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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Leopold Mannes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Leopold_Damrosch_Mannes_(1899%E2%80%931964).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Leopold_Damrosch_Mannes_%281899%E2%80%931964%29.png/220px-Leopold_Damrosch_Mannes_%281899%E2%80%931964%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Leopold_Damrosch_Mannes_%281899%E2%80%931964%29.png/330px-Leopold_Damrosch_Mannes_%281899%E2%80%931964%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Leopold_Damrosch_Mannes_%281899%E2%80%931964%29.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Leopold Damrosch Mannes</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1899-12-26</span>)</span>December 26, 1899<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, New York</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 11, 1964<span style="display:none">(1964-08-11)</span> (aged 64)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Oak_Bluffs,_Massachusetts" title="Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts">Oak Bluffs</a>, Massachusetts</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Musician, inventor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Mannes" title="David Mannes">David Mannes</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Mannes" title="Clara Mannes">Clara Mannes</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Leopold Damrosch Mannes</b> (December 26, 1899 – August 11, 1964) was an American musician, who, together with <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Godowsky_Jr." title="Leopold Godowsky Jr.">Leopold Godowsky Jr.</a>, created the first practical <a href="/wiki/Color_transparency_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Color transparency film">color transparency film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kodachrome" title="Kodachrome">Kodachrome</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Mannes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mannes was born in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. He was a son of <a href="/wiki/David_Mannes" title="David Mannes">David Mannes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clara_Mannes" title="Clara Mannes">Clara (Damrosch) Mannes</a>, and a brother of writer <a href="/wiki/Marya_Mannes" title="Marya Mannes">Marya Mannes</a>. His parents founded the <a href="/wiki/Mannes_College_of_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannes College of Music">Mannes College of Music</a> in New York. His maternal grandfather was conductor <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Damrosch" title="Leopold Damrosch">Leopold Damrosch</a>, and his maternal uncles were conductors <a href="/wiki/Walter_Damrosch" title="Walter Damrosch">Walter Damrosch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Damrosch" title="Frank Damrosch">Frank Damrosch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dies_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was Jewish; his mother was from a mostly Lutheran German family (and was of part Jewish descent through her own grandfather).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mannes and Godowsky's experimentation with color photography began in 1917, after seeing the film <i>Our Navy</i> in Prizma Color, which was advertised as a color film. Because of the low quality the boys felt cheated and decided to do something about it. They designed a <a href="/wiki/Movie_camera" title="Movie camera">movie camera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_projector" title="Video projector">projector</a>, each with three <a href="/wiki/Lens_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (optics)">lenses</a> covered by orange-red, green and blue-violet <a href="/wiki/Filter_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter (optics)">filters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They took multiple <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a> exposures and projected them back through the filters. They patented this system, but it was not a commercially viable process. </p><p>Mannes went on to study piano at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> and earned a <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Music Scholarship</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="Guggenheim fellowship">Guggenheim fellowship</a> (1926) to study music composition in Italy. He later continued to play professional piano while studying physics at Harvard. Godowsky studied violin at <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> and became a violinist with the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Symphony_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco Symphony Orchestra">San Francisco Symphony Orchestra</a>. Although a continent apart, they continued to collaborate on ideas for improving color photography. By 1922, Godowsky had given up his orchestra jobs in California and moved back to New York City where he and Mannes worked as musicians. They experimented with color photography during their spare time. </p><p>While on his way to perform in Europe in late 1922, Mannes made the chance acquaintance of a senior partner in the investment firm of <a href="/wiki/Kuhn,_Loeb_and_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Kuhn, Loeb and Co.">Kuhn, Loeb and Co.