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(Cover picture by Anja Fischer)" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2015/03/12" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Dominique Casajus" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/8492723/Lalphabet_touareg_The_Tuareg_Alphabet_Cover_picture_by_Anja_Fischer_" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="L'alphabet touareg (The Tuareg Alphabet). (Cover picture by Anja Fischer)" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="This book, which was awarded with the prize Georges Dumezil 2016 by the French Academy and the prize Robert Cornevin 2015 by the Académie des Sciences d&#39;Outre-mer, provides an overview of the origin and history of the old alphabets used until" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/311650/62672/93133679/s200_dominique.casajus.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/8492723/Lalphabet_touareg_The_Tuareg_Alphabet_Cover_picture_by_Anja_Fischer_" /> <meta property="og:title" content="L'alphabet touareg (The Tuareg Alphabet). (Cover picture by Anja Fischer)" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="This book, which was awarded with the prize Georges Dumezil 2016 by the French Academy and the prize Robert Cornevin 2015 by the Académie des Sciences d&#39;Outre-mer, provides an overview of the origin and history of the old alphabets used until" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://cnrs.academia.edu/DominiqueCasajus" /> <meta name="description" content="This book, which was awarded with the prize Georges Dumezil 2016 by the French Academy and the prize Robert Cornevin 2015 by the Académie des Sciences d&#39;Outre-mer, provides an overview of the origin and history of the old alphabets used until" /> <title>(PDF) L'alphabet touareg (The Tuareg Alphabet). (Cover picture by Anja Fischer)</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/8492723/Lalphabet_touareg_The_Tuareg_Alphabet_Cover_picture_by_Anja_Fischer_" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '107520bac59918e2ceae62eaadd15bff3d1e7904'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740913710000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740913710000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"This book, which was awarded with the prize Georges Dumezil 2016 by the French Academy and the prize Robert Cornevin 2015 by the Académie des Sciences d\u0026amp;#39;Outre-mer, provides an overview of the origin and history of the old alphabets used until nowadays by the Tuaregs and describes the way there are used. These alphabets derived from much older ones, which are usually said to be “Libyan” or “Libyco-Berber”. Libyco-Berber inscriptions are found throughout a region stretching from Libya to Morocco and even the Canary Islands — sometimes along with Punic or Latin engravings. Owing to the discovery in Dougga (Tunisia) of two bilingual Libyco-Punic inscriptions dating from the 2nd century BC (one of them dedicated to the Numidic king Massinissa), one of the variants of the Libyco-Berber alphabet has been partly deciphered. But the “Libyan” alphabets apparently already existed, several centuries earlier. The book argues that their creators borrowed a few — at least four — letters from the Phoenician/Punic alphabets; and apparently used simple geometric procedures, which are reconstituted herein, for the other letters. It then proposes some hypotheses on the subsequent history of these alphabets, et concludes in evoking the current innovations.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Dominique Casajus","url":"https://cnrs.academia.edu/DominiqueCasajus","image":"https://0.academia-photos.com/311650/62672/93133679/s200_dominique.casajus.jpg","sameAs":["https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rQ74PN7AaJk\u0026list=PLem2YGGkt1Ct5Q0Qcm3bF7jThZpPgt3FT\u0026index=13","https://cv.archives-ouvertes.fr/dominique-casajus"]}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2014-09-25","dateModified":"2016-07-14","datePublished":"2015-03-12","headline":"L'alphabet touareg (The Tuareg Alphabet). (Cover picture by Anja Fischer)","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/36926482/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"fr","keywords":["Writing Systems \u0026 Decipherment","Phoenicians","Phoenician","Libyco-Berber Linguistics","Carthage (Archaeology)","Roman North Africa (Archaeology)","Writing systems","Phoenician Punic Archaeology","Carthage (History)","archaeology of Sardinia in phoenician age","Phoenician Punic Sicily","Tuareg","Protohistoire et archéologie libyque","Phoenician \u0026 Punic Epigraphy","Phoenician and Punic Studies","Thugga; Dougga","Carthage, Punic Pottery, Mediterranean archaeology, Phoenician Punic Archaeology, Punic world and Punic Archaeology, Phoenician and Punic Studies, archaeology of Sardinia in phoenician age","Tuareg culture","Tifinagh","Libyco-Berber Script","Ecriture libyque , inscriptions libyques","Epigraphie Libyque","Inscription Libyque","Libyque","Maroc Libyque","épigraphie Libyque","Libyco-berber Scripts","Libyco-berber Inscriptions"],"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"CNRS Editions"},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"cnrs"}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/36926482/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8492723/Lalphabet_touareg_The_Tuareg_Alphabet_Cover_picture_by_Anja_Fischer_"}</script><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: 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{"work":{"id":8492723,"created_at":"2014-09-25T06:21:19.295-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-13T16:07:41.547-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"This book, which was awarded with the prize Georges Dumezil 2016 by the French Academy and the prize Robert Cornevin 2015 by the Académie des Sciences d'Outre-mer, provides an overview of the origin and history of the old alphabets used until nowadays by the Tuaregs and describes the way there are used. \nThese alphabets derived from much older ones, which are usually said to be “Libyan” or “Libyco-Berber”. Libyco-Berber inscriptions are found throughout a region stretching from Libya to Morocco and even the Canary Islands — sometimes along with Punic or Latin engravings. Owing to the discovery in Dougga (Tunisia) of two bilingual Libyco-Punic inscriptions dating from the 2nd century BC (one of them dedicated to the Numidic king Massinissa), one of the variants of the Libyco-Berber alphabet has been partly deciphered. But the “Libyan” alphabets apparently already existed, several centuries earlier. \nThe book argues that their creators borrowed a few — at least four — letters from the Phoenician/Punic alphabets; and apparently used simple geometric procedures, which are reconstituted herein, for the other letters. It then proposes some hypotheses on the subsequent history of these alphabets, et concludes in evoking the current innovations.","publisher":"CNRS Editions","publication_date":"2015,3,12"},"document_type":"other","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"low","language":"fr","title":"L'alphabet touareg (The Tuareg Alphabet). (Cover picture by Anja Fischer)","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true,"seo_quality":null}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [311650]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":36926482,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “L'alphabet touareg (The Tuareg Alphabet). (Cover picture by Anja Fischer)”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/36926482/mini_magick20180819-16265-1swu2cg.png?1534677321" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">L'alphabet touareg (The Tuareg Alphabet). (Cover picture by Anja Fischer)</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="311650" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/DominiqueCasajus"><img alt="Profile image of Dominique Casajus" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/311650/62672/93133679/s65_dominique.casajus.jpg" />Dominique Casajus</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2015</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 page</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 8492723; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=8492723"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This book, which was awarded with the prize Georges Dumezil 2016 by the French Academy and the prize Robert Cornevin 2015 by the Académie des Sciences d'Outre-mer, provides an overview of the origin and history of the old alphabets used until nowadays by the Tuaregs and describes the way there are used. These alphabets derived from much older ones, which are usually said to be “Libyan” or “Libyco-Berber”. Libyco-Berber inscriptions are found throughout a region stretching from Libya to Morocco and even the Canary Islands — sometimes along with Punic or Latin engravings. Owing to the discovery in Dougga (Tunisia) of two bilingual Libyco-Punic inscriptions dating from the 2nd century BC (one of them dedicated to the Numidic king Massinissa), one of the variants of the Libyco-Berber alphabet has been partly deciphered. But the “Libyan” alphabets apparently already existed, several centuries earlier. The book argues that their creators borrowed a few — at least four — letters from the Phoenician/Punic alphabets; and apparently used simple geometric procedures, which are reconstituted herein, for the other letters. It then proposes some hypotheses on the subsequent history of these alphabets, et concludes in evoking the current innovations.