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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Franz Brentano</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="فرانز برنتانو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرانز برنتانو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="فرانتس برنتانو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فرانتس برنتانو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Франц Брентано – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Франц Брентано" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Franz Brentano" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Franz Brentano" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Franz Brentano" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Franz Brentano" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Franz Brentano" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Franz Brentano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Franz Brentano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Franz Brentano" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="فرانتس برنتانو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانتس برنتانو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Franz Brentano" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%80%EC%B8%A0_%EB%B8%8C%EB%A0%8C%ED%83%80%EB%85%B8" title="프란츠 브렌타노 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프란츠 브렌타노" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8" title="Ֆրանց Բրենթանո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրանց Բրենթանո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Franz Brentano" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Franz Brentano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A5_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%95" title="פרנץ ברנטנו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרנץ ברנטנו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D" title="ფრანც ბრენტანო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრანც ბრენტანო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Франц Брентано – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Франц Брентано" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_Brentanus" title="Franciscus Brentanus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Franciscus Brentanus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Franz Brentano" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="فرانز برنتانو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرانز برنتانو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Franz Brentano" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%84%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8E" title="フランツ・ブレンターノ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランツ・ブレンターノ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Franz Brentano" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Franz Brentano" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Franz Brentano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Franz Brentano" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Брентано, Франц – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брентано, Франц" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Franz Brentano" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Franz Brentano" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Franz Brentano" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Franz Brentano" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Franz Brentano" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Франц Брентано – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Франц Брентано" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Franz Brentano" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E5%85%B9%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E4%BC%A6%E5%A1%94%E8%AF%BA" title="弗朗兹·布伦塔诺 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗朗兹·布伦塔诺" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q57196#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">The Reverend</a></div><div class="fn">Franz Brentano</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_Brentano_in_Vienna,_1890.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Franz_Brentano_in_Vienna%2C_1890.png/220px-Franz_Brentano_in_Vienna%2C_1890.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Franz_Brentano_in_Vienna%2C_1890.png/330px-Franz_Brentano_in_Vienna%2C_1890.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Franz_Brentano_in_Vienna%2C_1890.png/440px-Franz_Brentano_in_Vienna%2C_1890.png 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="1231" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Franz Brentano in 1890</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Franz Clemens Honoratus Hermann Josef Brentano</div><br />16 January 1838<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marienberg_am_Rhein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marienberg am Rhein (page does not exist)">Marienberg am Rhein</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marienberg_am_Rhein" class="extiw" title="de:Marienberg am Rhein">de</a>]</span>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhineland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">17 March 1917<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend dday deathdate">1917-03-18</span>)</span> (aged 79)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Confederation">Switzerland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Munich">University of Munich</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="University of Münster">University of Münster</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen">University of Tübingen</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>, 1862)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="University of Würzburg">University of Würzburg</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Dr._phil._hab." class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. phil. hab.">Dr. phil. hab.