</a> and described their progress with color photography. Some months later the firm sent one of their junior associates, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_L._Strauss" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis L. Strauss">Lewis L. Strauss</a> to the Mannes apartment to view the color process. The final results were impressive enough for Kuhn Loeb to invest in the process. </p><p>With financial backing, Mannes and Godowsky built a dedicated laboratory and in 1924 took out additional patents on their work. In 1930 <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Kodak" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastman Kodak">Eastman Kodak</a> was so impressed with their results that they contracted them to move to Rochester and take advantage of Kodak's research facilities. </p><p>By 1935, Mannes and Godowsky and the Kodak research staff had developed a marketable <a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive color</a> film for home movies. <a href="/wiki/Kodachrome" title="Kodachrome">Kodachrome</a> film was coated with three layers of ordinary <a href="/wiki/Black_and_white_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Black and white film">black-and-white</a> <a href="/wiki/Silver_halide" title="Silver halide">silver halide</a> <a href="/wiki/Gelatin" title="Gelatin">gelatin</a> <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsion</a>, but each layer was made sensitive to only one-third of the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">spectrum</a> of colors—in essence, to red, green or blue. Special processing chemistry and procedures caused <a href="/wiki/Complementary_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Complementary color">complementary-colored</a> cyan, magenta or yellow <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dye</a> images to be generated in these layers as the black-and-white silver images were developed. After they had served their purpose, the silver images were chemically removed, so that the completed <a href="/wiki/Chromogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromogenic">chromogenic</a> film consisted solely of the three layers of dye images suspended in gelatin. The statement that each layer is sensitive to only one-third of the spectrum is inaccurate. All three layers were inherently sensitive to the entire spectrum The bottom layer was sensitive to red and blue light. The layer above it was sensitive to green and blue light. The top layer was sensitive to blue light only. Blue light was prevented from reaching the lower two layers by coating, on top of the blue-and green-sensitive layer, a yellow-colored "Carey-Lea Silver" filter layer. The silver in it was removed by the bleach and fix steps that followed the three color-development steps of the process. </p><p>Kodachrome <a href="/wiki/16_mm_film" title="16 mm film">16mm</a> movie film was released for sale in 1935, and in 1936 Kodachrome <a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">35mm still</a> (KS perforations) and <a href="/wiki/8_mm_film" title="8 mm film">8mm movie</a> film were released. Later, after the development of Kodachrome Commercial (an intentionally low-contrast film intended for later duplication), this film was made available on an exclusive basis to <a href="/wiki/Technicolor" title="Technicolor">Technicolor</a>, with BH perforations, and which immediately renamed it "Technicolor Monopack" (note, especially, the capital letter in "<i>M</i>onopack", which asserted that this was a proprietary process, although this name was never actually registered in the <a href="/wiki/USPTO" class="mw-redirect" title="USPTO">USPTO</a>), and this single-strip three-color camera film remained available exclusively through Technicolor (with processing exclusively through Kodak's own labs) until the <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Color" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastman Color">Eastman Color</a> negative-positive process completely replaced <a href="/wiki/Three-strip_Technicolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-strip Technicolor">Three-strip Technicolor</a> after 1954. </p><p>Mannes returned to music after inventing the Kodachrome film and process, performing as a pianist and composing several musical scores. He served as president of the <a href="/wiki/Mannes_College_of_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannes College of Music">Mannes College of Music</a> (founded by his parents in New York) and served as a judge in music competitions, including the first <a href="/wiki/Van_Cliburn_International_Piano_Competition" title="Van Cliburn International Piano Competition">Van Cliburn International Piano Competition</a>. Leopold Damrosch Mannes was the son of Leo Mannes and Clara (Damrosch) Mannes. Clara was a sister of Walter and Frank Damrosch, the famous New York City musicians. </p><p>Leopold Godowsky Jr. married George Gershwin's younger sister, the singer <a href="/wiki/Frances_Gershwin" title="Frances Gershwin">Frances Gershwin</a>, who went on to become a painter and sculptor. He continued the musical tradition of his father, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Godowsky" title="Leopold Godowsky">Leopold Godowsky</a> (one of the great pianists of the early twentieth century), playing violin with the Los Angeles and San Francisco Symphony Orchestras, as well as performing jointly with his father. </p><p>Leopold Mannes died from a cerebral hemorrhage at <a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Hospital" title="Martha's Vineyard Hospital">Martha's Vineyard Hospital</a> on August 11, 1964, and was buried at Chilmark Cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-Dies_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mannes and Godowsky were inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a> in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Mannes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-width:1px; border-color:#E0E0E0; width:20em; background-color:#FFF; margin:0.2em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:1.2em; background-color:#E0E0E0; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Archives