CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Samaritan Hebrew - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8ddd8ea3-0d44-47ac-be1f-66f90e6a1239","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Samaritan_Hebrew","wgTitle":"Samaritan Hebrew","wgCurRevisionId":1255821518,"wgRevisionId":1255821518,"wgArticleId":745944,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages containing links to subscription-only content","Language articles citing Ethnologue 18","Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Pages with Hebrew IPA","Language articles with Linguasphere code","Pages with plain IPA","Articles needing additional references from July 2024","All articles needing additional references", "All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia","Hebrew language","Canaanite languages","Language and mysticism","Samaritan culture and history","Languages extinct in the 2nd century"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Samaritan_Hebrew","wgRelevantArticleId":745944,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q56502","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Samaritan Hebrew - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Samaritan_Hebrew rootpage-Samaritan_Hebrew skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Samaritan+Hebrew" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Samaritan+Hebrew" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Samaritan+Hebrew" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Samaritan+Hebrew" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History and discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Orthography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Letter_pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letter_pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Letter pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letter_pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Personal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonstrative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonstrative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Demonstrative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonstrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Relative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interrogative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interrogative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Interrogative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interrogative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Noun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Article" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Article</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Number</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tradition_of_the_Divine_Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tradition_of_the_Divine_Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Tradition of the Divine Name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tradition_of_the_Divine_Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Particles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Particles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Particles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Particles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prepositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prepositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Prepositions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prepositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conjunctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conjunctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Conjunctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conjunctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.3</span> <span>Adverbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Samaritan Hebrew</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عبرية سامرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عبرية سامرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebreu_samaritano" title="Hebreu samaritano – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hebreu samaritano" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebraeg_ar_Samaritaned" title="Hebraeg ar Samaritaned – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hebraeg ar Samaritaned" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebreu_samarit%C3%A0" title="Hebreu samarità – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hebreu samarità" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritanisches_Hebr%C3%A4isch" title="Samaritanisches Hebräisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Samaritanisches Hebräisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebreo_samaritano" title="Hebreo samaritano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hebreo samaritano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="عبری سامری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عبری سامری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9breu_samaritain" title="Hébreu samaritain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hébreu samaritain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%A7%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%ED%9E%88%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%B4" title="사마리아 히브리어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사마리아 히브리어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarijanski_jezik" title="Samarijanski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Samarijanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Ibrani_Samaria" title="Bahasa Ibrani Samaria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Ibrani Samaria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_ebraica_samaritana" title="Lingua ebraica samaritana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua ebraica samaritana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="עברית שומרונית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עברית שומרונית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Самарјански хебрејски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Самарјански хебрејски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_hebreo_samaritana" title="Fiteny hebreo samaritana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny hebreo samaritana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Ibrani_Samaria" title="Bahasa Ibrani Samaria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Ibrani Samaria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="サマリア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サマリア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سامری عبرانی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سامری عبرانی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_samaritan-a" title="Lenga samaritan-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga samaritan-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebraico_samaritano" title="Hebraico samaritano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hebraico samaritano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาฮีบรูสะมาริตัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาฮีบรูสะมาริตัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2mir%C3%AE_%C4%B0branicesi" title="Sâmirî İbranicesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sâmirî İbranicesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سامری عبرانی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سامری عبرانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q56502#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Samaritan_Hebrew" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Samaritan_Hebrew" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&oldid=1255821518" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Samaritan_Hebrew&id=1255821518&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSamaritan_Hebrew"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSamaritan_Hebrew"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q56502" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Reading tradition used liturgically by the Samaritans</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan Aramaic language">Samaritan Aramaic language</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Samaritan Hebrew</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r866777279">.mw-parser-output .script-samaritan{font-family:"Noto Sans Samaritan","Hebrew Samaritan","Everson Mono",EversonMono,Unifont,Quivira,sans-serif;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:bidi-override}</style><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠏࠁࠓࠉࠕ</span>‎ <span title="Samaritan Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="smp-Latn">Îbrit</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[iːbrit]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>, predominantly in <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holon" title="Holon">Holon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">c. 2nd century<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />survives in liturgical use</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Semitic_languages" title="Central Semitic languages">Central</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_languages" title="Northwest Semitic languages">Northwest</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Canaanite</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages#South_Canaan" title="Canaanite languages">South</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Samaritan Hebrew</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan script</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/smp" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:smp">smp</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sama1313">sama1313</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=12-AAB">12-AAB</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Samaritan Hebrew</b> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠏࠨࠁࠬࠓࠪࠉࠕ</span>‎ <i><span title="Samaritan Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="smp-Latn">ʿÎbrit</i></span></i>) is a reading tradition used liturgically by the <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a> for reading the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Ancient Hebrew language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a>, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian Hebrew</a> among the Jewish people. </p><p>For the Samaritans, Ancient Hebrew ceased to be a spoken everyday language and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Aramaic" title="Samaritan Aramaic">Samaritan Aramaic</a>, which itself ceased to be a spoken language some time between the 10th and 12th centuries and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> (or more specifically <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Samaritan Palestinian Arabic</a>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> of Samaritan Hebrew is very similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Samaritan Arabic</a>, and is used by the Samaritans in prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Ḥayyim200029_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Ḥayyim200029-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the spoken vernacular among Samaritans is evenly split between <a href="/wiki/Modern_Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Israeli Hebrew">Modern Israeli Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian Arabic</a>, depending on whether they reside in <a href="/wiki/Holon" title="Holon">Holon</a> (Israel) or in <a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a>, in <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_discovery">History and discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samaritan_letters_and_Jerusalem_coin,_Guillaume_Postel_1538,_Linguarum_duodecim_characteribus_differentium_alphabetum,_introductio.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Samaritan_letters_and_Jerusalem_coin%2C_Guillaume_Postel_1538%2C_Linguarum_duodecim_characteribus_differentium_alphabetum%2C_introductio.png/220px-Samaritan_letters_and_Jerusalem_coin%2C_Guillaume_Postel_1538%2C_Linguarum_duodecim_characteribus_differentium_alphabetum%2C_introductio.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Samaritan_letters_and_Jerusalem_coin%2C_Guillaume_Postel_1538%2C_Linguarum_duodecim_characteribus_differentium_alphabetum%2C_introductio.png/330px-Samaritan_letters_and_Jerusalem_coin%2C_Guillaume_Postel_1538%2C_Linguarum_duodecim_characteribus_differentium_alphabetum%2C_introductio.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Samaritan_letters_and_Jerusalem_coin%2C_Guillaume_Postel_1538%2C_Linguarum_duodecim_characteribus_differentium_alphabetum%2C_introductio.png/440px-Samaritan_letters_and_Jerusalem_coin%2C_Guillaume_Postel_1538%2C_Linguarum_duodecim_characteribus_differentium_alphabetum%2C_introductio.png 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption>In 1538 <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Postel" title="Guillaume Postel">Guillaume Postel</a> published the Samaritan alphabet, together with the first Western representation of a Hasmonean coin.<sup id="cite_ref-Madden_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madden-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genesis_5_18_as_published_by_Jean_Morin_in_1631_in_the_first_publication_of_the_Samaritan_Pentateuch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Genesis_5_18_as_published_by_Jean_Morin_in_1631_in_the_first_publication_of_the_Samaritan_Pentateuch.png/220px-Genesis_5_18_as_published_by_Jean_Morin_in_1631_in_the_first_publication_of_the_Samaritan_Pentateuch.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Genesis_5_18_as_published_by_Jean_Morin_in_1631_in_the_first_publication_of_the_Samaritan_Pentateuch.png/330px-Genesis_5_18_as_published_by_Jean_Morin_in_1631_in_the_first_publication_of_the_Samaritan_Pentateuch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Genesis_5_18_as_published_by_Jean_Morin_in_1631_in_the_first_publication_of_the_Samaritan_Pentateuch.png/440px-Genesis_5_18_as_published_by_Jean_Morin_in_1631_in_the_first_publication_of_the_Samaritan_Pentateuch.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>Genesis 5:18–22 as published by Jean Morin in 1631 in the first publication of the Samaritan Pentateuch</figcaption></figure> <p>The Samaritan language first became known in detail to the Western world with the publication of a manuscript of the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a> in 1631 by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Morin_(theologian)" title="Jean Morin (theologian)">Jean Morin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1616 the traveler <a href="/wiki/Pietro_della_Valle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pietro della Valle">Pietro della Valle</a> had purchased a copy of the text in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, and this manuscript, now known as Codex B, was deposited in a <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Parisian</a> library.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlôrenṭîn20051_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlôrenṭîn20051-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1957 and 1977 <a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Ben-Haim" title="Ze'ev Ben-Haim">Ze'ev Ben-Haim</a> published in five volumes his monumental Hebrew work on the Hebrew and Aramaic traditions of the Samaritans. Ben-Haim, whose views prevail today, proved that modern Samaritan Hebrew is not very different from Second Temple Samaritan, which itself was a language shared with the other residents of the region before it was supplanted by Aramaic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlôrenṭîn20054_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlôrenṭîn20054-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan alphabet">Samaritan alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_vocalization" title="Samaritan vocalization">Samaritan vocalization</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samaritan_Pentateuch_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Samaritan_Pentateuch_%28detail%29.jpg/300px-Samaritan_Pentateuch_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Samaritan_Pentateuch_%28detail%29.jpg/450px-Samaritan_Pentateuch_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Samaritan_Pentateuch_%28detail%29.jpg/600px-Samaritan_Pentateuch_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5562" data-file-height="3397" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the Nabul <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a> in Samaritan Hebrew</figcaption></figure> <p>Samaritan Hebrew is written in the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan alphabet">Samaritan alphabet</a>, a direct descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew alphabet</a>, which in turn is a variant of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic script</a>. </p><p>The Samaritan alphabet is close to the script that appears on many Ancient Hebrew coins and inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, all other varieties of Hebrew, as written by <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, employ the later <a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">square Hebrew alphabet</a>, which is in fact a variation of the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic alphabet</a> that Jews began using in