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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Colonial_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>In Colonial America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Colonial_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abolitionism_during_and_after_the_Revolutionary_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolitionism_during_and_after_the_Revolutionary_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Abolitionism during and after the Revolutionary War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolitionism_during_and_after_the_Revolutionary_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Motives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Motives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Motives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Motives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_South_after_1804" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_South_after_1804"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The South after 1804</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_South_after_1804-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abolitionism's_sudden_emergence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolitionism's_sudden_emergence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Abolitionism's sudden emergence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolitionism's_sudden_emergence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garrison_and_immediate_emancipation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garrison_and_immediate_emancipation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Garrison and immediate emancipation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garrison_and_immediate_emancipation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immediate_abolition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immediate_abolition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Immediate abolition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immediate_abolition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence_against_abolitionists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence_against_abolitionists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Violence against abolitionists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence_against_abolitionists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abolitionism_at_colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolitionism_at_colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Abolitionism at colleges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolitionism_at_colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_Reserve_College" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Reserve_College"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Western Reserve College</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Reserve_College-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oneida_Institute_for_Science_and_Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oneida_Institute_for_Science_and_Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Oneida Institute for Science and Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oneida_Institute_for_Science_and_Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lane_Seminary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lane_Seminary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Lane Seminary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lane_Seminary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lane_Seminary_debates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lane_Seminary_debates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3.1</span> <span>Lane Seminary debates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lane_Seminary_debates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oberlin_Collegiate_Institute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oberlin_Collegiate_Institute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Oberlin Collegiate Institute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oberlin_Collegiate_Institute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uncle_Tom's_Cabin_and_The_Impending_Crisis_of_the_South" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uncle_Tom's_Cabin_and_The_Impending_Crisis_of_the_South"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span><i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> and <i>The Impending Crisis of the South</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uncle_Tom's_Cabin_and_The_Impending_Crisis_of_the_South-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Constitution_and_ending_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Constitution_and_ending_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The Constitution and ending slavery</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Constitution_and_ending_slavery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Constitution and ending slavery subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Constitution_and_ending_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Republican_strategy_of_using_the_Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Republican_strategy_of_using_the_Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The Republican strategy of using the Constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Republican_strategy_of_using_the_Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events_leading_to_emancipation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events_leading_to_emancipation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Events leading to emancipation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events_leading_to_emancipation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compromise_of_1850" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compromise_of_1850"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Compromise of 1850</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compromise_of_1850-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republican_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Republican Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_Brown's_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Brown's_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Brown's_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>American Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations_by_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations_by_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Variations by area</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variations_by_area-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variations by area subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variations_by_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abolition_in_the_North" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolition_in_the_North"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Abolition in the North</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolition_in_the_North-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manumission_by_Southern_owners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manumission_by_Southern_owners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Manumission by Southern owners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manumission_by_Southern_owners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Western territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abolitionist_viewpoints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolitionist_viewpoints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Abolitionist viewpoints</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Abolitionist_viewpoints-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Abolitionist viewpoints subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Abolitionist_viewpoints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion_and_morality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_morality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Religion and morality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_morality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_abolitionist_rhetoric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_abolitionist_rhetoric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Black abolitionist rhetoric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_abolitionist_rhetoric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abolitionist_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolitionist_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Abolitionist women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolitionist_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-abolitionist_viewpoints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-abolitionist_viewpoints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Anti-abolitionist viewpoints</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anti-abolitionist_viewpoints-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anti-abolitionist viewpoints subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anti-abolitionist_viewpoints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anti-abolitionism_in_the_North" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-abolitionism_in_the_North"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Anti-abolitionism in the North</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-abolitionism_in_the_North-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_pro-slavery_reaction_to_abolitionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_pro-slavery_reaction_to_abolitionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>The pro-slavery reaction to abolitionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_pro-slavery_reaction_to_abolitionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonization_and_the_founding_of_Liberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonization_and_the_founding_of_Liberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Colonization and the founding of Liberia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonization_and_the_founding_of_Liberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Abolitionism in the United States</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="الإبطالية في الولايات المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإبطالية في الولايات المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B4_%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87" title="جنبش لغو برده‌داری در ایالات متحده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنبش لغو برده‌داری در ایالات متحده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiesclavagisme_aux_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Antiesclavagisme aux États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antiesclavagisme aux États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolizionismo_negli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Abolizionismo negli Stati Uniti d'America – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Abolizionismo negli Stati Uniti d'America" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%DA%A9%DB%90_%D8%AF%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8D_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="په امریکا کې دغلامۍ پای – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="په امریکا کې دغلامۍ پای" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolicionismo_nos_Estados_Unidos" title="Abolicionismo nos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abolicionismo nos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Аболиционизм в США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аболиционизм в США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95_%D9%84%DB%95_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery" title="Category:Slavery">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shackles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/125px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/188px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/250px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Historical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Antiquity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_law#Three_classes" title="Babylonian law">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancillae" title="Ancillae">Ancillae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholop" title="Kholop">Kholop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_serfdom" title="History of serfdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">In Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_slave_trade" title="Genoese slave trade">Genoese slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Muslim world</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Slavery in al-Andalus</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">Contract of manumission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_slave_trade" title="Khazar slave trade">Khazar slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">Khivan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Concubinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_imperial_harem" title="Safavid imperial harem">Safavid imperial harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_harem" title="Qajar harem">Qajar harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cariye" title="Cariye">Cariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalisque" title="Odalisque">Odalisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-walad" title="Umm al-walad">Umm al-walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate">Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade" title="Volga Bulgarian slave trade">Volga Bulgarian slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st century</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_slave_trade" title="Bristol slave trade">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyages:_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes_slave_trade" title="Nantes slave trade">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyarring" title="Panyarring">Panyarring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Thirteen colonies</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Topics and practice</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">Corvée labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_slave" title="House slave">House slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">Slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">Slave raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_slavery" title="White slavery">White slavery</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">Galley slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">Shanghaiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar slave trade">Zanzibar slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Chad" title="Human trafficking in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Comoros" title="Slavery in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Seychelles" title="Slavery in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali slave trade">Somali slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Zanzibar" title="Slavery in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Americas">North and South America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Pre-Columbian_America" title="Slavery in Pre-Columbian America">Pre-Columbian America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec slavery">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Americas indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">U.S. Natives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery in the United States">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">prison labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_codes" title="Slave codes">Slave codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">interregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bahamas" title="Slavery in the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Slavery in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Colombia" title="Slavery in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek">Restavek</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">East, Southeast, and South Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Human trafficking in Southeast Asia">Human trafficking in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bhutan" title="Slavery in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukri_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukri System">Chukri System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Korea" title="Slavery in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwalliso" title="Kwalliso">Kwalliso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Mongol Empire">Slavery in the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Thailand" title="Slavery in Thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">Yankee princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Vietnam" title="Slavery in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Oceania">Australia and Oceania</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Australia" title="Slavery in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding_in_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave raiding in Easter Island">Slave raiding in Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea">Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding_in_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbirding in Polynesia">Blackbirding in Polynesia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe and North Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Sex trafficking in Europe</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Penal labour in the United Kingdom">Penal Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain" title="Slavery in Britain">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_slave_trade" title="Danish slave trade">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Germany in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malta" title="Slavery in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Poland" title="Slavery in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Spain" title="Slavery in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_slave_trade" title="Swedish slave trade">Sweden</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North Africa and West Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Algeria" title="Slavery in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iran" title="Slavery in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iraq" title="Slavery in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Jordan" title="Slavery in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Lebanon" title="Slavery in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Palestine" title="Slavery in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Syria" title="Slavery in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_slavery" title="Jewish views on slavery">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí Faith and slavery">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Opposition and resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">Colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">Freedom suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">Slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_slave_trade_in_Persian_gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf (page does not exist)">Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="fa:ممنوعیت تجارت برده در خلیج فارس">fa</a>]</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_common_law" title="Slavery at common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slaves" title="List of slaves">List of slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slave_owners" title="List of slave owners">owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_survivors_of_American_slavery" title="List of last survivors of American slavery">last survivors of American slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slavery-related_memorials_and_museums" title="List of slavery-related memorials and museums">List of slavery-related memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">Slave patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Route_Project" title="The Slave Route Project">Slave Route Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_in_the_United_States_involving_slavery" title="List of court cases in the United States involving slavery">court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">J.Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">40 acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_iron_bit" title="Slave iron bit">Iron bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Slavery in the colonial history of the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Antebellum period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_during_the_American_Civil_War" title="Slavery during the American Civil War">Slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">military history</a> during the Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_officeholders_during_Reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American officeholders during Reconstruction">Politicians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement (1865–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Jim Crow era (1896–1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement (1954–1968)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Aspects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American history of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_in_the_American_South" title="Black Belt in the American South">Black Belt in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_businesses" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American businesses">Business history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment of the enslaved</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Migrations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New Great Migration</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lifeways</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American cinema">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Schools</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_during_the_slave_period_in_the_United_States" title="Education during the slave period in the United States">Education during the slave period in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_of_freed_people_during_the_Civil_War" title="Education of freed people during the Civil War">Education of freed people during the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_education" title="History of African-American education">History of African-American education</a>, after the Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_fraternities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American fraternities">Fraternities</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Academic study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Celebrations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month">Black History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Economic class</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_businesses" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American businesses">African-American businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Symbols and ideas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_beauty" title="African-American beauty">African-American beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_is_beautiful" title="Black is beautiful">Black is beautiful</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pride" title="Black pride">Black pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">African-American hair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Good hair">Good hair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepping_(African-American)" title="Stepping (African-American)">Stepping</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Lift Every Voice and Sing</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Institutions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Theologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Non-Christian groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">African-American Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Louisiana Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African Diaspora Religions</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Center_for_Political_and_Economic_Studies" title="Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies">Joint Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Caucus_of_State_Legislators" title="National Black Caucus of State Legislators">National Black Caucus of State Legislators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Black_Mayors" title="National Conference of Black Mayors">National Conference of Black Mayors</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Ideologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_liberalism" title="Black liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_patriotism" title="African-American patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Civic/economic groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African<br />American Life and History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conductors" title="Black conductors">Black conductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransAfrica" title="TransAfrica">TransAfrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">UNCF</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Sports</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Athletic associations and conferences</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBCU_Athletic_Conference" title="HBCU Athletic Conference">HBCU (HBCUAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Sub-communities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Multiethnic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Puerto_Ricans" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Puerto Ricans">Afro-Puerto Ricans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mascogos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_Ankles" title="Brass Ankles">Brass Ankles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominickers" title="Dominickers">Dominickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen_(ethnic_group)" title="Freedmen (ethnic group)">Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carmel_Indians" title="Carmel Indians">Carmel Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbone_(ethnicity)" title="Redbone (ethnicity)">Redbone</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Specific ancestries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Americo-Liberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Merikins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Samaná Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Sexual orientation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Dialects and languages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> English dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutnese" title="Tutnese">Tutnese</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Languages and other dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Dutch">Negro Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Population</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> US states</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> US cities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">List of neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas-Fort_Worth" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Dallas-Fort Worth">Dallas-Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_the_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American historic places in the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Florida" title="List of African-American historic places in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Georgia" title="List of African-American historic places in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Mississippi" title="List of African-American historic places in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Missouri" title="List of African-American historic places in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="List of African-American historic places in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_North_Carolina" title="List of African-American historic places in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_South_Carolina" title="List of African-American historic places in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Texas" title="List of African-American historic places in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_West_Virginia" title="List of African-American historic places in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Population count</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">US states and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">US metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_African-American_populations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. cities with large African-American populations">US cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations">US communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States_with_African-American_plurality_populations" title="List of populated places in the United States with African-American plurality populations">Places by plurality of population</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Canada" title="African Americans in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Prejudice</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Racism</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Race and ethnicity in the US census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Black_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism against Black Americans">Racism against Black Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">Reparations for slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">School segregation in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unarmed_African_Americans_killed_by_law_enforcement_officers_in_the_United_States" title="List of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States">Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_African_Americans_in_media" title="Representation of African Americans in media">media depictions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">Blackface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_stereotype_of_African_Americans" title="Criminal stereotype of African Americans">Criminal stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_representation_in_Hollywood" title="African-American representation in Hollywood">Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_Negro" title="Magical Negro">Magical Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">Minstrel show</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:none;font-size:97%;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_people" title="Category:African-American people">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template talk:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolitionism</a>, the movement that sought to end <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery in the country</a>, was active from the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">colonial era</a> until the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the end of which brought about the abolition of American slavery, <a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">except as punishment for a crime</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> (ratified 1865). </p><p>The anti-slavery movement originated during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, focused on ending the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">transatlantic slave trade</a>. In Colonial America, a few German Quakers issued the <a href="/wiki/1688_Germantown_Quaker_Petition_Against_Slavery" title="1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery">1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery</a>, which marked the beginning of the American abolitionist movement. Before the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Evangelicalism in the United States">evangelical</a> colonists were the primary advocates for the opposition to <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the colonial United States">slavery</a> and the slave trade, doing so on the basis of humanitarian ethics. Still, others such as <a href="/wiki/James_Oglethorpe" title="James Oglethorpe">James Oglethorpe</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">colony of Georgia</a>, also retained political motivations for the removal of slavery. Prohibiting slavery through the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Experiment" title="Georgia Experiment">1735 Georgia Experiment</a> in part to prevent Spanish partnership with Georgia's runaway slaves, Oglethorpe eventually revoked the act in 1750 after the Spanish's defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bloody_Marsh" title="Battle of Bloody Marsh">Battle of Bloody Marsh</a> eight years prior.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Revolutionary era, all states abolished the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">international slave trade</a>, but <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> reversed its decision. Between the Revolutionary War and 1804, laws, constitutions, or court decisions in each of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a> states provided for the gradual or immediate abolition of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a> state adopted similar policies. In 1807, Congress made the <a href="/wiki/Act_Prohibiting_Importation_of_Slaves" title="Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves">importation of slaves</a> a crime, effective January 1, 1808, which was as soon as Article I, section 9 of the Constitution allowed. A small but dedicated group, under leaders such as <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>, agitated for abolition in the mid-19th century. <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> became an advocate and militia leader in attempting to end slavery by force of arms. In the Civil War, immediate emancipation became a war goal for the <a href="/wiki/Union_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union (United States)">Union</a> in 1861 and was fully achieved in 1865. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Colonial_America">In Colonial America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In Colonial America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thones_kunders_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Thones_kunders_house.jpg/170px-Thones_kunders_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Thones_kunders_house.jpg/255px-Thones_kunders_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Thones_kunders_house.jpg/340px-Thones_kunders_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="1396" /></a><figcaption>Thones Kunders's house at 5109 Germantown Avenue, where the <a href="/wiki/1688_Germantown_Quaker_Petition_Against_Slavery" title="1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery">1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery</a> was written</figcaption></figure> <p>American abolitionism began well before the United States was founded as a nation. In 1652, Rhode Island made it illegal for any person, black or white, to be "bound" longer than ten years. The law, however, was widely ignored,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Rhode Island became involved in the slave trade in 1700.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first act of resistance against an upper-class white colonial government from slaves can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Bacon%27s_Rebellion" title="Bacon's Rebellion">Bacon's Rebellion</a> in 1676. Occurring in Virginia, the rebellion saw <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_Virginia" title="Indentured servitude in Virginia">European indentured servants</a> and African people (of indentured, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">enslaved</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">free negroes</a>) band together against <a href="/wiki/William_Berkeley_(governor)" title="William Berkeley (governor)">William Berkeley</a> because of his refusal to fully remove Native American tribes in the region. At the time, Native Americans in the region were hosting raids against lower-class settlers encroaching on their land after the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Powhatan_Wars" title="Anglo-Powhatan Wars">Third Powhatan War</a> (1644–1646), which left many white and black indentured servants and slaves without a sense of protection from their government.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Led by <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Bacon_(Virginia_colonist)" title="Nathaniel Bacon (Virginia colonist)">Nathaniel Bacon</a>, the unification that occurred between the white lower class and blacks during this rebellion was perceived as dangerous and thus was quashed with the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Slave_Codes_of_1705" title="Virginia Slave Codes of 1705">Virginia Slave Codes of 1705</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, this event introduced the premise that blacks and whites could work together towards the goal of self-liberation, which became increasingly prevalent as abolition gained traction within America.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SamuelSewall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SamuelSewall.jpg/170px-SamuelSewall.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SamuelSewall.jpg/255px-SamuelSewall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SamuelSewall.jpg/340px-SamuelSewall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1208" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sewall" title="Samuel Sewall">Samuel Sewall</a> (1652–1730), judge who wrote <i>The Selling of Joseph</i> (1700) which denounced the spread of slavery in the American colonies</figcaption></figure> <p>The first statement against slavery in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial America</a> was written in 1688 by the <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Religious Society of Friends</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lederer_p._2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lederer_p._2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 February 1688, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Daniel_Pastorius" title="Francis Daniel Pastorius">Francis Daniel Pastorius</a>, the brothers <a href="/wiki/Derick_op_den_Graeff" title="Derick op den Graeff">Derick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_op_den_Graeff" title="Abraham op den Graeff">Abraham op den Graeff</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerrit_Hendricksz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerrit Hendricksz (page does not exist)">Gerrit Hendricksz</a> of <a href="/wiki/Germantown_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Germantown Township, Pennsylvania">Germantown, Pennsylvania</a>, drafted the <a href="/wiki/1688_Germantown_Quaker_Petition_Against_Slavery" title="1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery">1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery</a>, a two-page condemnation of slavery, and sent it to the governing bodies of their Quaker church. The intention of the document was to stop slavery within the Quaker community, where 70% of Quakers owned slaves between 1681 and 1705.<sup id="cite_ref-Lederer_p._2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lederer_p._2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It acknowledged the universal rights of all people.<sup id="cite_ref-Lederer_p._2_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lederer_p._2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Quaker establishment did not take action at that time, the unusually early, clear, and forceful argument in the 1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery initiated the spirit that finally led to the end of slavery in the Society of Friends (1776) and in the Commonwealth of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (1780). The <a href="/wiki/Chester_Friends_Meetinghouse" title="Chester Friends Meetinghouse">Quaker Quarterly Meeting</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chester,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester, Pennsylvania">Chester, Pennsylvania</a>, made its first protest in 1711. Within a few decades the entire slave trade was under attack, being opposed by such Quaker leaders as William Burling, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lay" title="Benjamin Lay">Benjamin Lay</a>, Ralph Sandiford, William Southby, <a href="/wiki/John_Woolman" title="John Woolman">John Woolman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Benezet" title="Anthony Benezet">Anthony Benezet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benezet was particularly influential, inspiring a later generation of notable anti-slavery activists, including <a href="/wiki/Granville_Sharp" title="Granville Sharp">Granville Sharp</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clarkson" title="Thomas Clarkson">Thomas Clarkson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano" title="Olaudah Equiano">Olaudah Equiano</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Benjamin Rush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Absalom_Jones" title="Absalom Jones">Absalom Jones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Richard_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop Richard Allen">Bishop Richard Allen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among others.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sewall" title="Samuel Sewall">Samuel Sewall</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a prominent Bostonian, wrote <i>The Selling of Joseph</i> (1700)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in protest of the widening practice of outright slavery as opposed to indentured servitude in the colonies. This is the earliest-recorded anti-slavery tract published in the future United States.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Experiment" title="Georgia Experiment">Slavery was banned</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">colony of Georgia</a> soon after its founding in 1733. The colony's founder, <a href="/wiki/James_Edward_Oglethorpe" class="mw-redirect" title="James Edward Oglethorpe">James Edward Oglethorpe</a>, fended off repeated attempts by South Carolina merchants and land speculators to introduce slavery into the colony. His motivations included tactical defense against Spanish collusion with runaway slaves, and prevention of Georgia's largely reformed criminal population from replicating South Carolina's <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planter class</a> structure. In 1739, he wrote to the <a href="/wiki/Trustees_for_the_Establishment_of_the_Colony_of_Georgia_in_America" title="Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America">Georgia Trustees</a> urging them to hold firm:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If we allow slaves we act against the very principles by which we associated together, which was to relieve the distresses. Whereas, now we should occasion the misery of thousands in Africa, by setting men upon using arts to buy and bring into perpetual slavery the poor people who now live there free.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/James_Edward_Oglethorpe" class="mw-redirect" title="James Edward Oglethorpe">James Edward Oglethorpe</a>, 1739<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_p._128_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson_p._128-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote><p> In 1737, Quaker abolitionist <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lay" title="Benjamin Lay">Benjamin Lay</a> published <i>All Slave-Keepers That Keep the Innocent in Bondage: Apostates</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i> which was printed by his friend, Benjamin Franklin.<sup id="cite_ref-Lepore_2008_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lepore_2008-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, during the 1738 <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Yearly_Meeting" title="Philadelphia Yearly Meeting">Philadelphia Yearly Meeting</a> in <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_New_Jersey" title="Burlington, New Jersey">Burlington, New Jersey</a>, Lay gave a lecture against slavery while dressed as a soldier, after which he plunged a sword into a bible containing a bladder of fake blood (<a href="/wiki/Phytolacca_americana" title="Phytolacca americana">pokeberry</a> juice) that splattered those nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>On September 9, 1739, a literate slave named Jemmy led a rebellion against South Carolina slaveholders in an event referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Stono_Rebellion" title="Stono Rebellion">Stono Rebellion</a> (also known as Cato's Conspiracy and Cato's Rebellion.) The runaway slaves involved in the revolt intended to reach Spanish-controlled Florida to attain freedom, but their plans were thwarted by white colonists in Charlestown, South Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event resulted in 25 colonists and 35 to 50 African slaves killed, as well as the implementation of the 1740 Negro Act to prevent another slave uprising. In her book, "The Slave's Cause" by Manisha Sinha, Sinha considers the Stono Rebellion to be an important act of abolition from the perspective of the slave, recognizing their agency and subsequent humanity as cause for self-liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Slave revolts following the Stono Rebellion were a present mode of abolition undertaken by slaves and were an indicator of black agency that brewed beneath the surface of the abolitionist movement for decades and eventually sprouted later on through figures such as Frederick Douglass, an escaped black freeman who was a popular orator and essayist for the abolitionist cause.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Kent,_Old_Burying_Ground,_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Benjamin_Kent%2C_Old_Burying_Ground%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia.jpg/220px-Benjamin_Kent%2C_Old_Burying_Ground%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Benjamin_Kent%2C_Old_Burying_Ground%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia.jpg/330px-Benjamin_Kent%2C_Old_Burying_Ground%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Benjamin_Kent%2C_Old_Burying_Ground%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia.jpg/440px-Benjamin_Kent%2C_Old_Burying_Ground%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Grave of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Kent" title="Benjamin Kent">Benjamin Kent</a>, lawyer who freed a slave in America (1766)</figcaption></figure> <p>The struggle between Georgia and South Carolina led to the first debates in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a> over the issue of slavery, occurring between 1740 and 1742.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_p._128_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson_p._128-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> Quakers, associated with <a href="/wiki/Moses_Brown" title="Moses Brown">Moses Brown</a>, were among the first in America to free slaves. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Benjamin Rush</a> was another leader, as were many Quakers. John Woolman gave up most of his business in 1756 to devote himself to campaigning against slavery along with other Quakers.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1764 and 1774, seventeen enslaved African Americans appeared before the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court#Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay_in_New_England" title="Massachusetts General Court">Massachusetts courts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">freedom suits</a>, spurred on the decision made in the <i><a href="/wiki/Somerset_v._Stewart" class="mw-redirect" title="Somerset v. Stewart">Somerset v. Stewart</a></i> case, which although not applying the colonies was still received positively by American abolitionists.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boston lawyer <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Kent" title="Benjamin Kent">Benjamin Kent</a> <a href="/wiki/Advocate" title="Advocate">represented</a> them.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1766, Kent won a case (<i>Slew v. Whipple</i>) to liberate <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Slew" title="Jenny Slew">Jenny Slew</a>, a mixed-race woman who had been kidnapped in Massachusetts and then handled as a slave.