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><div class="primary-buttons "><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":36926482,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/8492723/Lalphabet_touareg_The_Tuareg_Alphabet_Cover_picture_by_Anja_Fischer_"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span>See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":36926482,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/8492723/Lalphabet_touareg_The_Tuareg_Alphabet_Cover_picture_by_Anja_Fischer_"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="8492723" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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This autochtonous alphabet derived from older « Libyco-Berber » scripts, which are attested as far back as the middle of the second century BCE. It coexists with two alphabets of foreign origin : Arabic and Latin. It is only used to write short texts : letters to people who are close, graffiti on trees or rocks, or inscriptions on utensils. This article focuses on how this alphabet is used for letterwriting even though this activity allows for using the Latin alphabet too. Recent attempts to reform the Tuareg’s alphabet are discussed. The matter of this paper has been incorporated into a book published in 2015 (https://www.academia.edu/8492723)</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ecritures ordinaires en pays touareg","attachmentId":55243581,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1436916/Ecritures_ordinaires_en_pays_touareg","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1436916/Ecritures_ordinaires_en_pays_touareg"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="114442045" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/114442045/Calligraphie_arabe_Calligraphe_Maxime_ADEL_Bulletin_d_informations_de_l_association_Alphabets_n_111_1er_trimestre_janvier_f%C3%A9vrier_mars_2024_P_19">Calligraphie arabe. 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Israel Finkelstein, Christian Julian Robin & Thomas Romer), Paris (Van Dieren), 2016, pp. 312-377.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2884602" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/ChristianRobin">Christian Julien ROBIN</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">CONTENU Alphabets, Texts and Artifacts; Studies Presented to Benjamin Sass • Pour onze lettres, la forme, très semblable au sudarabique, s'en distingue par un détail • Cinq lettres ḥima<ites présentent un ductus original qui n'existe pas en sudarabique • Quelques lettres ḥima<ites varient librement entre le ḥima<ite et le sudarabique • Les déchiffrements précédents • Illustrations • Sigles et abréviations Fondée sur la seule écriture, l'appellation « thamūdéen » englobe donc tous les graffites qui ne sont pas sudarabiques, dédanites, taymanites, hagarites 6 ou ṣafa<itiques. Comme cela a déjà été souvent souligné, elle est trompeuse parce qu'elle suggère que les graffites « thamūdéens », découverts dans de nombreuses zones entre la Syrie et le Yémen, ont été gravés par des individus originaires de la petite tribu de Thamūd, alors qu'il n'en est rien. Mais elle continue à être utilisée parce qu'elle demeure utile comme nous le verrons 7 . Dans un premier temps, on a supposé que les graffites « thamūdéens » constituaient un ensemble plus ou moins homogène. Puis, les investigations ont révélé que certains lettres pouvaient prendre des formes très variées. Le savant canadien F. Winnett a alors esquissé une première typologie en distinguant cinq écritures désignées par les premières lettres de l'alphabet, de « thamūdéen A » à « thamūdéen E » 8 . Comme ces appellations manquaient de lisibilité, elles ont été remplacées, quand cela paraissait possible, par des noms dérivés de toponymes 9 tels que « ḥisma<ique » (thamūdéen E) 10 et « taymanite » (thamūdéens A) 11 . Si, dans certains cas, le lien entre un type d'écriture et une région déterminée ne fait guère de doute, ailleurs, une vue d'ensemble de la distribution fait encore défaut. Les appellations proposées ont donc un caractère provisoire. Une conseiller du roi d'Arabie séoudite, avait entrepris alors un long périple dans le sud de la Péninsule au cours duquel il avait copié quelques inscriptions et graffites dans la région de Najran et aux puits de Himà (à 90 km à vol d'oiseau à l'est-nord-est de Najran) 15 . Le récit de ce voyage exploratoire a été publié peu après 16 . Les graffites thamūdéens copiées par Philby ont été publiés en 1956 par Albert Van Den Branden 17 . Philby, impressionné par la richesse archéologique des régions qu'il avait visitées, persuada le roi >Abd al->Azīz de financer une nouvelle mission dans le sud du royaume. L'expédition qui fut montée après la seconde guerre mondiale comptait cette fois deux spécialistes des langues et écritures anciennes de l'Arabie (Gonzague Ryckmans et son neveu Jacques Ryckmans) et un ancien militaire en charge de l'organisation (Philippe Lippens), tous trois belges. Partie de Jidda le 8 novembre 1951, « l'expédition Phiby-Ryckmans-Lippens » explora pour la première fois les régions entre Jidda et Najran (sur la frontière avec le Yémen) qu'elle atteignit le 18 décembre et s'acheva à al-Riyad le 11 février 1952. Les découvertes furent sensationnelles, avec notamment cinq grandes inscriptions royales ḥimyarites 18 datant des v e et vi e s. è. chr., relevées sur trois sites 19 , mais aussi de superbes dessins et d'innombrables graffites rupestres, en grande majorité préislamiques, dont le nombre avoisinait les 10 000. Malheureusement seule une toute petite partie de cette documentation a été photographiée. L'expédition était bien évidemment équipée d'appareils photographiques, mais le coût et les difficultés d'utilisation de la pellicule, qui ne supportait pas les températures trop élevées, limitaient alors l'usage de cette technique ; sauf exception, les graffites furent simplement copiés. Un récit de l'expédition fut rapidement publié 20 , et un plan de travail arrêté. Plusieurs volumes, consacrés aux dessins rupestres et aux inscriptions arabes, ont vu le jour 21 . Mais, en 15 18°14'20»N et 44°27'10»E. En arabe, le nom est Bi<r Ḥimà ou Ab<ar Ḥimà (avec « puits » au singulier ou au pluriel). Ḥimà est aussi le nom du bourg où se trouve l'administration locale. Pour désigner la région, c'est logiquement à Ḥimà que nous nous référons. 16 Philby 1939 (pour le Yémen) et 1952 (pour la région de Najran ; voir pp. 213 et suivantes). 17 Jacques Ryckmans (1960), dans sa recension de l'ouvrage, déplore que l'auteur ait montré une désolante absence de discernement, l'invitant à davantage de « circonspection » (p. 202). A. Van Den Branden traite de la même manière les meilleures copies et les plus médiocres, traduit de façon intrépide et théorise à partir de données inconsistantes. 18 Ḥimyar est le royaume sudarabique qui domina l'Arabie méridionale et une grande partie de l'Arabie déserte pendant l'Antiquité tardive. Nous employons « ḥimyarite » dans son sens historique, à savoir « relatif au royaume de Ḥimyar ». Jacques Ryckmans (1956), dans les citations que nous reproduisons, l'utilise dans le sens de « sudarabique, relatif à la civilisation de l'Arabie du Sud antique », comme cela se fait en arabe. 19 Murayghan, Ḥimà et Ma<sal al-Jumḥ.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"« L'alphabet de Ḥimà (Arabie séoudite) », en collaboration avec Maria Gorea, dans Alphabets, Texts and Artefacts in the Ancient Near East, Studies Presented to Benjamin Sass (édd. Israel Finkelstein, Christian Julian Robin \u0026 Thomas Romer), Paris (Van Dieren), 2016, pp. 312-377.","attachmentId":57661776,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37672783/_Lalphabet_de_%E1%B8%A4im%C3%A0_Arabie_s%C3%A9oudite_en_collaboration_avec_Maria_Gorea_dans_Alphabets_Texts_and_Artefacts_in_the_Ancient_Near_East_Studies_Presented_to_Benjamin_Sass_%C3%A9dd_Israel_Finkelstein_Christian_Julian_Robin_and_Thomas_Romer_Paris_Van_Dieren_2016_pp_312_377","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37672783/_Lalphabet_de_%E1%B8%A4im%C3%A0_Arabie_s%C3%A9oudite_en_collaboration_avec_Maria_Gorea_dans_Alphabets_Texts_and_Artefacts_in_the_Ancient_Near_East_Studies_Presented_to_Benjamin_Sass_%C3%A9dd_Israel_Finkelstein_Christian_Julian_Robin_and_Thomas_Romer_Paris_Van_Dieren_2016_pp_312_377"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="64221455" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/64221455/Iwellemmeden_Kel_Ataram_Touaregs_">Iwellemmeden