the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a> following the exile of the Kingdom of Judah in the 6th century BCE. During the 3rd century BCE, Jews began to use this stylized "square" form of the script used by the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> for <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic" title="Imperial Aramaic">Imperial Aramaic</a>, its chancellery script<sup id="cite_ref-A_History_of_the_Hebrew_Language_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_History_of_the_Hebrew_Language-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Samaritans continued to use the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, which evolved into the Samaritan alphabet. </p><p>In modern times, <a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew#Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">a cursive variant</a> of the Samaritan alphabet is used in personal affects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letter_pronunciation">Letter pronunciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Letter pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Consonants</b> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td>Name </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Aleph_(letter)#Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleph (letter)">A'laf</a></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Beth_(letter)#Hebrew_Bet_/_Vet" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth (letter)">Bit</a></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gimel_(letter)#Hebrew_gimel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gimel (letter)">Ga'man</a></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Daleth#Hebrew_dalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Daleth">Da'lat</a></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)#Hebrew_He" title="He (letter)">Iy</a></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)#Hebrew_Waw" title="Waw (letter)">Baa</a></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zayin#Hebrew_zayin" title="Zayin">Zen</a></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Heth_(letter)#Hebrew_Ḥet" class="mw-redirect" title="Heth (letter)">It</a></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Teth#Hebrew_Tet" title="Teth">Ṭit</a></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yodh#Hebrew_yod" title="Yodh">Yut</a></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kaph#Hebrew_kaf" title="Kaph">Kaaf</a></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Lamedh#Hebrew_Lamed" title="Lamedh">La'bat</a></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mem#Hebrew_mem" title="Mem">Mim</a></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)#Hebrew_nun" title="Nun (letter)">Nun</a></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Samekh#Hebrew_samekh" title="Samekh">Sin'gaat</a></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ayin#Hebrew_ayin" title="Ayin">In</a></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)#Hebrew_pe" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Fi</a></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsade#Hebrew_Tsadi" title="Tsade">Tsaa'diy</a></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Qoph#Hebrew_Qof" title="Qoph">Quf</a></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Resh#In_Hebrew" title="Resh">Rish</a></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Hebrew_shin/sin" title="Shin (letter)">Shan</a></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Taw_(letter)#Hebrew_tav" class="mw-redirect" title="Taw (letter)">Taaf</a></i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Samaritan Letter </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠀ</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠁ</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠂ</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠃ</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠄ</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠅ</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠆ</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠇ</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠈ</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠉ</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠊ</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠋ</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠌ</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠍ</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠎ</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠏ</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠐ</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠑ</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠒ</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠓ</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠔ</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠕ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Square Hebrew (<a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ktav Ashuri</a>) letter </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">א</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ב</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ג</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ד</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ה</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ו</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ז</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ח</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ט</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">י</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">כ</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ל</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מ</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">נ</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ס</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ע</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">פ</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">צ</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ק</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ר</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ש</span>‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ת</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pronunciation </td> <td>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span>] </td> <td>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span>] </td> <td>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span>] </td> <td>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span>] </td> <td>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span>] </td> <td>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span>], [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span>] </td> <td>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span>] </td> <td>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span>], [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a></span>] </td> <td>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">tˤ</a></span>] </td> <td>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span>] </td> <td>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span>] </td> <td>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span>] </td> <td>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span>] </td> <td>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span>] </td> <td>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span>] </td> <td>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span>], [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a></span>] </td> <td>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span>], [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span>] </td> <td>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">sˤ</a></span>] </td> <td>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span>], [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span>] </td> <td>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span>] </td> <td>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span>] </td> <td>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span>] </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vowels</b> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td>Niqqud with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠌ</span>‎/מ </td> <td style="font-family: 'david'; font-size:250%" height="40" valign="top"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam_voc_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Sam_voc_a.jpg/50px-Sam_voc_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Sam_voc_a.jpg/75px-Sam_voc_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Sam_voc_a.jpg/100px-Sam_voc_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="163" data-file-height="127" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-family: 'david'; font-size:250%" height="40" valign="top"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam_voc_e.