics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cooperative_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooperative_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cooperative education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooperative_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NASA_SEMAA_project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NASA_SEMAA_project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>NASA SEMAA project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NASA_SEMAA_project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athletics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athletics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Athletics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Athletics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Athletics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Athletics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intramurals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intramurals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Intramurals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intramurals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_alumni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_alumni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable alumni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_alumni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representation_in_other_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation_in_other_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Representation in other media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representation_in_other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wilberforce University</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 3 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-3" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">3 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilberforce_University" title="Wilberforce University – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wilberforce University" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Wilberforce" title="Université de Wilberforce – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Université de Wilberforce" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="ولبرفورس یونیورسٹی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ولبرفورس یونیورسٹی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1730032#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wilberforce_University" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Wilberforce_University" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wilberforce_University"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilberforce_University&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilberforce_University&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wilberforce_University"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilberforce_University&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilberforce_University&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Wilberforce_University" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Wilberforce_University" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilberforce_University&oldid=1259615763" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilberforce_University&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Wilberforce_University&id=1259615763&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWilberforce_University"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWilberforce_University"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Wilberforce_University&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilberforce_University&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wilberforce_University" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1730032" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wilberforce_University&params=39_42_27_N_83_52_50_W_type:edu_region:US-OH"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°42′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">83°52′50″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.70750°N 83.88056°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.70750; -83.88056</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historically black university in Wilberforce, Ohio, US</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Central_State_University" title="Central State University">Central State University</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Wilberforce University</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilberforce_University_Seal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b3/Wilberforce_University_Seal.jpg/150px-Wilberforce_University_Seal.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b3/Wilberforce_University_Seal.jpg/225px-Wilberforce_University_Seal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b3/Wilberforce_University_Seal.jpg/300px-Wilberforce_University_Seal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Seal of Wilberforce University</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Former names</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Wilberforce College (1856–1965)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data">Suo Marte</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Motto in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">By one's own toil, effort, courage</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">Private</a> <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">historically black university</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1856<span class="noprint">; 168 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1856</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Religious affiliation</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Grant_College_and_Fellowship_Program" title="National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program">Space-grant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vann R. Newkirk, Sr.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Students</th><td class="infobox-data">557</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Wilberforce,_Ohio" title="Wilberforce, Ohio">Wilberforce, Ohio</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="country-name">U.S.</div><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wilberforce_University&params=39_42_27_N_83_52_50_W_type:edu_region:US-OH"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°42′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">83°52′50″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.70750°N 83.88056°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.70750; -83.88056</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Campus</th><td class="infobox-data">Rural</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/School_colors" title="School colors">Colors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#056937; color:white;"> </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f2ce00; color:black;"> </span><br />Green & Gold</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Athletic_nickname" title="Athletic nickname">Nickname</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Bulldogs</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sporting affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics" title="National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics">NAIA</a> – <a href="/wiki/HBCU_Athletic_Conference" title="HBCU Athletic Conference">HBCUAC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilberforce.edu">www<wbr />.wilberforce<wbr />.edu</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding:0; border:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF; line-height:1.5">Carnegie Library (Old Wilberforce University Campus)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF;"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Ohio_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wilberforce University is located in Ohio"><img alt="Wilberforce University is located in Ohio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/USA_Ohio_location_map.svg/250px-USA_Ohio_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/USA_Ohio_location_map.svg/375px-USA_Ohio_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/USA_Ohio_location_map.svg/500px-USA_Ohio_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.705%;left:23.787%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wilberforce University"><img alt="Wilberforce University" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Ohio</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wilberforce University is located in the United States"><img alt="Wilberforce University is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/375px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/500px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.668%;left:70.068%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wilberforce University"><img alt="Wilberforce University" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the United States</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">1055 North Bickett Rd.<br /><a href="/wiki/Wilberforce,_Ohio" title="Wilberforce, Ohio">Wilberforce, Ohio</a> 45384</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wilberforce_University&params=39.7177_N_83.882_W_region:US-OH_type:edu"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°43′04″N</span> <span class="longitude">83°52′55″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.7177°N 83.8820°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.7177; -83.8820</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">0.5 acres (0.20 ha)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Built</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">1907</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Architect</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">David Riebel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Architectural style</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">Classical Revival</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">NRHP reference <abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/04000610">04000610</a><sup id="cite_ref-nris_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Added to NRHP</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">June 16, 2004</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Wilberforce University</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private</a> <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">historically black university</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wilberforce,_Ohio" title="Wilberforce, Ohio">Wilberforce, Ohio</a>. Affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a> (AME), it was the first <a href="/wiki/College" title="College">college</a> to be owned and operated by <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African Americans</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_State_University" title="Central State University">Central State University</a>, also in Wilberforce, Ohio, began as a department of Wilberforce University. The college was founded in 1856 to provide classical education and teacher training for black youth. It was named for the English statesman <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a>, who achieved the end of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. </p><p>The outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (1861–65) caused the college to close in 1862 because of reduced enrollment and financial losses. The AME Church purchased the institution in 1863, and Bishop <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Payne" title="Daniel Payne">Daniel Payne</a> was president, the first African American to become a college president in the United States. In the late 19th century, Wilberforce enlarged its mission to include black students from <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilberforce_University&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilberforce College was founded to educate African-American students. Twenty years earlier, a similar plan in <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>, was met with a near-riot (<a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Excitement" class="mw-redirect" title="New Haven Excitement">New Haven Excitement</a>), and was quickly abandoned. (See <a href="/wiki/Simeon_Jocelyn" title="Simeon Jocelyn">Simeon Jocelyn</a>.) In the 19th century, discrimination against Blacks was legal, and the white colleges that would accept Black students could be counted on one hand (<a href="/wiki/Grinnell_College" title="Grinnell College">Grinnell College</a>, Iowa (1879, first graduate); <a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a>, Michigan; the <a href="/wiki/Oneida_Institute" title="Oneida Institute">Oneida Institute</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_Collegiate_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberlin Collegiate Institute">Oberlin Collegiate Institute</a> (later Oberlin College); and <a href="/wiki/New-York_Central_College" class="mw-redirect" title="New-York Central College">New-York Central College</a>). </p><p>Located three miles (5 km) from the county seat of <a href="/wiki/Xenia,_Ohio" title="Xenia, Ohio">Xenia, Ohio</a> in the southwestern part of the state, what developed as Wilberforce University was founded as a collaboration among leaders of the Cincinnati Conference of the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Methodist Episcopal Church">Methodist Episcopal Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a> (AME Church). They planned to promote classical education and teacher training for black youth. Among the first 24 members of the tri-racial board of trustees in 1855 were Bishop <a href="/wiki/Daniel_A._Payne" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel A. Payne">Daniel A. Payne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Woodson" title="Lewis Woodson">Lewis Woodson</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishmael_Keith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishmael Keith (page does not exist)">Ishmael Keith</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Anderson_(US_minister)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Anderson (US minister) (page does not exist)">Alfred Anderson</a>, all of the AME Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_1995_p._263_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_1995_p._263-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also on the Board were <a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Ohio">Governor of Ohio</a> and a strong supporter of <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolition</a>; a member of the Ohio State Legislature, and other Methodist leaders from the white community. They named the college after the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">British abolitionist</a> and statesman <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Talbert_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talbert-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rev Campbell Maxwell later became a trustee in 1896. </p><p>As a base for the college, the Cincinnati Conference bought a hotel, cottages and 54 acres (220,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of a former <a href="/wiki/Resort" title="Resort">resort</a> property near Xenia. It was named Tawawa House after the springs in the area, a word derived from a <a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a> term for "clear or golden water". This color was associated with the natural springs nearby because of its high iron content. White people had founded the health resort in 1851 because of the springs, which they also called Yellow Springs. The waters had long been reputed to have health benefits. </p><p>Because of its location, this resort area had attracted summer people from both Cincinnati and <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">the South</a>, particularly after completion of the <a href="/wiki/Little_Miami_Railroad" title="Little Miami Railroad">Little Miami Railroad</a> in 1846. Some people in this area of abolitionist sentiment were shocked when wealthy white Southern planters patronized the resort with their entourages of enslaved African-American mistresses and <a href="/wiki/Mixed-race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-race">mixed-race</a> "natural" children.