</a>, 1866)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Ida Lieben<br />(m. 1880–1894; her death)</li> <li>Emilie Rueprecht<br />(m. 1897–1917; his death)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/19th-century_philosophy" title="19th-century philosophy">19th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/School_of_Brentano" title="School of Brentano">School of Brentano</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Intentionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intentionalism (philosophy of mind)">Intentionalism</a> ("act psychology")<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Empirical_psychology" title="Empirical psychology">Empirical psychology</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Austrian phenomenology</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Austrian_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian realism">Austrian realism</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="University of Würzburg">University of Würzburg</a><br />(1866–1873)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a><br />(1873–1895)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Theses</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb10234887.html?pageNo=5"><i>Von der mannigfachen Bedeutung des Seienden nach Aristoteles (On the Several Senses of Being in Aristotle)</i></a> (1862)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diepsychologied00brengoog"><i>Die Psychologie des Aristoteles, insbesondere seine Lehre vom Nous Poietikos (The Psychology of Aristotle, in Particular His Doctrine of the Active Intellect)</i></a> (1867)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Jakob_Clemens" title="Franz Jakob Clemens">Franz Jakob Clemens</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf_Trendelenburg" title="Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg">Adolf Trendelenburg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Masaryk" title="Tomáš Masaryk">Tomáš Masaryk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Alexius Meinong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Stumpf" title="Carl Stumpf">Carl Stumpf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Marty" title="Anton Marty">Anton Marty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Twardowski" title="Kazimierz Twardowski">Kazimierz Twardowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_von_Ehrenfels" title="Christian von Ehrenfels">Christian von Ehrenfels</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intentionality" title="Intentionality">Intentionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Intentional object">Intentional object</a></li> <li>Distinction between <a href="/wiki/Heterophenomenology" title="Heterophenomenology"><i>genetic</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)"><i>empirical/descriptive</i> psychology</a><sup id="cite_ref-SEP_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Distinction between <a href="/wiki/Sensory_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory perception">sensory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noetic_consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Noetic consciousness">noetic consciousness</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">presentations</a> of sensory objects or <a href="/wiki/Intuition" title="Intuition">intuitions</a> versus thinking of <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concepts</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement" title="Judgement">Judgement</a>–<a href="/wiki/Predication_(philosophy)" title="Predication (philosophy)">Predication</a> distinction</li> <li>Time-consciousness<sup id="cite_ref-SEP_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Ecclesiastical career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordained</th><td class="infobox-data">6 August 1864</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Laicized</th><td class="infobox-data">1873</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Franz Clemens Honoratus Hermann Josef Brentano</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[bʁɛnˈtaːno]</a></span>; 16 January 1838 – 17 March 1917) was a German philosopher and <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologist</a>. His 1874 <i><a href="/wiki/Psychology_from_an_Empirical_Standpoint" title="Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint">Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint</a></i>, considered his <a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnum opus">magnum opus</a>, is credited with having reintroduced the medieval <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">scholastic</a> concept of <a href="/wiki/Intentionality" title="Intentionality">intentionality</a> into contemporary philosophy. </p><p>Originally a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Priest">Catholic priest</a>, Brentano withdrew from the priesthood in 1873 due to the <a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">dogmatic</a> definition of <a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">papal infallibility</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Pastor_aeternus" title="Pastor aeternus">Pastor aeternus</a></i>. Working subsequently as a non-denominational professor, his teaching triggered research in a wide array of fields such as linguistics, logic, mathematics and experimental psychology through the young generation of philosophers who were gathered as the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Brentano" title="School of Brentano">School of Brentano</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Brentano&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brentano was born at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marienberg_am_Rhein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marienberg am Rhein (page does not exist)">Marienberg am Rhein</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marienberg_am_Rhein" class="extiw" title="de:Marienberg am Rhein">de</a>]</span>, near <a href="/wiki/Boppard" title="Boppard">Boppard</a>. He was son of <a href="/wiki/Christian_Brentano" title="Christian Brentano">Christian Brentano</a>, brother of <a href="/wiki/Lujo_Brentano" title="Lujo Brentano">Lujo Brentano</a>, and paternal nephew of <a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Clemens Brentano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">Bettina von Arnim</a>, and of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunda_Brentano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunda Brentano (page does not exist)">Gunda</a> (née Brentano) and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Friedrich von Savigny</a>. His paternal grandfather was of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> descent, and some of his ancestors are <a href="/wiki/Sophie_von_La_Roche" title="Sophie von La Roche">Sophie von La Roche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Stadion,_Count_von_Warthausen" title="Johann Philipp Stadion, Count von Warthausen">Johann