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/Steven_Pincus" title="Steven Pincus">Steven Pincus</a>, many of the colonial legislatures worked to enact laws that would limit slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Provincial legislature of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts Bay</a>, as noted by historian <a href="/wiki/Gary_B._Nash" title="Gary B. Nash">Gary B. Nash</a>, approved a law "prohibiting the importation and purchase of slaves by any Massachusetts citizen." The <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalist</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Massachusetts" title="List of colonial governors of Massachusetts">governor of Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)" title="Thomas Hutchinson (governor)">Thomas Hutchinson</a>, vetoed the law, an action that prompted angered reaction from the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American abolitionists were cheered by the decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Somerset_v_Stewart" title="Somerset v Stewart">Somerset v Stewart</a></i> (1772), which prohibited slavery in the United Kingdom, though not in its colonies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1774, the influential <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Resolves" title="Fairfax Resolves">Fairfax Resolves</a> called for an end to the "wicked, cruel and unnatural" <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abolitionism_during_and_after_the_Revolutionary_War">Abolitionism during and after the Revolutionary War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Abolitionism during and after the Revolutionary War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg/170px-Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg/255px-Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg/340px-Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2562" data-file-height="3451" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>'s 1775 article "African Slavery in America" was one of the first to advocate abolishing slavery and freeing slaves.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the first articles advocating the emancipation of slaves and the abolition of slavery was written by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>. Titled "African Slavery in America", it appeared on 8 March 1775 in the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pennsylvania_Journal" title="The Pennsylvania Journal">Postscript to the Pennsylvania Journal and Weekly Advertiser</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Abolition_Society" title="Pennsylvania Abolition Society">Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage</a> (Pennsylvania Abolition Society) was the first American abolition society, formed 14 April 1775, in Philadelphia, primarily by Quakers. The society suspended operations during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> and was reorganized in 1784, with <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> as its first president.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1777, independent <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, not yet a state, became the first polity in North America to prohibit slavery: slaves were not directly freed, but masters were required to remove slaves from Vermont.<sup id="cite_ref-redirection_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redirection-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a> included several provisions which accommodated slavery, although none used the word. Passed unanimously by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> in 1787, the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a> forbade slavery in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a>, a vast area (the future Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin) in which slavery had been legal, but population was sparse.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Slave_Free_1789-1861.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/US_Slave_Free_1789-1861.gif/250px-US_Slave_Free_1789-1861.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/US_Slave_Free_1789-1861.gif/375px-US_Slave_Free_1789-1861.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/US_Slave_Free_1789-1861.gif/500px-US_Slave_Free_1789-1861.gif 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>An animation showing when states and territories forbade or admitted slavery 1789–1861</figcaption></figure> <p>The first state to begin a gradual abolition of slavery was Pennsylvania, in 1780. All importation of slaves was prohibited, but none were freed at first, only the slaves of masters who failed to register them with the state, along with the "future children" of enslaved mothers. Those enslaved in Pennsylvania before the 1780 law went into effect were not freed until 1847.<sup id="cite_ref-redirection_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redirection-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Massachusetts took a much more radical position. In 1780, during the Revolution, Massachusetts ratified <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Massachusetts" title="Constitution of Massachusetts">its constitution</a> and included within it a clause that declared all men equal. Based upon this clause, several <a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">freedom suits</a> were filed by enslaved African Americans living in Massachusetts. In 1783, its Supreme Court, in the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_v._Nathaniel_Jennison" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth v. Nathaniel Jennison">Commonwealth v. Nathaniel Jennison</a></i>, reaffirmed the case of <i>Brom and Bett v. Ashley</i>, which held that even slaves were people who had a constitutional right to liberty. This gave freedom to slaves, effectively abolishing slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>States with a greater economic interest in slaves, such as New York and New Jersey, passed <a href="/wiki/Gradual_emancipation_(United_States)" title="Gradual emancipation (United States)">gradual emancipation</a> laws. While some of these laws were gradual, these states enacted the first abolition laws in the entire "<a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Foner,_Eric_2010_14_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner,_Eric_2010_14-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the State of New York, the enslaved population was transformed into <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured servants</a> before being granted full emancipation in 1827. In other states, abolitionist legislation provided freedom only for the children of the enslaved. In New Jersey, slavery was not fully prohibited until the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abolition_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_SVG_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Abolition_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_SVG_map.svg/250px-Abolition_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_SVG_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Abolition_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_SVG_map.svg/375px-Abolition_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_SVG_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Abolition_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_SVG_map.svg/500px-Abolition_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_SVG_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>Abolition of slavery in the various states of the US over time:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#84c6c9; color:black;"> </span> Abolition of slavery during or shortly after the American Revolution</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7be3de; color:black;"> </span> The Northwest Ordinance, 1787</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#64e5c5; color:black;"> </span> Gradual emancipation in New York (starting 1799) and New Jersey (starting 1804)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7ab377; color:black;"> </span> The Missouri Compromise, 1821</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5f9b4a; color:black;"> </span> Effective abolition of slavery by Mexican or joint US/British authority</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#97cf2d; color:black;"> </span> Abolition of slavery by Congressional action, 1861</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c7dd47; color:black;"> </span> Abolition of slavery by Congressional action, 1862ff.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffe86d; color:black;"> </span> Emancipation Proclamation as originally issued, 1 Jan 1863</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f1c84e; color:black;"> </span> Subsequent operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d39c59; color:black;"> </span> Abolition of slavery by state action during the Civil War</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f7b360; color:black;"> </span> Operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1864</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f6a89a; color:black;"> </span> Operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1865</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d3595f; color:black;"> </span> Thirteenth Amendment to the US constitution, 18 Dec 1865</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#bca4b1; color:black;"> </span> Territory incorporated into the US after the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment</div></figcaption></figure> <p>All of the other states north of <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> began gradual abolition of slavery between 1781 and 1804, based on the Pennsylvania model and by 1804, all the Northern states had passed laws to gradually or immediately abolish it.<sup id="cite_ref-Cogliano2003_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogliano2003-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some slaves continued in involuntary, unpaid "indentured servitude" for two more decades, and others were moved south and sold to new owners in <a href="/wiki/Slave_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave states">slave states</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some individual slaveholders, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper South">upper South</a>, freed slaves, sometimes in their wills. Many noted they had been moved by the revolutionary ideals of the equality of men. The number of free blacks as a proportion of the black population in the upper South increased from less than 1 percent to nearly 10 percent between 1790 and 1810 as a result of these actions. Some slave owners, concerned about the increase in free blacks, which they viewed as destabilizing, freed slaves on condition that they <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">emigrate to Africa</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>All U.S. states abolished the transatlantic slave trade by 1798. <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, which had abolished the slave trade in 1787, reversed that decision in 1803. In the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">American South</a>, freedom suits were rejected by the courts, which held that the rights in the state constitutions did not apply to <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The formation of Christian denominations that heralded abolitionism as a moral issue occurred, such as the organization of <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(United_States)" title="Wesleyan Methodist Church (United States)">Wesleyan Methodist Connection</a> by <a href="/wiki/Orange_Scott" title="Orange Scott">Orange Scott</a> in 1843, and the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a> by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Titus_Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Titus Roberts">Benjamin Titus Roberts</a> in 1860 (which is reflected in the name of Church).<sup id="cite_ref-SatterfieldCope2018_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SatterfieldCope2018-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AbzugMaizlish1986_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AbzugMaizlish1986-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>True Wesleyan</i> a periodical founded by <a href="/wiki/Orange_Scott" title="Orange Scott">Orange Scott</a> and Jotham Horton was used to disseminate abolitionist views.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Methodist and Quaker branches of Christianity played an integral part in the formulation of abolitionist ideology in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Philipson2010_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philipson2010-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> prohibited the <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Transatlantic slave trade">transatlantic slave trade</a> in 1808, prohibited the slave trade in the District of Columbia in 1850, outlawed <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Slavery in the District of Columbia">slavery in the District of Columbia</a> in 1862, and, with the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, made slavery unconstitutional altogether, except as punishment for a crime, in 1865. This was a direct result of the <a href="/wiki/Union_(Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union (Civil War)">Union</a> victory in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">central issue of the war</a> was slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motives">Motives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Motives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">James M. McPherson</a> in 1964 defined an abolitionist "as one who before the Civil War had agitated for the immediate, unconditional and total abolition of slavery in the United States". He notes that many historians have used a broader definition without his emphasis on immediacy. Thus he does not include opponents of slavery such as <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> or the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>; they called for the immediate end to expansion of slavery before 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The religious component of American abolitionism was great. It began with the <a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Quakers in the American Revolution">Quakers</a>, then moved to the other Protestants with the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> of the early 19th century. Many leaders were ministers. Saying slavery was sinful made its evil easy to understand, and tended to arouse fervor for the cause. The debate about slavery was often based on what the Bible said or did not say about it. <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a>, who had studied the Bible for the ministry, proclaimed that he was "an instrument of God". </p><p>As such, abolitionism in the United States was identified by historians as an expression of <a href="/wiki/Moralism" title="Moralism">moralism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Robins2004_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robins2004-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it often operated in tandem with another social reform effort, the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance movement</a>. Slavery was also attacked, to a lesser degree, as harmful on economic grounds. Evidence was that the South, with many enslaved African Americans on <a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">plantations</a>, was definitely poorer than the North, which had few. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_South_after_1804">The South after 1804</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The South after 1804"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The institution remained solid in the South, and that region's customs and social beliefs evolved into a strident defense of slavery in response to the rise of a growing anti-slavery stance in the North. In 1835 alone, abolitionists mailed over a million pieces of anti-slavery literature to the South, giving rise to the <a href="/wiki/Gag_rule" title="Gag rule">gag rules</a> in Congress, after the theft of mail from the <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, post office, and much back-and-forth about whether postmasters were required to deliver this mail.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Postmaster_General" title="Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a>, they were not.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the Constitution, the importation of enslaved persons could not be prohibited until 1808 (20 years). As the end of the 20 years approached, an <a href="/wiki/Act_Prohibiting_Importation_of_Slaves" title="Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves">Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves</a> sailed through Congress with little opposition. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">President Jefferson</a> signed it, and it went effect on January 1, 1808. </p><p>In 1820, the <a href="/wiki/Act_to_Protect_the_Commerce_of_the_United_States_and_Punish_the_Crime_of_Piracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Act to Protect the Commerce of the United States and Punish the Crime of Piracy">Act to Protect the Commerce of the United States and Punish the Crime of Piracy</a> was passed. This law made importing slaves into the United States a <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">death penalty offense</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> continued this prohibition with the sentence of death and prohibited the import of slaves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abolitionism's_sudden_emergence"><span id="Abolitionism.27s_sudden_emergence"></span>Abolitionism's sudden emergence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Abolitionism's sudden emergence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In 1830, most Americans were, at least in principle, opposed to slavery. However, opponents of slavery deliberated on how to end the institution, as well as what would become of the slaves once they were free. As put in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philanthropist_(Cincinnati,_Ohio)" title="The Philanthropist (Cincinnati, Ohio)">The Philanthropist</a>:</i><sup id="cite_ref-Tremain_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tremain-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 59">: 59 </span></sup></p><blockquote><p>"If the chain of slavery can be broken,<span class="nowrap"> </span>... we may cherish the hope<span class="nowrap"> </span>... that proper means will be devised for the disposal of the blacks, and that this foul and unnatural crime of holding men in bondage will finally be rooted out from our land."</p></blockquote><p>In the 1830s there was a progressive shift in thinking in the North. Mainstream opinion changed from gradual emancipation and <a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">resettlement</a> of freed blacks in Africa, sometimes a condition of their <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumission</a>, to immediatism: freeing all the slaves immediately and sorting out the problems later. This change was in many cases sudden, a consequence of the individual's coming in direct contact with the horrors of American slavery, or hearing of them from a credible source. As it was put by <a href="/wiki/Amos_Adams_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Amos Adams Lawrence">Amos Adams Lawrence</a>, who witnessed the capture and return to slavery of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Burns" title="Anthony Burns">Anthony Burns</a>, "we went to bed one night old-fashioned, conservative, Compromise Union <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whigs</a> and waked up stark mad Abolitionists."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Garrison_and_immediate_emancipation">Garrison and immediate emancipation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Garrison and immediate emancipation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_garrison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/William_garrison.jpg/170px-William_garrison.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/William_garrison.jpg/255px-William_garrison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/William_garrison.jpg/340px-William_garrison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="1551" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wm._Lloyd_Garrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. Lloyd Garrison">Wm. Lloyd Garrison</a> (1805–1879), publisher of the abolitionist newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(anti-slavery_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Liberator (anti-slavery newspaper)">The Liberator</a></i> and one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">American Anti-Slavery Society</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The American beginning of abolitionism as a political movement is usually dated from 1 January 1831, when <a href="/wiki/Wm._Lloyd_Garrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. Lloyd Garrison">Wm. Lloyd Garrison</a> (as he always signed himself) published the first issue of his new weekly newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(newspaper)" title="The Liberator (newspaper)">The Liberator</a></i> (1831), which appeared without interruption until slavery in the United States was abolished in 1865, when it closed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immediate_abolition">Immediate abolition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Immediate abolition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_reorganize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/40px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/60px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/80px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">layout guidelines</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit">editing the article</a> to make improvements to the overall structure.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Abolitionists included those who joined the <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">American Anti-Slavery Society</a> or its auxiliary groups in the 1830s and 1840s, as the movement fragmented.<sup id="cite_ref-JBStewart_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBStewart-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 78">: 78 </span></sup> The fragmented anti-slavery movement included groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(1840s)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Party (1840s)">Liberty Party</a>; the <a href="/wiki/American_and_Foreign_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society">American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society</a>; the <a href="/wiki/American_Missionary_Association" title="American Missionary Association">American Missionary Association</a>; and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_Anti-Slavery_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church Anti-Slavery Society (page does not exist)">Church Anti-Slavery Society</a>. Historians traditionally distinguish between moderate anti-slavery reformers or gradualists, who concentrated on stopping the spread of slavery, and radical abolitionists or immediatists, whose demands for unconditional emancipation often merged with a concern for Black civil rights. However, James Stewart advocates a more nuanced understanding of the relationship of abolition and anti-slavery prior to the Civil War: </p> <blockquote><p>While instructive, the distinction [between anti-slavery and abolition] can also be misleading, especially in assessing abolitionism's political impact. For one thing, slaveholders never bothered with such fine points. Many immediate abolitionists showed no less concern than did other white Northerners about the fate of the nation's "precious legacies of freedom". Immediatism became most difficult to distinguish from broader anti-Southern opinions once ordinary citizens began articulating these intertwining beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-JBStewart_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBStewart-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 78">: 78 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Nearly all Northern politicians, such as <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, rejected the "immediate emancipation" called for by the abolitionists, seeing it as "extreme". Indeed, many Northern leaders, including Lincoln, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Douglas" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Douglas">Stephen Douglas</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee in 1860), <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee in 1856), and <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> married into slave-owning Southern families without any moral qualms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Anti-slavery as a principle was far more than just the wish to prevent the expansion of slavery.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After 1840, abolitionists rejected this because it let sin continue to exist; they demanded that slavery end everywhere, immediately and completely. <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> was the only abolitionist to have actually planned a violent insurrection, though <a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">David Walker</a> promoted the idea. The abolitionist movement was strengthened by the activities of free African Americans, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a>, who argued that the old Biblical justifications for slavery contradicted the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. </p><p>African-American activists and their writings were rarely heard outside the Black community. However, they were tremendously influential on a few sympathetic white people, most prominently the first white activist to reach prominence, <a href="/wiki/Wm._Lloyd_Garrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. Lloyd Garrison">Wm. Lloyd Garrison</a>, who was its most effective propagandist. Garrison's efforts to recruit eloquent spokesmen led to the discovery of ex-slave <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>, who eventually became a prominent activist in his own right. Eventually, Douglass would publish his own widely distributed abolitionist newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/North_Star_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Star (newspaper)">North Star</a></i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LysanderSpooner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/LysanderSpooner.jpg/170px-LysanderSpooner.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/LysanderSpooner.jpg/255px-LysanderSpooner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/LysanderSpooner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a> (1808–1887), an <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist anarchist">individualist anarchist</a> who wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Unconstitutionality_of_Slavery" title="The Unconstitutionality of Slavery">The Unconstitutionality of Slavery</a></i> (1845)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 1850s, the American abolitionist movement split into two camps over the question of whether the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> did or did not protect slavery. This issue arose in the late 1840s after the publication of <i>The Unconstitutionality of Slavery</i> by <a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a>. The Garrisonians, led by Garrison and <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Phillips" title="Wendell Phillips">Wendell Phillips</a>, publicly burned copies of the Constitution, called it a pact with slavery, and demanded its abolition and replacement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Another camp, led by <a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a>, and eventually Douglass, considered the Constitution to be an anti-slavery document. Using an argument based upon <a href="/wiki/Natural_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural Law">Natural Law</a> and a form of <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">social contract</a> theory, they said that slavery fell outside the Constitution's scope of legitimate authority and therefore should be abolished.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another split in the abolitionist movement was along class lines. The artisan republicanism of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dale_Owen" title="Robert Dale Owen">Robert Dale Owen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frances_Wright" title="Frances Wright">Frances Wright</a> stood in stark contrast to the politics of prominent elite abolitionists such as industrialist <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tappan" title="Arthur Tappan">Arthur Tappan</a> and his evangelist brother <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Tappan" title="Lewis Tappan">Lewis</a>. While the former pair opposed slavery on a basis of solidarity of "wage slaves" with "chattel slaves", the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whiggish</a> Tappans strongly rejected this view, opposing the characterization of Northern workers as "slaves" in any sense. (Lott, 129–130)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Brown,_The_Martyr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/John_Brown%2C_The_Martyr.jpg/170px-John_Brown%2C_The_Martyr.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/John_Brown%2C_The_Martyr.jpg/255px-John_Brown%2C_The_Martyr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/John_Brown%2C_The_Martyr.jpg/340px-John_Brown%2C_The_Martyr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Idealized portrait of <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> being adored by an enslaved mother and child as he walks to his execution</figcaption></figure> <p>Many American abolitionists took an active role in opposing slavery by supporting the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was made illegal by the federal <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Law_of_1850" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive Slave Law of 1850">Fugitive Slave Law of 1850</a>, arguably the most hated and most openly evaded federal legislation in the nation's history. Nevertheless, participants like <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Crummell" title="Alexander Crummell">Alexander Crummell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amos_No%C3%AB_Freeman" title="Amos Noë Freeman">Amos Noë Freeman</a>, and others continued with their work. Abolitionists were particularly active in <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, where some worked directly in the Underground Railroad. Since only the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> separated free Ohio from slave Kentucky, it was a popular destination for fugitive slaves. Supporters helped them there, in many cases to cross <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a> by boat, into Canada. The <a href="/wiki/Western_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Reserve">Western Reserve</a> area of northeast Ohio was "probably the most intensely antislavery section of the country."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Oberlin-Wellington_Rescue" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberlin-Wellington Rescue">Oberlin-Wellington Rescue</a> got national publicity. Abolitionist <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> grew up in <a href="/wiki/Hudson,_Ohio" title="Hudson, Ohio">Hudson, Ohio</a>. In the South, members of the abolitionist movement or other people opposing <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> were often targets of lynch mob violence before the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous known abolitionists lived, worked, and worshipped in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Brooklyn" title="Downtown Brooklyn">downtown Brooklyn</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a>, who auctioned slaves into freedom from the pulpit of Plymouth Church, to Nathaniel Eggleston, a leader of the <a href="/wiki/American_and_Foreign_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society">American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who also preached at the Bridge Street <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a>, and lived on Duffield Street. His fellow Duffield Street residents Thomas and Harriet Truesdell were leading members of the abolitionist movement. Mr. Truesdell was a founding member of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Providence_Anti-slavery_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Providence Anti-slavery Society (page does not exist)">Providence Anti-slavery Society</a> before moving to Brooklyn in 1838. Harriet Truesdell was also very active in the movement, organizing an anti-slavery convention in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hall_(Philadelphia)" title="Pennsylvania Hall (Philadelphia)">Pennsylvania Hall (Philadelphia)</a>. Another prominent Brooklyn-based abolitionist was Rev. <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Leavitt" title="Joshua Leavitt">Joshua Leavitt</a>, trained as a lawyer at Yale, who stopped practicing law in order to attend <a href="/wiki/Yale_Divinity_School" title="Yale Divinity School">Yale Divinity School</a>, and subsequently edited the abolitionist newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/The_Emancipator_(newspaper)" title="The Emancipator (newspaper)">The Emancipator</a></i> and campaigned against slavery, as well as advocating other social reforms. In 1841, Leavitt published <i>The Financial Power of Slavery</i>, which argued that the South was draining the national economy due to its reliance on enslaved workers. In 2007, Duffield Street was given the name <a href="/wiki/Abolitionist_Place" title="Abolitionist Place">Abolitionist Place</a>, and the Truesdells' home at 227 Duffield received landmark status in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Violence_against_abolitionists">Violence against abolitionists</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Violence against abolitionists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lovejoyat1837AltonIllinoisRiot.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lovejoyat1837AltonIllinoisRiot.JPG/220px-Lovejoyat1837AltonIllinoisRiot.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lovejoyat1837AltonIllinoisRiot.JPG/330px-Lovejoyat1837AltonIllinoisRiot.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lovejoyat1837AltonIllinoisRiot.JPG/440px-Lovejoyat1837AltonIllinoisRiot.JPG 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of the proslavery riot in <a href="/wiki/Alton,_Illinois" title="Alton, Illinois">Alton, Illinois</a> on 7 November 1837, which resulted in the murder of abolitionist <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Abolitionists nationwide were outraged by the murder of white abolitionist and journalist <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a> by a proslavery mob in <a href="/wiki/Alton,_Illinois" title="Alton, Illinois">Alton, Illinois</a> on 7 November 1837. Six months later, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hall_(Philadelphia)" title="Pennsylvania Hall (Philadelphia)">Pennsylvania Hall</a>, an abolitionist venue in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, was burnt to the ground by another proslavery mob on May 17, 1838. Both events contributed to the growing American debate over slavery and marked an increase in violence against abolitionists in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dresser" title="Amos Dresser">Amos Dresser</a>, a participant in the <a href="/wiki/Lane_Debates" class="mw-redirect" title="Lane Debates">Lane Debates</a>, was publicly whipped in Nashville. A gallows with a note from "Judge <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynch</a>" was erected in front of Garrison's office. He, along with the Tappans, was hung in effigy in Charleston, S.C. Southern post offices burned rather than delivered abolitionist publications, in which they were supported by the national Post Office. President Andrew Jackson called the abolitiinists' tracts "unconstitutional and wicked."<sup id="cite_ref-Perry_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 106–107">: 106–107 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abolitionism_at_colleges">Abolitionism at colleges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Abolitionism at colleges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Reserve_College">Western Reserve College</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Western Reserve College"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both Garrison's newspaper <i>The Liberator</i> and his book <i>Thoughts on African Colonization</i> (1832) arrived shortly after publication at <a href="/wiki/Western_Reserve_College_and_Preparatory_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Reserve College and Preparatory School">Western Reserve College</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Hudson,_Ohio" title="Hudson, Ohio">Hudson, Ohio</a>, which was briefly the center of abolitionist discourse in the United States. (<a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> grew up in Hudson.) The readers, including college president <a href="/wiki/Charles_Backus_Storrs" title="Charles Backus Storrs">Charles Backus Storrs</a>, found Garrison's arguments and evidence convincing. Abolition versus colonization rapidly became the primary issue on the campus, to the point that Storrs complained in writing that nothing else was being discussed.<sup id="cite_ref-Axe_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axe-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> </p><p>The college's chaplain and theology professor <a href="/wiki/Beriah_Green" title="Beriah Green">Beriah Green</a> said that "his <i>Thoughts</i> and his paper (<i>The Liberator</i>) are worthy of the eye and the heart of every American."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup> Green delivered in the college chapel in November and December 1832 four sermons supporting immediate abolition of slavery. These so offended the college's trustees, more conservative than either the students or the faculty, that Green resigned, expecting that he would be fired. <a href="/wiki/Elizur_Wright" title="Elizur Wright">Elizur Wright</a>, another professor, resigned soon afterwards and became the first secretary of the <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">American Anti-Slavery Society</a>, of which Green was the first president. Storrs contracted tuberculosis, took a <a href="/wiki/Leave_of_absence" title="Leave of absence">leave of absence</a>, and died within six months.<sup id="cite_ref-Axe_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axe-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> This left the school with only one of its four professors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oneida_Institute_for_Science_and_Industry">Oneida Institute for Science and Industry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Oneida Institute for Science and Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Green was soon hired as the new president of the <a href="/wiki/Oneida_Institute" title="Oneida Institute">Oneida Institute</a>. Under the previous president, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Gale" title="George Washington Gale">George Washington Gale</a>, there had been a mass walkout of students; among the issues was Gale's lack of support for abolition. </p><p>He accepted the position on conditions that 1) he be allowed to preach "immediatism", immediate emancipation, and 2) that African-American students be admitted on the same terms as white students. These were accepted, and we know the names of <a href="/wiki/Oneida_Institute#African-American_students" title="Oneida Institute">16 Blacks who studied there</a>. <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> students, of whom <a href="/wiki/Oneida_Institute#Native_American_students" title="Oneida Institute">we know the names of two</a>, were openly accepted as well. </p><p>Under Green, Oneida became "a hotbed of anti-slavery activity."<sup id="cite_ref-Axe_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axe-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup> It was "abolitionist to the core, more so than any other American college."<sup id="cite_ref-Axe_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axe-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 46">: 46 </span></sup> For Presbyterian minister and Bible professor Green, slavery was not just an evil but a sin, and abolitionism was what Christ's principles mandated. Under him a cadre of abolitionists was trained, who then carried the abolitionist message, via lectures and sermons, throughout the North. Many future well-known black leaders and abolitionists were students at Oneida while Green was president. These include William Forten (son of <a href="/wiki/James_Forten" title="James Forten">James Forten</a>), <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Crummell" title="Alexander Crummell">Alexander Crummell</a>, Rev. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a> and Rev. <a href="/wiki/Amos_No%C3%AB_Freeman" title="Amos Noë Freeman">Amos Noë Freeman</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lane_Seminary">Lane Seminary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lane Seminary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lane_Seminary" title="Lane Seminary">Lane Seminary</a></div> <p>The Oneida Institute did not have an incident, like that of Western Reserve, which brought national attention to it. Its successor, <a href="/wiki/Lane_Seminary" title="Lane Seminary">Lane Seminary</a>, in Cincinnati, did. </p><p>"Lane was Oneida moved west."<sup id="cite_ref-Fletcher_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fletcher-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55">: 55 </span></sup> Leading the exodus from Oneida was a former Oneida student, and private student of Gale before that, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dwight_Weld" title="Theodore Dwight Weld">Theodore Dwight Weld</a>. He greatly impressed the philanthropist brothers and abolitionists <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tappan" title="Arthur Tappan">Arthur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Tappan" title="Lewis Tappan">Lewis Tappan</a>. They hired him to report on the movement nationally,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and specifically to find a new location for their funding, since Oneida, a <a href="/wiki/Manual_labor_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Manual labor school">manual labor school</a>, was a disappointment, according to Weld and his student followers. (The manual labor school movement had students work about 3 hours a day on farms or in small factories or plants, such as Oneida's printing shop, and was intended to provide needy students with funds for their education – a form of <a href="/wiki/Federal_Work-Study_Program" title="Federal Work-Study Program">work-study</a> – while at the same time providing them the newly recognized physical and psychological (spiritual) benefits of exercise). </p><p>At the same time that Weld was scouting a location for a new school, the barely-functioning <a href="/wiki/Lane_Seminary" title="Lane Seminary">Lane Seminary</a> was looking for students. Based on Weld's recommendation, the Tappans started giving Lane the financial support they had previously given Oneida. Weld, though on paper enrolled as a student at Lane, was <i>de facto</i> its head, choosing, through his recommendations to the Tappans, the president (<a href="/wiki/Lyman_Beecher" title="Lyman Beecher">Lyman Beecher</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grandison_Finney" title="Charles Grandison Finney">Charles Grandison Finney</a>, who became later the second president of Oberlin, turned it down), and telling the trustees whom to hire.<sup id="cite_ref-Fletcher_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fletcher-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54">: 54 </span></sup> </p><p>The group of students led by Weld constituted the first student movement in the history of the country. He left Oneida, and they did. He chose Lane, and they followed him there. When he soon left Lane for another new, struggling institution, <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_Collegiate_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberlin Collegiate Institute">Oberlin</a>, they did so too, as a group. </p><p>Students, many of whom considered him the real leader of Lane,<sup id="cite_ref-Lesick_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lesick-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 77">: 77 </span></sup> responded to Weld's announcement of the new school in Cincinnati. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[Y]oung men gathered in Cincinnati "as from the hives of the north". Most of them were from western New York. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Brewster_Stanton" title="Henry Brewster Stanton">H. B. Stanton</a> and a few others from Rochester floated down the Ohio from Pittsburgh on a raft. More than a score came from Oneida Institute. Even more arrived from Utica and Auburn, Finney's converts all. From Tennessee came Weld's disciple, <a href="/wiki/Marius_Robinson" title="Marius Robinson">Marius Robinson</a>, and across the Ohio from Kentucky came James Thome, scion of a wealthy planting family. Up from Alabama journeyed two others of Weld's disciples, the sons of the Rev. Dr. Allan. From Virginia came young Hedges; and from Missouri, Andrew, of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">the famous family of Benton</a>. From the South came another, <a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a>, a Negro who had bought his freedom from slavery with the earnings of his own hands. Most of these students were mature; only eleven were less than twenty-one years old; twelve of them had been agents for the national benevolent societies, and six were married men with families. The theological class was the largest that had ever gathered in America, and its members were deeply conscious of their importance.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 46">: 46 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Lane ended up with about 100 students, the most of any seminary in America. </p><p>One of Weld's key contentions (and of Puritan abolition sentiment in general) was that slavery was inherently anti-family. While <a href="/wiki/Slave_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave marriage">slave marriage</a> was illegal, it happened frequently. Slave owners expected their slaves to have many children to replace their numbers; Virginia and Maryland "exported" slaves to the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a> –?they were an asset like cattle – after Congress had banned the importation of slaves in 1808. Since slaves were property they were frequently bought and sold, ripping apart families. In his 1839 book <i><a href="/wiki/American_Slavery_As_It_Is" title="American Slavery As It Is">American Slavery As It Is</a></i>, Weld showed just how brutal the slave trade was towards families. To the very family-focused Puritans, this was one of the greatest crimes of slavery. Weld's descriptions of families destroyed would later serve as the basis for scenes in <i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i>, including Uncle Tom's being sold and separated from the children.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Lane_Seminary_debates">Lane Seminary debates</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lane Seminary debates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No sooner had this disparate group of former Oneida students and others arrived at Lane, under the leadership of Weld, than they formed an anti-slavery society. They then proceeded to hold <a href="/wiki/Lane_Debates_on_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lane Debates on Slavery">a well-publicized series of debates</a> on abolition versus African colonization, lasting 18 evenings, and decided that abolition was a much better solution to slavery. In fact no real debate took place, since no one appeared to defend colonization.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>These "debates", which were well publicized, alarmed Lane's president <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Beecher" title="Lyman Beecher">Lyman Beecher</a> and the school's trustees. Adding to their alarm were the classes the students were holding in the Black community, teaching Blacks to read. Fearing violence, since Cincinnati was strongly anti-abolitionist (see <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_riots_of_1829" title="Cincinnati riots of 1829">Cincinnati riots of 1829</a>), they immediately prohibited any future such "off-the-topic" discussions and activities. The students, again led by Weld, felt that abolitionism was so important – it was their responsibility as Christians to promote it – and they resigned <i>en masse</i>, joined by <a href="/wiki/Asa_Mahan" title="Asa Mahan">Asa Mahan</a>, a trustee who supported the students. With support from the Tappans, they briefly tried to establish a new seminary, but as this did not prove a practical solution they accepted a proposal that they move as a group to the new <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_Collegiate_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberlin Collegiate Institute">Oberlin Collegiate Institute</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oberlin_Collegiate_Institute">Oberlin Collegiate Institute</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Oberlin Collegiate Institute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to its students' anti-slavery position, Oberlin soon became one of the most liberal colleges and accepted African-American students. Along with Garrison, Northcutt and Collins were proponents of immediate abolition. <a href="/wiki/Abby_Kelley_Foster" title="Abby Kelley Foster">Abby Kelley Foster</a> became an "ultra abolitionist" and a follower of William Lloyd Garrison. She led <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a> into the anti-slavery cause. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Douglass_as_a_younger_man.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Frederick_Douglass_as_a_younger_man.jpg/180px-Frederick_Douglass_as_a_younger_man.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Frederick_Douglass_as_a_younger_man.jpg/270px-Frederick_Douglass_as_a_younger_man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Frederick_Douglass_as_a_younger_man.jpg/360px-Frederick_Douglass_as_a_younger_man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1739" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> (1818–1895), a former slave whose memoirs, <i><a href="/wiki/Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Frederick_Douglass,_an_American_Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave">Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave</a></i> (1845) and <i><a href="/wiki/My_Bondage_and_My_Freedom" title="My Bondage and My Freedom">My Bondage and My Freedom</a></i> (1855), became bestsellers, which aided the cause of abolition</figcaption></figure> <p>After 1840, "abolition" usually referred to positions similar to Garrison's. It was largely an ideological movement led by about 3,000 people, including free blacks and <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a>, many of whom, such as <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Purvis" title="Robert Purvis">Robert Purvis</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Forten" title="James Forten">James Forten</a> in Philadelphia, played prominent leadership roles. Douglass became legally free during a two-year stay in England, as British supporters raised funds to purchase his freedom from his American owner Thomas Auld, and also helped fund his abolitionist newspapers in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abolitionism had a strong religious base including Quakers, and people converted by the revivalist fervor of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Finney" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Finney">Charles Finney</a> in the North, in the 1830s. Belief in abolition contributed to the formation of Christian denominations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Evangelicalism in the United States">Evangelical</a> abolitionists founded some colleges, most notably <a href="/wiki/Bates_College" title="Bates College">Bates College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>. The movement attracted such figures as Yale president <a href="/wiki/Noah_Porter" title="Noah Porter">Noah Porter</a> and Harvard president <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hill_(clergyman)" title="Thomas Hill (clergyman)">Thomas Hill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sketch_of_abolitionist_Charles_Turner_Torrey_(1813-1846).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ce/Sketch_of_abolitionist_Charles_Turner_Torrey_%281813-1846%29.jpg/180px-Sketch_of_abolitionist_Charles_Turner_Torrey_%281813-1846%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ce/Sketch_of_abolitionist_Charles_Turner_Torrey_%281813-1846%29.jpg/270px-Sketch_of_abolitionist_Charles_Turner_Torrey_%281813-1846%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ce/Sketch_of_abolitionist_Charles_Turner_Torrey_%281813-1846%29.jpg/360px-Sketch_of_abolitionist_Charles_Turner_Torrey_%281813-1846%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5438" data-file-height="6656" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Turner_Torrey" title="Charles Turner Torrey">Charles Turner Torrey</a>, c. 1840, from <i>Memoir of Rev. Charles T. Torrey</i>, Joseph P. Lovejoy, ed. (Boston: John P. Jewett & Co.), 1847</figcaption></figure> <p>In the North, most opponents of slavery supported other modernizing reform movements such as the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Temperance movement in the United States">temperance movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (government funded)">public schooling</a>, and prison- and asylum-building. They were split on the issue of women's activism and their political role, and this contributed to a major rift in the Society. In 1839, brothers <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tappan" title="Arthur Tappan">Arthur Tappan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Tappan" title="Lewis Tappan">Lewis Tappan</a> left the Society and formed the <a href="/wiki/American_and_Foreign_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society">American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society</a>, which did not admit women. Other members of the Society, including <a href="/wiki/Charles_Turner_Torrey" title="Charles Turner Torrey">Charles Turner Torrey</a>, Amos Phelps, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Stanton">Henry Stanton</a>, and Alanson St. Clair, in addition to disagreeing with Garrison on the women's issue, urged taking a much more activist approach to abolitionism and consequently challenged Garrison's leadership at the Society's annual meeting in January 1839. When the challenge was beaten back,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they left and founded the New Organization, which adopted a more activist approach to freeing slaves. Soon after, in 1840, they formed the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(1840s)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Party (1840s)">Liberty Party</a>, which had as its sole platform the abolition of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1840, Garrison himself announced the formation of a third new organization, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friends_of_Universal_Reform&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friends of Universal Reform (page does not exist)">Friends of Universal Reform</a>, with sponsors and founding members including prominent reformers <a href="/wiki/Maria_Weston_Chapman" title="Maria Weston Chapman">Maria Chapman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abby_Kelley" class="mw-redirect" title="Abby Kelley">Abby Kelley Foster</a>, Oliver Johnson, and <a href="/wiki/Bronson_Alcott" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronson Alcott">Bronson Alcott</a> (father of <a href="/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott" title="Louisa May Alcott">Louisa May Alcott</a>). </p><p>Abolitionists such as <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a> repeatedly condemned slavery for contradicting the principles of freedom and equality on which the country was founded. In 1854, Garrison wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>I am a believer in that portion of the Declaration of American Independence in which it is set forth, as among self-evident truths, "that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." Hence, I am an abolitionist. Hence, I cannot but regard oppression in every form – and most of all, that which turns a man into a thing – with indignation and abhorrence. Not to cherish these feelings would be recreancy to principle. They who desire me to be dumb on the subject of slavery, unless I will open my mouth in its defense, ask me to give the lie to my professions, to degrade my manhood, and to stain my soul. I will not be a liar, a poltroon, or a hypocrite, to accommodate any party, to gratify any sect, to escape any odium or peril, to save any interest, to preserve any institution, or to promote any object. Convince me that one man may rightfully make another man his slave, and I will no longer subscribe to the Declaration of Independence. Convince me that liberty is not the inalienable birthright of every human being, of whatever complexion or clime, and I will give that instrument to the consuming fire. I do not know how to espouse freedom and slavery together.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uncle_Tom's_Cabin_and_The_Impending_Crisis_of_the_South"><span id="Uncle_Tom.27s_Cabin_and_The_Impending_Crisis_of_the_South"></span><i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> and <i>The Impending Crisis of the South</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Uncle Tom's Cabin and The Impending Crisis of the South"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg/180px-UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg/270px-UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg/360px-UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="2012" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> inflamed public opinion in the North and Europe against the personified evils of slavery</figcaption></figure> <p>The most influential abolitionist publication was <i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1852), the best-selling novel<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a>, who had attended the anti-slavery debates at Lane, of which her father, <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Beecher" title="Lyman Beecher">Lyman Beecher</a>, was the president. Outraged by the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Law_of_1850" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive Slave Law of 1850">Fugitive Slave Law of 1850</a> (which made the escape narrative part of everyday news), Stowe emphasized the horrors that abolitionists had long claimed about slavery. Her depiction of the evil slave owner Simon Legree, a transplanted Yankee who kills the Christ-like Uncle Tom, outraged the North, helped sway British public opinion against the South, and inflamed Southern slave owners who tried to refute it by showing that some slave owners were humanitarian.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although incredibly influential to the abolitionist struggle, it also proved the largely white preference that abolition still carried during this time period, as a white woman's retelling of American slavery became more influential during this time than several black abolitionist newspaper's depictions of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It inspired numerous <a href="/wiki/Anti-Tom_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Tom novel">anti-Tom, pro-slavery novels</a>, several written and published by women. </p><p>According to a book reviewer, "Next to <i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1852), <a href="/wiki/Hinton_Helper" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinton Helper">Hinton Helper</a>'s critique of slavery and the Southern class system, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Impending_Crisis_of_the_South" title="The Impending Crisis of the South">The Impending Crisis of the South</a></i> (1857), was arguably the most important antislavery book of the 1850s."<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian <a href="/wiki/George_M._Fredrickson" title="George M. Fredrickson">George M. Fredrickson</a>, "it would not be difficult to make a case for <i>The Impending Crisis</i> as the most important single book, in terms of its political impact, that has ever been published in the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Helper was a Southerner and a virulent racist, but he was nevertheless an abolitionist, because, as he argued in <i>The Impending Crisis of the South</i>, slavery hurt the economic prospects of non-slaveholders and was an impediment to the growth of the entire region of the South. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Constitution_and_ending_slavery">The Constitution and ending slavery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The Constitution and ending slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Republican_strategy_of_using_the_Constitution">The Republican strategy of using the Constitution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The Republican strategy of using the Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Slavery and the United States Constitution">Slavery and the United States Constitution</a></div> <p>Two diametrically opposed anti-slavery positions emerged regarding the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Slavery and the United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>. The Garrisonians emphasized that the document permitted and protected slavery and was therefore "an agreement with hell" that had to be rejected in favor of immediate emancipation. The mainstream anti-slavery position adopted by the new Republican party argued that the Constitution could and should be used to eventually end slavery. They assumed that the Constitution gave the government no authority to abolish slavery directly. However, there were multiple tactics available to support the long-term strategy of using the Constitution as a battering ram against the peculiar institution. First Congress could block the admission of any new slave states. That would steadily move the balance of power in Congress and the Electoral College in favor of freedom. Congress could <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Compensated_Emancipation_Act" title="District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act">abolish slavery in the District of Columbia</a> and the territories. Congress could use the <a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce Clause</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to end the interstate slave trade, thereby crippling the steady movement of slavery from the southeast to the southwest. Congress could recognize free blacks as full citizens and insist on due process rights to protect fugitive slaves from being captured and returned to bondage. Finally, the government could use patronage powers to promote the anti-slavery cause across the country, especially in the border states. Pro-slavery elements considered the Republican strategy to be much more dangerous to their cause than radical abolitionism. Lincoln's election was met by secession. Indeed, the Republican strategy mapped the "crooked path to abolition" that prevailed during the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Events_leading_to_emancipation">Events leading to emancipation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Events leading to emancipation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1850s, the slave trade remained legal in all 16 states of the <a href="/wiki/American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="American South">American South</a>. While slavery was fading away in the cities and border states, it remained strong in plantation areas that grew cash crops such as cotton, sugar, rice, tobacco or hemp. By the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 United States Census">1860 United States Census</a>, the slave population in the United States had grown to four million.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American abolitionism, after <a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner" title="Nat Turner">Nat Turner</a>'s revolt ended its discussion in the South, was based in the North, and white Southerners alleged it fostered slave rebellion. </p><p>The white abolitionist movement in the North was led by social reformers, especially <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">American Anti-Slavery Society</a>, and writers such as <a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a>. Black activists included former slaves such as <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>, and free blacks such as the brothers <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Langston" title="Charles Henry Langston">Charles Henry Langston</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Mercer_Langston" title="John Mercer Langston">John Mercer Langston</a>, who helped to found the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="Ohio Anti-Slavery Society">Ohio Anti-Slavery Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some abolitionists said that slavery was criminal and a sin; they also criticized slave owners for using black women as <a href="/wiki/Concubines" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubines">concubines</a> and taking sexual advantage of them.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Compromise_of_1850">Compromise of 1850</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Compromise of 1850"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></div> <p>The Compromise of 1850 attempted to resolve issues surrounding slavery caused by the War with Mexico and the admission to the Union of the slave <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a> was proposed by "The Great Compromiser" <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>; support was coordinated by Senator <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a>. Through the compromise, California was admitted as a free state after its state convention unanimously opposed slavery there, Texas was financially compensated for the loss of its territories northwest of the modern state borders, and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a> (not slavery) <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Slavery in the District of Columbia">was abolished in the District of Columbia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive Slave Law">Fugitive Slave Law</a> was a concession to the South. Abolitionists were outraged, because the new law required Northerners to help in the capture and return of runaway slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Republican_Party">Republican Party</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Republican Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Republican Party">History of the United States Republican Party</a></div> <p>In 1854, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a>, which opened those territories to slavery if the local residents voted that way. The anti-slavery gains made in previous compromises were reversed. A firestorm of outrage brought together former <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whigs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Know-Nothings" class="mw-redirect" title="Know-Nothings">Know-Nothings</a>, and former <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Soil">Free Soil</a> Democrats to form a new party in 1854–56, the Republican Party. It included a program of rapid modernization involving the government promotion of industry, railroads, banks, free homesteads, and colleges, all to the annoyance of the South. The new party denounced the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a> – that is the political power of the slave owners who supposedly controlled the national government for their own benefit and to the disadvantage of the ordinary white man.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Republicans wanted to achieve the gradual extinction of slavery by market forces, because its members believed that free labor was superior to slave labor. Southern leaders said the Republican policy of blocking the expansion of slavery into the West made them second-class citizens, and challenged their autonomy. With the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 presidential victory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, seven Deep South states whose economy was based on cotton and slavery decided to secede and form a new nation. The <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> broke out in April 1861 with the firing on Fort Sumter in South Carolina. When Lincoln called for troops to suppress the rebellion, four more slave states seceded. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1856-Republican-party-Fremont-isms-caricature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/1856-Republican-party-Fremont-isms-caricature.jpg/250px-1856-Republican-party-Fremont-isms-caricature.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/1856-Republican-party-Fremont-isms-caricature.jpg/375px-1856-Republican-party-Fremont-isms-caricature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/1856-Republican-party-Fremont-isms-caricature.jpg/500px-1856-Republican-party-Fremont-isms-caricature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1109" /></a><figcaption>This Democratic editorial cartoon links Republican candidate John Frémont (far right) to <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">free love</a>, Catholicism, and abolition.</figcaption></figure> <p>The crisis in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas Territory</a> and the neighboring slave state of Missouri turned bloody during what was known as the <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a> crisis of the 1850s. Proslavery <i><a href="/wiki/Border_ruffian" title="Border ruffian">border ruffians</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bushwhacker" title="Bushwhacker">Bushwhackers</a></i> fought antislavery "<a href="/wiki/Free-Stater_(Kansas)" title="Free-Stater (Kansas)">free-staters</a>" and <i><a href="/wiki/Jayhawker" title="Jayhawker">Jayhawkers</a></i>. Paramilitary <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> became widespread in the area, as a prelude to the Civil War. The violence would spread to many other places, including the <a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Senate Chamber</a> of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Capitol" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Capitol">U.S. Capitol</a> where a Southern Democrat <a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">attacked a Northern Republican with a cane</a> as his political allies watched. </p><p>Explorer, army veteran, and abolitionist <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> ran as the first Republican nominee for president in 1856. The new party crusaded on the slogan: "Free soil, free silver, free men, Frémont and victory!" Although he lost, the party showed a strong base. It dominated in Yankee areas of New England, New York and the northern Midwest, and had a strong presence in the rest of the North. It had almost no support in the South, where it was roundly denounced in 1856–60 as a divisive force that threatened civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newly-formed Republican Party gained quite a standing in <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_elections" title="1856 United States elections">the 1856 to 1857 election cycle</a> in the U.S. House and Senate, cementing its status as the primary party for abolitionists and northerners for some time. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MichiganAbolitionistflag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/MichiganAbolitionistflag.png/220px-MichiganAbolitionistflag.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/MichiganAbolitionistflag.png/330px-MichiganAbolitionistflag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/MichiganAbolitionistflag.png/440px-MichiganAbolitionistflag.png 2x" data-file-width="4107" data-file-height="2721" /></a><figcaption>Flag flown by Abolitionist in <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> c1861, the star pattern represents the Big Dipper bowl and North Star<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Without using the term "<a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a>", the new Party in the mid-1850s proposed a system of containing slavery once it gained control of the national government. Historian <a href="/wiki/James_Oakes_(historian)" title="James Oakes (historian)">James Oakes</a> explains the strategy: </p> <blockquote><p>The federal government would surround the south with free states, free territories, and free waters, building what they called a "cordon of freedom" around slavery, hemming it in until the system's own internal weaknesses forced the slave states one by one to abandon slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Militant abolitionists demanded <i>immediate</i> emancipation, not a slow-acting containment. Some rejected the new party, and in turn its leaders reassured voters they were not trying to abolish slavery in the U.S. altogether, which was politically impossible, and were just working against its spread. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="John_Brown's_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry"><span id="John_Brown.27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry"></span>John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._John_Brown" title="Virginia v. John Brown">Virginia v. John Brown</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_brown_abo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/John_brown_abo.jpg/170px-John_brown_abo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/John_brown_abo.jpg/255px-John_brown_abo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/John_brown_abo.jpg/340px-John_brown_abo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="1348" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> (1800–1859), abolitionist who advocated armed rebellion by slaves. He slaughtered pro-slavery settlers in Kansas and in 1859 was hanged by the state of Virginia for leading an unsuccessful slave insurrection at Harpers Ferry.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broadside_protesting_John_Brown%27s_execution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Broadside_protesting_John_Brown%27s_execution.jpg/170px-Broadside_protesting_John_Brown%27s_execution.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Broadside_protesting_John_Brown%27s_execution.jpg/255px-Broadside_protesting_John_Brown%27s_execution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Broadside_protesting_John_Brown%27s_execution.jpg/340px-Broadside_protesting_John_Brown%27s_execution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Bells rung in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna,_Ohio" title="Ravenna, Ohio">Ravenna, Ohio</a>, at the hour of John Brown's execution.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> has been called "the most controversial of all 19th-century Americans".<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Brown was hanged after his attempt to start a slave rebellion in 1859, church bells rang across the North, there was a 100-gun salute in <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>, large memorial meetings took place throughout the North, and famous writers such as <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> joined other Northerners in praising Brown.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas Garrison was a pacifist, Brown believed violence was unfortunately necessary to end slavery. </p><p>The raid, though unsuccessful in the short term, may have helped Lincoln get elected and moved the Southern states to secede, leading to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>. Some historians regard Brown as a crazed lunatic, while David S. Reynolds hails him as the man who "killed slavery, sparked the civil war, and seeded civil rights".<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">His raid in October 1859</a> involved a band of 22 men who seized the Federal <a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_Armory" title="Harpers Ferry Armory">armory</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Ferry,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper's Ferry, Virginia">Harper's Ferry, Virginia</a> (since 1863, <a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a>), knowing it contained tens of thousands of weapons. Brown believed the South was on the verge of a gigantic slave uprising and that one spark would set it off.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Brown's supporters <a href="/wiki/George_Luther_Stearns" title="George Luther Stearns">George Luther Stearns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_B._Sanborn" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin B. Sanborn">Franklin B. Sanborn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wentworth_Higginson" title="Thomas Wentworth Higginson">Thomas Wentworth Higginson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Parker" title="Theodore Parker">Theodore Parker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gridley_Howe" title="Samuel Gridley Howe">Samuel Gridley Howe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a> were all abolitionists, members of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Secret_Six" title="Secret Six">Secret Six</a> who provided financial backing for Brown's raid. Brown's raid, says historian David Potter, "was meant to be of vast magnitude and to produce a revolutionary slave uprising throughout the South".<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The raid did not go as expected. Brown hoped to have quickly a small army of runaway slaves, but made no provision to inform these potential runaways, although he got a little local support. Lt. Colonel <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a> of the U.S. Army was dispatched to put down the raid, and Brown was quickly captured. He was tried for treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia, murder, and inciting a slave revolt, was found guilty of all charges, and was hanged. At his trial, Brown exuded a remarkable zeal and single-mindedness that played directly to Southerners' worst fears. Under Virginia law there was a month between the sentencing and the hanging, and in those weeks Brown spoke gladly with reporters and anyone else who wanted to see him, and wrote many letters. Few individuals did more to cause secession than John Brown, because Southerners believed he was right about an impending slave revolt. The day of his execution, Brown prophesied, "the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood. I had as I now think vainly flattered myself that without very much bloodshed it might be done."<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: American Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scourged_back_by_McPherson_%26_Oliver,_1863,_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scourged_back_by_McPherson_%26_Oliver%2C_1863%2C_retouched.jpg/170px-Scourged_back_by_McPherson_%26_Oliver%2C_1863%2C_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scourged_back_by_McPherson_%26_Oliver%2C_1863%2C_retouched.jpg/255px-Scourged_back_by_McPherson_%26_Oliver%2C_1863%2C_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scourged_back_by_McPherson_%26_Oliver%2C_1863%2C_retouched.jpg/340px-Scourged_back_by_McPherson_%26_Oliver%2C_1863%2C_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="2020" /></a><figcaption>This photo of <a href="/wiki/Gordon_(slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon (slave)">Gordon</a> was widely distributed by abolitionists.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilson_Chinn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Wilson_Chinn.jpg/170px-Wilson_Chinn.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Wilson_Chinn.jpg/255px-Wilson_Chinn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Wilson_Chinn.jpg/340px-Wilson_Chinn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Chinn" title="Wilson Chinn">Wilson Chinn</a>, a branded slave from Louisiana--became one of the most widely circulated photos of the abolitionist movement during the American Civil War</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> began with the stated goal of preserving the Union, and Lincoln said repeatedly that on the topic of slavery, he was only opposed to its spread to the Western territories. This view of the war progressively changed, one step at a time, as public sentiment evolved, until by 1865 the war was seen in the North as primarily concerned with ending slavery. The first federal act taken against slavery during the war occurred on 16 April 1862, when Lincoln signed the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Compensated_Emancipation_Act" title="District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act">District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act</a>, which abolished <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Slavery in the District of Columbia">slavery in Washington, D.C.</a> A few months later, on June 19, Congress banned slavery in all federal territories, fulfilling Lincoln's 1860 campaign promise.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the Union suddenly found itself dealing with a steady stream of thousands of escaped slaves, achieving freedom, or so they hoped, by crossing Union lines. In response, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Acts" title="Confiscation Acts">Confiscation Acts</a>, which essentially declared escaped slaves from the South to be confiscated war property, and thus did not have to be returned to their Confederate owners. Although the initial act did not mention emancipation, the <a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Second Confiscation Act</a>, enacted on 17 July 1862, stated that escaped or liberated slaves belonging to anyone who participated in or supported the rebellion "shall be deemed captives of war, and shall be forever free of their servitude, and not again held as slaves." Pro-Union forces gained control of the <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">border states</a> of Maryland, Missouri, and West Virginia; all three states would abolish slavery before the end of the war. Lincoln issued the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a>, effective 1 January 1863, which declared only those slaves in Confederate states to be free. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops" title="United States Colored Troops">United States Colored Troops</a> began operations in 1863. The <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act of 1850</a> was repealed in June 1864. Eventually support for abolition was enough to pass the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a>, ratified in December 1865, which abolished slavery everywhere in the United States, freeing more than 50,000 people still enslaved in Kentucky and Delaware, in 1865 the only states in which slavery still existed.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Thirteenth Amendment also abolished slavery among the Native American tribes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations_by_area">Variations by area</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Variations by area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abolition_in_the_North">Abolition in the North</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Abolition in the North"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Anti-abolitionism_in_the_North">§ Anti-abolitionism in the North</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Jay_(Gilbert_Stuart_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/John_Jay_%28Gilbert_Stuart_portrait%29.jpg/170px-John_Jay_%28Gilbert_Stuart_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/John_Jay_%28Gilbert_Stuart_portrait%29.jpg/255px-John_Jay_%28Gilbert_Stuart_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/John_Jay_%28Gilbert_Stuart_portrait%29.jpg/340px-John_Jay_%28Gilbert_Stuart_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2322" data-file-height="3004" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> (1745–1829), a founder of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Manumission_Society" title="New York Manumission Society">New York Manumission Society</a> in 1785</figcaption></figure> <p>The abolitionist movement began about the time of the United States' independence. <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> played a big role. The first abolition organization was the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Abolition_Society" title="Pennsylvania Abolition Society">Pennsylvania Abolition Society</a>, which first met in 1775; <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> was its president.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Manumission_Society" title="New York Manumission Society">New York Manumission Society</a> was founded in 1785 by powerful politicians: <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a>. </p><p>There is quite a bit of confusion about when slavery was abolished in the Northern states, because "abolishing slavery" meant different things in different states. (<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Weld" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Weld">Theodore Weld</a>, in his pamphlet opposing <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Slavery in the District of Columbia">slavery in the District of Columbia</a>, gives a detailed chronology.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) It is true that beginning with the independent <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Vermont">Republic of Vermont</a> in 1777, all states north of the Ohio River and the <a href="/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line" title="Mason–Dixon line">Mason–Dixon line</a> that separated Pennsylvania from Maryland passed laws that abolished slavery, although in some cases this did not apply to existing slaves, only their future offspring. These included the first abolition laws in the entire <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Foner,_Eric_2010_14_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner,_Eric_2010_14-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Constitution">Massachusetts Constitution</a>, adopted in 1780, declared all men to have rights, making slavery unenforceable, and it disappeared through the individual actions of both masters and slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, what the abolition forces passed in 1799 in New York State was an Act for the <i>gradual</i> abolition of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slavery in New York did not officially end until 1827, and more than 70 enslaved people in New York appeared on the 1830 decennial census. No slaves appeared in the state's 1840 census.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Jersey abolished slavery in 1804,<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in 1860 a dozen black people were still held as "perpetual apprentices".<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a> of 1787, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> prohibited slavery in the territories northwest of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Convention">Constitutional Convention</a> of 1787, slavery was the most contentious topic. Outright prohibition of slavery was impossible, because the Southern states (Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware) would never have agreed to it. The only restriction on slavery that was agreed to was to allow Congress to prohibit the importation of slaves, and even that was postponed for 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By that time, all the states except South Carolina had laws abolishing or severely limiting the importation of slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When 1808 approached, then-President Thomas Jefferson, in his 1806 annual message to Congress (<a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union</a>), proposed legislation, approved by Congress with little controversy in 1807, prohibiting the importation of slaves into the United States effective the first day the Constitution permitted, January 1, 1808. As he put it, this would "withdraw the citizens of the United States from all further participation in those violations of human rights...which the morality, the reputation, and the best of our country have long been eager to proscribe".<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, about 1,000 slaves per year continued to be illegally brought (smuggled) into the United States;<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> see <a href="/wiki/Wanderer_(slave_ship)" title="Wanderer (slave ship)">Wanderer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clotilda_(slave_ship)" title="Clotilda (slave ship)">Clotilda</a>. This was primarily via <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the United States acquired Florida from Spain in 1819, <a href="/wiki/Adams-On%C3%ADs_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adams-Onís Treaty">effective 1821</a>, in part as a slave-control measure: no imports coming in, and certainly no fugitives escaping into a refuge. </p><p>Congress declined to pass any restriction on the lucrative interstate slave trade, which expanded to replace the supply of African slaves (see <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States#Slave_trade" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States#Slave trade</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manumission_by_Southern_owners">Manumission by Southern owners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Manumission by Southern owners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 1776, <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian</a> advocates helped persuade numerous slaveholders in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper South">Upper South</a> to free their slaves. <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumissions</a> increased for nearly two decades. Many individual acts by slaveholders freed thousands of slaves. Slaveholders freed slaves in such numbers that the percentage of free black people in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper South">Upper South</a> increased from 1 to 10 percent, with most of that increase in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>. By 1810 three-quarters of blacks in Delaware were free. The most notable of men offering freedom was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Carter_III" title="Robert Carter III">Robert Carter III</a> of Virginia, who freed more than 450 people by "Deed of Gift", filed in 1791. This number was more slaves than any single American had freed before or after.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often slaveholders came to their decisions by their own struggles in the Revolution; their wills and deeds frequently cited language about the equality of men supporting the decision to set slaves free. The era's changing economy also encouraged slaveholders to release slaves. Planters were shifting from labor-intensive tobacco to mixed-crop cultivation and needed fewer slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-Peter_Kolchin_1994,_pp.78,_81_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_Kolchin_1994,_pp.78,_81-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1860, 91.7% of the blacks in Delaware and 49.7% of those in Maryland were free. Such early free families often formed the core of artisans, professionals, preachers, and teachers in future generations.<sup id="cite_ref-Peter_Kolchin_1994,_pp.78,_81_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_Kolchin_1994,_pp.78,_81-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this did not signal racial equality. Though free from slavery, blacks still faced immense discrimination. For example, Delaware affirmed and reaffirmed black disenfranchisement several times throughout the late 18th and 19th centuries. Delaware's General Assembly enacted harsh black codes throughout the 19th century that restricted travel, property ownership, expression, and socialization for African Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_territories">Western territories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Western territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julius_Rubens_Ames,_Moral_Map_of_U.S._1847_Cornell_CUL_PJM_2051_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Julius_Rubens_Ames%2C_Moral_Map_of_U.S._1847_Cornell_CUL_PJM_2051_01.jpg/170px-Julius_Rubens_Ames%2C_Moral_Map_of_U.S._1847_Cornell_CUL_PJM_2051_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Julius_Rubens_Ames%2C_Moral_Map_of_U.S._1847_Cornell_CUL_PJM_2051_01.jpg/255px-Julius_Rubens_Ames%2C_Moral_Map_of_U.S._1847_Cornell_CUL_PJM_2051_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Julius_Rubens_Ames%2C_Moral_Map_of_U.S._1847_Cornell_CUL_PJM_2051_01.jpg/340px-Julius_Rubens_Ames%2C_Moral_Map_of_U.S._1847_Cornell_CUL_PJM_2051_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3080" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>This anti-slavery map shows the slave states in black, with black-and-white shading representing the threatened spread of slavery into Texas and the western territories.</figcaption></figure> <p>During Congressional debate in 1820 on the proposed <a href="/wiki/Tallmadge_Amendment" title="Tallmadge Amendment">Tallmadge Amendment</a>, which sought to limit slavery in <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> as it became a state, <a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a> declared that "laws or compacts imposing any such condition [slavery] upon any human being are absolutely void, because contrary to the law of nature, which is the law of God, by which he makes his ways known to man, and is paramount to all human control". The amendment failed and Missouri became a slave state. According to historian <a href="/wiki/David_Brion_Davis" title="David Brion Davis">David Brion Davis</a>, this may have been the first time in the world that a political leader openly attacked slavery's perceived legality in such a radical manner. </p><p>Beginning in the 1830s, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a> refused to allow the mails to carry abolition pamphlets to the South.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northern teachers suspected of abolitionism were expelled from the South, and abolitionist literature was banned. One Northerner, <a href="/wiki/Amos_Dresser" title="Amos Dresser">Amos Dresser</a> (1812–1904), in 1835 was tried in <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>, for possessing anti-slavery publications, convicted, and as punishment was whipped publicly.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southerners rejected the denials of Republicans that they were abolitionists. They pointed to <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown's</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">attempt in 1859 to start a slave uprising</a> as proof that multiple Northern conspiracies were afoot to ignite slave rebellions. Although some abolitionists did call for slave revolts, no evidence of any other Brown-like conspiracy has been discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The North felt threatened as well, for as Eric Foner concludes, "northerners came to view slavery as the very antithesis of the good society, as well as a threat to their own fundamental values and interests".<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The famous, "fiery" abolitionist <a href="/wiki/Abby_Kelley_Foster" title="Abby Kelley Foster">Abby Kelley Foster</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, was considered an "ultra" abolitionist who believed in full civil rights for all black people. She held to the view that the freed slaves would colonize Liberia. Parts of the anti-slavery movement became known as "Abby Kellyism". She recruited <a href="/wiki/Susan_B_Anthony" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan B Anthony">Susan B Anthony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a> to the movement. <a href="/wiki/Effingham_Capron" title="Effingham Capron">Effingham Capron</a>, a cotton and textile scion, who attended the Quaker meeting where Abby Kelley Foster and her family were members, became a prominent abolitionist at the local, state, and national levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Effingham_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effingham-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local anti-slavery society at <a href="/wiki/Uxbridge,_Massachusetts" title="Uxbridge, Massachusetts">Uxbridge, Massachusetts</a>, had more than 25% of the town's population as members.<sup id="cite_ref-Effingham_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effingham-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abolitionist_viewpoints">Abolitionist viewpoints</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Abolitionist viewpoints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_and_morality">Religion and morality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Religion and morality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> of the 1820s and 1830s in religion inspired groups that undertook many types of social reform. For some that included the immediate abolition of slavery as they considered it sinful to hold slaves as well as to tolerate slavery. Opposition to slavery, for example, was one of the <a href="/wiki/Works_of_piety" title="Works of piety">works of piety</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church">Methodist Churches</a>, which were established by <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Abolitionist" had several meanings at the time. The followers of <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Phillips" title="Wendell Phillips">Wendell Phillips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>, demanded the "immediate abolition of slavery", hence the name, also called "immediatism". A more pragmatic group of abolitionists, such as <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dwight_Weld" title="Theodore Dwight Weld">Theodore Weld</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tappan" title="Arthur Tappan">Arthur Tappan</a>, wanted immediate action, but were willing to support a program of gradual emancipation, with a long intermediate stage. </p><p>"Anti-slavery men", such as <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>, did not call slavery a sin. They called it an evil feature of society as a whole. They did what they could to limit slavery and end it where possible, but were not part of any abolitionist group. For example, in 1841, John Quincy Adams represented the <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._The_Amistad" title="United States v. The Amistad">Amistad</a></i> African slaves in the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> and argued that they should be set free.