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sam_voc_e.jpg/50px-Sam_voc_e.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sam_voc_e.jpg/75px-Sam_voc_e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sam_voc_e.jpg/100px-Sam_voc_e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="129" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-family: 'david'; font-size:250%" height="40" valign="top"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam_voc_i.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Sam_voc_i.jpg/50px-Sam_voc_i.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Sam_voc_i.jpg/75px-Sam_voc_i.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Sam_voc_i.jpg/100px-Sam_voc_i.jpg 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-family: 'david'; font-size:250%" height="40" valign="top"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam_voc_o.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sam_voc_o.jpg/50px-Sam_voc_o.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sam_voc_o.jpg/75px-Sam_voc_o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sam_voc_o.jpg/100px-Sam_voc_o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="127" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-family: 'david'; font-size:250%" height="40" valign="top"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam_voc_dagesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sam_voc_dagesh.jpg/50px-Sam_voc_dagesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sam_voc_dagesh.jpg/75px-Sam_voc_dagesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sam_voc_dagesh.jpg/100px-Sam_voc_dagesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-family: 'david'; font-size:250%" height="40" valign="top"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam_voc_ayinpatah1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sam_voc_ayinpatah1.jpg/50px-Sam_voc_ayinpatah1.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sam_voc_ayinpatah1.jpg/75px-Sam_voc_ayinpatah1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sam_voc_ayinpatah1.jpg/100px-Sam_voc_ayinpatah1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="128" /></a></span>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam_voc_ayinpatah2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sam_voc_ayinpatah2.jpg/50px-Sam_voc_ayinpatah2.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sam_voc_ayinpatah2.jpg/75px-Sam_voc_ayinpatah2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sam_voc_ayinpatah2.jpg/100px-Sam_voc_ayinpatah2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="126" /></a></span>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam_voc_ayinpatah3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sam_voc_ayinpatah3.jpg/50px-Sam_voc_ayinpatah3.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sam_voc_ayinpatah3.jpg/75px-Sam_voc_ayinpatah3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sam_voc_ayinpatah3.jpg/100px-Sam_voc_ayinpatah3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="159" data-file-height="125" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>value </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɒ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/i/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/u/</span> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Geminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminate">geminate</a> consonant) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʕa/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mezuzah_IMG_2124.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mezuzah_IMG_2124.JPG/220px-Mezuzah_IMG_2124.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mezuzah_IMG_2124.JPG/330px-Mezuzah_IMG_2124.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mezuzah_IMG_2124.JPG/440px-Mezuzah_IMG_2124.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Samaritan Mezuzah, Mount Gerizim</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Samaritan Hebrew consonants<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Ḥayyim200031,_37_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Ḥayyim200031,_37-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a>~<a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyn-<br />geal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Emphatic_consonant" title="Emphatic consonant">emp.</a></small> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Emphatic_consonant" title="Emphatic consonant">emp.</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tˤ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sˤ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Samaritan Hebrew shows the following consonantal differences from Biblical Hebrew: The original phonemes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/b<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ<span class="wrap"> </span>d<span class="wrap"> </span>k<span class="wrap"> </span>p<span class="wrap"> </span>t/</span> do not have spirantized allophones, though at least some did originally in Samaritan Hebrew (evidenced in the preposition "in" ב- <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/av/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span>). <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/p/</span> has shifted to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> (except occasionally <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/pː/</span> > <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bː/</span>). <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/w/</span> has shifted to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> everywhere except in the conjunction ו- 'and' where it is pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/ɬ/</span> has merged with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span>, unlike in all other contemporary Hebrew traditions in which it is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span>. The laryngeals <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ<span class="wrap"> </span>ħ<span class="wrap"> </span>h<span class="wrap"> </span>ʕ/</span> have become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> or null everywhere, except before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a<span class="wrap"> </span>ɒ/</span> where <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/ħ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʕ/</span> sometimes become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʕ/</span>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/q/</span> is sometimes pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span>, though not in Pentateuch reading, as a result of influence from Samaritan Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-bhq_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhq-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/q/</span> may also be pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[χ]</span>, but this occurs only rarely and in fluent reading.<sup id="cite_ref-bhq_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhq-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Samaritan vowels<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Ḥayyim200043–44,_48_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Ḥayyim200043–44,_48-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iː</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eː</span> </td> <td align="center">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aː</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɒ</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɒː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Reduced </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Phonemic length is contrastive, e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rɒb/</span> רב 'great' vs. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rɒːb/</span> רחב 'wide'.<sup id="cite_ref-bh47-48_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bh47-48-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long vowels are usually the result of the elision of guttural consonants.<sup id="cite_ref-bh47-48_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bh47-48-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> are both realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span> in closed post-tonic syllables, e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bit/</span> בית 'house' <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/abbət/</span> הבית 'the house' <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡer/</span> גר <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aɡɡər/</span> הגר.