Kel Ataram (Touaregs)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33456581" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8neCLAUDOTHAWAD">Hélène CLAUDOT-HAWAD</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2003</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Synthese historique et anthropologique concernant une formation politique touaregue nee vers la fin du XVIIIe siecle : les Iwellemmeden Kel Ataram</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Iwellemmeden Kel Ataram (Touaregs)","attachmentId":76355895,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64221455/Iwellemmeden_Kel_Ataram_Touaregs_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/64221455/Iwellemmeden_Kel_Ataram_Touaregs_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="80290176" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80290176/Le_patrimoine_onomastique_touareg_aux_portes_du_d%C3%A9sert_saharien">Le patrimoine onomastique touareg aux portes du désert saharien</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="99744568" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GhousmaneMohamed">Ghousmane Mohamed</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">EchoGéo, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 10 août 2021. EchoGéo est mis à disposition selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons Attribution-Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale-Pas de Modification 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND)</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Le patrimoine onomastique touareg aux portes du désert saharien","attachmentId":86721430,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80290176/Le_patrimoine_onomastique_touareg_aux_portes_du_d%C3%A9sert_saharien","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/80290176/Le_patrimoine_onomastique_touareg_aux_portes_du_d%C3%A9sert_saharien"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="2475505" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2475505/Hachid_M_2007_Le_contexte_arch%C3%A9ologique_et_historique_de_l_alphabet_libyque_Retour_sur_la_date_de_l_inscription_rupestre_d_Azzib_n_Ikkis_Haut_Atlas_et_sa_troublante_Actes_du_Col_Le_Libyco_berb%C3%A8re_ou_le_Tifinagh_mars_Alger_demander_la_bonne_version_%C3%A0_l_auteur_">Hachid, M., 2007. Le contexte archéologique et historique de l’alphabet libyque. Retour sur la date de l’inscription rupestre d’Azzib n’Ikkis (Haut Atlas) et sa troublante…, Actes du Col. “Le “Libyco-berbère ou le Tifinagh”, mars, Alger (demander la bonne version à l’auteur)..</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2030812" href="https://cnrpah.academia.edu/HACHIDMALIKA">HACHID Malika</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Aussi, le but essentiel de notre article est-il d'attirer l'attention sur le fait qu'il nous semble difficile d'étudier l'origine d'une graphie proto-libyque endogène, ou, l'adoption d'un système alphabétique issu du Proche Orient (avec emprunt, ou non, ou partie, de caractères d'écriture), sans tenir compte du contexte archéologique et historique, et, plus précisément, du peuplement paléoberbère des Libyens, au cours de l'Âge des métaux, période historique au cours de laquelle les écritures sont apparues au Proche-Orient. Outre l'étude linguistique, c'est dans l'histoire et la géographie des communautés locutrices de la langue libyque que, peuvent aussi, se trouver des éléments de cette genèse. Il est difficile de suivre une thèse émise sur le plan purement linguistique, sans aucune référence au contexte historique, quand, surcroît, ce dernier ne "colle" pas. On ne peut aller vers une telle investigation sans les données historiques et socioculturelles "qui sous-tendent le contenu des inscriptions" (Ameur et al, 2 2006 : 28). Une écriture s'inscrit dans un espace, une culture, une civilisation, et, elle est un outil de communication et d'échange entre les peuples. Comme beaucoup d'autres domaines concernant l'Afrique du Nord dans le passé, on a toujours étudié l'origine du libyque par rapport à des notions de "centre" et de "périphérie" : si cette vision peut se justifier par le fait que le système alphabétique est bel et bien né dans la région du Levant (quoique des mécanismes proches de ce système aient été connus dans une forme limitée ailleurs, comme, par exemple, en Égypte), le libyque s'en est trouvé rejeté à la limite quasi totale de cette "périphérie", à tel point que, de tous les peuples méditerranéens qui ont puisé au système alphabétique phénicien ou emprunté celui-ci, les Libyens occupent la dernière place dans le temps. Dans l'état actuel des connaissances archéologiques et historiques, il nous semble tout aussi difficile de continuer d'écrire que c'est au VIe ou au Ve siècle avant J.