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell.google.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell.google.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given migration patterns, this was also an area where numerous <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a> settled, many having moved across the Ohio River from the South to find better work and living conditions. Some were pushed from Southern states, which often required newly manumitted individuals to leave within a certain time period. Xenia had quite a large free black population, as did other towns in southern Ohio, such as <a href="/wiki/Chillicothe,_Ohio" title="Chillicothe, Ohio">Chillicothe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Springs,_Ohio" title="Yellow Springs, Ohio">Yellow Springs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zanesville,_Ohio" title="Zanesville, Ohio">Zanesville</a>. Free blacks and anti-slavery white supporters used houses in Xenia as stations on the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> in the years before the Civil War. Wilberforce College also supported freedom-seeking slaves. Many of these free people of color were also had Native ancestry, Daniel Payne himself being of Catawba descent. </p><p>The college opened for classes in 1856, and by 1858 its trustees selected <a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Rust" title="Richard S. Rust">Richard S. Rust</a> as the first president.<sup id="cite_ref-Talbert_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talbert-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overriding some protest by men, in the 1850s the college hired <a href="/wiki/Frances_E._W._Harper" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances E. W. Harper">Frances E. W. Harper</a>, an abolitionist poet, as the first woman to teach at the school.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1859 Sarah Jane Woodson began to teach at Wilberforce. She was a 1856 graduate of Oberlin College. She was the youngest sister of one of the original trustees, Lewis Woodson. She was the first black American to teach at a historically black college or university. She returned to Wilberforce in 1866 after it reopened in a position of greater responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1860 the private university had more than 200 students.<sup id="cite_ref-Talbert_1906_p._267_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talbert_1906_p._267-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is notable that most were from the South, the "natural" <a href="/wiki/Mixed-race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-race">mixed-race</a> sons and daughters of wealthy white planters and their enslaved African-American mistresses.<sup id="cite_ref-Talbert_1906_p._267_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talbert_1906_p._267-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fathers paid for the educations that were denied their children in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell.google.com_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell.google.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were among the fathers who did not abandon their mixed-race children but provided them with the <a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">social capital</a> of education and sometimes property. </p><p>The outbreak of the Civil War threatened the college's finances. The Southern planters withdrew their children, and no more paying students came from the South. The Methodist church said it had to divert its resources to support the war. The college closed temporarily in 1862 when the Cincinnati Methodist Church was unable to fund it fully.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell.google.com_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell.google.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Alexander_Payne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Daniel_Alexander_Payne.jpg/262px-Daniel_Alexander_Payne.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Daniel_Alexander_Payne.jpg/393px-Daniel_Alexander_Payne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Daniel_Alexander_Payne.jpg/524px-Daniel_Alexander_Payne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>Daniel Alexander Payne in the early 1890s</figcaption></figure> <p>Led by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Daniel_A._Payne" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel A. Payne">Daniel A. Payne</a>, in 1863 the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) decided to buy the college to ensure its survival; they paid the cost of its debt. They sold another property to raise the money.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_1995_p._263_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_1995_p._263-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Founders were Bishop Payne, who was selected as its president; <a href="/wiki/James_A._Shorter" title="James A. Shorter">James A. Shorter</a>, pastor of the AME Church in <a href="/wiki/Zanesville,_Ohio" title="Zanesville, Ohio">Zanesville, Ohio</a> and a future bishop; and <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_G._Mitchell_(principal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John G. Mitchell (principal) (page does not exist)">John G. Mitchell</a>, principal of the Eastern District Public School of <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>. Payne was the first African American to become a college president in the United States. </p><p>When an <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a> fire damaged some of the buildings in 1865, Payne went to his network to appeal for aid in rebuilding the college. <a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice">Chief Justice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>, and Charles Avery from <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> each contributed $10,000 to rebuild the college. Mary E. Monroe, another white supporter, contributed $4200. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/US_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="US Congress">US Congress</a> approved a $25,000 grant for the college, which raised additional monies privately from a wide range of donors.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1888 the AME Church came to an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>-dominated state legislature that brought considerable financial support and political patronage to the college. It negotiated contemporary pressures to emphasize industrial education for many black youth by accommodating both that and the classical education. </p><p>As an act of political patronage, the state legislature established a commercial, <a href="/wiki/Normal_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal college">normal</a> and industrial (CNI) department at Wilberforce College. While this created complications for administration and questions about the mission of the college, in the near term it brought tens of thousands of dollars annually in state aid to the campus. Each state legislator could award an annual scholarship to the CNI department at Wilberforce, enabling hundreds of African-American students to attend classes. The state-funded students could complete liberal arts at the college, and students at Wilberforce could also take "industrial" classes.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell.google.com_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell.google.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-1890s, the college also admitted students from <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, as part of the AME Church's <a href="/wiki/Mission_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (Christian)">mission</a> to Africa. The church helped support such students with scholarships, as well as arranging board with local families.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell.google.com_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell.google.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An 1898 report published by the AME Church listed the university as having 20 faculty, 334 students, and 246 graduates.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The college became a center of black cultural and intellectual life in southwestern Ohio. Because the area did not receive many European immigrants, blacks had more opportunities at diverse work. Xenia and nearby towns developed a professional black elite.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell.google.com_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell.google.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generations of leaders: teachers, ministers, doctors, politicians and college administrators, and later men and women of all occupations, have been educated at the university. In the 19th century, Bishop Payne established his dream, a <a href="/wiki/Payne_Theological_Seminary" title="Payne Theological Seminary">theological seminary</a>, which was named in his honor. Top-ranking scholars taught at the college, including <a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">W.E.B. Du Bois</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philologist">philologist</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Sanders_Scarborough" title="William Sanders Scarborough">William S. Scarborough</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Alexander_Clarke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Alexander Clarke (page does not exist)">Edward Clarke</a>, and John G. Mitchell, dean of the seminary. In 1894 Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Charles_Young_(United_States_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Young (United States Army)">Charles Young</a>, the third black graduate of <a href="/wiki/West_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="West Point">West Point</a> and at the time the only African-American commissioned officer in the US Army, led the newly established military science department.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell.google.com_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell.google.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additional leading scholars taught at the college in the early 20th century, such as <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Gould_Steward" title="Theophilus Gould Steward">Theophilus Gould Steward</a>, a politician, theologian and <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Wright_Jr." title="Richard R. Wright Jr.">Richard R. Wright, Jr.</a>, the first African American to earn a PhD from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>. He was a future AME bishop and became president of Wilberforce. These men were also prominent in the American Negro Academy, founded in 1897 to support the work of scholars, writers and other intellectuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell.google.com_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell.google.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1969 the organization was revived as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters" title="Black Academy of Arts and Letters">Black Academy of Arts and Letters</a>. </p><p>In 1941, the normal/industrial department was expanded by development of a four-year curriculum. In 1947, this section was split from the university and given independent status. It was renamed as Central State College in 1951. With further development of programs and departments, in 1965 it achieved university status as <a href="/wiki/Central_State_University" title="Central State University">Central State University</a>. </p><p>Growth of Wilberforce University after the mid-20th century led to construction of a new campus in 1967, located one mile (1.6 km) away. In 1974, the area was devastated by an <a href="/wiki/Fujita_scale" title="Fujita scale">F5</a> tornado that was part of the <a href="/wiki/1974_Super_Outbreak" title="1974 Super Outbreak">1974 Super Outbreak</a>, which destroyed much of the city of <a href="/wiki/Xenia,_Ohio" title="Xenia, Ohio">Xenia</a> and the old campus of Wilberforce. </p><p>Older campus buildings still in use include the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Library">Carnegie Library</a>, built in 1909 with matching funds from the Carnegie Foundation, and listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>; Shorter Hall, built in 1922; and the Charles Leander Hill Gymnasium, built in 1958. The former residence of Charles Young near Wilberforce was designated as a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> by the US <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Department of Interior</a>, in recognition of his significant and groundbreaking career in the <a href="/wiki/US_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army">US Army</a>. </p><p>In the 1970s, the university established the <a href="/wiki/National_Afro-American_Museum_and_Cultural_Center" title="National Afro-American Museum and Cultural Center">National Afro-American Museum and Cultural Center</a>, to provide exhibits and outreach to the region. It is now operated by the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Historical Society">Ohio Historical Society</a>. The university also supports the national <a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_of_African_American_Museums&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association of African American Museums (page does not exist)">Association of African American Museums</a>, to provide support and professional guidance especially to smaller museums across the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2021 the university announced it was cutting tuition by 15% for Ohio residents.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008_Financial_aid_audit">2008 Financial aid audit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilberforce_University&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 2008 Financial aid audit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008 the US Department of Education, Office of the Inspector General (OIG) completed an audit of financial management, specifically the university's management of Title IV funds, which related to its work-study program. For the two-year audit period (2004–2005, 2005–2006) the audit found numerous faults.