<sup id="cite_ref-bh49_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bh49-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other cases, stressed <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> shifts to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> when that syllable is no longer stressed, e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dabbirti/</span> דברתי but דברתמה <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dabbertimma/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-bh49_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bh49-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> only contrast in open post-tonic syllables, e.g. ידו <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jedu/</span> 'his hand' ידיו <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jedo/</span> 'his hands', where <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> stems from a contracted diphthong.<sup id="cite_ref-bhou_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhou-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other environments, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> appears in closed syllables and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> in open syllables, e.g. דור <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dor/</span> דורות <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/durot/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-bhou_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhou-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress">Stress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SamaritanTorahScroll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SamaritanTorahScroll.jpg/220px-SamaritanTorahScroll.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SamaritanTorahScroll.jpg/330px-SamaritanTorahScroll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SamaritanTorahScroll.jpg/440px-SamaritanTorahScroll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Samaritan Torah Scroll</figcaption></figure> <p>Stress generally differs from other traditions, being found usually on the penultimate and sometimes on the ultimate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Special:EditPage/Samaritan Hebrew">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal">Personal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>singular </th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st person </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠀࠍࠊࠉ</span>‎ <i>ā̊nā̊ki</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠀࠍࠇࠍࠅ</span>‎ <i>ā̊nā̊nnu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd person </th> <th>male </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠀࠕࠄ</span>‎ <i>åttå</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠀࠕࠌ</span>‎ <i>attimma</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>female </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠀࠕ(ࠉ)</span>‎ <i>åtti</i> (note the final <i><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">yodh</a></i>) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠀࠕࠍ</span>‎ <i>attən</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd person </th> <th>male </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠄࠅࠀ</span>‎ <i>ū</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠄࠌ</span>‎ <i>imma</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>female </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠄࠉࠀ</span>‎ <i>ī</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠄࠍࠄ</span>‎ <i>inna</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demonstrative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>this </th> <th>that </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">singular </th> <th>masc </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠆࠄ</span>‎ <i>zē</i> </td> <td rowspan="3">alaz (written with a <i>he</i> at the beginning).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>fem </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠆࠀࠕ</span>‎ <i>zē'ot</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">plural </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠀࠋࠄ</span>‎ <i>illa</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relative">Relative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Relative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Who, which: éšar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interrogative">Interrogative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Interrogative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Who? = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠌࠉ</span>‎ <i>mī</i>.</li> <li>What? = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠌࠄ</span>‎ <i>mā̊</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noun">Noun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Noun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When suffixes are added, ê and ô in the last syllable may become î and û: bôr (Judean bohr) "pit" > búrôt "pits". Note also af "anger" > éppa "her anger". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Segolate" title="Segolate">Segolates</a> behave more or less as in other Hebrew varieties: beţen "stomach" > báţnek "your stomach", ke′seph "silver" > ke′sefánu (Judean Hebrew <i>kaspe′nu</i>) "our silver", dérek > dirkakimma "your (m. pl.) road" but áreş (in Judean Hebrew: <i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>e'rets</i>) "earth" > árşak (Judean Hebrew <i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>arts-ekha</i>) "your earth". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Article">Article</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Article"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a> is a- or e-, and causes <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">gemination</a> of the following consonant, unless it is a <a href="/wiki/Guttural" title="Guttural">guttural</a>; it is written with a <i>he</i>, but as usual, the <i>h</i> is silent. Thus, for example: énnar / ánnar = "the youth"; ellêm = "the meat"; a'émor = "the donkey". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Number">Number</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Number"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regular plural suffixes are </p> <ul><li>masc: -êm (Judean Hebrew -im) <ul><li>eyyamêm "the days"</li></ul></li> <li>fem: -ôt (Judean Hebrew: -oth.) <ul><li>elamôt "dreams"</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Dual is sometimes -ayem (Judean Hebrew: a′yim), šenatayem "two years", usually -êm like the plural yédêm "hands" (Judean Hebrew <i>yadhayim</i>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tradition_of_the_Divine_Name">Tradition of the Divine Name</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tradition of the Divine Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Samaritans have the tradition of either spelling out loud with the Samaritan letters </p><p>"Yohth, Ie', Baa, Ie' " </p><p>or saying "Shema" meaning "(<a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">The Divine</a>) Name" in Aramaic, similar to Judean Hebrew "Ha-Shem" . </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">Affixes</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">perfect </th> <th colspan="2">imperfect </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st person </th> <td>-ti </td> <td>-nu </td> <td>e- </td> <td>ne- </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd person </th> <th>male </th> <td>-ta </td> <td>-tímma </td> <td>ti- </td> <td>te- -un </td></tr> <tr> <th>female </th> <td>-ti </td> <td>-tên </td> <td>ti- -i </td> <td>te- -na </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3nd person </th> <th>male </th> <td>- </td> <td>-u </td> <td>yi- </td> <td>yi- -u </td></tr> <tr> <th>female </th> <td>-a </td> <td>? </td> <td>ti- </td> <td>ti- -inna </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Particles">Particles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Particles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prepositions">Prepositions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Prepositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"in, using", pronounced: </p> <ul><li>b- before a vowel (or, therefore, a former guttural): b-érbi = "with a sword"; b-íštu "with his wife".</li> <li>ba- before a <a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">bilabial consonant</a>: bá-bêt (Judean Hebrew: ba-ba′yith) "in a house", ba-mádbar "in a wilderness"</li> <li>ev- before other consonant: ev-lila "in a night", ev-dévar "with the thing".</li> <li>ba-/be- before the <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a> ("the"): barrášet (Judean Hebrew: Bere'·shith') "in the beginning"; béyyôm "in the day".