-C. que les Libyens ont pu prendre connaissance du système alphabétique grâce au phénicien, ou bien emprunter directement celui-ci, selon d'autres linguistes, du fait que ces dates correspondent à la période de la plus grande diffusion de cet alphabet en Méditerranée, et, qu'il est, alors, connu et/ou adopté par bon nombre de peuples méditerranéens. Quelle est la raison pour laquelle le peuple libyen aurait été le dernier de tous ceux de la Méditerranée à adopter le système alphabétique phénicien (si c'est celui-ci qui est concerné et pas un autre), non seulement après les peuples du Levant comme les Hébreux, les Moabites, les Philistins (pour ne citer que quelques exemples), peuples qui ont l'avantage de la proximité géographique, mais, également, après les Phrygiens, les Grecs, voire même les Ibères, à l'autre extrémité de la Méditerranée ? Ces tribus libyennes qui commerçaient avec les Phéniciens au niveau de comptoirs, auraient-elles pu ne pas s'intéresser à l'écriture de ces marchands qui fréquentaient leurs côtes vers le 1er millénaire avant J.-C., qui y fondèrent des cités dès les siècles suivants, et, pas davantage à l'alphabet phénicien -adapté-en usage chez les Grecs des cités de Cyrène (fondée en 631 avant J.-C.) et de Barca (fondée en 570 avant J.-C.) ? Entre le 1er millénaire et le VIIe siècle avant J.-C., des Libyens auraient entretenu des relations avec ces deux peuples, phénicien et grec, que celles-ci soient commerciales et/ou politiques, pacifiques ou belliqueuses, sans jamais avoir manifesté aucune tentative d'adoption ou d'emprunt à cet impressionnant outil que représentaient l'écriture et le système alphabétique, et, ce, durant sept longs siècles, si on doit en croit les linguistes qui ne leur concèdent l'usage d'un système alphabétique qu'à partir du VIe siècle avant J.-C. ? Comme nous l'avons déjà défendu (Hachid, 2000 : 188-189), bien avant cette date, les Libyens orientaux ont eu d'autres occasions d'être en contact avec des systèmes d'écriture, puis le système alphabétique lorsque celui-ci est apparu au Levant, eux qui n'ignoraient pas l'existence des Égéens qui possédaient des systèmes d'écriture, qui rencontraient en Égypte, et, à la cour de Pharaon, tous les peuples soumis du Levant. C'est justement au moment de leur coalition avec les Peuples de la Mer contre l'Égypte, vers 1300 ans avant J.-C., puis lors de leur attaque contre Ramsès III (vers 1200 ans avant J.-C.) que l'on situe les premiers balbutiements du système alphabétique. Plus tard, il semble difficile que des tribus aient pu entretenir des rapports politiques et culturels avec leurs voisins carthaginois et grecs, rapports qui pouvaient se manifester par des conflits guerriers 3 comme des échanges culturels, sans que la question de l'usage de l'écriture ne se pose à eux. On sait que les Grecs (de Cyrénaïque, au moins) ont appris à atteler leurs chars à quatre chevaux auprès des Libyens (probablement les Asbytes, les plus habiles à la charrerie), qu'ils ont emprunté l'habit de la déesse Athéna à ces mêmes Libyens, que les femmes grecques ont appris des Libyennes à pousser ce cri connu, aujourd'hui, sous le nom de "ilawlawen", bref, il est difficile d'imaginer que dans ces intenses échanges séculaires entre peuples voisins, dont une partie seulement nous est rapportée par les témoignages écrits, l'écriture soit resté un domaine complètement ignoré des Libyens jusqu'à une date aussi tardive que le VIe siècle avant J.-C. Une autre remarque réside dans le fait que lorsque quel qu'aspect du cadre historique est pris en considération, il est, alors, fait référence à un ancien état connaissances, notamment sur le plan des données archéologiques, que la recherche a renouvelé depuis longtemps, voire à une déformation des données comme c'est le cas pour l'inscription rupestre d'Azzib n'Ikkis (Yagour, Haut Atlas). Aussi, dans un premier temps, nous revenons sur l'âge présumé de cette inscription, le VIe siècle avant J.