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the last years before the war, "anti-slavery" could refer to the Northern majority, such as <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, who opposed expansion of slavery or its influence, as by the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> or the Fugitive Slave Act. Many Southerners called all these abolitionists, without distinguishing them from the Garrisonians. </p><p>Historian James Stewart (1976) explains the abolitionists' deep beliefs: "All people were equal in God's sight; the souls of black folks were as valuable as those of whites; for one of God's children to enslave another was a violation of the Higher Law, even if it was sanctioned by the Constitution."<sup id="cite_ref-JBStewart_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBStewart-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:69th_New_York_at_church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/69th_New_York_at_church.jpg/220px-69th_New_York_at_church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/69th_New_York_at_church.jpg/330px-69th_New_York_at_church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/69th_New_York_at_church.jpg/440px-69th_New_York_at_church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Officers and men of the <a href="/wiki/Irish-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish-Catholic">Irish-Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/69th_Infantry_Regiment_(New_York)" title="69th Infantry Regiment (New York)">69th New York Volunteer Regiment</a> attend Catholic services in 1861.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish Catholics</a> in the United States seldom challenged the role of slavery in society as it was protected at that time by the U.S. Constitution. They viewed the abolitionists as anti-Catholic and anti-Irish. Irish Catholics were generally well received by Democrats in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, most Irish Nationalists and Fenians supported the abolition of slavery. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell" title="Daniel O'Connell">Daniel O'Connell</a>, the Catholic leader of the Irish in Ireland, supported abolition in the United States. He organized a petition in Ireland with 60,000 signatures urging the Irish of the United States to support abolition. <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Mahony" title="John O'Mahony">John O'Mahony</a>, a founder of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a> was an abolitionist and served as colonel in the <a href="/wiki/69th_Infantry_Regiment_(New_York)" title="69th Infantry Regiment (New York)">69th Infantry Regiment</a> during the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Irish Catholics in the United States were recent immigrants; most were poor and very few owned slaves. They had to compete with free blacks for unskilled labor jobs. They saw abolitionism as the militant wing of evangelical anti-Catholic Protestantism.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Catholic Church in the United States had long ties<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in slaveholding Maryland and Louisiana. Despite a firm stand for the spiritual equality of black people, and the resounding condemnation of slavery by Pope Gregory XVI in his bull <i><a href="/wiki/In_supremo_apostolatus" title="In supremo apostolatus">In supremo apostolatus</a></i> issued in 1839, the American church continued in deeds, if not in public discourse, to avoid confrontation with slave-holding interests. In 1861, the Archbishop of New York wrote to Secretary of War Cameron: "That the Church is opposed to slavery ... Her doctrine on that subject is, that it is a crime to reduce men naturally free to a condition of servitude and bondage, as slaves." No American bishop supported extra-political abolition or interference with <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a> before the Civil War. </p><p>The secular Germans of the <a href="/wiki/Forty-Eighters" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty-Eighters">Forty-Eighter</a> immigration were largely anti-slavery. Prominent Forty-Eighters included <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hecker" title="Friedrich Hecker">Friedrich Hecker</a>. German <a href="/wiki/Lutherans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutherans">Lutherans</a> seldom took a position on slavery, but German <a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a> were anti-slavery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_abolitionist_rhetoric">Black abolitionist rhetoric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Black abolitionist rhetoric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historians and scholars have largely overlooked the work of black abolitionists; instead, they have focused on only a few black abolitionists, such as <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet lesser-known black abolitionists, such as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Delany" title="Martin Delany">Martin Delany</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe_Whitfield" title="James Monroe Whitfield">James Monroe Whitfield</a>, also played an undeniably large role in shaping the movement. Black abolitionists had the distinct problem of having to confront an often-hostile American public, while still acknowledging their nationality and struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-EncRhetoric_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncRhetoric-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, many black abolitionists "intentionally adopted aspects of British, New England, and Midwestern cultures".<sup id="cite_ref-EncRhetoric_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncRhetoric-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, much of abolitionist rhetoric, and black abolitionist rhetoric in particular, were influenced by the Puritan preaching heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abolitionist_women">Abolitionist women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Abolitionist women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mott_Lucretia_Painting_Kyle_1841.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mott_Lucretia_Painting_Kyle_1841.jpg/170px-Mott_Lucretia_Painting_Kyle_1841.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mott_Lucretia_Painting_Kyle_1841.jpg/255px-Mott_Lucretia_Painting_Kyle_1841.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mott_Lucretia_Painting_Kyle_1841.jpg/340px-Mott_Lucretia_Painting_Kyle_1841.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3284" data-file-height="3991" /></a><figcaption>Like many Quakers, <a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a> considered slavery an evil to be opposed.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison's</a> abolitionist newsletter <a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(anti-slavery_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Liberator (anti-slavery newspaper)">the <i>Liberator</i></a> noted in 1847, "the Anti-Slavery cause cannot stop to estimate where the greatest indebtedness lies, but whenever the account is made up there can be no doubt that the efforts and sacrifices of the women, who helped it, will hold a most honorable and conspicuous position."<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(anti-slavery_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Liberator (anti-slavery newspaper)">the <i>Liberator</i></a> states, women played a crucial role as leaders in the anti-slavery movement. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AntiSlaverySocietyMarker.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/AntiSlaverySocietyMarker.JPG/170px-AntiSlaverySocietyMarker.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/AntiSlaverySocietyMarker.JPG/255px-AntiSlaverySocietyMarker.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/AntiSlaverySocietyMarker.JPG/340px-AntiSlaverySocietyMarker.JPG 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Plaque commemorating the founding of the Female Anti-Slavery Society in Philadelphia in 1833</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Grimk%C3%A9_sisters" title="Grimké sisters">Angelina and Sarah Grimké</a> were the first female anti-slavery agents, and played a variety of roles in the abolitionist movement. Though born in the South, the Grimké sisters became disillusioned with slavery and moved North to get away from it. Perhaps because of their birthplace, the Grimké sisters' critiques carried particular weight and specificity. Angelina Grimké spoke of her thrill at seeing white men do manual labor of any kind.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their perspectives as native Southerners as well as women, brought a new important point of view to the abolitionist movement. In 1836, they moved to New York and began work for the <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">Anti-Slavery Society</a>, where they met and were impressed by <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sisters wrote many pamphlets (Angelina's "Appeal to the Christian Women of the South" was the only appeal directly to Southern women to defy slavery laws) and played leadership roles at the first <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_Convention_of_American_Women" title="Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women">Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women</a> in 1837.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Grimkés later made a notable speaking tour around the north, which culminated in Angelina's February 1838 address to a Committee of the Legislature of Massachusetts. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a> was also active in the abolitionist movement. Though well known for her <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">women's suffrage</a> advocacy, Mott also played an important role in the abolitionist movement. During four decades, she delivered sermons about abolitionism, women's rights, and a host of other issues. Mott acknowledged her <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a> beliefs' determinative role in affecting her abolitionist sentiment. She spoke of the "duty (that) was impressed upon me at the time I consecrated myself to that Gospel which anoints 'to preach deliverance to the captive, to set at liberty them that are bruised ..."<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mott's advocacy took a variety of forms: she worked with the <a href="/wiki/Free_produce_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Free produce movement">Free Produce Society</a> to boycott slave-made goods, volunteered with the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women, and helped slaves escape to free territory.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Abby_Kelley_Foster" title="Abby Kelley Foster">Abby Kelley Foster</a>, with a strong <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> heritage, helped lead <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a> into the abolition movement, and encouraged them to take on a role in political activism. She helped organize and was a key speaker at the first <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention</a>, held in <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester, Massachusetts</a>, in 1850. (The better-known <a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a>, held in 1848, was not national).<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was an "ultra" abolitionist who believed in immediate and complete civil rights for all slaves. Since 1841, however, she had resigned from the Quakers over disputes about not allowing anti-slavery speakers in meeting houses (including the Uxbridge monthly meeting where she had attended with her family), and the group disowned her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorin199419_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorin199419-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESterling1991123_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESterling1991123-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buffum_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buffum-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abby_Kelley" class="mw-redirect" title="Abby Kelley">Abby Kelley</a> became a leading speaker and the leading fundraiser for the <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-slavery_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="American Anti-slavery Society">American Anti-slavery Society</a>. Radical abolitionism became known as "Abby Kelleyism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESterling19911–3,_41–59,_230_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESterling19911–3,_41–59,_230-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorin199419–20_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorin199419–20-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other leaders in the abolitionist movement were <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Maria_Child" title="Lydia Maria Child">Lydia Maria Child</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a>. But even beyond these well-known women, abolitionism maintained impressive support from white middle-class and some black women. It was these women who performed many of the logistical, day-to-day tasks that made the movement successful. They raised money, wrote and distributed propaganda pieces, drafted and signed petitions, and lobbied the legislatures. Though abolitionism sowed the seeds of the women's rights movement, most women became involved in abolitionism because of a gendered religious worldview, and the idea that they had feminine, moral responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in the winter of 1831–1832, women sent three petitions to the Virginia legislature, advocating emancipation of the state's slave population. The only precedent for such action was <a href="/wiki/Catharine_Beecher" title="Catharine Beecher">Catharine Beecher's</a> organization of a petition protesting the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_removal" title="Cherokee removal">Cherokee removal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Virginia petitions, while the first of their kind, were by no means the last. Similar backing increased leading up to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>. </p><p>Even as women played crucial roles in abolitionism, the movement simultaneously helped stimulate women's-rights efforts. A full 10 years before the <a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grimk%C3%A9_sisters" title="Grimké sisters">Grimké sisters</a> were travelling and lecturing about their experiences with slavery. As Gerda Lerner says, the Grimkés understood their actions' great impact. "In working for the liberation of the slave," Lerner writes, "Sarah and Angelina Grimké found the key to their own liberation. And the consciousness of the significance of their actions was clearly before them. 'We Abolition Women are turning the world upside down.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women gained important experiences in public speaking and organizing that stood them in good stead going forward. The Grimké sisters' public speaking played a critical part in legitimizing women's place in the public sphere. Some Christian women created cent societies to benefit abolition movements, where many women in a church would each pledge to donate one cent a week to help abolitionist causes.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The July 1848 <a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a> grew out of a partnership between <a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a> that blossomed while the two worked, at first, on abolitionist issues. Indeed, the two met at the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Anti-Slavery_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Anti-Slavery Convention">World's Anti-Slavery Convention</a> in the summer of 1840.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mott brought oratorical skills and an impressive reputation as an abolitionist to the nascent women's rights movement. </p><p>Abolitionism brought together active women and enabled them to make political and personal connections while honing communication and organizational skills. Even <a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a>, commonly associated with abolitionism, delivered her first documented public speech at the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention#1850_in_Worcester" title="National Women's Rights Convention">1850 National Women's Rights Convention in Worcester</a>. There, she argued for women's reform activism.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-abolitionist_viewpoints">Anti-abolitionist viewpoints</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Anti-abolitionist viewpoints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-abolitionism_in_the_North">Anti-abolitionism in the North</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Anti-abolitionism in the North"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is easy to overstate the support for abolitionism in the North. "From Maine to Missouri, from the Atlantic to the Gulf, crowds gathered to hear mayors and aldermen, bankers and lawyers, ministers and priests denounce the abolitionists as amalgamationists, dupes, fanatics, foreign agents, and incendiaries."<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The whole abolitionist movement, the cadre of anti-slavery lecturers, was primarily focused on the North: convincing Northerners that slavery should be immediately abolished, and freed slaves given rights. </p><p>A majority of white Southerners, though by no means all, supported slavery; there was a growing feeling in favor of emancipation in North Carolina,<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maryland, Virginia, and Kentucky, until the panic resulting from <a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner" title="Nat Turner">Nat Turner</a>'s 1831 revolt put an end to it.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ceplair_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ceplair-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 111">: 111 </span></sup> But only a minority in the North supported abolition, seen as an extreme, "radical" measure. (See <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a>.) <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> remarked in 1854 that he had "never been able to discover any strong, pervading, over-ruling Anti Slavery sentiment in the Free States."<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Free blacks were subject in the North as well as in the South to conditions almost inconceivable today (2019).<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the picture is neither uniform nor static, in general free blacks in the North were not citizens and could neither vote nor hold public office. They could not give testimony in court and their word was never taken against a white man's word, as a result of which white crimes against blacks were rarely punished.<sup id="cite_ref-Record_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Record-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 154–155">: 154–155 </span></sup> Black children could not study in the public schools, even though Black taxpayers helped support them,<sup id="cite_ref-Report_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 154">: 154 </span></sup> and there were only a handful of schools for Black students, like the <a href="/wiki/African_Free_School" title="African Free School">African Free School</a> in New York, the <a href="/wiki/Abiel_Smith_School" title="Abiel Smith School">Abiel Smith School</a> in Boston, and the <a href="/wiki/William_J._Watkins,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="William J. Watkins, Sr.">Watkins Academy for Negro Youth</a> in Baltimore. When schools for negroes were set up in Ohio in the 1830s, the teacher of one slept in it every night "for fear whites would burn it", and at another, "a <a href="/wiki/Vigilante" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigilante">vigilance</a> committee threatened to <a href="/wiki/Tarring_and_feathering" title="Tarring and feathering">tar and feather</a> [the teacher] and ride her on a rail if she did not leave".<sup id="cite_ref-Fletcher_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fletcher-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 245–246">: 245–246 </span></sup> "Black education was a dangerous pursuit for teachers."<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most colleges would not admit blacks. (<a href="/wiki/Oberlin_Collegiate_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberlin Collegiate Institute">Oberlin Collegiate Institute</a> was the first college that survived to admit them by policy; the <a href="/wiki/Oneida_Institute" title="Oneida Institute">Oneida Institute</a> was a short-lived predecessor.) In wages, housing, access to services, and transportation, <a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">separate but equal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a> treatment would have been a great improvement. The proposal to create the country's first college for negros, in <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>, got such strong local opposition (<a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Excitement" class="mw-redirect" title="New Haven Excitement">New Haven Excitement</a>) that it was quickly abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schools in which blacks and whites studied together in <a href="/wiki/Noyes_Academy" title="Noyes Academy">Canaan, New Hampshire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Female_Boarding_School" title="Canterbury Female Boarding School">Canterbury, Connecticut</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wormley_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wormley-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were physically destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Crowd" title="Crowd">mobs</a>. </p><p>Southern actions against white abolitionists took legal channels: <a href="/wiki/Amos_Dresser" title="Amos Dresser">Amos Dresser</a> was tried, convicted, and publicly whipped in Knoxville, and <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Reuben_Crandall" title="Trial of Reuben Crandall">Reuben Crandall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prudence_Crandall" title="Prudence Crandall">Prudence Crandall</a>'s younger brother, was arrested in Washington D.C., and was found innocent, although he died soon of tuberculosis he contracted in jail. (The prosecutor was <a href="/wiki/Francis_Scott_Key" title="Francis Scott Key">Francis Scott Key</a>.) In <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a>, the mayor and alderman protected an abolitionist visitor from a mob.<sup id="cite_ref-Tomek_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomek-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burning_of_Pennsylvania_Hall.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Burning_of_Pennsylvania_Hall.png/220px-Burning_of_Pennsylvania_Hall.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Burning_of_Pennsylvania_Hall.png/330px-Burning_of_Pennsylvania_Hall.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Burning_of_Pennsylvania_Hall.png/440px-Burning_of_Pennsylvania_Hall.png 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Burning of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hall_(Philadelphia)" title="Pennsylvania Hall (Philadelphia)">Pennsylvania Hall</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society">Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society</a>. Print by <a href="/wiki/John_Caspar_Wild" title="John Caspar Wild">John Caspar Wild</a>. Note firemen spraying water on adjacent building.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the North there was far more serious violence by mobs, what the press sometimes called "mobocracy".<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1837 Rev. <a href="/wiki/Elijah_P._Lovejoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Elijah P. Lovejoy">Elijah P. Lovejoy</a>, who published an abolitionist newspaper, was killed by a mob in Illinois. Only six months later, the large, modern, and expensive new hall which the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society">Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society</a> built in Philadelphia in 1838, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hall_(Philadelphia)" title="Pennsylvania Hall (Philadelphia)">was burned by a mob three days after it opened</a>. There were other anti-abolitionist riots in <a href="/wiki/Anti-abolitionist_riots_(1834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abolitionist riots (1834)">New York (1834)</a>, Cincinnati (<a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_riots_of_1829" title="Cincinnati riots of 1829">1829</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Riots_of_1836" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati Riots of 1836">1836</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_riots_of_1841" title="Cincinnati riots of 1841">1841</a>), <a href="/wiki/Norwich,_Connecticut" title="Norwich, Connecticut">Norwich, Connecticut</a> (1834),<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Snow_Riot" title="Snow Riot">Washington, D.C. (1835)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombard_Street_riot" title="Lombard Street riot">Philadelphia (1842)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Granville,_Ohio" title="Granville, Ohio">Granville, Ohio</a> (following the Ohio State Anti-Slavery Convention, 1836),<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there was also a <a href="/wiki/Abolition_Riot_of_1836" title="Abolition Riot of 1836">pro-abolition riot</a> (more precisely a pro-<a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive slave">fugitive slave</a> riot) in Boston in 1836<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (and see <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rescue" title="Jerry Rescue">Jerry Rescue</a>). Between 1835 and 1838, anti-abolitionist violence "settled into a routine feature of public life in virtually all the major northern cities".<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Giving to blacks the same rights that whites had, as Garrison called for, was "far outside the mainstream of opinion in the 1830s."<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup> Some opposed even allowing blacks to join abolitionist organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The one time that Garrison defended Southern slave-owners was when he compared them with anti-abolitionist Northerners: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I found [in the North] contempt more bitter, opposition more active, detraction more relentless, prejudice more stubborn, and apathy more frozen, than among slave owners themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36–37">: 36–37 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williams_186-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42">: 42 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[T]he prejudice of race appears to be stronger in the States which have abolished slavery, than in those where it still exists; and nowhere is it so intolerant as In those States where servitude has never been known.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>} </p><p>Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a> stated that "The bitterness of Southern slaveholders was tempered by many considerations of kindness for servants born in their houses, or upon their estates; but the Northern slaveholder traded in men and women whom he never saw, and of whose separations, tears, and miseries he determined never to hear."<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 607">: 607 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_pro-slavery_reaction_to_abolitionism">The pro-slavery reaction to abolitionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: The pro-slavery reaction to abolitionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pro-slavery#In_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-slavery">Pro-slavery § In the United States</a></div> <p>Slave owners were angry over the attacks on what some Southerners (including the politician <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a><sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) referred to as their "<a href="/wiki/Peculiar_institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Peculiar institution">peculiar institution</a>" of slavery. Starting in the 1830s, Southerners developed a vehement and growing ideological defense of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slave owners claimed that slavery was not a necessary evil, or an evil of any sort; <a href="/wiki/Slavery_as_a_positive_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery as a positive good">slavery was a positive good</a> for masters and slaves alike, and it was explicitly sanctioned by God. Biblical arguments were made in defense of slavery by religious leaders such as the Rev. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_A._Ross&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fred A. Ross (page does not exist)">Fred A. Ross</a> and political leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southern Biblical interpretations contradicted those of the abolitionists; a popular one was that the <a href="/wiki/Curse_of_Ham" title="Curse of Ham">curse on Noah's son Ham</a> and his descendants in Africa justified enslaving blacks. Abolitionists responded, denying that either God or the Bible endorses slavery, at least as practiced in the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum South</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonization_and_the_founding_of_Liberia">Colonization and the founding of Liberia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Colonization and the founding of Liberia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HClay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/HClay.jpg/170px-HClay.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/HClay.jpg/255px-HClay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/HClay.jpg/340px-HClay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (1777–1852), one of the three founders of the <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 19th century, a variety of organizations were established that advocated relocation of black people from the United States, most prominently the <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a> (ACS), founded in 1816. The ACS enjoyed the support of prominent Southern leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>, who saw it as a convenient means of relocating free blacks, whom they perceived as a threat to their control over enslaved blacks. Starting in the 1820s, the ACS and affiliated state societies assisted a few thousand free blacks to move to the newly established colonies in West Africa that were to form the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Liberia">Republic of Liberia</a>. From 1832 onward most of the migrants were enslaved people who had been freed on the condition that they go to Liberia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many migrants died of local diseases, but enough survived for <a href="/wiki/History_of_Liberia" title="History of Liberia">Liberia to declare independence</a> in 1847. The <a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian" class="mw-redirect" title="Americo-Liberian">Americo-Liberians</a> formed a ruling elite whose treatment of the native population followed the lines of disdain for African culture they had acquired in America.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most African Americans opposed colonization, and simply wanted to be given the rights of free citizens in the United States. One notable opponent of such plans was the wealthy free black abolitionist <a href="/wiki/James_Forten" title="James Forten">James Forten</a> of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. </p><p> In 1832, prominent white abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison published his book <i>Thoughts on African Colonization</i>, in which he attacked severely the policy of sending blacks to (not "back to") Africa, and specifically the American Colonization Society. The Colonization Society, which he had previously supported, is "a creature without heart, without brains, eyeless, unnatural, hypocritical, relentless and unjust."<sup id="cite_ref-Wile_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wile-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> "Colonization", according to Garrison, was not a plan to eliminate slavery, but to protect it. As it was put by a Garrison supporter:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is no object of the Colonization Society to ameliorate the condition of the slave.... The thing is, to get them out of the way; the welfare of the negro is not consulted at all.<sup id="cite_ref-Wile_195-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wile-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13, 15">: 13, 15 </span></sup></p></blockquote><p> Garrison also pointed out that a majority of the colonists died of disease, and the number of free blacks actually resettled in the future Liberia was minute in comparison to the number of slaves in the United States. As put by the same supporter:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As a remedy for slavery, it must be placed amongst the grossest of all delusions. In fifteen years it has transported less than three thousand persons to the African coast; while the <i>increase</i> on their numbers, in the same period, is about seven hundred thousand!"<sup id="cite_ref-Wile_195-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wile-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston#Abolitionism" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Abolitionism in Boston, Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_Brazil" title="Abolitionism in Brazil">Abolitionism in Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionism in France">Abolitionism in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_New_Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="Abolitionism in New Bedford, Massachusetts">Abolitionism in New Bedford, Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">Abolitionism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Abraham Lincoln and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">George Washington and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">History of slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in the United States">History of slavery in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Redpath" title="James Redpath">James Redpath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">John Quincy Adams and abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_opponents_of_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="List of opponents of slavery">List of opponents of slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">Slavery among Native Americans in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the colonial United States">Slavery in the colonial United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Thomas Jefferson and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment of the enslaved in the United States</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Specifically, the Northern states adopted anti-slavery policies or court decisions as follows: Vermont (1777, before it had become a U.S. state);<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pennsylvania (1780);<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Massachusetts (1783);<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Hampshire (1783);<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Connecticut (1784);<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhode Island (1784);<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New York (1799);<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ohio (1802)<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (although the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a> of 1787 had already banned slavery in the lands that would later become Ohio);<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and New Jersey (1804).<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Northern states adopted anti-slavery policies or court decisions as follows: Vermont (1777, before it had become a U.S. state);<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pennsylvania (1780);<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Massachusetts (1783);<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Hampshire (1783);<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Connecticut (1784);<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhode Island (1784);<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New York (1799);<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ohio (1802)<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (although the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a> of 1787 had already banned slavery in the lands that would later become Ohio);<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto5_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and New Jersey (1804).<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">American Anti-Slavery Society</a> offered twelve of the Lane Rebels "commissions and employment". "On our way to our lecturing field, we stopped at <a href="/wiki/Putnam,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Putnam, Ohio">Putnam</a> and assisted [in April of 1835] in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="Ohio Anti-Slavery Society">Ohio Anti-Slavery Society</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Report_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[W]e gathered at <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, where, by the grace of Judge Sterling, his law office was made free to us for the purpose, and there was opened a school of abolition, where, copying documents, with hints, discussions and suggestions, we spent two weeks in earnest and most profitable drill. A chemical question arose, which related to <a href="/wiki/Tar_and_feathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tar and feathers">tar and feathers</a> and how to erase their stain. This practical question was disposed of in a single lesson. The names of those availing themselves of this course were: T. D. Weld, S[ereno] W. Streeter, Edward Weld, H. B. Stanton, H[untington] Lyman, James A. Thome, J[ohn] W. Alvord, M[arcus] R. Robinson, George Whipple and W. T. Allan.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> The American Anti-Slavery Society soon had up to 70 agents.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRinck2009" class="citation journal cs1">Rinck, Jonathan (2009). "Abolition's Indelible Image". <i>Michigan History Magazine</i>. <b>93</b> (6): 8–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+History+Magazine&rft.atitle=Abolition%27s+Indelible+Image&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=8-11&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Rinck&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacksonSpalding2008" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Harvey H.; Spalding, Phinizy (2008). "James Edward Oglethorpe, Race, and Slavery: A Reassessment". <i>Oglethorpe in Perspective: Georgia's Founder after Two Hundred Years</i>. The University of Alabama Press. pp. 66–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-8230-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-8230-8"><bdi>978-0-8173-8230-8</bdi></a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/18188">chapter 18188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=James+Edward+Oglethorpe%2C+Race%2C+and+Slavery%3A+A+Reassessment&rft.btitle=Oglethorpe+in+Perspective%3A+Georgia%27s+Founder+after+Two+Hundred+Years&rft.pages=66-79&rft.pub=The+University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-8230-8&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Harvey+H.&rft.au=Spalding%2C+Phinizy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historycentral.com/AfiricanAmerican/VermontAbolishes.html">"Vermont Abolishes Slavery"</a>. <i>www.historycentral.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historycentral.com&rft.atitle=Vermont+Abolishes+Slavery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historycentral.com%2FAfiricanAmerican%2FVermontAbolishes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwens2019" class="citation web cs1">Owens, Cassie (27 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inquirer.com/news/black-history-month-pennsylvania-gradual-abolition-slavery-indenture-emancipation-20190227.html">"Pennsylvania officially abolished slavery in 1780. But many black Pennsylvanians were in bondage long after that"</a>. <i>Inquirer.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inquirer.com&rft.atitle=Pennsylvania+officially+abolished+slavery+in+1780.+But+many+black+Pennsylvanians+were+in+bondage+long+after+that.&rft.date=2019-02-27&rft.aulast=Owens&rft.aufirst=Cassie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inquirer.com%2Fnews%2Fblack-history-month-pennsylvania-gradual-abolition-slavery-indenture-emancipation-20190227.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhearn2022" class="citation web cs1">Ahearn, Matthew (21 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.masshist.org/beehiveblog/2021/07/jennison-v-caldwell-abolition-and-the-role-of-courts-in-eighteenth-century-massachusetts/">"Jennison v. 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(2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/17/article/519250">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Battle of Weyanoke Creek': A Story of the Third Anglo-Powhatan War in Early Carolina"</a>. <i>Native South</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 170–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fnso.2013.0006">10.1353/nso.2013.0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2152-4025">2152-4025</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162245167">162245167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Native+South&rft.atitle=%27The+Battle+of+Weyanoke+Creek%27%3A+A+Story+of+the+Third+Anglo-Powhatan+War+in+Early+Carolina&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=170-195&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162245167%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2152-4025&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fnso.2013.0006&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Lars+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F17%2Farticle%2F519250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelman2002" class="citation book cs1">Finkelman, Paul (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1YI0DvuukxkC&pg=PA392"><i>Slavery & the Law</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2119-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2119-3"><bdi>978-0-7425-2119-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+%26+the+Law&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-2119-3&rft.aulast=Finkelman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1YI0DvuukxkC%26pg%3DPA392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice2014" class="citation journal cs1">Rice, James D. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44286295">"Bacon's Rebellion in Indian Country"</a>. <i>The Journal of American History</i>. <b>101</b> (3): 726–750. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjau651">10.1093/jahist/jau651</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8723">0021-8723</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44286295">44286295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Bacon%27s+Rebellion+in+Indian+Country&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=726-750&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0021-8723&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44286295%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjau651&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44286295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lederer_p._2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lederer_p._2_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lederer_p._2_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lederer_p._2_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLederer2018" class="citation book cs1">Lederer, Laura J. 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Prentice-Hall. p. 183. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210707115005/https://books.google.com/books?id=b6BTvwEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Religion+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Olmstead&rft.aufirst=Clifton+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db6BTvwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/webcast-4520">"Anthony Benezet, Father of Atlantic Abolitionism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210824052129/https://www.loc.gov/item/webcast-4520">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Anthony+Benezet%2C+Father+of+Atlantic+Abolitionism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2Fwebcast-4520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QUV98bwrqscC&pg=PA484">Sugar and Slavery</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2019" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Sean D. (2019). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'See Benezet's Account of Africa Throughout': The Genres of Equiano's Interesting Narrative and the Library Company of Philadelphia". <i>Slavery and the Making of Early American Libraries</i>. pp. 166–200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198836377.003.0005">10.1093/oso/9780198836377.003.0005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-883637-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-883637-7"><bdi>978-0-19-883637-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27See+Benezet%27s+Account+of+Africa+Throughout%27%3A+The+Genres+of+Equiano%27s+Interesting+Narrative+and+the+Library+Company+of+Philadelphia&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+the+Making+of+Early+American+Libraries&rft.pages=166-200&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198836377.003.0005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-883637-7&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Sean+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3narr1_txt.html">"PBS"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427164005/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3narr1_txt.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Faia%2Fpart3%2F3narr1_txt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lsupress.org/books/detail/complete-antislavery-writings-of-anthony-benezet-1754-1783/">"The Complete Antislavery Writings of Anthony Benezet, 1754–1783"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210824052130/https://lsupress.org/books/detail/complete-antislavery-writings-of-anthony-benezet-1754-1783/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Antislavery+Writings+of+Anthony+Benezet%2C+1754%E2%80%931783&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flsupress.org%2Fbooks%2Fdetail%2Fcomplete-antislavery-writings-of-anthony-benezet-1754-1783%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sewall's great-great-grandson, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edmund_Sewall" title="Samuel Edmund Sewall">Samuel Edmund Sewall</a>, was also an abolitionist.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSewall1700" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sewall" title="Samuel Sewall">Sewall, Samuel</a> (1700). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masshist.org/objects/2004september.cfm"><i>The Selling of Joseph: A Memorial</i></a>. Boston: Bartholomew Green and John Allen (<a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Historical_Society" title="Massachusetts Historical Society">Massachusetts Historical Society</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111204155503/http://www.masshist.org/objects/2004september.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Selling+of+Joseph%3A+A+Memorial&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Bartholomew+Green+and+John+Allen+%28Massachusetts+Historical+Society%29&rft.date=1700&rft.aulast=Sewall&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masshist.org%2Fobjects%2F2004september.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnion2015" class="citation news cs1">Onion, Rebecca (22 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/human-interest/2015/05/history-of-slavery-in-the-united-states-samuel-sewall-s-the-selling-of-joseph.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Caveat Emptor!": The First Anti-Slavery Pamphlet Published in New England"</a>. Slate. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1091-2339">1091-2339</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22Caveat+Emptor%21%22%3A+The+First+Anti-Slavery+Pamphlet+Published+in+New+England&rft.date=2015-05-22&rft.issn=1091-2339&rft.aulast=Onion&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fhuman-interest%2F2015%2F05%2Fhistory-of-slavery-in-the-united-states-samuel-sewall-s-the-selling-of-joseph.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson_p._128-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_p._128_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_p._128_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2015" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Thomas D. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uLNSBgAAQBAJ&pg=128"><i>The Oglethorpe Plan: Enlightenment Design in Savannah and Beyond</i></a>. University of Virginia Press. pp. 128–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-3711-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-3711-3"><bdi>978-0-8139-3711-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210707115034/https://books.google.com/books?id=uLNSBgAAQBAJ&pg=128">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oglethorpe+Plan%3A+Enlightenment+Design+in+Savannah+and+Beyond&rft.pages=128-133&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-3711-3&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuLNSBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3D128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/66038906/">"All slave-keepers that keep the innocent in bondage : apostates pretending to lay claim to the pure & holy Christian religion, of what congregation so ever, but especially in their ministers, by whose example the filthy leprosy and apostacy is spread far and near : it is a notorious sin which many of the true Friends of Christ and his pure truth, called Quakers, has been for many years and still are concern'd to write and bear testimony against as a practice so gross & hurtful to religion, and destructive to government beyond what words can set forth, or can be declared of by men or angels, and yet lived in by ministers and magistrates in America"</a>. <i>Library of Congress, Washington, D.C</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.atitle=All+slave-keepers+that+keep+the+innocent+in+bondage+%3A+apostates+pretending+to+lay+claim+to+the+pure+%26+holy+Christian+religion%2C+of+what+congregation+so+ever%2C+but+especially+in+their+ministers%2C+by+whose+example+the+filthy+leprosy+and+apostacy+is+spread+far+and+near+%3A+it+is+a+notorious+sin+which+many+of+the+true+Friends+of+Christ+and+his+pure+truth%2C+called+Quakers%2C+has+been+for+many+years+and+still+are+concern%27d+to+write+and+bear+testimony+against+as+a+practice+so+gross+%26+hurtful+to+religion%2C+and+destructive+to+government+beyond+what+words+can+set+forth%2C+or+can+be+declared+of+by+men+or+angels%2C+and+yet+lived+in+by+ministers+and+magistrates+in+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F66038906%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lepore_2008-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lepore_2008_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLepore2008" class="citation book cs1">Lepore, Jill (2008). <i>These Truths: A History of the United States</i>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393635249" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393635249"><bdi>978-0393635249</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=These+Truths%3A+A+History+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0393635249&rft.aulast=Lepore&rft.aufirst=Jill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rHvTAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA220">"Early Anti-Slavery Advocates"</a>. <i>The Friend</i>. <b>XXIX</b> (28). Philadelphia: 220. March 1856.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Friend&rft.atitle=Early+Anti-Slavery+Advocates&rft.volume=XXIX&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=220&rft.date=1856-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrHvTAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Jackson" title="Maurice Jackson">Jackson, Maurice</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1_b0QwpkS5MC&pg=PA49"><i>Let This Voice Be Heard: Anthony Benezet, Father of Atlantic Abolitionism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812221268" title="Special:BookSources/9780812221268"><bdi>9780812221268</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let+This+Voice+Be+Heard%3A+Anthony+Benezet%2C+Father+of+Atlantic+Abolitionism&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780812221268&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1_b0QwpkS5MC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornton2011" class="citation journal cs1">Thornton, J. K. (29 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jar446">"Cry Liberty: The Great Stono River Slave Rebellion of 1739"</a>. <i>Journal of American History</i>. <b>98</b> (3): 815–816. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjar446">10.1093/jahist/jar446</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8723">0021-8723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Cry+Liberty%3A+The+Great+Stono+River+Slave+Rebellion+of+1739&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=815-816&rft.date=2011-11-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjar446&rft.issn=0021-8723&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=J.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjar446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/9780300227116/the-slaves-cause">"The Slave's Cause"</a>. <i>Yale University Press</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yale+University+Press&rft.atitle=The+Slave%27s+Cause&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyalebooks.yale.edu%2F9780300227116%2Fthe-slaves-cause&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoddu2014" class="citation journal cs1">Goddu, Teresa A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44392735">"Anti-Slavery's Panoramic Perspective"</a>. <i>MELUS</i>. <b>39</b> (2): 12–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmelus%2Fmlu015">10.1093/melus/mlu015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0163-755X">0163-755X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44392735">44392735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MELUS&rft.atitle=Anti-Slavery%27s+Panoramic+Perspective&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=12-41&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0163-755X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44392735%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmelus%2Fmlu015&rft.aulast=Goddu&rft.aufirst=Teresa+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44392735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Woolman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6538/">"A Quaker Abolitionist Travels Through Maryland and Virginia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019172311/http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6538">Archived</a> 19 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Extract from <i>The Journal of John Woolman</i>, 1757, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1909, pp. 209–217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanck2014" class="citation book cs1">Blanck, Emily (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8e-wBAAAQBAJ"><i>p. 34</i></a>. University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820338644" title="Special:BookSources/9780820338644"><bdi>9780820338644</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190724093833/https://books.google.ca/books?id=8e-wBAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=p.+34&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780820338644&rft.aulast=Blanck&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8e-wBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsPleck2010" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Catherine; Pleck, Elizabeth H. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dlSpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA130"><i>Love of Freedom: Black Women in Colonial and Revolutionary New England</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 130, 137, 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974178-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974178-6"><bdi>978-0-19-974178-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210707115014/https://books.google.com/books?id=dlSpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA130">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+of+Freedom%3A+Black+Women+in+Colonial+and+Revolutionary+New+England&rft.pages=130%2C+137%2C+239&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-974178-6&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Pleck%2C+Elizabeth+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdlSpAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sara Kakazu, "Slew, Jenny, 1719–?" in <i>African American National Biography</i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.37874">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210707115018/https://oxfordaasc.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.001.0001/acref-9780195301731-e-37874">Archived</a> 7 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://declaration.fas.harvard.edu/blog/pincus">A Conversation with Steven Pincus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805082410/https://declaration.fas.harvard.edu/blog/pincus">Archived</a> 5 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Harvard University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-ofqWZ-b1cC&pg=PT86">The Unknown American Revolution: The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210707115039/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Unknown_American_Revolution/j-ofqWZ-b1cC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT86">Archived</a> 7 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 86–87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TkGMnE6g1qMC&pg=PA387">Black America</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210707115011/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Black_America/TkGMnE6g1qMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA387">Archived</a> 7 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "A bill was passed banning the slave trade in 1771, but Royal Governor Thomas Hutchinson vetoed it."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFonerGarraty2014" class="citation book cs1">Foner, Eric; Garraty, John A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tZeHAgAAQBAJ&q=the+influential+fairfax+resolves+called+for+the+end+of+the+slave+trade&pg=PT728"><i>The Reader's Companion to American History</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin. p. 705. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-56134-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-56134-9"><bdi>978-0-547-56134-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210707115029/https://books.google.com/books?id=tZeHAgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT728&dq=the+influential+fairfax+resolves+called+for+the+end+of+the+slave+trade&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reader%27s+Companion+to+American+History&rft.pages=705&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-547-56134-9&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Garraty%2C+John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtZeHAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Binfluential%2Bfairfax%2Bresolves%2Bcalled%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Bend%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bslave%2Btrade%26pg%3DPT728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_PaineThomas_Paul_Slaughter2001" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Paine; Thomas Paul Slaughter (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ls0x-NyF-HYC&pg=PA57"><i>Common Sense and Related Writings</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312237042" title="Special:BookSources/9780312237042"><bdi>9780312237042</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506083906/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ls0x-NyF-HYC&pg=PA57">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Common+Sense+and+Related+Writings&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780312237042&rft.au=Thomas+Paine&rft.au=Thomas+Paul+Slaughter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLs0x-NyF-HYC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2002" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Richard S. (2002). <i>The Transformation of American Abolitionism: Fighting Slavery in the Early Republic</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2671-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2671-5"><bdi>0-8078-2671-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transformation+of+American+Abolitionism%3A+Fighting+Slavery+in+the+Early+Republic&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8078-2671-5&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeymour_Stanton_Black" class="citation book cs1">Seymour Stanton Black. <i>Benjamin Franklin: Genius of Kites, Flights, and Voting Rights</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benjamin+Franklin%3A+Genius+of+Kites%2C+Flights%2C+and+Voting+Rights&rft.au=Seymour+Stanton+Black&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-redirection-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-redirection_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-redirection_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222073819/http://www.ushistory.org//presidentshouse/history/gradual.htm">"Redirection of: The President's House"</a>. <i>www.ushistory.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushistory.org/presidentshouse/history/gradual.htm">the original</a> on 22 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ushistory.org&rft.atitle=Redirection+of%3A+The+President%27s+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushistory.org%2Fpresidentshouse%2Fhistory%2Fgradual.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_P._Kaminski1995" class="citation cs2">John P. Kaminski (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t3SDQgfxsCIC"><i>A Necessary Evil?: Slavery and the Debate Over the Constitution</i></a>, Rowman & Littlefield, p. 17, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780945612339" title="Special:BookSources/9780945612339"><bdi>9780945612339</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Necessary+Evil%3F%3A+Slavery+and+the+Debate+Over+the+Constitution&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780945612339&rft.au=John+P.+Kaminski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt3SDQgfxsCIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foner,_Eric_2010_14-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foner,_Eric_2010_14_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foner,_Eric_2010_14_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner,_Eric2010" class="citation book cs1">Foner, Eric (2010). <i>The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery</i>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fiery+Trial%3A+Abraham+Lincoln+and+American+Slavery&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Foner%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Geneva. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slavery.princeton.edu/stories/legislating-slavery-in-new-jersey">"Legislating Slavery in New Jersey"</a>. <i>Princeton University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Princeton+University&rft.atitle=Legislating+Slavery+in+New+Jersey&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Geneva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslavery.princeton.edu%2Fstories%2Flegislating-slavery-in-new-jersey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cogliano2003-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cogliano2003_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_D._Cogliano2003" class="citation book cs1">Francis D. Cogliano (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QMAKWDQt1LAC"><i>Revolutionary America, 1763–1815: A Political History</i></a>. Routledge. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-67869-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-67869-3"><bdi>978-1-134-67869-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423000250/https://books.google.com/books?id=QMAKWDQt1LAC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+America%2C+1763%E2%80%931815%3A+A+Political+History&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-67869-3&rft.au=Francis+D.+Cogliano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQMAKWDQt1LAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNic_Butler2018" class="citation web cs1">Nic Butler (26 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccpl.org/charleston-time-machine/end-trans-atlantic-slave-trade">"The End of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade"</a>. Charleston County Public Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200224112525/https://www.ccpl.org/charleston-time-machine/end-trans-atlantic-slave-trade">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Trans-Atlantic+Slave+Trade&rft.pub=Charleston+County+Public+Library&rft.date=2018-01-26&rft.au=Nic+Butler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccpl.org%2Fcharleston-time-machine%2Fend-trans-atlantic-slave-trade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SatterfieldCope2018-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SatterfieldCope2018_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatterfieldCope2018" class="citation book cs1">Satterfield, Ray; Cope, Daniel (2018). <i>A Heritage of Holiness: The Story of Allegheny Wesleyan Methodism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Ohio" title="Salem, Ohio">Salem</a>: Allegheny Press. pp. 32–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Heritage+of+Holiness%3A+The+Story+of+Allegheny+Wesleyan+Methodism&rft.place=Salem&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=Allegheny+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Satterfield&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft.au=Cope%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AbzugMaizlish1986-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AbzugMaizlish1986_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbzugMaizlish1986" class="citation book cs1">Abzug, Robert H.; Maizlish, Stephen E. (1986). <i>New Perspectives on Race and Slavery in America: Essays in Honor of Kenneth M. Stampp</i>. University Press of Kentucky. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-1571-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-1571-9"><bdi>978-0-8131-1571-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+on+Race+and+Slavery+in+America%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Kenneth+M.+Stampp&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-1571-9&rft.aulast=Abzug&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft.au=Maizlish%2C+Stephen+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secure.wesleyan.org/342/the-true-wesleyan">"The True Wesleyan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Church" title="Wesleyan Church">Wesleyan Church</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+True+Wesleyan&rft.pub=Wesleyan+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecure.wesleyan.org%2F342%2Fthe-true-wesleyan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philipson2010-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Philipson2010_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilipson2010" class="citation book cs1">Philipson, Robert (2010). <i>The Identity Question: Blacks and Jews in Europe and America</i>. Univ. Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4968-0116-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4968-0116-6"><bdi>978-1-4968-0116-6</bdi></a>. <q>abolitionism as an ideology was initially formulated and promoted by such nonconformist sects as the Quakers and Methodists</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Identity+Question%3A+Blacks+and+Jews+in+Europe+and+America&rft.pub=Univ.+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4968-0116-6&rft.aulast=Philipson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/secession">"Secession | History, Definition, Crisis, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Secession+%7C+History%2C+Definition%2C+Crisis%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fsecession&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/liho/learn/historyculture/slavery-cause-civil-war.htm">"Slavery as a Cause of the Civil War – Lincoln Home National Historic Site"</a>. U.S. National Park Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slavery+as+a+Cause+of+the+Civil+War+%E2%80%93+Lincoln+Home+National+Historic+Site&rft.pub=U.S.+National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fliho%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fslavery-cause-civil-war.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaley2017" class="citation web cs1">Staley, Samuel R. (19 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.independent.org/2017/08/18/southern-state-seceded-from-the-union-to-protect-slavery/">"Slavery and Justifications for Southern Secession in Their Own Words"</a>. <i>The Beacon</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Beacon&rft.atitle=Slavery+and+Justifications+for+Southern+Secession+in+Their+Own+Words&rft.date=2017-08-19&rft.aulast=Staley&rft.aufirst=Samuel+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.independent.org%2F2017%2F08%2F18%2Fsouthern-state-seceded-from-the-union-to-protect-slavery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1861stephens.asp">"Internet History Sourcebooks: Modern History"</a>. Fordham University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internet+History+Sourcebooks%3A+Modern+History&rft.pub=Fordham+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2Fmod%2F1861stephens.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_M._McPherson1995" class="citation book cs1">James M. McPherson (1995) [1964]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abolitionistlega0000mcph"><i>The Abolitionist Legacy: From Reconstruction to the NAACP</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abolitionistlega0000mcph/page/4">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691100395" title="Special:BookSources/9780691100395"><bdi>9780691100395</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Abolitionist+Legacy%3A+From+Reconstruction+to+the+NAACP&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780691100395&rft.au=James+M.+McPherson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabolitionistlega0000mcph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robins2004-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robins2004_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobins2004" class="citation book cs1">Robins, R. G. (2004). <i>A. J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199883172" title="Special:BookSources/9780199883172"><bdi>9780199883172</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A.+J.+Tomlinson%3A+Plainfolk+Modernist&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780199883172&rft.aulast=Robins&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enemiesofconst00thom/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The enemies of the Constitution discovered; or, An inquiry into the origin and tendency of popular violence. Containing a complete and circumstantial account of the unlawful proceedings at the City of Utica, October 21st, 1835; the dispersion of the State Anti-Slavery Convention by the agitators, the destruction of a democratic press, and of the causes which led thereto; together with a concise treatise on the practice of the court of His Honor Judge Lynch. Accompanied with numerous highly interesting and important documents</i></a>. New York: Leavitt, Lord & Co. 1835.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+enemies+of+the+Constitution+discovered%3B+or%2C+An+inquiry+into+the+origin+and+tendency+of+popular+violence.+Containing+a+complete+and+circumstantial+account+of+the+unlawful+proceedings+at+the+City+of+Utica%2C+October+21st%2C+1835%3B+the+dispersion+of+the+State+Anti-Slavery+Convention+by+the+agitators%2C+the+destruction+of+a+democratic+press%2C+and+of+the+causes+which+led+thereto%3B+together+with+a+concise+treatise+on+the+practice+of+the+court+of+His+Honor+Judge+Lynch.+Accompanied+with+numerous+highly+interesting+and+important+documents&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Leavitt%2C+Lord+%26+Co.&rft.date=1835&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenemiesofconst00thom%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64578670/the-postmaster-and-abolitionist-mailings/">"The Progress of Despotism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Western_Home_Journal" title="Western Home Journal">Western Home Journal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas" title="Lawrence, Kansas">Lawrence, Kansas</a>)</i>. 5 January 1860. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210311001440/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64578670/the-postmaster-and-abolitionist-mailings/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+Home+Journal+%28Lawrence%2C+Kansas%29&rft.atitle=The+Progress+of+Despotism&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1860-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F64578670%2Fthe-postmaster-and-abolitionist-mailings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tremain-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tremain_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTremain1892" class="citation book cs1">Tremain, Mary (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/slaveryindistri00tremgoog/page/n4/mode/2up"><i>Slavery in the District of Columbia; the policy of Congress and the struggle for abolition</i></a>. University of Nebraska Department of History and Economics Papers. New York: <a href="/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons">G. P. Putnam's Sons</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+District+of+Columbia%3B+the+policy+of+Congress+and+the+struggle+for+abolition&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=University+of+Nebraska+Department+of+History+and+Economics+Papers&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Tremain&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fslaveryindistri00tremgoog%2Fpage%2Fn4%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton2017" class="citation book cs1">Sutton, Robert K. (2017). <i>Stark Mad Abolitionists: Lawrence, Kansas, and the Battle Over Slavery in the Civil War Era</i>. <a href="/wiki/Skyhorse_Publishing" title="Skyhorse Publishing">Skyhorse Publishing</a>. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1510716490" title="Special:BookSources/978-1510716490"><bdi>978-1510716490</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stark+Mad+Abolitionists%3A+Lawrence%2C+Kansas%2C+and+the+Battle+Over+Slavery+in+the+Civil+War+Era&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1510716490&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JBStewart-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JBStewart_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JBStewart_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JBStewart_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Brewer_Stewart1997" class="citation book cs1">James Brewer Stewart (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3gR57ahFQBsC&pg=PA78"><i>Holy Warriors: The Abolitionists and American Slavery</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809015962" title="Special:BookSources/9780809015962"><bdi>9780809015962</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504064348/https://books.google.com/books?id=3gR57ahFQBsC&pg=PA78">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Warriors%3A+The+Abolitionists+and+American+Slavery&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780809015962&rft.au=James+Brewer+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3gR57ahFQBsC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlight2004" class="citation book cs1">Blight, David W. (2004). <i>Passages to Freedom: The Underground Railroad in History and Memory</i>. Washington. D.C.: Smithsonian Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588341570" title="Special:BookSources/9781588341570"><bdi>9781588341570</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Passages+to+Freedom%3A+The+Underground+Railroad+in+History+and+Memory&rft.place=Washington.+D.C.&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781588341570&rft.aulast=Blight&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyatt-Brown1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bertram_Wyatt-Brown" title="Bertram Wyatt-Brown">Wyatt-Brown, Bertram</a> (1995). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A Volcano Bensath a Mountain of Snow': John Brown and the Problem of Interpretation". In <a href="/wiki/Paul_Finkleman" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Finkleman">Finkleman, Paul</a> (ed.). <i>His Soul Goes Marching On. Responses to John Brown and the Harpers Ferry Raid</i>. <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville, Virginia</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="University Press of Virginia">University Press of Virginia</a>. pp. 10–38 [19]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813915368" title="Special:BookSources/0813915368"><bdi>0813915368</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27A+Volcano+Bensath+a+Mountain+of+Snow%27%3A+John+Brown+and+the+Problem+of+Interpretation&rft.btitle=His+Soul+Goes+Marching+On.+Responses+to+John+Brown+and+the+Harpers+Ferry+Raid&rft.place=Charlottesville%2C+Virginia&rft.pages=10-38+19&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Virginia&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0813915368&rft.aulast=Wyatt-Brown&rft.aufirst=Bertram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD.p.m1857" class="citation news cs1">D.p.m (18 September 1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1857/09/18/archives/lynching-an-abolitionist-in-mississippi.html">"Lynching an Abolitionist in Mississippi"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727130007/https://www.nytimes.com/1857/09/18/archives/lynching-an-abolitionist-in-mississippi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Lynching+an+Abolitionist+in+Mississippi.&rft.date=1857-09-18&rft.au=D.p.m&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1857%2F09%2F18%2Farchives%2Flynching-an-abolitionist-in-mississippi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKivigan1984" class="citation book cs1">McKivigan, John R. (1984). <i>The War Against Proslavery Religion: abolitionism and the northern churches, 1830–1865</i>. United Kingdom: Cornell University Press. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801415890" title="Special:BookSources/9780801415890"><bdi>9780801415890</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+Against+Proslavery+Religion%3A+abolitionism+and+the+northern+churches%2C+1830%E2%80%931865&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press.&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780801415890&rft.aulast=McKivigan&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmall2021" class="citation news cs1">Small, Zachary (3 February 2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/03/arts/design/brooklyn-abolitionists-home-landmark.html">"Home of Brooklyn Abolitionists Receives Landmark Status"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Home+of+Brooklyn+Abolitionists+Receives+Landmark+Status&rft.date=2021-02-03&rft.aulast=Small&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F02%2F03%2Farts%2Fdesign%2Fbrooklyn-abolitionists-home-landmark.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomek2017" class="citation journal cs1">Tomek, Beverly C. (Summer 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/cras.2016.014">"The Economization of Freedom: Abolitionists versus Merchants in the Culture War that Destroyed Pennsylvania Hall"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Review_of_American_Studies" title="Canadian Review of American Studies">Canadian Review of American Studies</a></i>. <b>47</b> (2): 171–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fcras.2016.014">10.3138/cras.2016.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164762656">164762656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Review+of+American+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Economization+of+Freedom%3A+Abolitionists+versus+Merchants+in+the+Culture+War+that+Destroyed+Pennsylvania+Hall&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=171-198&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fcras.2016.014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164762656%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tomek&rft.aufirst=Beverly+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Futpjournals.press%2Fdoi%2F10.3138%2Fcras.2016.014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perry-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Perry_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Perry_(author)" title="Mark Perry (author)">Perry, Mark</a> (2001). <i>Lift Up Thy Voice. The Sarah and Angelica Grimké Family's Journey from Slaveholders to Civil Rights leaders</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0142001031" title="Special:BookSources/0142001031"><bdi>0142001031</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lift+Up+Thy+Voice.+The+Sarah+and+Angelica+Grimk%C3%A9+Family%27s+Journey+from+Slaveholders+to+Civil+Rights+leaders&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0142001031&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Axe-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Axe_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Axe_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Axe_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Axe_74-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSernett1986" class="citation book cs1">Sernett, Milton C. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abolitionsaxeber00sern/"><i>Abolition's axe : Beriah Green, Oneida Institute, and the Black freedom struggle</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815623700" title="Special:BookSources/9780815623700"><bdi>9780815623700</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523200150/https://archive.org/details/abolitionsaxeber00sern/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abolition%27s+axe+%3A+Beriah+Green%2C+Oneida+Institute%2C+and+the+Black+freedom+struggle&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780815623700&rft.aulast=Sernett&rft.aufirst=Milton+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabolitionsaxeber00sern%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1833" class="citation book cs1">Green, Beriah (1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foursermonspreac1833gree"><i>Four sermons preached in the chapel of the Western Reserve College : on Lord's Days, November 18th and 25th, and December 2nd and 9th, 1832</i></a>. Cleveland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+sermons+preached+in+the+chapel+of+the+Western+Reserve+College+%3A+on+Lord%27s+Days%2C+November+18th+and+25th%2C+and+December+2nd+and+9th%2C+1832&rft.place=Cleveland&rft.date=1833&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Beriah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoursermonspreac1833gree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fletcher-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fletcher_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fletcher_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fletcher_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher1943" class="citation book cs1">Fletcher, Robert Samuel (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofoberlin01flet"><i>A history of Oberlin College from its foundation through the civil war</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin College</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/189886">189886</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170529020354/https://archive.org/details/historyofoberlin01flet">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Oberlin+College+from+its+foundation+through+the+civil+war&rft.pub=Oberlin+College&rft.date=1943&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F189886&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Robert+Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofoberlin01flet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeld1833" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dwight_Weld" title="Theodore Dwight Weld">Weld, Theodore D.</a> (1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstannualrepor00soci/page/n7"><i>First annual report of the Society for Promoting Manual Labor in Literary Institutions, including the report of their general agent</i></a>. New York: S. W. Benedict & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+annual+report+of+the+Society+for+Promoting+Manual+Labor+in+Literary+Institutions%2C+including+the+report+of+their+general+agent&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=S.+W.+Benedict+%26+Co.&rft.date=1833&rft.aulast=Weld&rft.aufirst=Theodore+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstannualrepor00soci%2Fpage%2Fn7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lesick-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lesick_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesick1980" class="citation book cs1">Lesick, Lawrence Thomas (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lanerebelsevange00lesi/page/156"><i>The Lane rebels : evangelicalism and antislavery in antebellum America</i></a>. Metuchen, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810813724" title="Special:BookSources/9780810813724"><bdi>9780810813724</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lane+rebels+%3A+evangelicalism+and+antislavery+in+antebellum+America&rft.place=Metuchen%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780810813724&rft.aulast=Lesick&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flanerebelsevange00lesi%2Fpage%2F156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnes-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barnes_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1964" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Gilbert Hobbs (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antislaveryimpul00barn/page/46"><i>The antislavery impulse, 1830–1844</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harcourt,_Brace_%26_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Harcourt, Brace & World">Harcourt, Brace & World</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+antislavery+impulse%2C+1830%E2%80%931844&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+%26+World&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Gilbert+Hobbs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fantislaveryimpul00barn%2Fpage%2F46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson1988" class="citation book cs1">McPherson, James M. (16 June 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15550774"><i>Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era</i></a>. New York. pp. 37–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-503863-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-503863-0"><bdi>0-19-503863-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15550774">15550774</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210707115045/https://www.worldcat.org/title/battle-cry-of-freedom-the-civil-war-era/oclc/15550774">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+Cry+of+Freedom%3A+The+Civil+War+Era&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=37-39&rft.date=1988-06-16&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15550774&rft.isbn=0-19-503863-0&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F15550774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marianne Ruuth (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lx8nXxmAlcC&dq=Douglass+-+england+-+not+%22as+a+color%2C+but+as+a+man&pg=PA118"><i>Frederick Douglass</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160515192209/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lx8nXxmAlcC&pg=PA118&dq=Douglass+-+england+-+not+%22as+a+color,+but+as+a+man&hl=en&ei=DkicTsr7H4yz8QOFrIDMBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Douglass%20-%20england%20-%20not%20%22as%20a%20color%2C%20but%20as%20a%20man&f=false">Archived</a> 15 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 117–118. Holloway House Publishing, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Epps, Henry. <i>A Concise Chronicle History of the African-American People Experience in America</i>. Lulu. com, 2012.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman1839" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, Maria Weston (1839). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rightwronginmass00chap"><i>Right and Wrong in Massachusetts</i></a>. Boston: Dow and Jackson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Right+and+Wrong+in+Massachusetts&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Dow+and+Jackson&rft.date=1839&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Maria+Weston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frightwronginmass00chap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorrey2013" class="citation book cs1">Torrey, E. Fuller (2013). <i>The Martyrdom of Abolitionist Charles Torrey</i>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Martyrdom+of+Abolitionist+Charles+Torrey&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Torrey&rft.aufirst=E.+Fuller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWm._L._Garrison1854" class="citation web cs1">Wm. L. Garrison (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/rbaapc:@field(DOCID+@lit(rbaapc11000div2))">"No Compromise with Slavery"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200206213600/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r%3Fammem/rbaapc:@field(DOCID%2B@lit(rbaapc11000div2))">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+Compromise+with+Slavery&rft.date=1854&rft.au=Wm.+L.+Garrison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Fammem%2Frbaapc%3A%40field%28DOCID%2B%40lit%28rbaapc11000div2%29%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span>; also Mayer: <i>All on Fire</i>, pp. 65–67, 475.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The novel inspired <a href="/wiki/Tom_show" title="Tom show">stage versions</a>, not authorized by Stowe.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noel B, Gerson, <i>Harriet Beecher Stowe</i> (1976), p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Levine" title="Robert S. Levine">Levine, Robert S.</a> (March 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2927489">"Uncle Tom's Cabin in Frederick Douglass' Paper: An Analysis of Reception"</a>. <i>American Literature</i>. <b>64</b> (1): 71–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2927489">10.2307/2927489</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2927489">2927489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Literature&rft.atitle=Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin+in+Frederick+Douglass%27+Paper%3A+An+Analysis+of+Reception&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-93&rft.date=1992-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2927489&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2927489%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2927489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, David (2009). "Southern Outcast: Hinton Rowan Helper and The Impending Crisis of the South". <i>Civil War History</i>. <b>55</b> (4): 531–532. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcwh.0.0101">10.1353/cwh.0.0101</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145240099">145240099</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/372790">372790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil+War+History&rft.atitle=Southern+Outcast%3A+Hinton+Rowan+Helper+and+The+Impending+Crisis+of+the+South&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=531-532&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcwh.0.0101&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145240099%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinton Rowan Helper, <i>The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It</i>, edited by George M. Frederickson. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1968. The quotation is from Frederickson's "Introduction" to the volume, p. ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Constitution, Art. I, sec. 8, cl. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_Oakes_(historian)" title="James Oakes (historian)">James Oakes</a>, <i>The Crooked Path to Abolition: Abraham Lincoln and the Antislavery Constitution</i> (W. W. Norton, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Crooked-Path-Abolition-Antislavery-Constitution/dp/1324005858/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201201072105/https://www.amazon.com/Crooked-Path-Abolition-Antislavery-Constitution/dp/1324005858/">Archived</a> 1 December 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_S._Wood" title="Gordon S. Wood">Gordon S. Wood</a>, "Was the Constitution a Pro-Slavery Document?", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/12/books/review/james-oakes-the-crooked-path-to-abolition.html"><i>The New York Times</i>, January 12, 2021</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210113060122/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/12/books/review/james-oakes-the-crooked-path-to-abolition.html">Archived</a> 13 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (Review of James Oakes, <i>The Crooked Path to Abolition</i>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/manassas/social/introsoc.htm">Introduction – Social Aspects of the Civil War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070714073725/http://www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/manassas/social/introsoc.htm">Archived</a> 14 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, National Park Service</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leon F. Litwack and August Meier, eds., "John Mercer Langston: Principle and Politics", in <i>Black Leaders of the 19th century</i>, University of Illinois Press, 1991, pp. 106–111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Report-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Report_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Report_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustus_WattlesJohn_W._AlvordSamuel_WellsH._Lyman" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustus_Wattles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augustus Wattles (page does not exist)">Augustus Wattles</a>; John W. Alvord; Samuel Wells; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huntington_Lyman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huntington Lyman (page does not exist)">H. Lyman</a>; Marcus R. Robinson. "Report on the condition of the people of color in the state of Ohio". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=mayantislavery&cc=mayantislavery&idno=02817607&view=image&seq=1&size=100"><i>Proceedings of the Ohio Anti-Slavery Convention, held at Putnam, on the 22d, 23d, and 24th of April, 1835</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210707115019/https://digital.library.cornell.edu/catalog/may817607">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Report+on+the+condition+of+the+people+of+color+in+the+state+of+Ohio&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Ohio+Anti-Slavery+Convention%2C+held+at+Putnam%2C+on+the+22d%2C+23d%2C+and+24th+of+April%2C+1835&rft.au=Augustus+Wattles&rft.au=John+W.+Alvord&rft.au=Samuel+Wells&rft.au=H.+Lyman&rft.au=Marcus+R.+Robinson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Fpageviewer-idx%3Fc%3Dmayantislavery%26cc%3Dmayantislavery%26idno%3D02817607%26view%3Dimage%26seq%3D1%26size%3D100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyman1883" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huntington_Lyman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huntington Lyman (page does not exist)">Lyman, H[untington]</a> (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/LaneDebates/Lyman-Rebels.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Lane Seminary Rebels'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Ballantine, W. G. (ed.). <i>The Oberlin Jubilee 1833–1883</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oberlin,_Ohio" title="Oberlin, Ohio">Oberlin, Ohio</a>: E. J. Goodrich. pp. 60–69 [67–68]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125034714/https://www2.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/LaneDebates/Lyman-Rebels.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Lane+Seminary+Rebels%27&rft.btitle=The+Oberlin+Jubilee+1833%E2%80%931883&rft.place=Oberlin%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=60-69+67-68&rft.pub=E.+J.+Goodrich&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Lyman&rft.aufirst=H%5Buntington%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.oberlin.edu%2Fexternal%2FEOG%2FLaneDebates%2FLyman-Rebels.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_A._Morone2004" class="citation book cs1">James A. Morone (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XnP-vMOiRREC&pg=PA154"><i>Hellfire Nation: The Politics of Sin in American History</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300105177" title="Special:BookSources/0300105177"><bdi>0300105177</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506211334/https://books.google.com/books?id=XnP-vMOiRREC&pg=PA154">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellfire+Nation%3A+The+Politics+of+Sin+in+American+History&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0300105177&rft.au=James+A.