Philipp Stadion, Count von Warthausen</a>. </p><p>He studied <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> at the universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="University of Würzburg">Würzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Berlin</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf_Trendelenburg" title="Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg">Adolf Trendelenburg</a>) and <a href="/wiki/University_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="University of Münster">Münster</a>. He had a special interest in <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scholastic_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholastic philosophy">scholastic philosophy</a>. He wrote his dissertation in 1862 at <a href="/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen">Tübingen</a> under the title <i>Von der mannigfachen Bedeutung des Seienden nach Aristoteles</i> (<i>On the Several Senses of Being in Aristotle</i>). His thesis advisor was <a href="/wiki/Franz_Jakob_Clemens" title="Franz Jakob Clemens">Franz Jakob Clemens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, he began to study <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> and entered the seminary in Munich and then Würzburg. He was ordained a Catholic priest on 6 August 1864. </p><p>In 1866 he defended his <a href="/wiki/Habilitation_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Habilitation thesis">habilitation thesis</a>, <i>Die Psychologie des Aristoteles, insbesondere seine Lehre vom Nous Poietikos</i> (<i>The Psychology of Aristotle, in Particular His Doctrine of the Active Intellect</i>, published 1867), and began to lecture at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="University of Würzburg">University of Würzburg</a>. His students in this period included, among others, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Stumpf" title="Carl Stumpf">Carl Stumpf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Marty" title="Anton Marty">Anton Marty</a>. Between 1870 and 1873, Brentano was heavily involved in the debate on <a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">papal infallibility</a> in matters of Faith. A strong opponent of such <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a>, he eventually gave up his priesthood and his tenure in 1873. He remained, however, deeply religious<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and dealt with the topic of the existence of God in lectures given at the Universities of Würzburg and Vienna.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1874 Brentano published his major work, <i><a href="/wiki/Psychology_from_an_Empirical_Standpoint" title="Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint">Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint</a></i>. From 1874 to 1895 he taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. Among his students were <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Masaryk" title="Tomáš Masaryk">Tomáš Masaryk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Alexius Meinong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Stumpf" title="Carl Stumpf">Carl Stumpf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Marty" title="Anton Marty">Anton Marty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Twardowski" title="Kazimierz Twardowski">Kazimierz Twardowski</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_von_Ehrenfels" title="Christian von Ehrenfels">Christian von Ehrenfels</a> and many others (see <a href="/wiki/School_of_Brentano" title="School of Brentano">School of Brentano</a> for more details). While he began his career as a full ordinary professor, he was forced to give up both his Austrian citizenship and his professorship in 1880 in order to marry Ida Lieben (Austro-Hungarian law denied matrimony to persons who had been ordained priests even if they later had resigned from priesthood), but he was permitted to stay at the university only as a <i><a href="/wiki/Privatdozent" title="Privatdozent">Privatdozent</a></i>. After the departure of Twardowski back to Lwów and the death of his wife in 1894, Brentano retired and moved to <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> in 1896, where he married his second wife, Emilie Ruprecht, in 1897. He transferred to <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> at the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, where he died in 1917. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Brentano&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intentionality">Intentionality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Brentano&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Intentionality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intentionality" title="Intentionality">Intentionality</a></div> <p>Brentano is best known for his reintroduction of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Intentionality" title="Intentionality">intentionality</a>—a concept derived from <a href="/wiki/Scholastic_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholastic philosophy">scholastic philosophy</a>—to <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">contemporary philosophy</a> in his lectures and in his work <i>Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt</i> (<i>Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint</i>). While often simplistically summarised as "aboutness" or the relationship between mental acts and the external world, Brentano defined it as the main characteristic of <i>mental phenomena</i>, by which they could be distinguished from <i>physical phenomena</i>. Every mental phenomenon, every psychological act has content, is directed at an object (the <i><a href="/wiki/Intentional_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Intentional object">intentional object</a></i>). Every belief, desire etc. has an object that they are about: the believed, the desired. Brentano used the expression "intentional inexistence" to indicate the status of the objects of thought in the mind. The property of being intentional, of having an intentional object, was the key feature to distinguish psychological phenomena and physical phenomena, because, as Brentano defined it, physical phenomena lacked the ability to generate <i>original intentionality</i>, and could only facilitate an intentional relationship in a second-hand manner, which he labeled <i>derived intentionality</i>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Every mental phenomenon is characterized by what the Scholastics of the Middle Ages called the intentional (or mental) inexistence of an object, and what we might call, though not wholly unambiguously, reference to a content, direction towards an object (which is not to be understood here as meaning a thing), or immanent objectivity. Every mental phenomenon includes something as object within itself, although they do not all do so in the same way. In presentation something is presented, in judgement something is affirmed or denied, in love loved, in hate hated, in desire desired and so on. This intentional in-existence is characteristic exclusively of mental phenomena. No physical phenomenon exhibits anything like it. We could, therefore, define mental phenomena by saying that they are those phenomena which contain an object intentionally within themselves. <small>— Franz Brentano, <i>Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint</i>, edited by Linda L. McAlister (London: Routledge, 1995 [1874]), pp. 88–89.