at</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <table class="infobox-subbox"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:33%;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:33%;">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/eadmus.mu007003">Mannes-Damrosch collection, 1848-1986</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.4em; padding-bottom:0.4em; border-top:1px solid #E0E0E0;"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Archival_material" title="Help:Archival material">How to use archival material</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dies-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dies_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dies_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/12/archives/leopold-mannes-pianist-dies-inventor-headed-music-school.html">"Leopold Mannes, Pianist, Dies; Inventor Headed Music School; Co-Developer of Kodachrome Aided Young Musicians – Composer and U.S. Adviser"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Vineyard Haven, Massachusetts (published August 12, 1964). August 11, 1964. p. 35<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Leopold+Mannes%2C+Pianist%2C+Dies%3B+Inventor+Headed+Music+School%3B+Co-Developer+of+Kodachrome+Aided+Young+Musicians+%E2%80%93+Composer+and+U.S.+Adviser&rft.pages=35&rft.date=1964-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F08%2F12%2Farchives%2Fleopold-mannes-pianist-dies-inventor-headed-music-school.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+Mannes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaneway1971" class="citation news cs1">Janeway, Elizabeth (November 28, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/11/28/archives/out-of-my-time-by-marya-mannes-illustrated-251-pp-new-york.html">"Out of My Time; By Marya Mannes. Illustrated. 251 pp. New York: Doubleday & Co. $7.95"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. BR35<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Out+of+My+Time%3B+By+Marya+Mannes.+Illustrated.+251+pp.+New+York%3A+Doubleday+%26+Co.+%247.95&rft.pages=BR35&rft.date=1971-11-28&rft.aulast=Janeway&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F11%2F28%2Farchives%2Fout-of-my-time-by-marya-mannes-illustrated-251-pp-new-york.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+Mannes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Patent 1,619,949 (filed June 28, 1920, issued March 8, 1927) page 1, lines 25-29 specifies this variant of the standard red, green and blue filter colors, which was also used by the then-current Autochrome process. However, the patent is mainly concerned with a two-color (red-orange and blue-green) implementation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTylerRand2005" class="citation news cs1">Tyler, David; Rand, Ben (February 11, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/democrat-and-chronicle-inventors-with-lo/152904856/">"Inventors with local ties named to Hall of Fame"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Democrat_and_Chronicle" title="Democrat and Chronicle">Democrat and Chronicle</a></i>. Rochester, New York. p. 34<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2024</span> – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democrat+and+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Inventors+with+local+ties+named+to+Hall+of+Fame&rft.pages=34&rft.date=2005-02-11&rft.aulast=Tyler&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Rand%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fdemocrat-and-chronicle-inventors-with-lo%2F152904856%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+Mannes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward1939" class="citation book cs1">Howard, John Tasker (1939). <i>Our American Music: Three Hundred Years of It</i>. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+American+Music%3A+Three+Hundred+Years+of+It&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thomas+Y.+Crowell+Company&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=John+Tasker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+Mannes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_patents">Other patents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Mannes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other patents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1997493">U.S. patent 1,997,493</a></span> <i>Color Photography</i> filed January 1922, issued April 1935</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2304940">U.S. patent 2,304,940</a></span> <i>Color Photography</i> filed January 1940, issued December 1942</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/74044044">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/382238/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrmfcX9Y7YbG7y7Jy6VG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1057362328">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n96102216">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13960173v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13960173v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007417071005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/e6201610-3b44-4f78-baf7-aee2d83317ff">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/389089">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/279461">Photographers' Identities</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/142862460">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6cj94nb">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Mannes&oldid=1240382657">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Mannes&oldid=1240382657</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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