-C., une date tenue pour une sorte de Vulgate qu'elle n'est pourtant pas. Outre que celle-ci n'est pas entièrement conforme à l'opinion de celui qui en est l'auteur (G. Camps), et, auquel se réfèrent la plupart des linguistes, elle se trouve, en plus, en déséquilibre avec le cadre historique de l'Âge des métaux du Maghreb occidental. Deux récentes thèses sur l'origine de l'alphabet ont été récemment émises, l'une suggérant qu'elle pourrait être saharienne (Lemaire, communication datant de 2001 et publiée en 2006), l'autre, méditerranéenne et occidentale (Pichler, 2007). Elles nous ont tout particulièrement intéressés dans la mesure où elles viennent, surtout la seconde, rejoindre les questions que nous nous posions sur les rapports existant entre l'inscription rupestre d'Azzib n'Ikkis et celles de la période caballine du Sahara central. L'idée d'un alphabet originaire du Maghreb occidental, comme le propose W. Pichler, nous a particulièrement intéressés sachant le contexte et la chronologie de l'inscription d'Azzib n'Ikkis, ainsi, que notre propre hypothèse sur l'origine et la diffusion du système alphabétique chez les Libyens (voir ci-dessous). Celle de A. Lemaire, sur une origine saharienne orientale, possède, elle aussi, quelques centres d'intérêt avec la nôtre, et, nous a amenés à approfondir la question de savoir lequel des peuplements libyens, septentrional et méditerranéen, ou, méridional et saharien, aurait pu, le plus logiquement, accéder à un alphabet (bien qu'au premier abord, la première de ces deux thèses paraisse la plus plausible pour un grand nombre de chercheurs, qu'ils soient linguistes, préhistoriens ou antiquisants). Il fallait, donc, mettre en contexte et perspective historiques chacune de ces deux hypothèses. Leur examen archéologique et historique, allait, au moins, nous permettre d'écarter quelques éléments qui ne peuvent concorder avec la réalité historique et géographique (comme par exemple, la période à laquelle il faut situer, d'un point de vue historique et dans l'art rupestre, la transition de la période caballine à la période cameline dans la thèse de W. Pichler). Après avoir passé en revue tous ces sujets et ces interrogations, et, partant d'un angle de vue archéologique et historique, nous exposerons nos propres arguments sur la possible adoption du libyque 4 par les Libyens du Maghreb occidental (Haut Atlas) et les Libyens du Sahara central, à peu près, à la même période, soit entre la fin du second millénaire avant J.-C. et le 1er millénaire avant J.-C., en notant que cette dernière date est celle qui revient dans la majeure partie des cas de figure (1er millénaire avant J.-C.). Cette étonnante convergence vient s'ajouter à celle du rapprochement qui a été établi entre l'alphabet libyque occidental et l'alphabet libyque saharien (pour l'usage de ce dernier terme, voir le chapitre 1). Lorsque nous avons publié quelques inscriptions libyques sahariennes de la période du char et du cheval au galop volant, nous avions conscience que l'évaluation de leur chronologie relative, grâce à leur contexte historique, allait provoquer des réticences, sachant que certains linguistes ont tendance à ne pas retourner au contexte archéologique et historique pour vérifier si leurs thèses sont compatibles avec celui-ci. G. Camps ne disposait que de caractères tracés sur des amphores de Djerma-Garama, datées du 1er siècle de notre ère, pourtant, déjà à l'époque, il écrivait qu' "...au Sahara, l'usage des tifinaghs remonte au moins au début de notre ère et vraisemblablement bien plus haut" (1996 : 2572). Avec ce que nous apprenons sur les Garamantes, depuis que l'étude de leur civilisation a été reprise par les chercheurs italiens, avec des méthodes on ne peut plus scientifiques et modernes, il est clair que rapporter les inscriptions sahariennes à la veille de l'apparition du dromadaire est une hypothèse qui ne peut être acceptée (W. Pichler). Pour la datation des inscriptions sahariennes comme pour celle...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hachid, M., 2007. Le contexte archéologique et historique de l’alphabet libyque. Retour sur la date de l’inscription rupestre d’Azzib n’Ikkis (Haut Atlas) et sa troublante…, Actes du Col. “Le “Libyco-berbère ou le Tifinagh”, mars, Alger (demander la bonne version à