</small></p></blockquote> <p>Brentano introduced a distinction between <b>genetic psychology</b> (<i>genetische Psychologie</i>) and <b>descriptive psychology</b> (<i>beschreibende</i> or <i>deskriptive Psychologie</i>):<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in his terminology, genetic psychology is the study of psychological phenomena from a third-person point of view, which involves the use of empirical experiments (satisfying, thus, the scientific standards we nowadays expect of an empirical science).<sup id="cite_ref-SEP_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (This concept is roughly equivalent to what is now called <a href="/wiki/Empirical_psychology" title="Empirical psychology">empirical psychology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Jacquette_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacquette-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Jacquette_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacquette-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "<a href="/wiki/Heterophenomenology" title="Heterophenomenology">heterophenomenology</a>", an explicitly third-person, scientific approach to the study of <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>.) The aim of descriptive psychology, on the other hand, is to describe consciousness from a first-person point of view.<sup id="cite_ref-SEP_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter approach was further developed by Husserl and the <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenological</a> tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theory_of_perception">Theory of perception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Brentano&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Theory of perception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He is also well known for claiming that <i>Wahrnehmung ist Falschnehmung</i> ('perception is misconception') that is to say perception is erroneous. In fact he maintained that external, <a href="/wiki/Sensory_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory perception">sensory perception</a> could not tell us anything about the <i>de facto</i> existence of the perceived world, which could simply be illusion. However, we can be absolutely sure of our internal perception. When I hear a tone, I cannot be completely sure that there is a tone in the real world, but I am absolutely certain that I do hear. This awareness, of the fact that I hear, is called internal perception. External perception, sensory perception, can only yield hypotheses about the perceived world, but not truth. Hence he and many of his pupils (in particular <a href="/wiki/Carl_Stumpf" title="Carl Stumpf">Carl Stumpf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a>) thought that the natural sciences could only yield hypotheses and never universal, absolute truths as in pure <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>. </p><p>However, in a reprinting of his <i>Psychologie vom Empirischen Standpunkte</i> (<i>Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint</i>), he recanted this previous view. He attempted to do so without reworking the previous arguments within that work but it has been said that he was wholly unsuccessful. The new view states that when we hear a sound, we hear something from the external world; there are no physical phenomena of internal perception.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theory_of_judgment">Theory of judgment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Brentano&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Theory of judgment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Franz_Brentano" title="Special:EditPage/Franz Brentano">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Brentano has a theory of judgment which is different from what is currently the predominant (<a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Fregean</a>) view. At the centre of Brentano's theory of judgment lies the idea that a judgment depends on having a <a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">presentation</a>, but this presentation does not have to be predicated. Even stronger: Brentano thought that <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predication</a> is not even necessary for judgment, because there are judgments without a predicational content. Another fundamental aspect of his theory is that judgments are always <a href="/wiki/Existential_clause" title="Existential clause">existential</a>. This so-called existential claim implies that when someone is judging that S is P he/she is judging that some S that is P exists. (Note that Brentano denied the idea that all judgments are of the form: S is P [and all other kinds of judgment which combine presentations]. Brentano argued that there are also judgments arising from a single presentation, e.g. “the planet Mars exists” has only one presentation.) In Brentano's own symbols, a judgment is always of the form: ‘+A’ (A exists) or ‘–A’ (A does not exist). </p><p>Combined with the third fundamental claim of Brentano, the idea that all judgments are either positive (judging that A exists) or negative (judging that A does not exist), we have a complete picture of Brentano's theory of judgment. So, imagine that you doubt whether midgets exist. At that point you have a presentation of midgets in your mind. When you judge that midgets do not exist, then you are judging that the presentation you have does not present something that exists. You do not have to utter that in words or otherwise predicate