<sup id="cite_ref-usdeaudit_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usdeaudit-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In summary, the OIG found that the university did not comply with Title IV, HEA requirements because of administrative problems, including staff turnover, insufficient financial aid staff, failure to have written procedures, and lack of communication with other offices. The university worked with auditors to set up appropriate staff and procedures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidents">Presidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilberforce_University&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>Richard Rust, 1858–1862 (under the joint board of trustees representing the Methodist Episcopal and African Methodist Episcopal churches)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Payne" title="Daniel Payne">Daniel A. Payne</a>, 1863–1876, first president of the college under AME operation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Lee" title="Benjamin F. Lee">Benjamin F. Lee</a>, 1876–1884</li> <li>Samuel T. Mitchell, 1884–1900</li> <li>Joshua H. Jones, 1900–1908</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sanders_Scarborough" title="William Sanders Scarborough">William S. Scarborough</a>, 1908–1920</li> <li>John A. Gregg, 1920–1924</li> <li>Gilbert H. Jones, 1924–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Wright_Jr." title="Richard R. Wright Jr.">Richard R. Wright, Jr.</a>, 1932–1936, 1941–1942</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Ormonde_Walker" title="D. Ormonde Walker">D. Ormonde Walker</a>, 1936–1941</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Wesley" title="Charles H. Wesley">Charles H. Wesley</a>, 1942–1947</li> <li>Charles Leander Hill, 1947–1956<sup id="cite_ref-wulib_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wulib-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rembert E. Stokes, 1956–1976<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Charles E. Taylor, 1976–1984</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Walker-Taylor" title="Yvonne Walker-Taylor">Yvonne Walker Taylor</a>, 1984–1988</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Henderson" title="John L. Henderson">John L. Henderson</a>, 1988–2002<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-catalog_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catalog-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Flake" title="Floyd Flake">Floyd Flake</a>, 2002–2008</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Hardaway" title="Patricia Hardaway">Patricia Hardaway</a>, 2009–2013,<sup id="cite_ref-hardaway_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardaway-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Mishoe" title="Wilma Mishoe">Wilma Mishoe</a>, interim</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeania_Marie_Warren_Freeman" class="mw-redirect" title="Algeania Marie Warren Freeman">Algeania Marie Warren Freeman</a>, 2014–2016<sup id="cite_ref-freeman_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freeman-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-felton_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-felton-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Herman J. Felton, Jr., 2016–2018<sup id="cite_ref-felton_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-felton-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Elfred Anthony Pinkard, 2018–2023<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Vann R. Newkirk, Sr., 2023–present<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academics">Academics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilberforce_University&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Academics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">US News and World Report</a></i>, Wilberforce had a 7% graduation rate within the standard four-year period of study in 2024, making it one of the least successful universities in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooperative_education">Cooperative education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilberforce_University&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cooperative education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilberforce requires all students to participate in <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_education" title="Cooperative education">cooperative education</a><sup id="cite_ref-coop_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coop-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to meet graduation requirements. The cooperative program places students in internships that provide practical work experience in addition to academic training. It has been a required part of the curriculum at Wilberforce since 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NASA_SEMAA_project">NASA SEMAA project</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilberforce_University&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: NASA SEMAA project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2006, Wilberforce held the grand opening and dedication for the <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> Science, Engineering, Mathematics and Aerospace Academy (SEMAA) and the associated Aerospace Education Laboratory (AEL). It was attended by Bernice G. Alston, deputy assistant administrator of NASA's office of Education, and <a href="/wiki/Dave_Hobson" title="Dave Hobson">Dave Hobson</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 7th congressional district">Ohio's 7th congressional district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Athletics">Athletics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilberforce_University&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Athletics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Wilberforce athletic teams are called the Bulldogs. The university is a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics" title="National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics">National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics</a> (NAIA), primarily competing as a member of the <a href="/wiki/HBCU_Athletic_Conference" title="HBCU Athletic Conference">HBCU Athletic Conference</a> since the 2024-2025 academic year.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They previously competed as an <a href="/wiki/NAIA_independent_schools" title="NAIA independent schools">NAIA Independent</a> within the Continental Athletic Conference during the 2023–24 academic year; which they were a member on a previous stint from 2012–13 to 2021–22. The Bulldogs competed in the <a href="/wiki/Mid-South_Conference" title="Mid-South Conference">Mid-South Conference</a> (MSC) during the 2022–23 school year,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the defunct <a href="/wiki/American_Mideast_Conference" title="American Mideast Conference">American Mideast Conference</a> from 1999–2000 to 2011–12. </p><p>Men's sports include basketball, cross country, golf and track & field (indoor and outdoor); while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, spirit teams and track & field (indoor and outdoor). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intramurals">Intramurals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilberforce_University&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Intramurals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Students also participate in the following intramural sports: basketball, softball, volleyball, flag football, and tennis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_alumni">Notable alumni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilberforce_University&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notable alumni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:20%">Name </th> <th style="width:15%">Class year </th> <th style="width:*">Notability </th> <th style="width:10%" class="unsortable nowrap">Reference(s) </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Gray_Adams" title="Victoria Gray Adams">Victoria Gray Adams</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td class="note">Pioneering civil rights activist </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Regina_M._Anderson" title="Regina M. Anderson">Regina M. Anderson</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td class="note">Playwright, librarian, and member of the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Elsie_Austin" title="Helen Elsie Austin">Helen Elsie Austin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1938 </td> <td class="note"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Foreign_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Foreign Service">U.S. Foreign Service</a> Officer </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Bowles" title="Benjamin F. Bowles">Benjamin F. Bowles</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1905 </td> <td class="note">University president and founder </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Tiny_Bradshaw" title="Tiny Bradshaw">Myron (Tiny) Bradshaw</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td class="note">Jazz and rhythm and blues bandleader, singer, pianist, and drummer </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Gurley_Brewer" title="Gurley Brewer">Gurley Brewer</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1888 </td> <td class="note"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Hallie_Quinn_Brown" title="Hallie Quinn Brown">Hallie Quinn Brown</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1873 </td> <td class="note">Educator, writer and activist </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Shontel_Brown" title="Shontel Brown">Shontel Brown</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2022 </td> <td class="note">Congresswoman </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_M._Burgan" title="Isaac M. Burgan">Isaac M. Burgan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td class="note">president of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Quinn_College" title="Paul Quinn College">Paul Quinn College</a> 1883-1891, 1911-1914 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Cain" title="Richard H. Cain">Richard H. Cain</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td class="note">Minister, abolitionist, and United States Representative from South Carolina from 1873–1875 and 1877-1879 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Floy_Clements" title="Floy Clements">Floy Clements</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td class="note">First African-American woman to serve in the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives" title="Illinois House of Representatives">Illinois House of Representatives</a> (1959-1960) </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-ILRU_2016_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ILRU_2016-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/William_B._Derrick" title="William B. Derrick">William B. Derrick</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1885 </td> <td class="note">Minister, AME bishop </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Charity_Adams_Earley" title="Charity Adams Earley">Charity Adams Earley</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td class="note">First female African-American officer in the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps; commanding officer of the first battalion of African American women to serve overseas during WWII </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Nina_Gomer_Du_Bois" title="Nina Gomer Du Bois">Nina Gomer Du Bois</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td class="note">Civil rights activist and Baháʼí faith activist, wife of <a href="/wiki/W.E.B_Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B Du Bois">W.E.B Du Bois</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Wade_Ellis" title="Wade Ellis">Wade Ellis</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1928 </td> <td class="note">Twelfth African-American to earn a Ph.D. in mathematics (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, 1944). First African-American faculty member at <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin College</a>. Former associate dean of graduate studies at the University of Michigan. </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Mary_G._Evans" title="Mary G. Evans">Mary G. Evans</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td class="note">pastor at Cosmopolitan Community Church in Chicago from 1932 to 1966 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Floyd_H._Flake" class="mw-redirect" title="Floyd H. Flake">Floyd H. Flake</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td class="note">U.S. Congressman, Wilberforce President </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Foster_(jazz_musician)" title="Frank Foster (jazz musician)">Frank Foster</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td class="note">Musician; member of the <a href="/wiki/Count_Basie" title="Count Basie">Count Basie</a> Orchestra </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/John_R._Fox" title="John R. Fox">John R. Fox</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td class="note">Recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Gooding" title="Jessie Gooding">Jessie Gooding</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1948 </td> <td class="note">Politician, civil rights activist and president emeritus of the Dayton Branch NAACP; considered one of the most influential African Americans in the history of Dayton, Ohio </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_V._Haysbert" title="Raymond V. Haysbert">Raymond V. Haysbert</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td class="note">Business executive and civil rights leader </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Quincy_Jackson" title="Leon Quincy Jackson">Leon Quincy Jackson</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td class="note">American architect, professor at <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_State_University" title="Tennessee State University">Tennessee State University</a>, and an early African American architect in Oklahoma and Tennessee; he did not graduate from Wilberforce University but took classes </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Jordan" title="Leon Jordan">Leon Jordan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1932 </td> <td class="note">Politician and civil rights activist; considered one of the most influential African Americans in the history of Kansas City, Missouri </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Orchid_I._Jordan" title="Orchid I. Jordan">Orchid I. Jordan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td class="note">served in the Missouri House of Representatives from 1970 to 1984 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Florence_LeSueur" title="Florence LeSueur">Florence LeSueur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td class="note">The first female NAACP president in 1949, civil right leader and activist. </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/James_H._McGee" title="James H. McGee">James H. McGee</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td class="note">City commissioner and first African American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton, Ohio</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Ace_Mumford" title="Ace Mumford">Arnett "Ace" Mumford</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1924 </td> <td class="note">Former college football coach at <a href="/wiki/Southern_University" title="Southern University">Southern University</a> from 1936 to 1961. He also coached at Jarvis Christian College, Bishop College, Texas College; member of <a href="/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame" title="College Football Hall of Fame">College Football Hall of Fame</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_Newton" title="Demetrius Newton">Demetrius Newton</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td class="note">Civil rights attorney </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Powell_(golf_course_owner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Powell (golf course owner)">Bill Powell</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td class="note">Owner and designer of Clearview Golf Club, the first integrated golf course in America and the first owned and designed by an African American </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td class="note">Opera singer and first African American <a href="/wiki/Prima_donna" title="Prima donna">prima donna</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Richardson_(New_Hampshire_politician)" title="Henry Richardson (New Hampshire politician)">Henry Richardson</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1943 </td> <td class="note">First African American state legislator in New Hampshire </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/George_Russell_(composer)" title="George Russell (composer)">George Russell</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td class="note">Jazz composer and theorist </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Green_Pinckney_Russell" title="Green Pinckney Russell">Green Pinckney Russell</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1913 </td> <td class="note">American school administrator, college president, and teacher </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Rushing" title="Jimmy Rushing">Jimmy Rushing</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td class="note">Blues musician </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td class="note">Labor leader, civil rights organizer </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Susie_Lankford_Shorter" title="Susie Lankford Shorter">Susie Lankford Shorter</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td class="note">writer, educator </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Gould_Steward" title="Theophilus Gould Steward">Theophilus Gould Steward</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1881 </td> <td class="note"><a href="/wiki/Military_Chaplain" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Chaplain">U.S. Army chaplain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Soldier" title="Buffalo Soldier">Buffalo Soldier</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/William_Grant_Still" title="William Grant Still">William Grant Still</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td class="note">Composer and conductor; the first African American to conduct a major American orchestra, the first to have a symphony performed by a leading orchestra, and the first to have an opera performed by a major opera company </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Ossian_Sweet" title="Ossian Sweet">Ossian Sweet</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td class="note">African-American doctor notable for self-defense in 1925 against a white mob's attempt to force him out of his Detroit neighborhood, and acquittal at trial </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Vaughan" title="Dorothy Vaughan">Dorothy Vaughan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1929 </td> <td class="note">American mathematician whose work at the <a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics</a> (NACA), predecessor agency to <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>; inspired the 2016 biographical drama film <i><a href="/wiki/Hidden_Figures" title="Hidden Figures">Hidden Figures</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Webster" title="Ben Webster">Ben Webster</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td class="note">American jazz musician </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;" class="vcard"> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Milton_Wright_(academic)" title="Milton Wright (academic)">Milton Wright</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1926 </td> <td class="note">Economist </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilberforce_University&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Wilberforce_Green_Wave_football_team" title="1931 Wilberforce Green Wave football team">1931 Wilberforce Green Wave football team</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representation_in_other_media">Representation in other media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilberforce_University&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Representation in other media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolen_Perkins-Valdez" title="Dolen Perkins-Valdez">Dolen Perkins-Valdez</a>'s novel <i>Wench</i> (2010) explores the lives of several enslaved women of color brought to the Tawawa House resort during the summers by their Southern white masters. They were among the visitors in the years before the property was bought for use as the college.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilberforce_University&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nris-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nris_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/04000610">"National Register Information System – (#04000610)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. March 13, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System+%E2%80%93+%28%26%23035%3B04000610%29&rft.date=2009-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FAssetDetail%2FNRIS%2F04000610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell_1995_p._263-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_1995_p._263_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_1995_p._263_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell (1995), <i>Songs of Zion</i>, pp. 263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Talbert-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Talbert_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Talbert_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbert2000" class="citation web cs1">Talbert, Horace (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docsouth.unc.edu/church/talbert/talbert.html#p263">"The Sons of Allen: Together with a Sketch of the Rise and Progress of Wilberforce University, Wilberforce, Ohio 1906"</a>. <i>Documenting the South</i>. University of North Carolina. pp. 264–268, 273<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Documenting+the+South&rft.atitle=The+Sons+of+Allen%3A+Together+with+a+Sketch+of+the+Rise+and+Progress+of+Wilberforce+University%2C+Wilberforce%2C+Ohio+1906&rft.pages=264-268%2C+273&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Talbert&rft.aufirst=Horace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocsouth.unc.edu%2Fchurch%2Ftalbert%2Ftalbert.html%23p263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell.google.com-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell.google.com_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell.google.com_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell.google.com_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell.google.com_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell.google.com_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell.google.com_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell.google.com_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell.google.com_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/songsofzionafric0000camp_f3n0/page/215">James T. Campbell, <i>Songs of Zion</i></a>, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995, pp. 259–260, accessed Jan 13, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyd, Melba Joyce. <i>Discarded Legacy: Politics and Poetics in the Life of Frances E. W. Harper</i> 1825-1911. Detroit: Wayne State University, 1994, pp. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodson, Byron, "This land... is now our mother country..." (Chapel Hill, Wisdom Books, 2022), 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Talbert_1906_p._267-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Talbert_1906_p._267_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Talbert_1906_p._267_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Talbert (1906), <i>Sons of Allen</i>, p. 267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docsouth.unc.edu/church/talbert/talbert.html">Horace Talbert, <i>The Sons of Allen: Together with a Sketch of the Rise and Progress of Wilberforce University, Wilberforce, Ohio</i>, 1906</a>, p. 273, <i>Documenting the South</i>, 2000, University of North Carolina, accessed Jul 25, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins1898" class="citation journal cs1">Hawkins, John R., ed. (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:GSE.LIBR:37043830?n=49">"Our Schools from Latest Reports"</a>. <i>The Educator</i>. <b>1</b> (1). Educational Department of the A.M.E. Church: 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Educator&rft.atitle=Our+Schools+from+Latest+Reports&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47&rft.date=1898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnrs.harvard.edu%2Furn-3%3AGSE.LIBR%3A37043830%3Fn%3D49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210626035956/https://www.northwestgeorgianews.com/tribune/regional/wilberforce-to-cut-tuition-by-15-for-in-state-students/article_dd3271f2-9c5d-5b46-9840-dcc90b5787af.html">"Wilberforce to cut tuition by 15% for in-state students"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dayton_Daily_News" title="Dayton Daily News">Dayton Daily News</a>. June 25, 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.northwestgeorgianews.com/tribune/regional/wilberforce-to-cut-tuition-by-15-for-in-state-students/article_dd3271f2-9c5d-5b46-9840-dcc90b5787af.html">the original</a> on June 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wilberforce+to+cut+tuition+by+15%25+for+in-state+students&rft.date=2021-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.northwestgeorgianews.com%2Ftribune%2Fregional%2Fwilberforce-to-cut-tuition-by-15-for-in-state-students%2Farticle_dd3271f2-9c5d-5b46-9840-dcc90b5787af.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usdeaudit-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usdeaudit_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/oig/auditreports/fy2008/a05g0029.pdf">"Wilberforce University's Administration of the Title IV, Higher Education Act Programs: Final Audit Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wilberforce+University%27s+Administration+of+the+Title+IV%2C+Higher+Education+Act+Programs%3A+Final+Audit+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ed.gov%2Fabout%2Foffices%2Flist%2Foig%2Fauditreports%2Ffy2008%2Fa05g0029.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wulib-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wulib_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615054505/http://www.wilberforce.edu/student_life/library_archives_timeline.html">"Library"</a>. Wilberforce University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilberforce.edu/student_life/library_archives_timeline.html">the original</a> on June 15, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Library&rft.pub=Wilberforce+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilberforce.edu%2Fstudent_life%2Flibrary_archives_timeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daytonwalkoffame.citymax.com/stokes.html">"Dr. Rembert E. Stokes"</a>. <i>Dayton Walk of Fame</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dayton+Walk+of+Fame&rft.atitle=Dr.+Rembert+E.+Stokes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daytonwalkoffame.citymax.com%2Fstokes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cech.uc.edu/alumni/distinguished-alumni/2001-2010/2009-henderson.html">"Dr. John Henderson"</a>. <i>University of Cincinnati</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Cincinnati&rft.atitle=Dr.+John+Henderson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcech.uc.edu%2Falumni%2Fdistinguished-alumni%2F2001-2010%2F2009-henderson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-catalog-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-catalog_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wilberforce.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/2017-2018-Wilberforce-University-Catalog-Official.pdf"><i>Wilberforce University Catalog, 2017-2018</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Wilberforce University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wilberforce+University+Catalog%2C+2017-2018&rft.pub=Wilberforce+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwilberforce.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F03%2F2017-2018-Wilberforce-University-Catalog-Official.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hardaway-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hardaway_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPant2013" class="citation news cs1">Pant, Meagan (July 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mydaytondailynews.com/news/wilberforce-university-president-step-down/1WSEegEE6BC0zpnBn73fBK/">"Wilberforce University president to step down"</a>. <i>mydaytondailynews</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=mydaytondailynews&rft.atitle=Wilberforce+University+president+to+step+down&rft.date=2013-07-17&rft.aulast=Pant&rft.aufirst=Meagan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mydaytondailynews.com%2Fnews%2Fwilberforce-university-president-step-down%2F1WSEegEE6BC0zpnBn73fBK%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-freeman-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-freeman_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker" class="citation news cs1">Baker, Wayne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wyso.org/post/dr-algeania-warren-freeman-named-20th-president-wilberforce-university">"Dr. Algeania Warren Freeman Named 20th President of Wilberforce University"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dr.+Algeania+Warren+Freeman+Named+20th+President+of+Wilberforce+University&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwyso.org%2Fpost%2Fdr-algeania-warren-freeman-named-20th-president-wilberforce-university&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-felton-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-felton_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-felton_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2016" class="citation news cs1">Staff, AFRO (July 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afro.com/herman-felton-jr-named-president-of-ohios-wilberforce-university/">"Herman Felton Jr. Named President of Ohio's Wilberforce University | Afro"</a>. <i>Afro</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Afro&rft.atitle=Herman+Felton+Jr.