l’auteur)..","attachmentId":37167438,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2475505/Hachid_M_2007_Le_contexte_arch%C3%A9ologique_et_historique_de_l_alphabet_libyque_Retour_sur_la_date_de_l_inscription_rupestre_d_Azzib_n_Ikkis_Haut_Atlas_et_sa_troublante_Actes_du_Col_Le_Libyco_berb%C3%A8re_ou_le_Tifinagh_mars_Alger_demander_la_bonne_version_%C3%A0_l_auteur_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2475505/Hachid_M_2007_Le_contexte_arch%C3%A9ologique_et_historique_de_l_alphabet_libyque_Retour_sur_la_date_de_l_inscription_rupestre_d_Azzib_n_Ikkis_Haut_Atlas_et_sa_troublante_Actes_du_Col_Le_Libyco_berb%C3%A8re_ou_le_Tifinagh_mars_Alger_demander_la_bonne_version_%C3%A0_l_auteur_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="3226128" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3226128/Deux_alphabets_ib%C3%A8res_duals_rupestres_de_Cerdagne">Deux alphabets ibères duals rupestres de Cerdagne</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="318452" href="https://ub.academia.edu/JoanFerreriJan%C3%A9">Joan Ferrer i Jané</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Ce travail présente deux nouvelles inscriptions ibères rupestres localisées à Ger et Bolvir (Girona). Ce sont deux alphabets ibères nord-orientales duals de lecture très complexe. Les alphabets ibères sont très rares et jusqu’à aujourd’hui nous n’en connaissions que deux, l’alphabet dual du Castellet de Bernabé (Lliria, València) et l’alphabet dual du Tos Pelat (Moncada, València). Les deux nouveaux alphabets cerdans ne présentent apparemment pas d’autres dualités que celles prévues des occlusives dentales et vélaires. Par contre les deux alphabets edetans présentent aussi des dualités à voyelles et quelques consonnes continues. Les deux alphabets rupestres cerdans sont un nouvel indice favorable à l’interprétation votive de certaines inscriptions rupestres de la Cerdagne, en accord avec les paires grecques, latines et étrusques.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Deux alphabets ibères duals rupestres de Cerdagne","attachmentId":31387029,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3226128/Deux_alphabets_ib%C3%A8res_duals_rupestres_de_Cerdagne","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3226128/Deux_alphabets_ib%C3%A8res_duals_rupestres_de_Cerdagne"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="22115310" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22115310/R%C3%A9volution_de_lAlphabet_Turc">Révolution de l'Alphabet Turc</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41491851" href="https://xn--nk-yka.academia.edu/%C3%96merFarukMenlik">Ömer Faruk Menlik</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">La République turque a déclaré la réforme d’alphabet selon laquelle il était désormais interdit d’utilisation de l’alphabet arabe pour l’écriture turque et qui favorise un nouvel alphabet y compris les caractères spéciales comme ç, ğ, ı, ş, ö, ü et İ; basé sur l’alphabet latin, le 1er novembre 1928. Dans cette fiche de lecture; on examinera cette notion, ses raisons, ses conséquences et la période de discussion avant la réforme en partant des articles suivants: • The Stamboul Alphabet of Shemseddin Sami Bey: Precursor to Turkish Script Reform • Learning to Read (Again): The Social Experiences of Turkey’s 1928 Alphabet Reform • La Révolution au pied de la lettre. 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LA SECONDE BONNE VERSION.Le contexte archéologique et historique de l’alphabet libyque. Retour sur la date de l’inscription rupestre d’Azzib n’Ikkis (Haut Atlas) et sa troublante convergence avec celles du Sahara central</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2030812" href="https://cnrpah.academia.edu/HACHIDMALIKA">HACHID Malika</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs"> In Actes du Colloque sur "Le "Libyco-berbère ou le Tifinagh. De l'authenticité à l'usage pratique", 21-22 mars, Alger., 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hachid M. 2007. LA SECONDE BONNE VERSION.Le contexte archéologique et historique de l’alphabet libyque. 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phil., Paris, 1977, pp. 191-193.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2884602" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/ChristianRobin">Christian Julien ROBIN</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"« Épigraphie sudarabique », dans Annuaire 1976 / 1977, École pratique des Hautes Études, IVe section, Sc. hist. et phil., Paris, 1977, pp. 191-193.","attachmentId":57515747,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37541028/_%C3%89pigraphie_sudarabique_dans_Annuaire_1976_1977_%C3%89cole_pratique_des_Hautes_%C3%89tudes_IVe_section_Sc_hist_et_phil_Paris_1977_pp_191_193","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span 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