</li></ul> <p>"as, like", pronounced: </p> <ul><li>ka without the article: ka-demútu "in his likeness"</li> <li>ke with the article: ké-yyôm "like the day".</li></ul> <p>"to" pronounced: </p> <ul><li>l- before a vowel: l-ávi "to my father", l-évad "to the slave"</li> <li>el-, al- before a consonant: al-béni "to the children (of)"</li> <li>le- before l: le-léket "to go"</li> <li>l- before the article: lammúad "at the appointed time"; la-şé'on "to the flock"</li></ul> <p>"and" pronounced: </p> <ul><li>w- before consonants: wal-Šárra "and to Sarah"</li> <li>u- before vowels: u-yeššeg "and he caught up".</li></ul> <p>Other prepositions: </p> <ul><li>al: towards</li> <li>elfáni: before</li> <li>bêd-u: for him</li> <li>elqérôt: against</li> <li>balêd-i: except me</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conjunctions">Conjunctions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Conjunctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>u: or</li> <li>em: if, when</li> <li>avel: but</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adverbs">Adverbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Adverbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>la: not</li> <li>kâ: also</li> <li>afu: also</li> <li>ín-ak: you are not</li> <li>ífa (ípa): where?</li> <li>méti: when</li> <li>fâ: here</li> <li>šémma: there</li> <li>mittét: under</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/smp/">Samaritan Hebrew</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Ḥayyim200029-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Ḥayyim200029_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBen-Ḥayyim2000">Ben-Ḥayyim 2000</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madden-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Madden_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Madden" title="Frederic Madden">Frederic Madden</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T2JRAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR16">History of Jewish Coinage and of Money in the Old and New Testament</a>, page ii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IOAtAAAAYAAJ">Exercitationes ecclesiasticae in utrumque Samaritanorum Pentateuchum</a>, 1631</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlôrenṭîn20051-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlôrenṭîn20051_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlôrenṭîn2005">Flôrenṭîn 2005</a>, p. 1: "When the Samaritan version of the Pentateuch was revealed to the Western world early in the 17th century... [footnote: 'In 1632 the Frenchman Jean Morin published the Samaritan Pentateuch in the Parisian Biblia Polyglotta based on a manuscript that the traveler Pietro Della Valle had bought from Damascus sixteen years previously.]"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlôrenṭîn20054-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlôrenṭîn20054_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlôrenṭîn2005">Flôrenṭîn 2005</a>, p. 4: "A completely new approach which prevails today was presented by Ben-Hayyim, whose scientific activity was focused on the languages of the Samaritans—Hebrew and Aramaic. Years before the publication ol his grammar, with its exhaustive description of SH, he indicated several linguistic phenomena common to SH on the one hand, and Mishnaic Hebrew (MH) and the Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls (HDSS), on the other. He proved that the language heard today when the Torah is read by the Samaritans in their synagogue is not very different from the Hebrew which once lived and flourished among the Samaritans before, during and after the time of the destruction of the Second Temple. The isoglosses common to SH. MH and HDSS led him to establish that the Hebrew heard in the synagogue by modernday Samaritans is not exclusively theirs, but rather this Hebrew or something resembling it, was also the language of other residents of Eretz Israel before it was supplanted by Aramaic as a spoken language."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Samaritan Language and Literature"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Samaritan_Language_and_Literature">"Samaritan Language and Literature" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Samaritan+Language+and+Literature&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamaritan+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_History_of_the_Hebrew_Language-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_History_of_the_Hebrew_Language_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A History of the Hebrew Language</i>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 1993. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-55634-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-55634-1"><bdi>0-521-55634-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Hebrew+Language&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-521-55634-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamaritan+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Ḥayyim200031,_37-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Ḥayyim200031,_37_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBen-Ḥayyim2000">Ben-Ḥayyim 2000</a>, pp. 31, 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhq-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bhq_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhq_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBen-Ḥayyim2000">Ben-Ḥayyim 2000</a>, p. 34–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Ḥayyim200043–44,_48-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Ḥayyim200043–44,_48_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBen-Ḥayyim2000">Ben-Ḥayyim 2000</a>, pp. 43–44, 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bh47-48-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bh47-48_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bh47-48_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBen-Ḥayyim2000">Ben-Ḥayyim 2000</a>, p. 47–48 (while Ben-Hayyim notates four degrees of vowel length, he concedes that only his "fourth degree" has phonemic value)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bh49-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bh49_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bh49_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBen-Ḥayyim2000">Ben-Ḥayyim 2000</a>, p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhou-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bhou_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhou_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBen-Ḥayyim2000">Ben-Ḥayyim 2000</a>, p. 44, 48–49</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>J. Rosenberg, <i>Lehrbuch der samaritanischen Sprache und Literatur</i>, A. Hartleben's Verlag: Wien, Pest, Leipzig.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Ḥayyim2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Ben-Haim" title="Ze'ev Ben-Haim">Ben-Ḥayyim, Ze'ev</a> (2000). <i>A Grammar of Samaritan Hebrew</i>. Jerusalem: <a href="/wiki/The_Hebrew_University_Magnes_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hebrew University Magnes Press">The Hebrew University Magnes Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57506-047-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57506-047-7"><bdi>1-57506-047-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Samaritan+Hebrew&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=The+Hebrew+University+Magnes+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-57506-047-7&rft.aulast=Ben-%E1%B8%A4ayyim&rft.aufirst=Ze%27ev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamaritan+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlôrenṭîn2005" class="citation book cs1">Flôrenṭîn, Moše (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1dNk_b1uDzUC"><i>Late Samaritan Hebrew: A Linguistic Analysis Of Its Different Types</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004138414" title="Special:BookSources/9789004138414"><bdi>9789004138414</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Samaritan+Hebrew%3A+A+Linguistic+Analysis+Of+Its+Different+Types&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789004138414&rft.aulast=Fl%C3%B4ren%E1%B9%AD%C3%AEn&rft.aufirst=Mo%C5%A1e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1dNk_b1uDzUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamaritan+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Samaritan Language and Literature"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Samaritan_Language_and_Literature">"Samaritan Language and Literature" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Samaritan+Language+and+Literature&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamaritan+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Samaritan Language and Literature"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Samaritan_Language_and_Literature">"Samaritan Language and Literature" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1913.