+Named+President+of+Ohio%27s+Wilberforce+University+%7C+Afro&rft.date=2016-07-22&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.aufirst=AFRO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afro.com%2Fherman-felton-jr-named-president-of-ohios-wilberforce-university%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wilberforce.edu/board-of-trustees-announce-executive-vice-president-and-provost-as-22nd-president-of-wilberforce-university/">"Board of Trustees Announce Executive Vice President and Provost as 22nd President of Wilberforce University – Wilberforce University"</a>. <i>wilberforce.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wilberforce.edu&rft.atitle=Board+of+Trustees+Announce+Executive+Vice+President+and+Provost+as+22nd+President+of+Wilberforce+University+%E2%80%93+Wilberforce+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwilberforce.edu%2Fboard-of-trustees-announce-executive-vice-president-and-provost-as-22nd-president-of-wilberforce-university%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wilberforce.edu/presidents-corner/">"President's Corner - Wilberforce University"</a>. June 6, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President%27s+Corner+-+Wilberforce+University&rft.date=2016-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwilberforce.edu%2Fpresidents-corner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/wilberforce-university-3141#:~:text=Wilberforce%20University's%20ranking%20in%20the,campus%20size%20is%20125%20acres.">"Wilberforce University"</a>. <i>US News and World Report</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+News+and+World+Report&rft.atitle=Wilberforce+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fbest-colleges%2Fwilberforce-university-3141%23%3A~%3Atext%3DWilberforce%2520University%27s%2520ranking%2520in%2520the%2Ccampus%2520size%2520is%2520125%2520acres.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coop-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coop_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070226123235/http://wilberforce.edu/welcome/history.html">"Wilberforce University: Yesterday and Today"</a>. Wilberforce University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilberforce.edu/welcome/history.html">the original</a> on February 26, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wilberforce+University%3A+Yesterday+and+Today&rft.pub=Wilberforce+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilberforce.edu%2Fwelcome%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N9oDAAAAMBAJ&q=Wilberforce+dared+to+go+co-op+all+the+way&pg=PA86">"Wilberforce Dared to Go Co-Op All the Way"</a>. Vol. 27, no. 8. Johnson Publishing Company. Ebony. June 1972. p. 86<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wilberforce+Dared+to+Go+Co-Op+All+the+Way&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=86&rft.date=1972-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN9oDAAAAMBAJ%26q%3DWilberforce%2Bdared%2Bto%2Bgo%2Bco-op%2Ball%2Bthe%2Bway%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061116132416/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/news/2006/06-062_Wilberforce.html">"NASA Education Facility Opens at Wilberforce University"</a>. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/news/2006/06-062_Wilberforce.html">the original</a> on November 16, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Education+Facility+Opens+at+Wilberforce+University&rft.pub=National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration+%28NASA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcenters%2Fglenn%2Fnews%2F2006%2F06-062_Wilberforce.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wilberforce.edu/wilberforce-university-slated-to-join-gulf-coast-athletic-conference-in-2024/#:~:text=Wilberforce%2520received%2520a%2520unanimous%2520vote,%252C%E2%80%9D%2520said%2520GCAC%2520Commissioner%2520Dr.">"Wilberforce University Slated to Join Gulf Coast Athletic Conference in 2024 - Wilberforce University"</a>. October 11, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wilberforce+University+Slated+to+Join+Gulf+Coast+Athletic+Conference+in+2024+-+Wilberforce+University&rft.date=2023-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwilberforce.edu%2Fwilberforce-university-slated-to-join-gulf-coast-athletic-conference-in-2024%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DWilberforce%252520received%252520a%252520unanimous%252520vote%2C%25252C%25E2%2580%259D%252520said%252520GCAC%252520Commissioner%252520Dr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220729144809/https://www.mid-southconference.org/article/11077">"Wilberforce Joins The Mid-South Conference | Mid-South Conference"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mid-southconference.org/article/11077">the original</a> on July 29, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wilberforce+Joins+The+Mid-South+Conference+%7C+Mid-South+Conference&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mid-southconference.org%2Farticle%2F11077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMather1915" class="citation book cs1">Mather, Frank Lincoln (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tWTXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA32"><i>Who's Who of the Colored Race: A General Biographical Dictionary of Men and Women of African Descent</i></a>. Vol. 1. Chicago, Illinois. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+of+the+Colored+Race%3A+A+General+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Men+and+Women+of+African+Descent&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Mather&rft.aufirst=Frank+Lincoln&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtWTXAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21696432/gurley_brewer_admitted_to_bar/">"First of the Kind in That Section,"</a> <i>Indianapolis Journal,</i> Feb. 12, 1890, pg. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ILRU_2016-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ILRU_2016_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusserDutton2016" class="citation web cs1">Musser, Ashley; Dutton, Julie (February 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilga.gov/commission/lru/FemaleLegislators.pdf">"Illinois Women in Congress and General Assembly"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a>: <a href="/wiki/Illinois_General_Assembly" title="Illinois General Assembly">Illinois Legislative Research Unit</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Illinois+Women+in+Congress+and+General+Assembly&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Illinois+Legislative+Research+Unit&rft.date=2016-02-11&rft.aulast=Musser&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft.au=Dutton%2C+Julie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Filga.gov%2Fcommission%2Flru%2FFemaleLegislators.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBone1974" class="citation web cs1">Bone, Jan, ed. (June 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED096595.pdf">"Commission on the Status of Women. Report and Recommendations to the Governor and the General Assembly"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a>: Illinois Commission on the Status of Women. p. 26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commission+on+the+Status+of+Women.+Report+and+Recommendations+to+the+Governor+and+the+General+Assembly&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Illinois+Commission+on+the+Status+of+Women&rft.date=1974-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles.eric.ed.gov%2Ffulltext%2FED096595.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/117191275/receives-masters-in-architecture/">"Receives Masters in Architecture"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Dispatch" title="The Black Dispatch">The Black Dispatch</a></i>. September 11, 1954. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Black+Dispatch&rft.atitle=Receives+Masters+in+Architecture&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1954-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F117191275%2Freceives-masters-in-architecture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180219210614/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7666720.html">"Florence Lesueur, ex-president, director of NAACP branch; at 93"</a>. June 29, 1991. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7666720.html">the original</a> on February 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Florence+Lesueur%2C+ex-president%2C+director+of+NAACP+branch%3B+at+93&rft.date=1991-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-7666720.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.al.com/wire/2013/09/rep_demetrius_newton_first_bla.html">"Rep. Demetrius Newton, first black pro tem in Alabama House, has died (updated)"</a>. September 11, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rep.+Demetrius+Newton%2C+first+black+pro+tem+in+Alabama+House%2C+has+died+%28updated%29&rft.date=2013-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.al.com%2Fwire%2F2013%2F09%2Frep_demetrius_newton_first_bla.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111051850/http://www.morningjournalnews.com/page/content.detail/id/516168.html">"Golf Pioneer Dies"</a>. Morning Journal News. January 2, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.morningjournalnews.com/page/content.detail/id/516168.html">the original</a> on November 11, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Golf+Pioneer+Dies&rft.pub=Morning+Journal+News&rft.date=2010-01-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.morningjournalnews.com%2Fpage%2Fcontent.detail%2Fid%2F516168.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardin1995" class="citation journal cs1">Hardin, John A. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2784634">"Green Pinckney Russell of Kentucky Normal and Industrial Institute for Colored Persons"</a>. <i>Journal of Black Studies</i>. <b>25</b> (5): 610–621. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002193479502500506">10.1177/002193479502500506</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9347">0021-9347</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2784634">2784634</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143448048">143448048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Black+Studies&rft.atitle=Green+Pinckney+Russell+of+Kentucky+Normal+and+Industrial+Institute+for+Colored+Persons&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=610-621&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0021-9347&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143448048%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2784634%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002193479502500506&rft.aulast=Hardin&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2784634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030133036/https://wilberforcepayne.libguides.com/c.php?g=763792&p=5478045">"History of Wilberforce University: Bayard Rustin"</a>. Wilberforce Payne Unified Library. January 2, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wilberforcepayne.libguides.com/c.php?g=763792&p=5478045">the original</a> on October 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Wilberforce+University%3A+Bayard+Rustin&rft.pub=Wilberforce+Payne+Unified+Library&rft.date=2010-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwilberforcepayne.libguides.com%2Fc.php%3Fg%3D763792%26p%3D5478045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hallie Q. Brown, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GnBA_iwA9vcC&dq=Susie+Lankford+Shorter&pg=PA205"><i>Homespun Heroines and Other Women of Distinction</i></a> (Oxford University Press 1988): 205-206. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199763092" title="Special:BookSources/9780199763092">9780199763092</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neal_Parker" class="citation news cs1">O'Neal Parker, Lonnae. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/21/AR2011012102960.html">"A tender spot in master-slave relations"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+tender+spot+in+master-slave+relations&rft.aulast=O%27Neal+Parker&rft.aufirst=Lonnae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2011%2F01%2F21%2FAR2011012102960.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2010" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Samantha (January 28, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avclub.com/review/dolen-perkins-valdez-iwenchi-37586">"Dolen Perkins-Valdez: Wench"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_A.V._Club" title="The A.V. Club">The A.V. Club</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+A.V.+Club&rft.atitle=Dolen+Perkins-Valdez%3A+Wench&rft.date=2010-01-28&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avclub.com%2Freview%2Fdolen-perkins-valdez-iwenchi-37586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilberforce+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilberforce_University&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilberforce.edu/">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilberforceathletics.com">Official athletics website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docsouth.unc.edu/church/talbert/menu.html">Horace Talbert, <i>The Sons of Allen: Together with a Sketch of the Rise and Progress of Wilberforce University, Wilberforce, Ohio</i></a>, 1906, <i>Documenting the American South</i>, University of North Carolina</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Universities_and_colleges_affiliated_with_the_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Universities_and_colleges_affiliated_with_the_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Template:Universities and colleges affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Universities_and_colleges_affiliated_with_the_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Template talk:Universities and colleges affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Universities_and_colleges_affiliated_with_the_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Universities and colleges affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Universities_and_colleges_affiliated_with_the_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Universities and colleges affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_University" title="Allen University">Allen University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_College_(Mississippi)" title="Campbell College (Mississippi)">Campbell College</a> (<i>defunct</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Payne_College" title="Daniel Payne College">Daniel Payne College</a> (<i>defunct</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Waters_University" title="Edward Waters University">Edward Waters University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittrell_College" title="Kittrell College">Kittrell College</a> (<i>defunct</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Brown_College" title="Morris Brown College">Morris Brown College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Quinn_College" title="Paul Quinn College">Paul Quinn College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorter_College_(Arkansas)" title="Shorter College (Arkansas)">Shorter College (Arkansas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_University_(Kansas)" title="Western University (Kansas)">Western University</a> (<i>defunct</i>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wilberforce University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colleges_and_universities_in_the_state_of_Ohio" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colleges_and_universities_in_Ohio" title="Template:Colleges