+Morone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXnP-vMOiRREC%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Fergus_M._Bordewich" class="mw-redirect" title="Fergus M. Bordewich">Fergus M. Bordewich</a>, <i>America's Great Debate: Henry Clay, Stephen A. Douglas, and the Compromise That Preserved the Union</i> (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Americas-Great-Debate-Compromise-Preserved/dp/1439124604/">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525213628/https://www.amazon.com/Americas-Great-Debate-Compromise-Preserved/dp/1439124604">Archived</a> 25 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis Gould's <i>Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicans</i> (2003) chapter 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Foner. <i>Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War</i> (1970)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rareflags.com/RareFlags_Showcase_IAS_00400.htm">"Rare Flags - Antique American Flags, Historic American Flags"</a>. <i>www.rareflags.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rareflags.com&rft.atitle=Rare+Flags+-+Antique+American+Flags%2C+Historic+American+Flags&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rareflags.com%2FRareFlags_Showcase_IAS_00400.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Oakes2012" class="citation book cs1">James Oakes (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MaVp-YES1F0C&pg=PR12"><i>Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861–1865</i></a>. W. W. Norton. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393065312" title="Special:BookSources/9780393065312"><bdi>9780393065312</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927204419/https://books.google.com/books?id=MaVp-YES1F0C&pg=PR12">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+National%3A+The+Destruction+of+Slavery+in+the+United+States%2C+1861%E2%80%931865&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780393065312&rft.au=James+Oakes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMaVp-YES1F0C%26pg%3DPR12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/111/2/482/41153?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Foote, Lorien, review of Blue, Frederick J., <i>No Taint of Compromise: Crusaders in Antislavery Politics. (Antislavery, Abolition, and the Atlantic World.)</i>, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005, in <i>American Historical Review</i> (April 2006) v. 111, pp. 482–483.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Potter, <i>The Impending Crisis</i> (1976), pp. 378–379. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_S._Reynolds2005" class="citation book cs1">David S. Reynolds (2005). <i>John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Brown%2C+Abolitionist%3A+The+Man+Who+Killed+Slavery%2C+Sparked+the+Civil+War%2C+and+Seeded+Civil+Rights&rft.date=2005&rft.au=David+S.+Reynolds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Oates" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Oates">Stephen Oates</a> quoted at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090510102805/http://www.nps.gov/archive/hafe/jbrown/oates-text.htm">"Text Transcript: Dr. Stephen B. Oates on John Brown"</a>. <i>Park Net</i>. National Park Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/archive/hafe/jbrown/oates-text.htm">the original</a> on 10 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Park+Net&rft.atitle=Text+Transcript%3A+Dr.+Stephen+B.+Oates+on+John+Brown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farchive%2Fhafe%2Fjbrown%2Foates-text.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Potter, <i>The Impending Crisis</i>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Potter, <i>The Impending Crisis: 1848–1861</i> (1976), chapter 14, quote from p. 367. Allan Nevins, <i>Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing</i>, pp. 472–477, and <i>The Emergence of Lincoln</i>, vol. 2, pp. 71–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathleen Collins, "The Scourged Back", <i>History of Photography</i> 9 (January 1985): 43–45.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/04/books/review/Letters-t-ASLAVENAMEDG_LETTERS.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612172251/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/04/books/review/Letters-t-ASLAVENAMEDG_LETTERS.html">Archived</a> 12 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freedmen.umd.edu/freeterr.htm">"Law Enacting Emancipation in the Federal Territories"</a>. 19 June 1862. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614011330/http://www.freedmen.umd.edu/freeterr.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+Enacting+Emancipation+in+the+Federal+Territories&rft.date=1862-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedmen.umd.edu%2Ffreeterr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner2010" class="citation book cs1">Foner, Eric (2010). <i>The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery</i>. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06618-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06618-0"><bdi>978-0-393-06618-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fiery+Trial%3A+Abraham+Lincoln+and+American+Slavery&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06618-0&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lowell Harrison & James C. Klotter, <i>A New History of Kentucky</i>, University Press of Kentucky, 1997; p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FdTIIEZ1k2QC&pg=PA180">180</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513071807/https://books.google.com/books?id=FdTIIEZ1k2QC&pg=PA180">Archived</a> 13 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813126210" title="Special:BookSources/9780813126210">9780813126210</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornsby2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hornsby, Alan, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fB3rQefP8wQC&q=%22thirteenth+amendment%22+Delaware+hundred&pg=PA139">"Delaware"</a>. <i>Black America: A State-by-State Historical Encyclopedia</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781573569767" title="Special:BookSources/9781573569767"><bdi>9781573569767</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210707115019/https://books.google.com/books?id=fB3rQefP8wQC&q=%22thirteenth+amendment%22+Delaware+hundred&pg=PA139">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Delaware&rft.btitle=Black+America%3A+A+State-by-State+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781573569767&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfB3rQefP8wQC%26q%3D%2522thirteenth%2Bamendment%2522%2BDelaware%2Bhundred%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William E. Juhnke, "Benjamin Franklin's View of the Negro and Slavery." <i>Pennsylvania History</i> 41.4 (1974): 375–389. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.psu.edu/phj/article/viewFile/23813/23582">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210707115022/https://journals.psu.edu/phj/article/download/23813/23582/0">Archived</a> 7 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeld1837" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dwight_Weld" title="Theodore Dwight Weld">Weld, Theodore Dwight</a> (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powercongressov00weldgoog/page/n2"><i>The Power of Congress over the District of Columbia</i></a>. New York: American Anti-slavery Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Congress+over+the+District+of+Columbia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=American+Anti-slavery+Society&rft.date=1837&rft.aulast=Weld&rft.aufirst=Theodore+Dwight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpowercongressov00weldgoog%2Fpage%2Fn2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elaine MacEachern, "Emancipation of Slavery in Massachusetts: A Reexamination, 1770–1790." <i>Journal of Negro History</i> 55.4 (1970): 289–306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101109220448/http://www.archives.nysed.gov/education/showcase/201011afamvoting/index.shtml">"New York State Archives – Document Showcase – African American Voting Rights"</a>. 9 November 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.nysed.gov/education/showcase/201011afamvoting/index.shtml">the original</a> on 9 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+York+State+Archives+%E2%80%93+Document+Showcase+%E2%80%93+African+American+Voting+Rights&rft.date=2010-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.nysed.gov%2Feducation%2Fshowcase%2F201011afamvoting%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nat Benton, "Dating the Start and End of Slavery in New York," n.d., John Jay College of Criminal Justice <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://nyslavery.commons.gc.cuny.edu/dating-the-start-and-end-of-slavery-in-new-york/#:~:text=Slavery%20officially%20ended%20in%20New,the%20enactment%20of%20the%20law">https://nyslavery.commons.gc.cuny.edu/dating-the-start-and-end-of-slavery-in-new-york/#:~:text=Slavery%20officially%20ended%20in%20New,the%20enactment%20of%20the%20law</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lesley Topping and Barbara Shay MacDonald, "Slavery in New York and Scarsdale", Scarsdale Historical Society, ca. 2016 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.scarsdalehistoricalsociety.org/slavery-in-new-york-and-scarsdale">https://www.scarsdalehistoricalsociety.org/slavery-in-new-york-and-scarsdale</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"When Did Slavery End in New York State?," New-York Historical Society, ca. 2005 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nyhistory.org/community/slavery-end-new-york-state">https://www.nyhistory.org/community/slavery-end-new-york-state</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Drescher" title="Seymour Drescher">Seymour Drescher</a>, <i>Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Randall M. Miller, John David Smith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=idktzKdgb7YC&q=page+471&pg=PA471"><i>Dictionary of Afro-American Slavery</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160117073625/https://books.google.com/books?id=idktzKdgb7YC&pg=PA471&dq=1840+census+-+new+jersey+slaves&cd=6#v=onepage&q=page%20471&f=false">Archived</a> 17 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997, p. 471.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1860a-10.pdf">The population of the United States in 1860, p. 313</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170817153542/https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1860a-10.pdf">Archived</a> 17 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Eight Census of the United States, 1860</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Constitution, Article I, section 9, clause 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ira Berlin and Leslie Harris (2005); Gellman (2006)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Edward_Burghardt_Du_Bois1904" class="citation book cs1">William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/suppressionafri02boisgoog"><i>The Suppression of the African Slave-trade to the United States of America, 1638–1870</i></a>. Social Science Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/suppressionafri02boisgoog/page/n89">95</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Suppression+of+the+African+Slave-trade+to+the+United+States+of+America%2C+1638%E2%80%931870&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Social+Science+Press&rft.date=1904&rft.au=William+Edward+Burghardt+Du+Bois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsuppressionafri02boisgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/30/opinion/30foner.html">Foner, Eric. "Forgotten step towards freedom"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203054500/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/30/opinion/30foner.html">Archived</a> 3 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>. 30 December 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Head, "Slave Smuggling by Foreign Privateers: The Illegal Slave Trade and the Geopolitics of the Early Republic", <i>Journal of the Early Republic</i> (2013), 33#3 p. 538.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frances J. Stafford, "Illegal Importations: Enforcement of the Slave Trade Laws Along the Florida Coast, 1810–1828." <i>Florida Historical Quarterly</i> 46.2 (1967): 124–133. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30147252">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210707115011/https://www.jstor.org/stable/30147252">Archived</a> 7 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Levy, <i>The First Emancipator: Slavery, Religion and the Quiet Revolution of Robert Carter</i>, New York: Random House, 2005, p. xi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peter_Kolchin_1994,_pp.78,_81-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peter_Kolchin_1994,_pp.78,_81_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peter_Kolchin_1994,_pp.78,_81_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Kolchin, <i>American Slavery, 1619–1877</i>, New York: Hill and Wang, 1994, pp. 78, 81–82.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreettHollandNutterManning2009" class="citation cs2">Streett, Diane C.; Holland, Al; Nutter, Jeanne; Manning, Anita; Casson, Lloyd S.; Coleman, Norwood; Kerr Jr., Thomas; Thomas-Holder, Susan; Archibald, David (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssam.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/SlaveryInDelaware.pdf"><i>Slavery in Delaware</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Committee on Slavery of the Diocese of Delaware</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+Delaware&rft.pub=Committee+on+Slavery+of+the+Diocese+of+Delaware&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Streett&rft.aufirst=Diane+C.&rft.au=Holland%2C+Al&rft.au=Nutter%2C+Jeanne&rft.au=Manning%2C+Anita&rft.au=Casson%2C+Lloyd+S.&rft.au=Coleman%2C+Norwood&rft.au=Kerr+Jr.%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Thomas-Holder%2C+Susan&rft.au=Archibald%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssam.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F12%2FSlaveryInDelaware.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schlesinger <i>Age of Jackson</i>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDresser1835" class="citation news cs1">Dresser, Amos (26 September 1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36563788/amos_dresser_on_his_conviction_and/">"Amos Dresser's Own Narrative"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(newspaper)" title="The Liberator (newspaper)">The Liberator</a></i>. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191001003254/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36563788/amos_dresser_on_his_conviction_and/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2019</span> – via newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Liberator&rft.atitle=Amos+Dresser%27s+Own+Narrative&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1835-09-26&rft.aulast=Dresser&rft.aufirst=Amos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F36563788%2Famos_dresser_on_his_conviction_and%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34358436/amos_dresser_case_part_1/">"Amos Dresser's Case"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">Evening Post</a></i>. 17 September 1835. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190729174417/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34358436/amos_dresser_case_part_1/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2019</span> – via newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Post&rft.atitle=Amos+Dresser%27s+Case&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1835-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F34358436%2Famos_dresser_case_part_1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Brion Davis, <i>Inhuman Bondage</i> (2006) pp. 197, 409; Stanley Harrold, <i>The Abolitionists and the South, 1831–1861</i> (1995) p. 62; Jane H. and William H. Pease, "Confrontation and Abolition in the 1850s" <i>Journal of American History</i> (1972) 58(4): 923–937.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Foner. <i>Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War</i> (1970), p. 9. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Effingham-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Effingham_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Effingham_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegram.com/article/20120928/NEWS/109289652/1242/mobile&TEMPLATE=MOBILE">"An activist path: Mill owner founded Uxbridge anti-slavery society, by Susan Spence"</a>. telegram.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200206213608/https://www.telegram.com/article/20120928/NEWS/109289652/1242/mobile%26TEMPLATE%3DMOBILE">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+activist+path%3A+Mill+owner+founded+Uxbridge+anti-slavery+society%2C+by+Susan+Spence&rft.pub=telegram.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegram.com%2Farticle%2F20120928%2FNEWS%2F109289652%2F1242%2Fmobile%26TEMPLATE%3DMOBILE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutenson2012" class="citation book cs1">Gutenson, Charles E. (2012). <i>The Right Church</i>. Abingdon Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781426749117" title="Special:BookSources/9781426749117"><bdi>9781426749117</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Right+Church&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781426749117&rft.aulast=Gutenson&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npg.si.edu/col/amistad/index.htm">"Amistad"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071106090007/http://www.npg.si.edu/col/amistad/index.htm">Archived</a> 6 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Smithsonian Institution</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John F. Quinn, "Expecting the Impossible? Abolitionist Appeals to the Irish in Antebellum America", <i>New England Quarterly</i> (2009), 82#4 pp. 667–710.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Steward, Bryan P. McGovern, <i>The Fenians: Irish Rebellion in the North Atlantic World, 1858–1876</i>, p. 51. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan_P._McGovern2009" class="citation book cs1">Bryan P. McGovern (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qtg9jS2M9vYC&pg=PA138"><i>John Mitchel: Irish Nationalist, Southern Secessionist</i></a>. University of Tennessee Press. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781572336544" title="Special:BookSources/9781572336544"><bdi>9781572336544</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610151858/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qtg9jS2M9vYC&pg=PA138">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Mitchel%3A+Irish+Nationalist%2C+Southern+Secessionist&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781572336544&rft.au=Bryan+P.+McGovern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQtg9jS2M9vYC%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevesque1970" class="citation journal cs1">Levesque, George A. (1970). "Black Abolitionists in the Age of Jackson: Catalysts in the Radicalization of American Abolitionism". <i>Journal of Black Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 187–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002193477000100205">10.1177/002193477000100205</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2783802">2783802</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144749571">144749571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Black+Studies&rft.atitle=Black+Abolitionists+in+the+Age+of+Jackson%3A+Catalysts+in+the+Radicalization+of+American+Abolitionism&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=187-201&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144749571%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2783802%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002193477000100205&rft.aulast=Levesque&rft.aufirst=George+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Exceptions include <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Arthur_Quarles" title="Benjamin Arthur Quarles">Quarles, Benjamin</a> (1969). <i>Black Abolitionists</i>. New York: Oxford University Press; and <a href="/wiki/John_Stauffer_(professor)" title="John Stauffer (professor)">Stauffer, John</a> (2002). <i>The Black Hearts of Men: Radical Abolitionists and the Transformation of Race</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncRhetoric-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncRhetoric_148-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncRhetoric_148-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas O. Sloane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eslMAgAAQBAJ&dq=black+abolitionist+rhetoric+encyclopedia&pg=PA8">"Abolitionist Rhetoric"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150517233035/https://books.google.com/books?id=eslMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=black+abolitionist+rhetoric+encyclopedia&source=bl&ots=2lw_7C7bOt&sig=0-w_rS294elGncEGqyHV7vP6Dn4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=4h6RVIDkJ8_voAStjoGoBA&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA">Archived</a> 17 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Encyclopedia of Rhetoric</i>, Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bormann, Ernest. <i>Forerunners of Black Power, The Rhetoric of Abolition</i>. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1971. Print.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey1998" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey, Julie Roy (1998). <i>The Great Silent Army of Abolitionism</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Silent+Army+of+Abolitionism&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Jeffrey&rft.aufirst=Julie+Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerner2004" class="citation book cs1">Lerner, Gerda (2004). <i>The Grimké Sisters from South Carolina: Pioneers for Women's Rights and Abolition</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grimk%C3%A9+Sisters+from+South+Carolina%3A+Pioneers+for+Women%27s+Rights+and+Abolition&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=Gerda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerner2004" class="citation book cs1">Lerner, Gerda (2004). <i>The Grimké Sisters from South Carolina: Pioneers for Women's Rights and Abolition</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 101–102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grimk%C3%A9+Sisters+from+South+Carolina%3A+Pioneers+for+Women%27s+Rights+and+Abolition&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=101-102&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=Gerda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerner1963" class="citation journal cs1">Lerner, Gerda (October 1963). "The Grimke Sisters and the Struggle Against Race Prejudice". <i>The Journal of Negro History</i>. <b>48</b> (4): 278, 285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2716330">10.2307/2716330</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2716330">2716330</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150152454">150152454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Negro+History&rft.atitle=The+Grimke+Sisters+and+the+Struggle+Against+Race+Prejudice&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=278%2C+285&rft.date=1963-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150152454%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2716330%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2716330&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=Gerda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene1981" class="citation journal cs1">Greene, Dana (April 1981). "Quaker Feminism: The Case of Lucretia Mott". <i>Pennsylvania History</i>. <b>48</b> (2): 149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pennsylvania+History&rft.atitle=Quaker+Feminism%3A+The+Case+of+Lucretia+Mott&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149&rft.date=1981-04&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Dana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1959" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, Lorenzo D. (April 1959). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Lucretia Mott'. by Otelia Cromwell". <i>The Journal of Negro History</i>. <b>44</b> (2): 186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2716042">10.2307/2716042</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2716042">2716042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Negro+History&rft.atitle=%27Lucretia+Mott%27.+by+Otelia+Cromwell&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=186&rft.date=1959-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2716042&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2716042%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwhp.org/Resources/Biographies/KelleyFoster/1850.html">"Abby Kelley Foster at First National Woman's Rights Convention"</a>. Worcester Women's History Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110233330/http://www.wwhp.org/Resources/Biographies/KelleyFoster/1850.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abby+Kelley+Foster+at+First+National+Woman%27s+Rights+Convention&rft.pub=Worcester+Women%27s+History+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwhp.org%2FResources%2FBiographies%2FKelleyFoster%2F1850.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorin199419-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorin199419_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorin1994">Morin 1994</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESterling1991123-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESterling1991123_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSterling1991">Sterling 1991</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buffum-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buffum_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuffum1914" class="citation book cs1">Buffum, Lucille (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_IoEAAAAYAAJ&q=abby+kelley+uxbridge+ma+society+of+friends&pg=PA264"><i>Elizabeth Buffum Chase- Her Life and its Environment</i></a>. W. B. Clarke Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128123433/https://books.google.com/books?id=_IoEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA264&lpg=PA264&dq=abby+kelley+uxbridge+ma+society+of+friends#PPA264,M1">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+Buffum+Chase-+Her+Life+and+its+Environment&rft.pub=W.+B.+Clarke+Co.&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Buffum&rft.aufirst=Lucille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_IoEAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dabby%2Bkelley%2Buxbridge%2Bma%2Bsociety%2Bof%2Bfriends%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESterling19911–3,_41–59,_230-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESterling19911–3,_41–59,_230_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSterling1991">Sterling 1991</a>, pp. 1–3, 41–59, 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorin199419–20-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorin199419–20_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorin1994">Morin 1994</a>, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey1998" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey, Julie Roy (1998). <i>The Great Silent Army of Abolitionism</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Silent+Army+of+Abolitionism&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Jeffrey&rft.aufirst=Julie+Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreen2002" class="citation journal cs1">Breen, Patrick H. (2002). "The Female Antislavery Petition Campaign of 1831–32". <i>The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography</i>. <b>110</b> (3): 377.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Virginia+Magazine+of+History+and+Biography&rft.atitle=The+Female+Antislavery+Petition+Campaign+of+1831%E2%80%9332&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=377&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Breen&rft.aufirst=Patrick+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerner2004" class="citation book cs1">Lerner, Gerda (2004). <i>The Grimké Sisters from South Carolina: Pioneers for Women's Rights and Abolition</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grimk%C3%A9+Sisters+from+South+Carolina%3A+Pioneers+for+Women%27s+Rights+and+Abolition&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=Gerda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/divided-by-faith-9780195147070?cc=us&lang=en&"><i>Divided by Faith: Evangelical Religion and the Problem of Race in America</i></a>. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195147070" title="Special:BookSources/9780195147070"><bdi>9780195147070</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324161820/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/divided-by-faith-9780195147070?cc=us&lang=en&">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divided+by+Faith%3A+Evangelical+Religion+and+the+Problem+of+Race+in+America&rft.place=Oxford%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780195147070&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fdivided-by-faith-9780195147070%3Fcc%3Dus%26lang%3Den%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSklar2000" class="citation book cs1">Sklar, Kathryn (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womensrightsemer00skla"><i>Women's Rights Emerges Within the Anti-Slavery Movement, 1830–1870: A Brief History with Documents</i></a></span>. Boston: St Martin's. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womensrightsemer00skla/page/50">50</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Rights+Emerges+Within+the+Anti-Slavery+Movement%2C+1830%E2%80%931870%3A+A+Brief+History+with+Documents&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Sklar&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomensrightsemer00skla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSklar2000" class="citation book cs1">Sklar, Kathryn (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womensrightsemer00skla"><i>Women's Rights Emerges Within the Anti-Slavery Movement, 1830–1870: A Brief History with Documents</i></a></span>. Boston: St Martin's. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womensrightsemer00skla/page/63">63</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Rights+Emerges+Within+the+Anti-Slavery+Movement%2C+1830%E2%80%931870%3A+A+Brief+History+with+Documents&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Sklar&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomensrightsemer00skla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrowLangFrank2005" class="citation book cs1">Farrow, Anne; Lang, Joel; Frank, Jenifer (2005). <i>Complicity. 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B. Latrobe">Latrobe, John H. 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"The 'Abolition Riot': Boston's First Slave Rescue". <i><a href="/wiki/New_England_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="New England Quarterly">New England Quarterly</a></i>. <b>25</b> (1): 85–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F363035">10.2307/363035</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/363035">363035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+%27Abolition+Riot%27%3A+Boston%27s+First+Slave+Rescue&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85-92&rft.date=1952-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F363035&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F363035%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Leonard+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne2012" class="citation book cs1">Browne, Stephen H. (2012). <i>Angelina Grimke: Rhetoric, Identity, and the Radical Imagination</i>. Michigan State University Press. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87013-897-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87013-897-3"><bdi>978-0-87013-897-3</bdi></a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/book/8885">book 8885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angelina+Grimke%3A+Rhetoric%2C+Identity%2C+and+the+Radical+Imagination&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Michigan+State+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-87013-897-3&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=Stephen+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_186-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_186-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams,_Jr.2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_E._Williams,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Donald E. Williams, Jr.">Williams, Jr., Donald E</a> (2014). <i>Prudence Crandall's legacy: the fight for equality in the 1830s, Dred Scott, and Brown v. Board of Education</i>. <a href="/wiki/Middletown,_Connecticut" title="Middletown, Connecticut">Middletown, Connecticut</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_University_Press" title="Wesleyan University Press">Wesleyan University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780819576460" title="Special:BookSources/9780819576460"><bdi>9780819576460</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prudence+Crandall%27s+legacy%3A+the+fight+for+equality+in+the+1830s%2C+Dred+Scott%2C+and+Brown+v.+Board+of+Education&rft.place=Middletown%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780819576460&rft.aulast=Williams%2C+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Donald+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitwack1961" class="citation book cs1">Litwack, Leon F. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.primaryresearch.org/pr/dmdocuments/bh_litwack.pdf"><i>The Abolitionist Dilemma: The Antislavery Movement and the Northern Negro</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 34. pp. 50–73. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191230114900/https://www.primaryresearch.org/pr/dmdocuments/bh_litwack.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Abolitionist+Dilemma%3A+The+Antislavery+Movement+and+the+Northern+Negro&rft.pages=50-73&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Litwack&rft.aufirst=Leon+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.primaryresearch.org%2Fpr%2Fdmdocuments%2Fbh_litwack.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|magazine=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapman-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chapman_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman1921" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, John Jay (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/willlloydgarr00chaprich/page/6"><i>William Lloyd Garrison</i></a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly Press">Atlantic Monthly Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Lloyd+Garrison&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=John+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwilllloydgarr00chaprich%2Fpage%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTocqueville1864" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville, Alexis de</a> (1864). <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bowen" title="Francis Bowen">Bowen, Francis</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democracyinamer04tocqgoog/page/n488/mode/2up"><i>Democracy in America</i></a>. Vol. 1. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Reeve_(journalist)" title="Henry Reeve (journalist)">Reeve, Henry</a> (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>: Sever and Frances. p. 460. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780665415944" title="Special:BookSources/9780665415944"><bdi>9780665415944</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+in+America&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=460&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Sever+and+Frances&rft.date=1864&rft.isbn=9780665415944&rft.aulast=Tocqueville&rft.aufirst=Alexis+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdemocracyinamer04tocqgoog%2Fpage%2Fn488%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStowe1879" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Stowe, Harriet Beecher</a> (June 1879). "The Education of Freedmen". <i><a href="/wiki/North_American_Review" title="North American Review">North American Review</a></i>. <b>128</b> (271): 605–615. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25100763">25100763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+American+Review&rft.atitle=The+Education+of+Freedmen&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=271&rft.pages=605-615&rft.date=1879-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25100763%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stowe&rft.aufirst=Harriet+Beecher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clemson.edu/welcome/history/forthill/calhoun.htm">"John C. Calhoun"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070409052905/http://www.clemson.edu/welcome/history/forthill/calhoun.htm">Archived</a> 9 April 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Clemson University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Brion Davis, <i>Inhuman Bondage</i> (2006), pp. 186–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitchell Snay, "American Thought and Southern Distinctiveness: The Southern Clergy and the Sanctification of Slavery", <i>Civil War History</i> (1989) 35(4): 311–328; Elizabeth Fox-Genovese and Eugene D. Genovese, <i>The Mind of the Master Class: History and Faith in the Southern Slaveholders' Worldview</i> (2005), pp. 505–527.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140825003637/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/07/0721_030721_liberia.html">"History Haunts War-Torn Liberia"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. July 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/07/0721_030721_liberia.html">the original</a> on 25 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=History+Haunts+War-Torn+Liberia&rft.date=2003-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2003%2F07%2F0721_030721_liberia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wile-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wile_195-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wile_195-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wile_195-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiggins1838" class="citation book cs1">Wiggins, John H. (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reviewofantiabol00wigg/page/n3"><i>A review of anti-abolition sermon, preached at Pleasant Valley, N.Y., by Rev. Benjamin F. Wile, August, 1838</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Whitesboro,_New_York" title="Whitesboro, New York">Whitesboro, New York</a>: Press of the <a href="/wiki/Oneida_Institute" title="Oneida Institute">Oneida Institute</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+review+of+anti-abolition+sermon%2C+preached+at+Pleasant+Valley%2C+N.Y.%2C+by+Rev.+Benjamin+F.+Wile%2C+August%2C+1838&rft.place=Whitesboro%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Press+of+the+Oneida+Institute&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Wiggins&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freviewofantiabol00wigg%2Fpage%2Fn3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorin1994" class="citation book cs1">Morin, Isobel V. (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenwhoreformed00mori"><i>Women Who Reformed Politics</i></a></span>. Oliver Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenwhoreformed00mori/page/13">13</a>–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-881508-16-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-881508-16-8"><bdi>978-1-881508-16-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+Who+Reformed+Politics&rft.pages=13-27&rft.pub=Oliver+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-881508-16-8&rft.aulast=Morin&rft.aufirst=Isobel+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomenwhoreformed00mori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterling1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Sterling" title="Dorothy Sterling">Sterling, Dorothy</a> (1991). <i>Ahead of Her Time: Abbey Kelly and The Politics of Antislavery</i>. <a href="/wiki/W.W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W.W. Norton">W.W. Norton</a> and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-03026-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-03026-1"><bdi>0-393-03026-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ahead+of+Her+Time%3A+Abbey+Kelly+and+The+Politics+of+Antislavery&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+and+Company&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-393-03026-1&rft.aulast=Sterling&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of slavery in the United States">Bibliography of slavery in the United States</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Abzug, Robert H. <i>Cosmos Crumbling: American Reform and the Religious Imagination</i>. Oxford University Press, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-503752-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-503752-9">0-19-503752-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79234721/catalog-of-anti-slavery-publications/">"Anti-Slavery Books and Pamphlets. Anti-Slavery Publications"</a>. <i>The Rochester Freeman (<a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>)</i>. 13 November 1839. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609102419/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79234721/catalog-of-anti-slavery-publications/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Rochester+Freeman+%28Rochester%2C+New+York%29&rft.atitle=Anti-Slavery+Books+and+Pamphlets.+Anti-Slavery+Publications&rft.date=1839-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F79234721%2Fcatalog-of-anti-slavery-publications%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bacon, Jacqueline. <i>The Humblest May Stand Forth: Rhetoric, Empowerment, and Abolition</i>. University of South Carolina Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57003-434-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57003-434-6">1-57003-434-6</a>.</li> <li>Barnes, Gilbert H. <i>The Anti-Slavery Impulse 1830–1844</i>. Reprint, 1964. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7812-5307-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7812-5307-1">0-7812-5307-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin,_Ira" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin, Ira">Berlin, Ira</a> and Leslie Harris, eds. <i>Slavery in New York</i>. New Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56584-997-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56584-997-3">1-56584-997-3</a>.</li> <li>Blue, Frederick J. <i>No Taint of Compromise: Crusaders in Antislavery Politics.</i> Louisiana State University Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-2976-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-2976-3">0-8071-2976-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordewich,_Fergus_M." class="mw-redirect" title="Bordewich, Fergus M.">Bordewich, Fergus M.</a> <i>Bound for Canaan: The Underground Railroad and the War for the Soul of America.</i> HarperCollins, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-052430-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-052430-8">0-06-052430-8</a>.</li> <li>Carey, Brycchan. <i>From Peace to Freedom: Quaker Rhetoric and the Birth of American Antislavery, 1657–1761.</i> New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012.</li> <li>Cirillo, Frank J. <i>The Abolitionist Civil War: Immediatists and the Struggle to Transform the Union</i>. Baton Rouge, LA: LSU Press, 2023.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brion_Davis" title="David Brion Davis">Davis, David Brion</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Inhuman_Bondage:_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Slavery_in_the_New_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World">Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World</a></i> Oxford, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514073-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514073-7">0-19-514073-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Delbanco" title="Andrew Delbanco">Delbanco, Andrew</a>. <i>The Abolitionist Imagination.</i> Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674064447" title="Special:BookSources/9780674064447">9780674064447</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinius2018" class="citation journal cs1">Dinius, Marcy J. (2018). "Press". <i>Early American Studies</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 747–755. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Feam.2018.0045">10.1353/eam.2018.0045</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246013692">246013692</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/707752">707752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Press&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=747-755&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Feam.2018.0045&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246013692%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dinius&rft.aufirst=Marcy+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Filler, Louis. <i>The Crusade Against Slavery 1830–1860</i>. 1960. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-917256-29-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-917256-29-8">0-917256-29-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hackett_Fischer" title="David Hackett Fischer">Fischer, David Hackett</a>. <i>African Founders: How Enslaved People Expanded American Ideals</i> (Simon & Schuster, 2022).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost2007" class="citation book cs1">Frost, Karolyn Smardz (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ivegothomeinglor00smar"><i>I've Got a Home in Glory Land: A Lost Tale of the Underground Railroad</i></a></span>. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-16481-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-16481-2"><bdi>978-0-374-16481-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I%27ve+Got+a+Home+in+Glory+Land%3A+A+Lost+Tale+of+the+Underground+Railroad&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-374-16481-2&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Karolyn+Smardz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fivegothomeinglor00smar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-53125-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-53125-6">978-0-374-53125-6</a>.</li> <li>Gellman, David Nathaniel. <i>Emancipating New York: The Politics of Slavery And Freedom, 1777–1827</i>. Baton Rouge, LA: LSU Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-3174-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-3174-1">0-8071-3174-1</a>.</li> <li>Hammond, John Craig and Matthew Mason, eds. <i>Contesting Slavery: The Politics of Bondage and Freedom in the New American Nation</i>. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813931050" title="Special:BookSources/9780813931050">9780813931050</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Harrold" title="Stanley Harrold">Harrold, Stanley</a>. <i>The Abolitionists and the South, 1831–1861</i>. University Press of Kentucky, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-0968-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-0968-X">0-8131-0968-X</a>.</li> <li>Harrold, Stanley. <i>The American Abolitionists</i>. Harlow, UK: Longman, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-35738-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-35738-1">0-582-35738-1</a>.</li> <li>Harrold, Stanley. <i>The Rise of Aggressive Abolitionism: Addresses to the Slaves</i>. University Press of Kentucky, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-2290-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-2290-2">0-8131-2290-2</a>.</li> <li>Harrold, Stanley. <i>American Abolitionism: Its Direct Political Impact from Colonial Times into Reconstruction</i>. University of Virginia Press, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=inlzDwAAQBAJ&dq=+Harrold,+Stanley.+%27%27American+Abolitionism%22&pg=PP7">online</a>.</li> <li>Horton, James Oliver. "<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>: Slavery and Race in a Revolutionary Generation", <i>New-York Journal of American History</i> 2004 65(3): 16–24. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1551-5486">1551-5486</a></li> <li>Huston, James L. "The Experiential Basis of the Northern Antislavery Impulse", <i>Journal of Southern History</i> 56:4 (November 1990): 609–640.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLocke1968" class="citation book cs1">Locke, Mary S. (1968). <i>Anti-Slavery in America From the Introduction of African Slaves to the Prohibition of the Slave Trade (1619–1808)</i>. P. Smith. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3843-3290-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3843-3290-4"><bdi>978-0-3843-3290-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Slavery+in+America+From+the+Introduction+of+African+Slaves+to+the+Prohibition+of+the+Slave+Trade+%281619%E2%80%931808%29&rft.pub=P.