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Samaritan+Language+and+Literature&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamaritan+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hebrew_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hebrew_language" title="Template:Hebrew language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hebrew_language" title="Template talk:Hebrew language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hebrew_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="History of the Hebrew alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Ancient inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">Transliteration to English</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_English" title="Hebraization of English">from English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">Gematria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Israelian_Hebrew" title="Israelian Hebrew">northern dialect</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reading traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews#Romaniote_Hebrew" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews#Pronunciation_of_Hebrew" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orthography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_(Hebrew_writing)" title="Tag (Hebrew writing)">Crowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">Alef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">Bet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">Gimel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">Dalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">Hei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">Vav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">Ḥet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">Tet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Yud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">Kaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">Lamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">Mem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">Nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">Samech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">Ayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Pei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">Tsadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">Kuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Resh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Shin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">Tav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Niqqud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_vocalization" title="Samaritan vocalization">Samaritan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">Shva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">Hiriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzere" title="Tzere">Tzere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">Segol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">Pataḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz">Kamatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">Holam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubutz_and_shuruk" title="Kubutz and shuruk">Kubutz/shuruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">Dagesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">Mappiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation#Hyphen_and_maqaf" title="Hebrew punctuation">Maqaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">Rafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Sin_and_Shin_dot" title="Shin (letter)">Sin/Shin dot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Spelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktiv_menuqad" title="Ktiv menuqad">with Niqqud</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud#Ktiv_haser" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">missing</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">full</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_abbreviations" title="Hebrew abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plene_scriptum" title="Plene scriptum">Plene scriptum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation" title="Hebrew punctuation">Punctuation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteg" title="Meteg">Meteg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">Cantillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">Geresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">Gershayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_nun" title="Inverted nun">Inverted nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekel_sign" title="Shekel sign">Shekel sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippi%27s_law" title="Philippi's law">Philippi's law</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begadkefat" title="Begadkefat">Law of attenuation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language#Hebrew_grammar" title="Hebrew language">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Grammar" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Modern</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_verbs" title="Modern Hebrew verbs">Verbal morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic roots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefixes_in_Hebrew" title="Prefixes in Hebrew">Prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffixes_in_Hebrew" title="Suffixes in Hebrew">Suffixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segolate" title="Segolate">Segolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vav-consecutive" title="Vav-consecutive">Vav-consecutive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Study of the Hebrew language">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_keyboard" title="Hebrew keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_writings" title="Ancient Hebrew writings">ancient</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">modern Israeli</a> literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML_for_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet">Unicode and HTML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reference works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley">Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Driver%E2%80%93Briggs" title="Brown–Driver–Briggs">Brown–Driver–Briggs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_and_Aramaic_Lexicon_of_the_Old_Testament" title="Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament">Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Samaritans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Samaritans" title="Template:Samaritans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Samaritans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Samaritans (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Samaritans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Samaritans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Samaritans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Gerizim" title="Mount Gerizim">Mount Gerizim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_High_Priest" title="Samaritan High Priest">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passover_(Samaritan_holiday)" title="Passover (Samaritan holiday)">Passover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Joseph" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Joseph">Tomb of Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_of_Phinehas" title="Hill of Phinehas">Hill of Phinehas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Samaritan Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Aramaic" title="Samaritan Aramaic">Samaritan Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan script</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samerina" title="Samerina">Samerina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Gerizim_Temple" title="Mount Gerizim Temple">Mount Gerizim Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_revolts" title="Samaritan revolts">Samaritan revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Asatir" title="The Asatir">The Asaṭīr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_l-Fath" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu l-Fath">The Kitab al-Tarikh of Abu 'l-Fath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua_(Samaritan)" title="Book of Joshua (Samaritan)">Book of Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marqah" title="Marqah">Memar Marqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolidah" title="Tolidah">Tolidah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlements and communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holon" title="Holon">Holon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Luza" title="Kiryat Luza">Kiryat Luza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attil" title="Attil">Attil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awarta" title="Awarta">Awarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Badhan" title="Al-Badhan">al-Badhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Dajan" title="Bayt Dajan">Bayt Dajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Dajan,_Nablus" title="Beit Dajan, Nablus">Beit Dajan, Nablus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Wazan" title="Beit Wazan">Beit Wazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Furik" title="Beit Furik">Beth Phurik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imwas" title="Imwas">Emmaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahma" title="Fahma">Fahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fara%27ata" title="Fara'ata">Fara'ata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farkha" title="Farkha">Farkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Funduq" title="Al-Funduq">Fondeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza city">Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immatain" title="Immatain">Immatain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jit,_Qalqilya" title="Jit, Qalqilya">Jit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuf" title="Yasuf">Jusepheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Abbush" title="Kafr Abbush">Kafr Abbush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qaddum" title="Kafr Qaddum">Kafr Qaddum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qallil" title="Kafr Qallil">Kafr Qallil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Zibad" title="Kafr Zibad">Kafr Zibad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Kurkush" title="Khirbet Kurkush">Khirbet Kurkush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Samara" title="Khirbet Samara">Khirbet Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajjah,_Qalqilya" title="Hajjah, Qalqilya">Kiryat Hagga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marda,_Salfit" title="Marda, Salfit">Merdah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim,_Nablus" title="Salim, Nablus">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbit" title="Salbit">Selebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silat_ad-Dhahr" title="Silat ad-Dhahr">Silat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirin,_Baysan" title="Sirin, Baysan">Sirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talluza" title="Talluza">Tira Luzeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulkarm" title="Tulkarm">Tulkarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuf" title="Yasuf">Yasuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeita,_Tulkarm" title="Zeita, Tulkarm">Zeita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Important figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanballat_the_Horonite" title="Sanballat the Horonite">Sanballat the Horonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dositheos_(Samaritan)" title="Dositheos (Samaritan)">Dositheos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_of_Heliopolis" title="Eudokia of Heliopolis">Eudokia of Heliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justa_(rebel)" title="Justa (rebel)">Justa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinus_of_Neapolis" title="Marinus of Neapolis">Marinus of Neapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Rabba" title="Baba Rabba">Baba Rabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julianus_ben_Sabar" title="Julianus ben Sabar">Julianus ben Sabar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthites" title="Cuthites">Cuthites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Ephraim" title="Tribe of Ephraim">Tribe of Ephraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Manasseh" title="Tribe of Manasseh">Tribe of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Levi" title="Tribe of Levi">Tribe of Levi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Good_Samaritan" title="Parable of the Good Samaritan">Parable of the Good Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_woman_at_the_well" title="Samaritan woman at the well">Samaritan woman at the well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">Ten Lost Tribes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56502#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2004001950">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13519089d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13519089d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575765">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007544753805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&oldid=1255821518">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&oldid=1255821518</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hebrew_language" title="Category:Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canaanite_languages" title="Category:Canaanite languages">Canaanite languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_and_mysticism" title="Category:Language and mysticism">Language and mysticism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Samaritan_culture_and_history" title="Category:Samaritan culture and history">Samaritan culture and history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_extinct_in_the_2nd_century" title="Category:Languages extinct in the 2nd century">Languages extinct in the 2nd century</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages containing links to subscription-only content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_citing_Ethnologue_18" title="Category:Language articles citing Ethnologue 18">Language articles citing Ethnologue 18</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1913_Catholic_Encyclopedia_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference">Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Hebrew_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Hebrew IPA">Pages with Hebrew IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_Linguasphere_code" title="Category:Language articles with Linguasphere code">Language articles with Linguasphere code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2024">Articles needing additional references from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 November 2024, at 20:57<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-w8xh7","wgBackendResponseTime":153,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.822","walltime":"1.064","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13324,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":156358,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7898,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":72554,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 891.541 1 -total"," 26.58% 236.949 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 24.55% 218.838 1 Template:Infobox"," 12.74% 113.558 1 Template:Reflist"," 11.96% 106.609 2 Template:Cite_CE1913"," 11.40% 101.671 24 Template:Transl"," 9.73% 86.785 3 Template:Navbox"," 9.66% 86.091 1 Template:Hebrew_language"," 8.14% 72.537 64 Template:IPA"," 7.70% 68.608 62 Template:Script"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.452","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26116104,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBen-Ḥayyim2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlôrenṭîn2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbermann1913\"] = 2,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite CE1913\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite Collier's\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 3,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 4,\n [\"Hebrew language\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 64,\n [\"IPA link\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAlink\"] = 44,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Samaritans\"] = 1,\n [\"Script\"] = 62,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 24,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-zkvvf","timestamp":"20241124165154","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Samaritan Hebrew","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samaritan_Hebrew","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q56502","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q56502","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-06-23T05:22:21Z","dateModified":"2024-11-06T20:57:09Z","headline":"language used liturgically by the Samaritans"}</script> </body> </html>