and universities in Ohio"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colleges_and_universities_in_Ohio" title="Template talk:Colleges and universities in Ohio"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colleges_and_universities_in_Ohio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colleges and universities in Ohio"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colleges_and_universities_in_the_state_of_Ohio" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Ohio" title="List of colleges and universities in Ohio">Colleges and universities in the state of Ohio</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioch_College" title="Antioch College">Antioch College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch_University" title="Antioch University">Antioch University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Academy_of_Cincinnati" title="Art Academy of Cincinnati">Art Academy of Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashland_University" title="Ashland University">Ashland University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_Wallace_University" title="Baldwin Wallace University">Baldwin Wallace University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluffton_University" title="Bluffton University">Bluffton University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_University" title="Capital University">Capital University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedarville_University" title="Cedarville University">Cedarville University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Institute_of_Art" title="Cleveland Institute of Art">Cleveland Institute of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Institute_of_Electronics" title="Cleveland Institute of Electronics">Cleveland Institute of Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Institute_of_Music" title="Cleveland Institute of Music">Cleveland Institute of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Dayton" title="University of Dayton">University of Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defiance_College" title="Defiance College">Defiance College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denison_University" title="Denison University">Denison University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Findlay" title="University of Findlay">University of Findlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_University_of_Steubenville" title="Franciscan University of Steubenville">Franciscan University of Steubenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Union_College-Jewish_Institute_of_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion">Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University_(Ohio)" title="Heidelberg University (Ohio)">Heidelberg University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_College" title="Hiram College">Hiram College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Carroll_University" title="John Carroll University">John Carroll University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyon_College" title="Kenyon College">Kenyon College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettering_College_of_Medical_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Kettering College of Medical Arts">Kettering College of Medical Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie_College" title="Lake Erie College">Lake Erie College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lourdes_University" title="Lourdes University">Lourdes University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malone_University" title="Malone University">Malone University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marietta_College" title="Marietta College">Marietta College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Joseph_University" title="Mount St. Joseph University">Mount St. Joseph University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Mount_Union" title="University of Mount Union">University of Mount Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskingum_University" title="Muskingum University">Muskingum University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Northwestern_Ohio" title="University of Northwestern Ohio">University of Northwestern Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_College" title="Notre Dame College">Notre Dame College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Christian_University" title="Ohio Christian University">Ohio Christian University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Dominican_University" title="Ohio Dominican University">Ohio Dominican University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Northern_University" title="Ohio Northern University">Ohio Northern University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Wesleyan_University" title="Ohio Wesleyan University">Ohio Wesleyan University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otterbein_University" title="Otterbein University">Otterbein University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Nazarene_University" title="Mount Vernon Nazarene University">Mount Vernon Nazarene University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rio_Grande" title="University of Rio Grande">University of Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiffin_University" title="Tiffin University">Tiffin University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursuline_College" title="Ursuline College">Ursuline College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walsh_University" title="Walsh University">Walsh University</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wilberforce University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_College_(Ohio)" title="Wilmington College (Ohio)">Wilmington College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wittenberg_University" title="Wittenberg University">Wittenberg University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Wooster" title="College of Wooster">College of Wooster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_University" title="Xavier University">Xavier University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Akron" title="University of Akron">University of Akron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont_Technical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Belmont Technical College">Belmont Technical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowling_Green_State_University" title="Bowling Green State University">Bowling Green State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Ohio_Technical_College" title="Central Ohio Technical College">Central Ohio Technical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_State_University" title="Central State University">Central State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_State_Technical_and_Community_College" title="Cincinnati State Technical and Community College">Cincinnati State Technical and Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati" title="University of Cincinnati">University of Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_State_College" title="Clark State College">Clark State College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_State_University" title="Cleveland State University">Cleveland State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_State_Community_College" title="Columbus State Community College">Columbus State Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_Community_College" title="Cuyahoga Community College">Cuyahoga Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Gateway_Community_College" title="Eastern Gateway Community College">Eastern Gateway Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_State_Community_College" title="Edison State Community College">Edison State Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hocking_College" title="Hocking College">Hocking College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Rhodes_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Rhodes State College">James A. Rhodes State College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_State_University" title="Kent State University">Kent State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakeland_Community_College" title="Lakeland Community College">Lakeland Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorain_County_Community_College" title="Lorain County Community College">Lorain County Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Technical_College" title="Marion Technical College">Marion Technical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_University" title="Miami University">Miami University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Central_State_College" title="North Central State College">North Central State College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Ohio_Medical_University" title="Northeast Ohio Medical University">Northeast Ohio Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_State_Community_College" title="Northwest State Community College">Northwest State Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_University" title="Ohio University">Ohio University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owens_Community_College" title="Owens Community College">Owens Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rio_Grande" title="University of Rio Grande">Rio Grande Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_State_University" title="Shawnee State University">Shawnee State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Community_College" title="Sinclair Community College">Sinclair Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_State_Community_College" title="Southern State Community College">Southern State Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stark_State_College" title="Stark State College">Stark State College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_State_Community_College" title="Terra State Community College">Terra State Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toledo" title="University of Toledo">University of Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Community_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington State Community College">Washington State Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_State_University" title="Wright State University">Wright State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youngstown_State_University" title="Youngstown State University">Youngstown State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zane_State_College" title="Zane State College">Zane State College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_University" title="Chancellor University">Chancellor University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Christian_University" title="Cincinnati Christian University">Cincinnati Christian University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbana_University" title="Urbana University">Urbana University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/University_System_of_Ohio" title="University System of Ohio">University System of Ohio</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historically_black_colleges_and_universities_(List)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HBCU" title="Template:HBCU"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HBCU" title="Template talk:HBCU"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HBCU" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HBCU"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historically_black_colleges_and_universities_(List)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="List of historically black colleges and universities">List</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public<br />institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_A%26M_University" title="Alabama A&M University">Alabama A&M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_State_University" title="Alabama State University">Alabama State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_State_University" title="Albany State University">Albany State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcorn_State_University" title="Alcorn State University">Alcorn State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Arkansas_at_Pine_Bluff" title="University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff">Arkansas–Pine Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_State_Community_College" title="Bishop State Community College">Bishop State CC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefield_State_University" title="Bluefield State University">Bluefield State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowie_State_University" title="Bowie State University">Bowie State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_State_University" title="Central State University">Central State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyney_University_of_Pennsylvania" title="Cheyney University of Pennsylvania">Cheyney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coahoma_Community_College" title="Coahoma Community College">Coahoma CC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppin_State_University" title="Coppin State University">Coppin State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_State_University" title="Delaware State University">Delaware State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_City_State_University" title="Elizabeth City State University">Elizabeth City State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayetteville_State_University" title="Fayetteville State University">Fayetteville State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_A%26M_University" title="Florida A&M University">Florida A&M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Valley_State_University" title="Fort Valley State University">Fort Valley State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden_State_Community_College" title="Gadsden State Community College">Gadsden State CC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grambling_State_University" title="Grambling State University">Grambling State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris%E2%80%93Stowe_State_University" title="Harris–Stowe State University">Harris–Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinds_Community_College" title="Hinds Community College">Hinds CC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_State_University" title="Jackson State University">Jackson State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_State_University" title="Kentucky State University">Kentucky State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langston_University" title="Langston University">Langston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_University_(Missouri)" title="Lincoln University (Missouri)">Lincoln, Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_University_(Pennsylvania)" title="Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)">Lincoln, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Eastern_Shore" title="University of Maryland Eastern Shore">Maryland, Eastern Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Valley_State_University" title="Mississippi Valley State University">Mississippi Valley State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_State_University" title="Morgan State University">Morgan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_State_University" title="Norfolk State University">Norfolk