that judgment. The whole judgment takes place in the denial (or approval) of the existence of the presentation you have. </p><p>The problem of Brentano's theory of judgment is not the idea that all judgments are existential judgments (though it is sometimes a very complex enterprise to transform an ordinary judgment into an existential one), the real problem is that Brentano made no distinction between <a href="/wiki/Object_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Object (philosophy)">object</a> and presentation. A presentation exists as an object in your mind. So you cannot really judge that A does not exist, because if you do so you also judge that the presentation is not there (which is impossible, according to Brentano's idea that all judgments have the object which is judged as presentation). <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Twardowski" title="Kazimierz Twardowski">Kazimierz Twardowski</a> acknowledged this problem and solved it by denying that the object is equal to the presentation. This is actually only a change within Brentano's theory of perception, but has a welcome consequence for the theory of judgment, viz. that you can have a presentation (which exists) but at the same time judge that the object does not exist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Brentano&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The young <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> was very much inspired by Brentano's early work <i>On the Several Senses of Being in Aristotle</i>. Brentano's focus on conscious (or phenomenal) intentionality was inherited by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Stumpf" title="Carl Stumpf">Carl Stumpf</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_of_experimental_psychology" title="Berlin School of experimental psychology">Berlin School of experimental psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Marty" title="Anton Marty">Anton Marty</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Prague_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Prague School">Prague School</a> of linguistics, <a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Alexius Meinong</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Graz_School" title="Graz School">Graz School</a> of experimental psychology, <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Twardowski" title="Kazimierz Twardowski">Kazimierz Twardowski</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w%E2%80%93Warsaw_school" title="Lwów–Warsaw school">Lwów School</a> of philosophy, and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brentano's work also influenced <a href="/wiki/George_Stout" title="George Stout">George Stout</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Albertazzi_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albertazzi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the teacher of <a href="/wiki/George_Edward_Moore" class="mw-redirect" title="George Edward Moore">G. E. Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Brentano&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Major works by Brentano in German</dt></dl> <ul><li>(1862) <i>On the Several Senses of Being in Aristotle</i> (<i>Von der mannigfachen Bedeutung des Seienden nach Aristoteles</i> (<a href="/wiki/Doctoral_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral thesis">doctoral thesis</a>)) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128203742/http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb10234887.html?pageNo=5">online</a>)</li> <li>(1867) <i>The Psychology of Aristotle</i> (<i>Die Psychologie des Aristoteles, insbesondere seine Lehre vom Nous Poietikos</i> (<a href="/wiki/Habilitation_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Habilitation thesis">habilitation thesis</a> written in 1865/66)) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diepsychologied00brengoog">online</a>)</li> <li>(1874) <i>Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint</i> (<i>Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt</i>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/psychologievome00kraugoog">Online</a>) <ul><li>(1924–25) <i>Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt.</i> Ed. Oskar Kraus, 2 vols. Leipzig: Meiner. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7873-0014-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-7873-0014-7">3-7873-0014-7</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>(1876) <i>Was für ein Philosoph manchmal Epoche macht</i> (a work against <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41856ucmf_0">Online</a>)</li> <li>(1889) <i>The Origin of our Knowledge of Right and Wrong</i> (<i>Vom Ursprung sittlicher Erkenntnis</i>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theoriginofthekn00brenuoft">1902 English edition online</a>)</li> <li>(1911) <i>Aristotle and his World View</i> (<i>Aristoteles und seine Weltanschauung</i>)</li> <li>(1911) <i>The Classification of Mental Phenomena</i> (<i>Von der Klassifikation der psychischen Phänomene</i>)</li> <li>(1930) <i>The True and the Evident</i> (<i>Wahrheit und Evidenz</i>)</li> <li>(1976) <i>Philosophical Investigations on Space, Time and Phenomena</i> (<i>Philosophische Untersuchungen zu Raum, Zeit und Kontinuum</i>)</li> <li>(1982) <i>Descriptive Psychology</i> (<i>Deskriptive Psychologie</i>)</li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Collected Works</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><i>Sämtliche veröffentlichte Schriften in zehn Bänden</i> (<i>Collected Works in Ten Volumes</i>, edited by Arkadiusz Chrudzimski and Thomas Binder), Frankfurt: Ontos Verlag (now Walter de Gruyter). <ul><li>1. <i>Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkte — Von der Klassifikation der psychischen Phänomene</i> (2008)</li> <li>2. <i>Untersuchungen zur Sinnespsychologie</i> (2009)</li> <li>3. <i>Schriften zur Ethik und Ästhetik</i> (2010)</li> <li>4. <i>Von der mannigfachen Bedeutung des Seienden nach Aristoteles</i> (2014)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Brentano&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_psychology_(Dilthey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Analytic psychology (Dilthey)">Analytic psychology (Dilthey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_psychology_(Stout)" class="mw-redirect" title="Analytic psychology (Stout)">Analytic psychology (Stout)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiological_ethics" title="Axiological ethics">Axiological ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A4cilie_M." title="Cäcilie M.">Anna von Lieben</a> (his sister-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_von_Lieben" title="Robert von Lieben">Robert von Lieben</a> (his nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Austrian_scientists" title="List of Austrian scientists">List of Austrian scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Austrians" title="List of Austrians">List of Austrians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Brentano&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/biography/Franz-Brentano">Franz Brentano – Britannica.