+Smith&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-3843-3290-4&rft.aulast=Locke&rft.aufirst=Mary+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>James, E. Wyn, 'Robert Everett (1791–1875): "An Honourable Exception"', Ninnau: The North American Welsh Newspaper, 48:5 (September/October 2023), 24. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0890-0485">0890-0485</a>, for the abolition movement among the Welsh in the USA.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Mayer_(historian)" title="Henry Mayer (historian)">Mayer, Henry</a>. <i>All on Fire: <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a> and the Abolition of Slavery</i>. St. Martin's Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-18740-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-18740-8">0-312-18740-8</a>.</li> <li>McKivigan, John R. <i>The War Against Proslavery Religion: Abolitionism and the Northern Churches, 1830–1865</i>. Cornell University Press, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-1589-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-1589-6">0-8014-1589-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">McPherson, James M.</a> <i>The Abolitionist Legacy: From Reconstruction to the NAACP</i>. Princeton University Press, 1975. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-04637-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-04637-9">0-691-04637-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Oakes_(historian)" title="James Oakes (historian)">Oakes, James</a>. <i>The Crooked Path to Abolition: Abraham Lincoln and the Antislavery Constitution</i>. W. W. Norton, 2021.</li> <li>Oakes, James. <i>Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861–1865</i>. W. W. Norton, 2012.</li> <li>Osofsky, Gilbert. "Abolitionists, Irish Immigrants, and the Dilemmas of Romantic Nationalism" <i>American Historical Review</i> 1975 80(4): 889–912. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0002-8762">0002-8762</a></li> <li>Perry, Lewis and Michael Fellman, eds. <i>Antislavery Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Abolitionists</i>. Louisiana State University Press, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-0889-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-0889-8">0-8071-0889-8</a>.</li> <li>Peterson, Merrill D. <i>John Brown: The Legend Revisited</i>. University Press of Virginia, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8139-2132-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8139-2132-5">0-8139-2132-5</a>.</li> <li>Pierson, Michael D. <i>Free Hearts and Free Homes: Gender and American Antislavery Politics</i>. University of North Carolina Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2782-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2782-7">0-8078-2782-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Quarles" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Quarles">Quarles, Benjamin</a>. "Sources of Abolitionist Income", <i>Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i> (1945) 32#1 pp. 63–76 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1892887">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221034847/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1892887">Archived</a> 21 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Quarles, Benjamin. <i>Black Abolitionists</i>. Oxford University Press, 1969.</li> <li>Schafer, Judith Kelleher. <i>Becoming Free, Remaining Free: Manumission and Enslavement in New Orleans, 1846–1862</i>. Louisiana State University Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-2862-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-2862-7">0-8071-2862-7</a>.</li> <li>Salerno, Beth A. <i>Sister Societies: Women's Antislavery Organizations in Antebellum America</i>. Northern Illinois University Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87580-338-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87580-338-5">0-87580-338-5</a>.</li> <li>Speicher, Anna M. <i>The Religious World of Antislavery Women: Spirituality in the Lives of Five Abolitionist Lecturers</i>. Syracuse University Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-2850-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-2850-1">0-8156-2850-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stauffer_(professor)" title="John Stauffer (professor)">Stauffer, John</a>. <i>The Black Hearts of Men: Radical Abolitionists and the Transformation of Race</i>. Harvard University Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00645-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00645-3">0-674-00645-3</a>.</li> <li>Vorenberg, Michael. <i>Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65267-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65267-7">0-521-65267-7</a>.</li> <li>Wilson, Thomas D. <i>The Oglethorpe Plan: Enlightenment Design in Savannah and Beyond</i>. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-3290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-3290-3">978-0-8139-3290-3</a>.</li> <li>Yee, Shirley J. <i>Black Women Abolitionists: A Study in Activism, 1828–1860</i>. University of Tennessee Press, 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackwomenabolit00shir">online</a></li> <li>Zilversmit, Arthur. <i>The First Emancipation: The Abolition of Slavery in the North</i>. University of Chicago Press, 1967. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-98332-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-98332-3">0-226-98332-3</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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title="q:Special:Search/Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1921 <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's Encyclopedia</a></i> article <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Abolitionists" class="extiw" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abolitionseminar.org/lesson-plans/">The Abolitionist Seminar</a>, summaries, lesson plans, documents and illustrations for schools; focus on United States</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.footnote.com/viewer.php?image=4346710">Original Document Proposing Abolition of Slavery 13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070829050211/http://www.tls.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,25340-2597455,00.html">"John Brown's body and blood"</a> by Ari Kelman: a review in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060902150636/http://tls.timesonline.co.uk/">TLS</a>, 14 February 2007.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf">Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.altonweb.com/history/lovejoy/">Elijah Parish Lovejoy: A Martyr on the Altar of American Liberty</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210629142128/http://www.altonweb.com/history/lovejoy/">Archived</a> 29 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackhistory4schools.com/slavetrade/">Teaching resources about Slavery and Abolition on blackhistory4schools.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060618001421/http://www.kshs.org/places/johnbrown/index.htm">John Brown Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051029170656/http://americanabolitionist.liberalarts.iupui.edu/">American Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe_Whitfield" title="James Monroe Whitfield">James Monroe Whitfield</a> black Abolitionist poet <a href="//archive.org/details/americaotherpoem00whit/page/n6/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:americaotherpoem00whit/page/n6/mode/2up">"America and other poems"</a> 1853</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanabolitionists.com/">American Abolitionists and Antislavery Activists</a>, comprehensive list of abolitionist and anti-slavery activists and organizations in the United States, including historic biographies and anti-slavery timelines, bibliographies, etc.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sn2.scholastic.com/issues/2019-20/030220.html">Escape to Freedom</a> at scholastic.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freedomcenter.org/">National Underground Railroad Freedom Center</a> in Cincinnati, Ohio</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theliberatorfiles.com"><i>The Liberator</i> Files</a>, Horace Seldon's collection and summary of research of William Lloyd Garrison's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(anti-slavery_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Liberator (anti-slavery newspaper)">The Liberator</a></i> original copies at the Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.udmercy.edu/find/special_collections/digital/baa/">University of Detroit Mercy Black Abolitionist Archive</a>, a collection of over 800 speeches by antebellum blacks and approximately 1,000 editorials from the period.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://persuasivemaps.library.cornell.edu/browse-subject">Maps about "Slavery" in the U.S. at the Persuasive Cartography, The PJ Mode Collection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Library" title="Cornell University Library">Cornell University Library</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Underground_Railroad" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Underground_Railroad" title="Template:Underground Railroad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Underground_Railroad" title="Template talk:Underground Railroad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Underground_Railroad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Underground Railroad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Underground_Railroad" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Underground_Railroad_people" title="Category:Underground Railroad people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Brinkley_(Underground_Railroad)" title="William Brinkley (Underground Railroad)">William Brinkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Brown_(abolitionist,_born_1771)" title="Owen Brown (abolitionist, born 1771)">Owen Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Burris" title="Samuel Burris">Samuel Burris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Coffin" title="Levi Coffin">Levi Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dillingham" title="Richard Dillingham">Richard Dillingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Fairbank" title="Calvin Fairbank">Calvin Fairbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_S._Flint" title="Isaac S. Flint">Isaac S. Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Garrett" title="Thomas Garrett">Thomas Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Harper" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Harper">Frances Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Smith_Haviland" title="Laura Smith Haviland">Laura Smith Haviland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hudson_(pioneer)" title="David Hudson (pioneer)">David Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hughes_(underground_railroad)" title="Daniel Hughes (underground railroad)">Daniel Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peg_Leg_Joe" title="Peg Leg Joe">Peg Leg Joe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cooper_Nell" title="William Cooper Nell">William Cooper Nell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Forten_Purvis" title="Harriet Forten Purvis">Harriet Forten Purvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Purvis" title="Robert Purvis">Robert Purvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rankin_(abolitionist)" title="John Rankin (abolitionist)">John Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetty_Reckless" title="Hetty Reckless">Hetty Reckless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Still" title="William Still">William Still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Ellis_Stowe" title="Calvin Ellis Stowe">Calvin Ellis Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Turner_Torrey" title="Charles Turner Torrey">Charles Turner Torrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delia_Webster" title="Delia Webster">Delia Webster</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursa_major_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ursa_major_icon.svg/110px-Ursa_major_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ursa_major_icon.svg/165px-Ursa_major_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ursa_major_icon.svg/220px-Ursa_major_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="110" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Underground_Railroad_locations" title="Category:Underground Railroad locations">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Underground_Railroad_sites" title="List of Underground Railroad sites">List of Underground Railroad sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Houses_on_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Category:Houses on the Underground Railroad">houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Churches_on_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Category:Churches on the Underground Railroad">churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad_in_Indiana" title="Underground Railroad in Indiana">Underground Railroad in Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_Salem_Chapel" title="British Methodist Episcopal Church, Salem Chapel">British Methodist Episcopal Church, Salem Chapel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emeline_and_Samuel_Hawkins" title="Emeline and Samuel Hawkins">Emeline and Samuel Hawkins</a> flight (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_incident" title="Pearl incident"><i>Pearl</i> incident</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_raid_in_Cass_County_(1847)" title="Kentucky raid in Cass County (1847)">Kentucky raid in Cass County</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_Modlin#The_South_Bend_Fugitive_Slave_Case" title="Wright Modlin">The South Bend Fugitive Slave Case</a> (1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiana_Riot" title="Christiana Riot">Christiana Riot</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rescue" title="Jerry Rescue">Jerry Rescue</a> (1851)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1852 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Glover" title="Joshua Glover">Joshua Glover rescue</a> (1854)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred:_A_Tale_of_the_Great_Dismal_Swamp" title="Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp">Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp</a></i> (1856 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Eight" title="Dover Eight">Dover Eight</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlin%E2%80%93Wellington_Rescue" title="Oberlin–Wellington Rescue">Oberlin–Wellington Rescue</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilly_Escape" title="Tilly Escape">Tilly Escape</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Maria_Jackson" title="Ann Maria Jackson">Ann Maria Jackson and her seven children</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a> (1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abolitionism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">opponents of slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_abolitionists" title="List of African-American abolitionists">African-American opponents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism#Abolitionist_publications" title="Abolitionism">publications</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive slave laws">Fugitive slave laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">1850</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilts_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Quilts of the Underground Railroad">Quilts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_Underground_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse Underground Railroad">Reverse Underground Railroad</a></li> <li>Signals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_jockey" title="Lawn jockey">lawn jockey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">Songs of the Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(Still)" title="The Underground Railroad (Still)"><i>The Underground Railroad Records</i></a> (1872 book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Underground_Railroad_Freedom_Center" title="National Underground Railroad Freedom Center">National Underground Railroad Freedom Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Memorial_(Boston)" title="Harriet Tubman Memorial (Boston)"><i>Harriet Tubman Memorial</i> (Boston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Underground_Railroad_National_Historical_Park" title="Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park">Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Underground_Railroad_State_Park" title="Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park">Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Underground_Railroad_Visitor_Center" title="Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Visitor Center">visitor center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls_Underground_Railroad_Heritage_Center" title="Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center">Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad_Bicycle_Route" title="Underground Railroad Bicycle Route">Underground Railroad Bicycle Route</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Railroad_to_Freedom:_A_Story_of_the_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The Railroad to Freedom: A Story of the Civil War">The Railroad to Freedom: A Story of the Civil War</a></i> (1932 book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Woman_Called_Moses" title="A Woman Called Moses">A Woman Called Moses</a></i> (1978 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roots_of_Resistance:_The_Story_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Roots of Resistance: The Story of the Underground Railroad">Roots of Resistance</a></i> (1989 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Quest_for_Freedom" title="The Quest for Freedom">The Quest for Freedom</a></i> (1992 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedom:_The_Underground_Railroad" title="Freedom: The Underground Railroad">Freedom: The Underground Railroad</a></i> (2013 board game)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_North_Star_(2016_film)" title="The North Star (2016 film)">The North Star</a></i> (2016 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Underground_(TV_series)" title="Underground (TV series)">Underground</a></i> (2016 TV series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harriet_(film)" title="Harriet (film)">Harriet</a></i> (2019 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(miniseries)" title="The Underground Railroad (miniseries)">The Underground Railroad</a></i> (2021 miniseries)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Slavery in Canada</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slavery_in_the_United_States" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Template:History of slavery in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:History of slavery in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of slavery in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slavery_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Alabama" title="History of slavery in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Alaska" title="History of slavery in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Arkansas" title="History of slavery in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_California" title="History of slavery in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Colorado" title="History of slavery in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Connecticut" title="History of slavery in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Delaware" title="History of slavery in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Florida" title="History of slavery in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of slavery in Hawaii (page does not exist)">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Idaho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of slavery in Idaho (page does not exist)">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Illinois" title="History of slavery in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Indiana" title="History of slavery in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Iowa" title="History of slavery in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Kansas" title="History of slavery in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Kentucky" title="History of slavery in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Louisiana" title="History of slavery in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Maine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of slavery in Maine (page does not exist)">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Maryland" title="History of slavery in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Massachusetts" title="History of slavery in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Michigan" title="History of slavery in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Minnesota" title="History of slavery in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Mississippi" title="History of slavery in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Missouri" title="History of slavery in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Montana" title="History of slavery in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Nebraska" title="History of slavery in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Nevada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of slavery in Nevada (page does not exist)">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_New_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_New_Jersey" title="History of slavery in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_New_Mexico" title="History of slavery in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_North_Carolina" title="History of slavery in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_North_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Oklahoma" title="History of slavery in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Oregon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of slavery in Oregon (page does not exist)">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Pennsylvania" title="History of slavery in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_South_Carolina" title="History of slavery in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_South_Dakota" title="History of slavery in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Tennessee" title="History of slavery in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Texas" title="History of slavery in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Utah" title="History of slavery in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Vermont" title="History of slavery in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Virginia" title="History of slavery in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Washington_(state)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of slavery in Washington (state) (page does not exist)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_West_Virginia" title="History of slavery in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Wyoming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of slavery in Wyoming (page does not exist)">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands#Danish_period" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">Slavery among Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_Spain" title="Slavery in New Spain">Slavery in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">Slavery in New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Slavery in the colonial history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_British_America" title="Indentured servitude in British America">Indentured servitude in British America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">Slave trade in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_markets_and_slave_jails_in_the_United_States" title="Slave markets and slave jails in the United States">Slave markets and slave jails in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_into_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Kidnapping into slavery in the United States">Kidnapping into slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">Slave states and free states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_labor_on_United_States_military_installations_1799%E2%80%931863" title="Slave labor on United States military installations 1799–1863">Slave labor on United States military installations 1799–1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_American_colleges_and_universities" title="Slavery at American colleges and universities">Slavery at American colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_American_slavery" title="Glossary of American slavery">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of slavery in the United States">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural and<br />social history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_proslavery_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="American proslavery movement">American proslavery movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_as_a_positive_good_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery as a positive good in the United States">Slavery as a positive good in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treatment_of_the_slaves_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treatment of the slaves in the United States (page does not exist)">Treatment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_health_on_plantations_in_the_United_States" title="Slave health on plantations in the United States">Health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-literacy_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-literacy laws in the United States">Mandatory illiteracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_during_the_slave_period_in_the_United_States" title="Education during the slave period in the United States">Education during the slave period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_quarters_in_the_United_States" title="Slave quarters in the United States">Slave quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">Domestic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_slave_traders" class="mw-redirect" title="List of American slave traders">List of American slave traders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaway_slave_ad" class="mw-redirect" title="Runaway slave ad">Runaway slave ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freedmen%27s_towns" title="List of freedmen's towns">Freedmen's towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Black Canadians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">List of abolitionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_system" title="Gang system">Gang system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_system" title="Task system">Task system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">Planter class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_the_United_States" title="List of plantations in the United States">List of plantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerindian_slave_ownership" title="Amerindian slave ownership">Amerindian slave ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_slave_owners" title="African-American slave owners">African-American slave owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Slavery and the United States Constitution">Slavery and the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_slave_court_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="American slave court cases">American slave court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Freedom_suits_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Freedom suits in the United States">Freedom suits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Clause" title="Fugitive Slave Clause">Fugitive Slave Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-fifths_Compromise" title="Three-fifths Compromise">Three-fifths Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_and_free_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave and free states">Slave and free states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="History of slavery in the United States by state">History of slavery by U.S. state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1793" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1793">Fugitive Slave Act of 1793</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_Prohibiting_Importation_of_Slaves" title="Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves">Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves</a> (1808)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_rule_(United_States)" title="Gag rule (United States)">Gag rule (1836–1840)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullifier_Party" title="Nullifier Party">Nullifier Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_to_reopen_the_transatlantic_slave_trade" title="Movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade">Movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act of 1850</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_owned_slaves" title="List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves">Presidents and slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">George Washington and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Thomas Jefferson and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_and_slavery" title="James Madison and slavery">James Madison and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">John Quincy Adams and abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler_and_slavery" title="John Tyler and slavery">John Tyler and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor_and_slavery" title="Zachary Taylor and slavery">Zachary Taylor and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Abraham Lincoln and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_and_slavery" title="Andrew Johnson and slavery">Andrew Johnson and slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_owned_slaves" title="List of vice presidents of the United States who owned slaves">Vice presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_who_owned_slaves" title="List of members of the United States Congress who owned slaves">Members of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_Justices_who_owned_slaves" title="List of United States Supreme Court Justices who owned slaves">Supreme Court Justices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marriage,<br />sexual slavery<br />and procreation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">Female slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States#Sexual_relations_and_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Sexual relations and rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">Slave breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_family" title="Shadow family">Shadow family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War and after</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_during_the_American_Civil_War" title="Slavery during the American Civil War">Slavery during the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="End of slavery in the United States">End of slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation_in_the_United_States" title="Compensated emancipation in the United States">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraband_(American_Civil_War)" title="Contraband (American Civil War)">Contraband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops" title="United States Colored Troops">Colored Troops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement (1865–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_reunification_ads_after_emancipation" title="Family reunification ads after emancipation">Family reunification ads after emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_town" title="Freedmen's town">Freedmen's town</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freedmen%27s_towns" title="List of freedmen's towns">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slave_narratives" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slave_narrative" title="Template:Slave narrative"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slave_narrative" title="Template talk:Slave narrative"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slave_narrative" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slave narrative"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slave_narratives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narratives</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Narrative_Collection" title="Slave Narrative Collection">Slave Narrative Collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals<br />by continent<br />of enslavement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Adams_(sailor)" title="Robert Adams (sailor)">Robert Adams</a> (c. 1790–?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Berg_(1714-1761)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Berg (1714-1761)">Marcus Berg</a> (1714-1761)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bok" title="Francis Bok">Francis Bok</a> (b. 1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Brassard" title="Isaac Brassard">Isaac Brassard</a> (1620–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Caronni" title="Felice Caronni">Felice Caronni </a> (1747–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Leander_Cathcart" title="James Leander Cathcart">James Leander Cathcart</a> (1767–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93lafur_Egilsson" title="Ólafur Egilsson">Ólafur Egilsson</a> (1564–1639)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Kilekwa" title="Petro Kilekwa">Petro Kilekwa</a> (late 19th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Marsh" title="Elizabeth Marsh">Elizabeth Marsh</a> (1735–1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_ter_Meetelen" title="Maria ter Meetelen">Maria ter Meetelen</a> (1704–?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Nazer" title="Mende Nazer">Mende Nazer</a> (b. 1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hark_Olufs" title="Hark Olufs">Hark Olufs</a> (1708–1754)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pellow" title="Thomas Pellow">Thomas Pellow</a> (1705–?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pitts_(author)" title="Joseph Pitts (author)">Joseph Pitts</a> (1663 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1735</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0r%C3%AD%C3%B0ur_S%C3%ADmonard%C3%B3ttir" title="Guðríður Símonardóttir">Guðríður Símonardóttir</a> (1598–1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Qaurtier" title="Antoine Qaurtier">Antoine Qaurtier</a> (1632–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Matth%C3%A4us_Wolfgang" title="Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang">Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang</a> (1660–1736)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Wolffgang" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Georg Wolffgang">Johann Georg Wolffgang</a> (1644–1744)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigitta_Scherzenfeldt" title="Brigitta Scherzenfeldt">Brigitta Scherzenfeldt</a> (1684–1736)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A1clav_Vratislav&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Václav Vratislav (page does not exist)">Václav Vratislav</a> (1576–1635)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovisa_von_Burghausen" title="Lovisa von Burghausen">Lovisa von Burghausen</a> (1698–1733)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano" title="Olaudah Equiano">Olaudah Equiano</a> (c. 1745 Nigeria – 31 March 1797 Eng)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukawsaw_Gronniosaw" title="Ukawsaw Gronniosaw">Ukawsaw Gronniosaw</a> (c. 1705 Bornu – 1775 Eng)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marteilhe" title="Jean Marteilhe">Jean Marteilhe</a> (1684-1777)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roustam_Raza" title="Roustam Raza">Roustam Raza</a> (1783–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunzio_Otello_Francesco_Gioacchino" title="Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino">Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino</a> (1792 – fl. 1828)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Ottoman Empire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Schiltberger" title="Johann Schiltberger">Johann Schiltberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Konstantin Mihailović">Konstantin Mihailović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_of_Hungary" title="George of Hungary">George of Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">North America:<br />Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Ang%C3%A9lique" title="Marie-Joseph Angélique">Marie-Joseph Angélique</a> (c. 1710 Portugal – 1734 Montreal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Jewitt" title="John R. Jewitt">John R. Jewitt</a> (1783 England – 1821 United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">North America:<br />Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Francisco_Manzano" title="Juan Francisco Manzano">Juan Francisco Manzano</a> (1797–1854, Cuba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_Montejo" title="Esteban Montejo">Esteban Montejo</a> (1860–1965, Cuba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Prince" title="Mary Prince">Mary Prince</a> (c. 1788 Bermuda – after 1833)</li> <li>Venerable <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Toussaint" title="Pierre Toussaint">Pierre Toussaint</a> (1766 Saint-Dominque – June 30, 1853 NY)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_Xiorro" title="Marcos Xiorro">Marcos Xiorro</a> (c. 1819 – ???, Puerto Rico)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">North America:<br />United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Aleckson" title="Sam Aleckson">Sam Aleckson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Anderson" title="Jordan Anderson">Jordan Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Anderson" title="William J. Anderson">William J. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Maurice_Arter" title="Jared Maurice Arter">Jared Maurice Arter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Bayley" title="Solomon Bayley">Solomon Bayley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polly_Berry" title="Polly Berry">Polly Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bibb" title="Henry Bibb">Henry Bibb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Black" title="Leonard Black">Leonard Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Box_Brown" title="Henry Box Brown">Henry "Box" Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(fugitive_slave)" title="John Brown (fugitive slave)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wells_Brown" title="William Wells Brown">William Wells Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bruner" title="Peter Bruner">Peter Bruner</a> (1845 KY – 1938 OH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_and_William_Craft" title="Ellen and William Craft">Ellen and William Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Crafts" title="Hannah Crafts">Hannah Crafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucinda_Davis" title="Lucinda Davis">Lucinda Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Davis_(Baptist_minister)" title="Noah Davis (Baptist minister)">Noah Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Delaney" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucy Delaney">Lucy Delaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayuba_Suleiman_Diallo" title="Ayuba Suleiman Diallo">Ayuba Suleiman Diallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Drumgoold" title="Kate Drumgoold">Kate Drumgoold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Winston_Early" title="Jordan Winston Early">Jordan Winston Early</a> (1814 – after 1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Jane_Woodson_Early" title="Sarah Jane Woodson Early">Sarah Jane Woodson Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fossett" title="Peter Fossett">Peter Fossett</a> (1815 <a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a>–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_George_(Baptist)" title="David George (Baptist)">David George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Grandy" title="Moses Grandy">Moses Grandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lear_Green" title="Lear Green">Lear Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Green_(former_slave)" title="William Green (former slave)">William Green</a> (19th century <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">MD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grimes_(ex-slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Grimes (ex-slave)">William Grimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Henson" title="Josiah Henson">Josiah Henson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_Hughes" title="Fountain Hughes">Fountain Hughes</a> (1848/1854 VA – 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_ibn_Said" title="Omar ibn Said">Omar ibn Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Andrew_Jackson" title="John Andrew Jackson">John Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_James_(minister)" title="Thomas James (minister)">Thomas James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jea" title="John Jea">John Jea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Jennings_(slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Jennings (slave)">Paul Jennings</a> (1799–1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Keckley" title="Elizabeth Keckley">Elizabeth Keckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_King" title="Boston King">Boston King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunsford_Lane" title="Lunsford Lane">Lunsford Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Vance_Lewis" title="J. Vance Lewis">J. Vance Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jermain_Wesley_Loguen" title="Jermain Wesley Loguen">Jermain Wesley Loguen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mars" title="James Mars">James Mars</a> (1790–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Northup" title="Solomon Northup">Solomon Northup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensbury_Washington_Offley" title="Greensbury Washington Offley">Greensbury Washington Offley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Parker_(abolitionist)" title="John Parker (abolitionist)">John Parker</a> (1827 VA – 1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Parker_(abolitionist)" title="William Parker (abolitionist)">William Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robinson_(soldier,_born_1753)" title="James Robinson (soldier, born 1753)">James Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Roper" title="Moses Roper">Moses Roper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Singleton" title="William Henry Singleton">William Henry Singleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lindsay_Smith" title="James Lindsay Smith">James Lindsay Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_Smith" title="Venture Smith">Venture Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Steward" title="Austin Steward">Austin Steward</a> (1793 VA – 1860)</li> <li>Venerable <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Toussaint" title="Pierre Toussaint">Pierre Toussaint</a> (1766 Saint-Dominque – 1853 NY)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Turnage" title="Wallace Turnage">Wallace Turnage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethany_Veney" title="Bethany Veney">Bethany Veney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Willis" title="Wallace Willis">Wallace Willis</a> (19th century Indian Territory)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_E._Wilson" title="Harriet E. Wilson">Harriet E. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamba_Zembola" title="Zamba Zembola">Zamba Zembola</a> (b. c. 1780 Congo)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahommah_Gardo_Baquaqua" title="Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua">Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua</a> (1845–1847, Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Bur%C3%ADa" title="Miguel de Buría">Miguel de Buría</a> (? Puerto Rico – 1555 Venezuela)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osifekunde" title="Osifekunde">Osifekunde</a> (c. 1795 Nigeria – ? Brazil)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Interesting_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano" title="The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano">The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano</a></i> (1789)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Narrative_of_Robert_Adams" title="The Narrative of Robert Adams">The Narrative of Robert Adams</a></i> (1816)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Slavery_as_It_Is" class="mw-redirect" title="American Slavery as It Is">American Slavery as It Is</a></i> (1839)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Frederick_Douglass,_an_American_Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave">Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave</a></i> (1845)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Josiah_Henson,_Formerly_a_Slave,_Now_an_Inhabitant_of_Canada,_as_Narrated_by_Himself" title="The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave, Now an Inhabitant of Canada, as Narrated by Himself">The Life of Josiah Henson</a></i> (1849)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Years_a_Slave" title="Twelve Years a Slave">Twelve Years a Slave</a></i> (1853)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Bondage_and_My_Freedom" title="My Bondage and My Freedom">My Bondage and My Freedom</a></i> (1855)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Incidents_in_the_Life_of_a_Slave_Girl" title="Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl">Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl</a></i> (1861)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(Still)" title="The Underground Railroad (Still)">The Underground Railroad Records</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_and_Times_of_Frederick_Douglass" title="Life and Times of Frederick Douglass">Life and Times of Frederick Douglass</a></i> (1881)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Up_from_Slavery" title="Up from Slavery">Up from Slavery</a></i> (1901)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slave_Narrative_Collection" title="Slave Narrative Collection">Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States</a></i> (1936–38)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peculiar_Institution" title="The Peculiar Institution">The Peculiar Institution</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Community" title="The Slave Community">The Slave Community</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barracoon:_The_Story_of_the_Last_%22Black_Cargo%22" title="Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"">Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_about_slavery" title="Category:Novels about slavery">Fiction/novels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oroonoko" title="Oroonoko">Oroonoko</a></i> (1688)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sab_(novel)" title="Sab (novel)">Sab</a></i> (1841)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1852)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Heroic_Slave" title="The Heroic Slave">The Heroic Slave</a></i> (1852)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clotel" title="Clotel">Clotel</a></i> (1853)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bondwoman%27s_Narrative" title="The Bondwoman's Narrative">The Bondwoman's Narrative</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1853</span> – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1861</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred:_A_Tale_of_the_Great_Dismal_Swamp" title="Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp">Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp</a></i> (1856)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Nig" title="Our Nig">Our Nig</a></i> (1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_(novel)" title="Jubilee (novel)">Jubilee</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Confessions_of_Nat_Turner" title="The Confessions of Nat Turner">The Confessions of Nat Turner</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roots:_The_Saga_of_an_American_Family" title="Roots: The Saga of an American Family">Roots: The Saga of an American Family</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Underground_to_Canada" title="Underground to Canada">Underground to Canada</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kindred_(novel)" title="Kindred (novel)">Kindred</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dessa_Rose" title="Dessa Rose">Dessa Rose</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beloved_(novel)" title="Beloved (novel)">Beloved</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage_(novel)" title="Middle Passage (novel)">Middle Passage</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen:_The_Story_of_an_American_Family" title="Queen: The Story of an American Family">Queen: The Story of an American Family</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hang_a_Thousand_Trees_with_Ribbons" title="Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons">Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ama:_A_Story_of_the_Atlantic_Slave_Trade" title="Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade">Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walk_Through_Darkness" title="Walk Through Darkness">Walk Through Darkness</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Known_World" title="The Known World">The Known World</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unburnable" title="Unburnable">Unburnable</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Negroes_(novel)" title="The Book of Negroes (novel)">The Book of Negroes</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(novel)" title="The Underground Railroad (novel)">The Underground Railroad</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Young adult books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amos_Fortune,_Free_Man" title="Amos Fortune, Free Man">Amos Fortune, Free Man</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I,_Juan_de_Pareja" title="I, Juan de Pareja">I, Juan de Pareja</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Copper_Sun" title="Copper Sun">Copper Sun</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/To_a_Southern_Slaveholder" title="To a Southern Slaveholder">To a Southern Slaveholder</a>" (1848)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Key_to_Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin">A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Escape;_or,_A_Leap_for_Freedom" title="The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom">The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom</a></i> (1858)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Octoroon" title="The Octoroon">The Octoroon</a></i> (1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omar_(opera)" title="Omar (opera)">Omar</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Unchained_Memories" title="Unchained Memories">Unchained Memories</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass_and_the_White_Negro" title="Frederick Douglass and the White Negro">Frederick Douglass and the White Negro</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">African-American literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Tom_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Tom novels">Anti-Tom novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captivity_narrative" title="Captivity narrative">Captivity narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_literature" title="Caribbean literature">Caribbean literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Films featuring slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">Songs of the Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_surviving_American_enslaved_people" class="mw-redirect" title="List of last surviving American enslaved people">List of last surviving American enslaved people</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Negroes" title="Book of Negroes">Book of Negroes</a></i> (1783)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Plantation_Record_and_Account_Book" title="Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book">Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book</a></i> (1847)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slave-Trading_in_the_Old_South" title="Slave-Trading in the Old South">Slave-Trading in the Old South</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Johnson_(Mount_Vernon)" title="Sarah Johnson (Mount Vernon)">Sarah Johnson's Mount Vernon</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">Slave Songs of the United States</a></i> (1867)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Grace:_An_Anthology_of_Poems_about_Slavery" title="Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery">Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hemingses_of_Monticello" title="The Hemingses of Monticello">The Hemingses of Monticello</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics" title="Template:African American topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics" title="Template talk:African American topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cowboys" title="Black cowboys">Black cowboys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li> <li>Civil Rights Acts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement 1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Civil right movement 1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement 1954–1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">Free Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodusters" title="Exodusters">Exodusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book" title="The Negro Motorist Green Book">The Negro Motorist Green Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">Women's suffrage movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-owned_business" title="Black-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Negro" title="New Negro">New Negro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Negro National Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_newspapers" title="African American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce">Blanche Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Huddie Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rainey" title="Joseph Rainey">Joseph Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_R._Revels" title="Hiram R. Revels">Hiram Revels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">David Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Education, science<br />and technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_studies" title="Black studies">Black studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Black school">Black schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists" title="List of African-American inventors and scientists">Inventors and scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_focused_on_African_Americans" title="List of museums focused on African Americans">Museums</a></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_computer_science" title="African-American women in computer science">in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_medicine" title="List of African-American women in medicine">in medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_STEM_fields" title="List of African-American women in STEM fields">in STEM fields</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Father_Divine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Father Divine">Doctrine of Father Divine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">Raised fist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civic and economic<br />groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League (NUL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_College_Fund" title="Thurgood Marshall College Fund">Thurgood Marshall College Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_professional_American_football" title="Black players in professional American football">Black players in professional American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_starting_NFL_quarterbacks" title="List of black starting NFL quarterbacks">Black NFL quarterbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_ice_hockey" title="Black players in ice hockey">Black players in ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashe" title="Arthur Ashe">Arthur Ashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Athletic associations<br />and conferences</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By African descent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">of color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Black_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Black populations">U.S. cities with large populations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2000" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2000">2000 majorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2010" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2010">2010 majorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">States and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English_and_social_context" title="African-American Vernacular English and social context">social context</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">By state/city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida#Black_history" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia" title="African Americans in Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hawaii" title="Africans in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li>Massachusetts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li></ul></li> <li>Michigan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_Jersey" title="African Americans in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li>Pennsylvania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Austin" title="History of African Americans in Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="History of African Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas–Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_West_Virginia" title="African Americans in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Creole_people" title="Gambian Creole people">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li>America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_African_Americans" title="Lists of African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_activists" title="List of African-American activists">Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_actors" title="List of African-American actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_astronauts" title="List of African-American astronauts">Astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_journalists" title="List of African American journalists">Journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_jurists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American jurists">Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_mathematicians" title="List of African-American mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_Republicans" title="List of African-American Republicans">Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_singers" title="List of African-American singers">Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_sportspeople" title="List of African American sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">US cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">US representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">US senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_visual_artists" title="List of African-American visual artists">Visual artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_writers" title="List of African-American writers">Writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American firsts">African-American firsts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_African-American_mayors" title="List of first African-American mayors">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_sports_firsts" title="List of African-American sports firsts">Sports firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_U.S._state_firsts" title="List of African-American U.S. state firsts">US state firsts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index of related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmark_African-American_legislation" title="List of landmark African-American legislation">Landmark African-American legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">Lynching victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_to_African_Americans" title="List of monuments to African Americans">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_the_African_diaspora" title="List of topics related to the African diaspora">Topics related to the African diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_society" title="Category:African-American society">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Brown%27s_Raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="Template:John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Brown%27s_Raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="Template talk:John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Brown%27s_Raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Brown&#039;s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raiders" title="John Brown's raiders">John Brown's raiders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_Perry_Anderson" title="Osborne Perry Anderson">Osborne Perry Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_body" title="John Brown's body">body</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Brown_(abolitionist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Brown (abolitionist)">Oliver Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Brown_(abolitionist,_born_1824)" title="Owen Brown (abolitionist, born 1824)">Owen Brown (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="Watson Brown (abolitionist)">Watson Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anthony_Copeland_Jr." title="John Anthony Copeland Jr.">John Anthony Copeland Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barclay_Coppock" class="mw-redirect" title="Barclay Coppock">Barclay Coppock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Coppock" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Coppock">Edwin Coppock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shields_Green" title="Shields Green">Shields Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hazlett" title="Albert Hazlett">Albert Hazlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Kagi" title="John Henry Kagi">John Henry Kagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Sheridan_Leary" title="Lewis Sheridan Leary">Lewis Sheridan Leary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Jackson_Meriam" title="Francis Jackson Meriam">Francis Jackson Meriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangerfield_Newby" title="Dangerfield Newby">Dangerfield Newby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Dwight_Stevens" title="Aaron Dwight Stevens">Aaron Dwight Stevens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secret_Six" title="Secret Six">Secret Six</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wentworth_Higginson" title="Thomas Wentworth Higginson">Thomas Wentworth Higginson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gridley_Howe" title="Samuel Gridley Howe">Samuel Gridley Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Parker" title="Theodore Parker">Theodore Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Benjamin_Sanborn" title="Franklin Benjamin Sanborn">Franklin Benjamin Sanborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Luther_Stearns" title="George Luther Stearns">George Luther Stearns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Day_Brown" title="Mary Ann Day Brown">Mary Ann Day Brown</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Brown_(abolitionist,_born_1771)" title="Owen Brown (abolitionist, born 1771)">Owen Brown (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Junior" title="John Brown Junior">John Brown, Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chilton" title="Samuel Chilton">Samuel Chilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E.P._Daingerfield" title="John E.P. Daingerfield">John E.P. Daingerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Greene" title="Israel Greene">Israel Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Hoyt" title="George Henry Hoyt">George Henry Hoyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hunter_(lawyer)" title="Andrew Hunter (lawyer)">Andrew Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Stonewall Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Mason" title="James M. Mason">James M. Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parker_(congressman)" title="Richard Parker (congressman)">Richard Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Phillips" title="Wendell Phillips">Wendell Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Realf" title="Richard Realf">Richard Realf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Redpath" title="James Redpath">James Redpath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sennott" title="George Sennott">George Sennott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heyward_Shepherd_monument" title="Heyward Shepherd monument">Heyward Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Steuart_(militia_general)" title="George H. Steuart (militia general)">George H. Steuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">J. E. B. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Washington" title="Lewis Washington">Lewis Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wise" title="Henry A. Wise">Henry A. Wise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allstadt_House_and_Ordinary" title="Allstadt House and Ordinary">Allstadt House and Ordinary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_%26_O_Railroad_Potomac_River_Crossing" title="B & O Railroad Potomac River Crossing">B & O Railroad Potomac River Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beall-Air" title="Beall-Air">Beall-Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Town,_West_Virginia" title="Charles Town, West Virginia">Charles Town, West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibson-Todd_House" title="Gibson-Todd House">Gibson-Todd House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_Armory" title="Harpers Ferry Armory">Harpers Ferry Armory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry,_West_Virginia" title="Harpers Ferry, West Virginia">Harpers Ferry, West Virginia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_Historic_District" title="Harpers Ferry Historic District">Historic District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Fort" title="John Brown's Fort">John Brown's Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennedy Farm">Kennedy Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook,_Maryland" title="Sandy Hook, Maryland">Sandy Hook, Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia" title="Winchester, Virginia">Winchester, Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afterwards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Winchester_Medical_College" title="Burning of Winchester Medical College">Burning of Winchester Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_National_Historical_Park" title="Harpers Ferry National Historical Park">Harpers Ferry National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heyward_Shepherd_monument" title="Heyward Shepherd monument">Heyward Shepherd monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(biography)" title="John Brown (biography)"><i>John Brown</i> (biography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Farm_State_Historic_Site" title="John Brown Farm State Historic Site">John Brown Farm State Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Farm,_Tannery_%26_Museum" title="John Brown Farm, Tannery & Museum">John Brown Farm, Tannery & Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Summit_County_Historical_Society_of_Akron,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="The Summit County Historical Society of Akron, Ohio">John Brown House (Akron, Ohio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Museum_(Osawatomie,_Kansas)" title="John Brown Museum (Osawatomie, Kansas)">John Brown Museum (Osawatomie, Kansas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_body" title="John Brown's body">John Brown's body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body_(poem)" title="John Brown's Body (poem)"><i>John Brown's Body</i> (poem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body"><i>John Brown's Body</i> (song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_last_speech" title="John Brown's last speech">John Brown's last speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Provisional_Constitution" title="John Brown's Provisional Constitution">John Brown's Provisional Constitution</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Days_of_John_Brown" title="The Last Days of John Brown">The Last Days of John Brown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Moments_of_John_Brown" title="The Last Moments of John Brown">The Last Moments of John Brown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Plea_for_Captain_John_Brown" title="A Plea for Captain John Brown">A Plea for Captain John Brown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Remarks_After_the_Hanging_of_John_Brown" title="Remarks After the Hanging of John Brown">Remarks After the Hanging of John Brown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Prelude" title="Tragic Prelude">Tragic Prelude</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._John_Brown" title="Virginia v. John Brown">Virginia v. John Brown</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Amistad" title="La Amistad">La Amistad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Black_Jack" title="Battle of Black Jack">Battle of Black Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Spurs_(Kansas)" title="Battle of the Spurs (Kansas)">Battle of the Spurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Bell" title="James Madison Bell">James Madison Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cloudsplitter" title="Cloudsplitter">Cloudsplitter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Curry" class="mw-redirect" title="John Stuart Curry">John Stuart Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_DeBaptiste" title="George DeBaptiste">George DeBaptiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson#Civil_War_years" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fire_on_the_Mountain_(Bisson_novel)" title="Fire on the Mountain (Bisson novel)">Fire on the Mountain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wm._Lloyd_Garrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. Lloyd Garrison">Wm. Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Lord_Bird" title="The Good Lord Bird"><i>The Good Lord Bird</i> (book, </a><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Lord_Bird_(miniseries)" title="The Good Lord Bird (miniseries)">miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_P._Lovejoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Elijah P. Lovejoy">Elijah P. Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_Song_(play)" title="Marching Song (play)"><i>Marching Song</i> (play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Montgomery_(colonel)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Montgomery (colonel)">James Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Osawatomie" title="Battle of Osawatomie">Battle of Osawatomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quindaro_Townsite" title="Quindaro Townsite">Quindaro Townsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Allan Pinkerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottawatomie_massacre" title="Pottawatomie massacre">Pottawatomie massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail_(film)" title="Santa Fe Trail (film)"><i>Santa Fe Trail</i> (film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Angry_Men" title="Seven Angry Men">Seven Angry Men</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storer_College" title="Storer College">Storer College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau#Later_years,_1851–1862" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakarusa_War" title="Wakarusa War">Wakarusa War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_and_Potomac_Railroad" title="Winchester and Potomac Railroad">Winchester and Potomac Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Civil_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Civil_War" title="Template talk:American Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_leading_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War">Timeline leading to the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas-Nebraska_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas-Nebraska Act">Kansas-Nebraska Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Declaration_of_Secession" title="South Carolina Declaration of Secession">South Carolina Declaration of Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">Fugitive slave laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_as_a_positive_good_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery as a positive good in the United States">Positive good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abolitionism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Debates_on_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lane Debates on Slavery">Lane Debates on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Sella_Martin" title="J. Sella Martin">J. Sella Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Luther_Stearns" title="George Luther Stearns">George Luther Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">Caning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="CombatantsTheatersCampaignsBattlesStates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Combatants</li><li>Theaters</li><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li><li>States</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">Revenue Cutter Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Marine_Corps" title="Confederate States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Theaters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Eastern theater of the American Civil War">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Western theater of the American Civil War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_seaboard_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Lower seaboard theater of the American Civil War">Lower Seaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War">Trans-Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pacific coast theater of the American Civil War">Pacific Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union naval blockade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Campaigns of the American Civil War">campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">Blockade runners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_campaign" title="New Mexico campaign">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_campaign" title="Jackson's Valley campaign">Jackson's Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_campaign" title="Northern Virginia campaign">Northern Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_campaign" title="Maryland campaign">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullahoma_campaign" title="Tullahoma campaign">Tullahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid" title="Morgan's Raid">Morgan's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristoe_campaign" title="Bristoe campaign">Bristoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_campaign" title="Knoxville campaign">Knoxville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_campaign" title="Red River campaign">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_campaigns_of_1864" title="Valley campaigns of 1864">Valley 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hundred_campaign" title="Bermuda Hundred campaign">Bermuda Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Richmond-Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%E2%80%93Nashville_campaign" title="Franklin–Nashville campaign">Franklin–Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition" title="Price's Missouri Expedition">Price's Missouri Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Sherman's March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign of the Carolinas">Carolinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_campaign_(1865)" title="Mobile campaign (1865)">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles" title="List of American Civil War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">1st Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Wilson's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" title="Battle of Fort Donelson">Fort Donelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pea_Ridge" title="Battle of Pea Ridge">Pea Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip" title="Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Seven Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">2nd Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perryville" title="Battle of Perryville">Perryville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Chickamauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pillow" title="Battle of Fort Pillow">Fort Pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Spotsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Cold Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atlanta" title="Battle of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Franklin (1864)">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Five Forks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">States and<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="California in the American Civil War">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado in the American Civil War">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Connecticut in the American Civil War">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory#Dakota_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware#Delaware_in_the_Civil_War" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hawaii and the American Civil War">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Idaho in the American Civil War">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Illinois in the American Civil War">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indiana in the American Civil War">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Iowa in the American Civil War">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kansas in the American Civil War">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maine in the American Civil War">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Massachusetts in the American Civil War">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Michigan in the American Civil War">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota#Civil_War_era_and_Dakota_War_of_1862" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana in the American Civil War">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nebraska Territory in the American Civil War">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nevada in the American Civil War">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Civil_War:_1861–1865" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Jersey in the American Civil War">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York in the American Civil War">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ohio in the American Civil War">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Oregon in the American Civil War">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Rhode Island in the American Civil War">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah in the American Civil War">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Vermont in the American Civil War">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington in the American Civil War">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Wisconsin in the American Civil War">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Atlanta in the American Civil War">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Charleston in the American Civil War">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Chattanooga in the American Civil War">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Orleans in the American Civil War">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester, Virginia in the American Civil War">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_leadership_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military leadership in the American Civil War">Leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">R. H. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">Beauregard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Buchanan" title="Franklin Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(general)" title="Samuel Cooper (general)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest">Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gorgas" title="Josiah Gorgas">Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">A. S. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">J. E. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan" title="John Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Mosby" title="John S. Mosby">Mosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Polk" title="Leonidas Polk">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Price" title="Sterling Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Semmes" title="Raphael Semmes">Semmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">E. K. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock" title="Thomas S. Bocock">Bocock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Memminger" title="Christopher Memminger">Memminger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Stephens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Civil_War)" title="Robert Anderson (Civil War)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_Buell" title="Don Carlos Buell">Buell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Francis_Du_Pont" title="Samuel Francis Du Pont">Du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hull_Foote" title="Andrew Hull Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Hunt" title="Henry Jackson Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_C._Meigs" title="Montgomery C. Meigs">Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ord" title="Edward Ord">Ord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">D. D. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">Rosecrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Pinkerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Welles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims">Alabama Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax riot of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_colonies" title="Confederate colonies">Confederate refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederados" title="Confederados">Confederados</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_riot_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Election riot of 1874">Eufaula riot of 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Savings_Bank" title="Freedman's Savings Bank">Freedman's Savings Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a> of 1873</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Andrew_Johnson" title="Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">first inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">second inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">impeachment managers investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war" title="Kirk–Holden war">Kirk–Holden war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia" title="Knights of the White Camelia">Knights of the White Camelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis riots of 1866">Memphis riots of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian riot of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_massacre_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans massacre of 1866">New Orleans riot of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_of_1867" title="Habeas Corpus Act of 1867">Habeas Corpus Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of February 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of April 1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_military_districts" title="Reconstruction military districts">Reconstruction military districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_Council" title="Fort Smith Council">Indian Council at Fort Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Claims_Commission" title="Southern Claims Commission">Southern Claims Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Post-<br />Reconstruction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Commemoration of the American Civil War">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Centennial" title="American Civil War Centennial">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Discovery_Trail" title="Civil War Discovery Trail">Civil War Discovery Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Roundtable" title="Civil War Roundtable">Civil War Roundtables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trails_Program" title="Civil War Trails Program">Civil War Trails Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_History_Month" title="Confederate History Month">Confederate History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Decoration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_reenactment" title="American Civil War reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Day" title="Robert E. Lee Day">Robert E. Lee Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disenfranchisement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">Historiographic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_display_of_the_Confederate_battle_flag" title="Modern display of the Confederate battle flag">Modern display of the Confederate flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Sons of Confederate Veterans">Sons of Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Union_Veterans_of_the_Civil_War" title="Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War">Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Historical_Society" title="Southern Historical Society">Southern Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of the Confederacy">Children of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Monuments<br />and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Union_Civil_War_monuments_and_memorials" title="List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_the_Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of memorials to Abraham Lincoln">memorials to Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Confederate monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_artworks_in_the_United_States_Capitol" title="Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol">artworks in Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Jefferson_Davis" title="List of memorials to Jefferson Davis">memorials to Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Robert_E._Lee" title="List of memorials to Robert E. Lee">memorials to Lee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" title="Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials">Removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Memorial_Association" title="Ladies' Memorial Association">Ladies' Memorial Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Era_National_Cemeteries_MPS" title="Civil War Era National Cemeteries MPS">U.S. national cemeteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Veterans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1913 Gettysburg reunion">1913 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1938 Gettysburg reunion">1938 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Veteran" title="Confederate Veteran">Confederate Veteran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States">Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_soldiers%27_home" title="Old soldiers' home">Old soldiers' homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_of_Honor" title="Southern Cross of Honor">Southern Cross of Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of weapons in the American Civil War">Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Campaign_Medal" title="Civil War Campaign Medal">Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cavalry in the American Civil War">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Home_Guard" title="Confederate Home Guard">Confederate Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_railroads_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Confederate railroads in the American Civil War">Confederate railroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_revolving_cannon" title="Confederate revolving cannon">Confederate revolving cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients">Medal of Honor recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Medicine in the American Civil War">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of naval battles of the American Civil War">Naval battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Records_of_the_Union_and_Confederate_Armies" title="Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies">Official Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_Ranger_Act" title="Partisan Ranger Act">Partisan rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="American Civil War prison camps">POW camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foods_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Foods of the American Civil War">Rations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Signal Corps in the American Civil War">Signal Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Corps_Badges" title="American Civil War Corps Badges">Union corps badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Army_Balloon_Corps" title="Union Army Balloon Corps">U.S. Balloon Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(Union)" title="Home Guard (Union)">U.S. Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Railroad" title="United States Military Railroad">U.S. Military Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Conduct_of_the_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War">Committee on the Conduct of the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States presidential election">Confederate States presidential election of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperheads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Diplomacy of the American Civil War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_(1863)" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)">Habeas Corpus Act of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference" title="Hampton Roads Conference">Hampton Roads Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_killed_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of politicians killed in the American Civil War">Politicians killed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_League" title="Union League">Union Leagues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">U.S. Presidential Election of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Music of the American Civil War">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body">John Brown's Body</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Lincoln_Portrait" class="mw-redirect" title="A Lincoln Portrait">A Lincoln Portrait</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_Through_Georgia" title="Marching Through Georgia">Marching Through Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland,_My_Maryland" title="Maryland, My Maryland">Maryland, My Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home" title="When Johnny Comes Marching Home">When Johnny Comes Marching Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daar_kom_die_Alibama" title="Daar kom die Alibama">Daar kom die Alibama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">By ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="German Americans in the American Civil War">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Irish Americans in the American Civil War">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans_in_the_Civil_War" title="Italian Americans in the Civil War">Italian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Native Americans in the American Civil War">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catawba_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Catawba in the American Civil War">Catawba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cherokee in the American Civil War">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Choctaw in the American Civil War">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Seminole in the American Civil War">Seminole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861" title="Baltimore riot of 1861">Baltimore riot of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_battlefield_preservation" title="American Civil War battlefield preservation">Battlefield preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the American Civil War">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_war_finance" title="Confederate war finance">Confederate war finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_dollar" title="Confederate States dollar">Confederate States dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_spies" title="American Civil War spies">Espionage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Secret_Service" title="Confederate Secret Service">Confederate Secret Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanging_at_Gainesville" title="Great Hanging at Gainesville">Great Hanging at Gainesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army_revival" title="Confederate States Army revival">Great Revival of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_issues_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Gender issues in the American Civil War">Gender issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Names of the American Civil War">Naming the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_gold_hoax" title="Civil War gold hoax">New York City Gold Hoax of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographers_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Photographers of the American Civil War">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bread_riots" title="Southern bread riots">Richmond riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Salt in the American Civil War">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Supreme Court cases of the American Civil War">Supreme Court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_token" title="Civil War token">Tokens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Sanitary_Commission" title="United States Sanitary Commission">U.S. Sanitary Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_American_Civil_War_soldiers" title="List of female American Civil War soldiers">Women soldiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_and_television_shows_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of films and television shows about the American Civil War">List of films and television shows about the American Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_Civil_War" title="Category:American Civil War">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Juneteenth" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Juneteenth" title="Template:Juneteenth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Juneteenth" title="Template talk:Juneteenth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Juneteenth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Juneteenth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Juneteenth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Haith" title="Ben Haith">Ben Haith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Granger" title="Gordon Granger">Gordon Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal_Lee" title="Opal Lee">Opal Lee</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emancipation_Day_celebration_-_1900-06-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Juneteenth Emancipation Day Celebration, June 19, 1900, Texas"><img alt="Juneteenth Emancipation Day Celebration, June 19, 1900, Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Emancipation_Day_celebration_-_1900-06-19.jpg/125px-Emancipation_Day_celebration_-_1900-06-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Emancipation_Day_celebration_-_1900-06-19.jpg/188px-Emancipation_Day_celebration_-_1900-06-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Emancipation_Day_celebration_-_1900-06-19.jpg/250px-Emancipation_Day_celebration_-_1900-06-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1169" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth_in_Oregon" title="Juneteenth in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth_flag" title="Juneteenth flag">Juneteenth flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_flag" title="Pan-African flag">Pan-African flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._3" title="General Order No. 3">General Order No. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth_National_Independence_Day_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Juneteenth National Independence Day Act">Juneteenth National Independence Day Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jubilee:_Juneteenth_Edition" title="Jubilee: Juneteenth Edition">Jubilee: Juneteenth Edition</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth_(Atlanta)" title="Juneteenth (Atlanta)">Juneteenth (<i>Atlanta</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth_(novel)" title="Juneteenth (novel)"><i>Juneteenth</i> (novel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Juneteenth" title="Miss Juneteenth">Miss Juneteenth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="End of slavery in the United States of America">End of slavery in the United States of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ACRM" 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