State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T_State_University" title="North Carolina A&T State University">North Carolina A&T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Central_University" title="North Carolina Central University">North Carolina Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_View_A%26M_University" title="Prairie View A&M University">Prairie View A&M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_State_University" title="Savannah State University">Savannah State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelton_State_Community_College" title="Shelton State Community College">Shelton State CC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_State_University" title="South Carolina State University">South Carolina State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_University" title="Southern University">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_University_at_New_Orleans" title="Southern University at New Orleans">Southern–New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_University_at_Shreveport" title="Southern University at Shreveport">Southern–Shreveport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_State_University" title="Tennessee State University">Tennessee State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Southern_University" title="Texas Southern University">Texas Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="University of the District of Columbia">UDC</a>/<a href="/wiki/University_of_the_District_of_Columbia_Community_College" title="University of the District of Columbia Community College">UDC-CC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="University of the Virgin Islands">UVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_University" title="Virginia State University">Virginia State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_State_University" title="West Virginia State University">West Virginia State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston-Salem_State_University" title="Winston-Salem State University">Winston-Salem State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private<br />institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_University" title="Allen University">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Baptist_College" title="Arkansas Baptist College">Arkansas Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barber%E2%80%93Scotia_College" title="Barber–Scotia College">Barber–Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_College" title="Benedict College">Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennett_College" title="Bennett College">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethune%E2%80%93Cookman_University" title="Bethune–Cookman University">Bethune–Cookman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claflin_University" title="Claflin University">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Atlanta_University" title="Clark Atlanta University">Clark Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillard_University" title="Dillard University">Dillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Waters_University" title="Edward Waters University">Edward Waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisk_University" title="Fisk University">Fisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Memorial_University" title="Florida Memorial University">Florida Memorial University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_University" title="Hampton University">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huston%E2%80%93Tillotson_University" title="Huston–Tillotson University">Huston–Tillotson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdenominational_Theological_Center" title="Interdenominational Theological Center">Interdenominational Theological Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Christian_University" title="Jarvis Christian University">Jarvis Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_C._Smith_University" title="Johnson C. Smith University">Johnson C. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_College" title="Knoxville College">Knoxville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_College" title="Lane College">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeMoyne%E2%80%93Owen_College" title="LeMoyne–Owen College">LeMoyne–Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingstone_College" title="Livingstone College">Livingstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meharry_Medical_College" title="Meharry Medical College">Meharry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_College" title="Miles College">Miles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morehouse_College" title="Morehouse College">Morehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morehouse_School_of_Medicine" title="Morehouse School of Medicine">Morehouse School of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Brown_College" title="Morris Brown College">Morris Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_College" title="Morris College">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakwood_University" title="Oakwood University">Oakwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paine_College" title="Paine College">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Quinn_College" title="Paul Quinn College">Paul Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensole_Lewis_College_of_Business_and_Design" title="Pensole Lewis College of Business and Design">Pensole Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_Smith_University" title="Philander Smith University">Philander Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rust_College" title="Rust College">Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_University" title="Selma University">Selma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaw_University" title="Shaw University">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simmons_College_of_Kentucky" title="Simmons College of Kentucky">Simmons College (Ky.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Christian_College" title="Southwestern Christian College">Southwestern Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelman_College" title="Spelman College">Spelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stillman_College" title="Stillman College">Stillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine%27s_University_(North_Carolina)" title="St. Augustine's University (North Carolina)">St. Augustine's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talladega_College" title="Talladega College">Talladega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_College" title="Texas College">Texas College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tougaloo_College" title="Tougaloo College">Tougaloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_University" title="Tuskegee University">Tuskegee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Union_University" title="Virginia Union University">Virginia Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_University_of_Lynchburg" title="Virginia University of Lynchburg">Virginia University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voorhees_University" title="Voorhees University">Voorhees</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wilberforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiley_University" title="Wiley University">Wiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_University_of_Louisiana" title="Xavier University of Louisiana">Xavier (Louisiana)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct<br />institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_College" title="Bishop College">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington_Junior_College" title="Booker T. Washington Junior College">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carver_Junior_College" title="Carver Junior College">Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Mississippi_College" title="Central Mississippi College">Central Mississippi College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collier-Blocker_Junior_College" title="Collier-Blocker Junior College">Collier-Blocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_College_Alabama" title="Concordia College Alabama">Concordia Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Payne_College" title="Daniel Payne College">Daniel Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frelinghuysen_University" title="Frelinghuysen University">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Baptist_College" title="Georgia Baptist College">Georgia Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbs_Junior_College" title="Gibbs Junior College">Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_College" title="Guadalupe College">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Junior_College" title="Hampton Junior College">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haygood_Seminary" title="Haygood Seminary">Haygood Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Lutheran_College_(North_Carolina)" title="Immanuel Lutheran College (North Carolina)">Immanuel Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Junior_College" title="Jackson Junior College">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Junior_College" title="Johnson Junior College">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittrell_College" title="Kittrell College">Kittrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Junior_College" title="Lincoln Junior College">Lincoln Junior College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville_Municipal_College" title="Louisville Municipal College">Louisville Municipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_College_(Louisiana)" title="Luther College (Louisiana)">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_School_for_Colored_Girls" title="Normal School for Colored Girls">Miner Teachers College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Industrial_College" title="Mississippi Industrial College">Mississippi Industrial College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morristown_College" title="Morristown College">Morristown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon_Female_Seminary" title="Mount Hermon Female Seminary">Mount Hermon Female Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_University" title="New Orleans University">New Orleans University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Junior_College" title="Roosevelt Junior College">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenwald_Junior_College" title="Rosenwald Junior College">Rosenwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_College_(Virginia)" title="Saint Paul's College (Virginia)">Saint Paul's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_State_University_School_of_Law" title="South Carolina State University School of Law">SCSU Law School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storer_College" title="Storer College">Storer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_University" title="Straight University">Straight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_River_Junior_College" title="Suwannee River Junior College">Suwannee River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrell_Law_School" title="Terrell Law School">Terrell Law School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelbyville,_Tennessee#Higher_education" title="Shelbyville, Tennessee">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volusia_County_Junior_College" title="Volusia County Junior College">Volusia County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_University_(Kansas)" title="Western University (Kansas)">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Clarke_School_of_Law" title="David A. Clarke School of Law">David A. Clarke School of Law</a> (UDC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_A%26M_University_College_of_Law" title="Florida A&M University College of Law">Florida A&M University College of Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_University_School_of_Law" title="Howard University School of Law">Howard University School of Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Central_University_School_of_Law" title="North Carolina Central University School of Law">North Carolina Central University School of Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_University_Law_Center" title="Southern University Law Center">Southern University Law Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_School_of_Law" title="Thurgood Marshall School of Law">Thurgood Marshall School of Law</a> (Texas Southern)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consortia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_University_Center" title="Atlanta University Center">Atlanta University Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Florida%27s_black_junior_colleges" title="Category:Florida's black junior colleges">Florida's Black Junior Colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern Athletic Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBCU_Athletic_Conference" title="HBCU Athletic Conference">HBCU Athletic Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="College_sports_teams_in_Ohio" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ohio_college_sports" title="Template:Ohio college sports"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ohio_college_sports" title="Template talk:Ohio college sports"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ohio_college_sports" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ohio college sports"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="College_sports_teams_in_Ohio" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">College sports teams in Ohio</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">NCAA Division I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Akron_Zips" title="Akron Zips">Akron Zips</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bowling_Green_Falcons" title="Bowling Green Falcons">Bowling Green Falcons</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Bearcats" title="Cincinnati Bearcats">Cincinnati Bearcats</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_State_Vikings" title="Cleveland State Vikings">Cleveland State Vikings</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Flyers" title="Dayton Flyers">Dayton Flyers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kent_State_Golden_Flashes" title="Kent State Golden Flashes">Kent State Golden Flashes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Miami_RedHawks" title="Miami RedHawks">Miami RedHawks</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Bobcats" title="Ohio Bobcats">Ohio Bobcats</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes" title="Ohio State Buckeyes">Ohio State Buckeyes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Toledo_Rockets" title="Toledo Rockets">Toledo Rockets</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wright_State_Raiders" title="Wright State Raiders">Wright State Raiders</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Musketeers" title="Xavier Musketeers">Xavier Musketeers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Youngstown_State_Penguins" title="Youngstown State Penguins">Youngstown State Penguins</a></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ohio.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Ohio"><img alt="Flag of Ohio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/70px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/105px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/140px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_II" title="NCAA Division II">NCAA Division II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ashland_Eagles" title="Ashland Eagles">Ashland Eagles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cedarville_Yellow_Jackets" title="Cedarville Yellow Jackets">Cedarville Yellow Jackets</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Central_State_Marauders" class="mw-redirect" title="Central State Marauders">Central State Marauders</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Findlay_Oilers" title="Findlay Oilers">Findlay Oilers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie_Storm" title="Lake Erie Storm">Lake Erie Storm</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Malone_Pioneers" title="Malone Pioneers">Malone Pioneers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Dominican_Panthers" title="Ohio Dominican Panthers">Ohio Dominican Panthers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tiffin_Dragons" title="Tiffin Dragons">Tiffin Dragons</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ursuline_Arrows" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursuline Arrows">Ursuline Arrows</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walsh_Cavaliers" title="Walsh Cavaliers">Walsh Cavaliers</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_III" title="NCAA Division III">NCAA Division III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_Wallace_Yellow_Jackets" title="Baldwin Wallace Yellow Jackets">Baldwin Wallace Yellow Jackets</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bluffton_Beavers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluffton Beavers">Bluffton Beavers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Capital_Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital Crusaders">Capital Crusaders</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_Spartans" title="Case Western Reserve Spartans">Case Western Reserve Spartans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Denison_Big_Red" class="mw-redirect" title="Denison Big Red">Denison Big Red</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Barons" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan Barons">Franciscan Barons</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Student_Princes" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidelberg Student Princes">Heidelberg Student Princes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Carroll_Blue_Streaks" class="mw-redirect" title="John Carroll Blue Streaks">John Carroll Blue Streaks</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenyon_Lords_and_Ladies" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyon Lords and Ladies">Kenyon Lords and Ladies</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marietta_Pioneers" class="mw-redirect" title="Marietta Pioneers">Marietta Pioneers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Joseph_Lions" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount St. Joseph Lions">Mount St. Joseph Lions</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mount_Union_Purple_Raiders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Union Purple Raiders">Mount Union Purple Raiders</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Muskingum_Fighting_Muskies" class="mw-redirect" title="Muskingum Fighting Muskies">Muskingum Fighting Muskies</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oberlin_Yeomen_and_Yeowomen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberlin Yeomen and Yeowomen">Oberlin Yeomen and Yeowomen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Northern_Polar_Bears" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Northern Polar Bears">Ohio Northern Polar Bears</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Wesleyan_Battling_Bishops" title="Ohio Wesleyan Battling Bishops">Ohio Wesleyan Battling Bishops</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Otterbein_Cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="Otterbein Cardinals">Otterbein Cardinals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_Quakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington Quakers">Wilmington Quakers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wittenberg_Tigers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wittenberg Tigers">Wittenberg Tigers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wooster_Fighting_Scots" class="mw-redirect" title="Wooster Fighting Scots">Wooster Fighting Scots</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics" title="National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics">NAIA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Defiance_Yellow_Jackets" class="mw-redirect" title="Defiance Yellow Jackets">Defiance Yellow Jackets</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lourdes_Gray_Wolves" title="Lourdes Gray Wolves">Lourdes Gray Wolves</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Nazarene_Cougars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Vernon Nazarene Cougars">Mount Vernon Nazarene Cougars</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Ohio_Racers" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Ohio Racers">Northwestern Ohio Racers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Christian_Trailblazers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Christian Trailblazers">Ohio Christian Trailblazers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_RedStorm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Grande RedStorm">Rio Grande RedStorm</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_State_Bears" title="Shawnee State Bears">Shawnee State Bears</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wilberforce_Bulldogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilberforce Bulldogs">Wilberforce Bulldogs</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mid-South_Conference" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#383A91; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mid-South_Conference_navbox" title="Template:Mid-South Conference navbox"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mid-South_Conference_navbox" title="Template talk:Mid-South Conference navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mid-South_Conference_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mid-South Conference navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mid-South_Conference" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mid-South_Conference" title="Mid-South Conference"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Mid-South Conference</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#383A91; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;;width:1%">Current members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_University_(Tennessee)" title="Bethel University (Tennessee)">Bethel</a> Wildcats</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbellsville_University" title="Campbellsville University">Campbellsville</a> Tigers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_University" title="Cumberland University">Cumberland (TN)</a> Phoenix</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Cumberlands" title="University of the Cumberlands">Cumberlands (KY)</a> Patriots</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freed%E2%80%93Hardeman_University" title="Freed–Hardeman University">Freed–Hardeman</a> Lions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgetown_Tigers" title="Georgetown Tigers">Georgetown Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Wilson_College" title="Lindsey Wilson College">Lindsey Wilson</a> Blue Raiders</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#383A91; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;;width:1%">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ave_Maria_Gyrenes" title="Ave Maria Gyrenes">Ave Maria Gyrenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefield_Rams" title="Bluefield Rams">Bluefield Rams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Waters_Tigers" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Waters Tigers">Edward Waters Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faulkner_University" title="Faulkner University">Faulkner</a> Eagles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Memorial_University" title="Florida Memorial University">Florida Memorial</a> Lions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Wesleyan_Wildcats" title="Indiana Wesleyan Wildcats">Indiana Wesleyan Wildcats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keiser_University" title="Keiser University">Keiser</a> Seahawks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Christian_University" title="Kentucky Christian University">Kentucky Christian</a> Knights</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Skyhawks" title="Point Skyhawks">Point</a> Skyhawks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhardt_University" title="Reinhardt University">Reinhardt</a> Eagles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Andrews_University_(North_Carolina)" title="St. Andrews University (North Carolina)">St. Andrews (NC)</a> Knights</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_University_(Florida)" title="St. Thomas University (Florida)">St. Thomas (FL)</a> Bobcats</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Fire" title="Southeastern Fire">Southeastern Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Commonwealth_University" title="Union Commonwealth University">Union Commonwealth</a> Bulldogs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Royals" title="Warner Royals">Warner Royals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webber_International_Warriors" title="Webber International Warriors">Webber International Warriors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/21px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/42px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ohio" title="Portal:Ohio">Ohio</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/42px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Wilberforce University</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wilberforce_University" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Wilberforce University">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1730032" class="extiw" title="d:Q1730032">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1730032#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1730032#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1730032#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000099207669">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/147173040">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/64775-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83130650">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007605547305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilberforce_University&oldid=1259615763">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilberforce_University&oldid=1259615763</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wilberforce_University" title="Category:Wilberforce University">Wilberforce University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historically_black_universities_and_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Historically black universities and colleges in the United States">Historically black universities and colleges in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Private_universities_and_colleges_in_Ohio" title="Category:Private universities and colleges in Ohio">Private universities and colleges in Ohio</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Universities_and_colleges_affiliated_with_the_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Category:Universities and colleges affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church">Universities and colleges affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Greene_County,_Ohio" title="Category:Education in Greene County, Ohio">Education in Greene County, Ohio</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Universities_and_colleges_established_in_1856" title="Category:Universities and colleges established in 1856">Universities and colleges established in 1856</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Greene_County,_Ohio" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Greene County, Ohio">Buildings and structures in Greene County, Ohio</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Universities_and_colleges_affiliated_with_the_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Category:Universities and colleges affiliated with the Methodist Episcopal Church">Universities and colleges affiliated with the Methodist Episcopal Church</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antebellum_educational_institutions_that_admitted_African_Americans" title="Category:Antebellum educational institutions that admitted African Americans">Antebellum educational institutions that admitted African Americans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1856_establishments_in_Ohio" title="Category:1856 establishments in Ohio">1856 establishments in Ohio</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_April_2012" title="Category:Use mdy dates from April 2012">Use mdy dates from April 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_university" title="Category:Articles using infobox university">Articles using infobox university</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 03:03<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilberforce_University&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-847495b4dd-z6fsx","wgBackendResponseTime":168,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.944","walltime":"1.188","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6618,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":210654,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":22999,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":176643,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1004.157 1 -total"," 49.18% 493.875 3 Template:Infobox"," 29.82% 299.452 1 Template:Infobox_university"," 28.61% 287.248 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.85% 179.260 1 Template:Infobox_NRHP"," 16.17% 162.365 20 Template:Cite_web"," 9.77% 98.114 5 Template:Navbox"," 9.10% 91.353 1 Template:NRISref"," 8.70% 87.408 1 Template:Colleges_and_Universities_Affiliated_With_The_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church"," 7.18% 72.049 1 Template:Subject_bar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.556","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10931775,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-74959dc8bc-xqxwc","timestamp":"20241126170958","ttl":370216,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Wilberforce University","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wilberforce_University","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1730032","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1730032","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-06-14T00:44:52Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T03:03:46Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/b\/b3\/Wilberforce_University_Seal.jpg","headline":"historically black university located in Wilberforce, Ohio, U.S."}</script> </body> </html>