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/E._B._Titchener" class="mw-redirect" title="E. B. Titchener">E. B. Titchener</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1413478?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">"Brentano and Wundt: Empirical and Experimental Psychology"</a>, <i>The American Journal of Psychology</i>, <b>32</b>(1) (Jan. 1921), pp. 108–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robin D. Rollinger, <i>Austrian Phenomenology: Brentano, Husserl, Meinong, and Others on Mind and Object</i>, Walter de Gruyter, 2008, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gestalt Theory: Official Journal of the Society for Gestalt Theory and Its Applications (GTA)</i>, <b>22</b>, Steinkopff, 2000, p. 94: "Attention has varied between Continental Phenomenology (late Husserl, Merleau-Ponty) and Austrian Realism (Brentano, Meinong, Benussi, early Husserl)".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robin D. Rollinger, <i>Austrian Phenomenology: Brentano, Husserl, Meinong, and Others on Mind and Object</i>, Walter de Gruyter, 2008, p. 114: "The fact that Brentano [in <i>Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint</i>] speaks of a relation of analogy between physical phenomena and real things existing outside of the mind obviously indicates that he is a realist and not an idealist or a solipsist, as he may indeed be taken to at first glance. Rather, his position is a very extreme representational realism. The things which exist outside of our sensations, he maintains, are in fact to be identified with the ones we find posited in the hypotheses of natural sciences."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEP-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuemer" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Huemer, Wolfgang. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/brentano/">"Franz Brentano"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Franz+Brentano&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Huemer&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fbrentano%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Brentano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brentano, F., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5LY9AAAAIAAJ">Sensory and Noetic Consciousness: Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint III</a></i>, International Library of Philosophy and Scientific Method, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biagio G. Tassone, <i>From Psychology to Phenomenology: Franz Brentano's 'Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint' and Contemporary Philosophy of Mind</i>, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franz Brentano: <i>Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt</i>. Ed. Oskar Kraus, 2 vols. Leipzig: Meiner, 1924–25; ed. Mauro Antonelli. Heusenstamm: Ontos, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robin D. Rollinger, <i>Husserl's Position in the School of Brentano</i>, <i>Phaenomenologica</i> 150, Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1999, Chap. 2: "Husserl and Bolzano", p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edoardo Fugali, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-8582-6_10"><i>Toward the Rebirth of Aristotelian Psychology: Trendelenburg and Brentano</i></a> (2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Smith_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry Smith (academic)">Barry Smith</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/articles/menger.html">"Aristotle, Menger, Mises:An Essay in the Metaphysics of Economics"</a>, <i>History of Political Economy, Annual Supplement to vol. 22</i> (1990), 263–288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Albertazzi-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Albertazzi_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Albertazzi_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Liliana Albertazzi, <i>Immanent Realism: An Introduction to Brentano</i>, Springer, 2006, p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=15176">Franz Brentano</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boltzmann, Ludwig. 1995. <i>Ludwig Boltzmann: His Later Life and Philosophy, 1900-1906: Book Two: The Philosopher</i>. Springer Science & Business Media, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brentano, F. C. 1987. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SB0fgBKZ9KcC">On the Existence of God: Lectures Given at the Universities of Würzburg and Vienna (1868-1891)</a></i>. Springer Science & Business Media,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first published occurrence of the term is in Brentano's <i>Vom Ursprung sittlicher Erkenntnis (The Origin of our Knowledge of Right and Wrong)</i> published in 1889 (see Franz Brentano, <i>Descriptive Psychology</i>, Routledge, 2012, "Introduction").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacquette-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jacquette_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacquette_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dale Jacquette (ed.), <i>The Cambridge Companion to Brentano</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anna-Teresa_Tymieniecka" title="Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka">Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka</a>, <i>Phenomenology World-Wide: Foundations — Expanding Dynamics — Life-Engagements A Guide for Research and Study</i>, Springer, 2014, p. 18: "[Husserl] entrusts this analysis to a pure or phenomenological psychology whose links with Brentano's descriptive psychology are still clearly visible."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Postfix in the 1923 edition (in German) or the 1973, English version (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0710074255" title="Special:BookSources/0710074255">0710074255</a>, edited by Oskar Kraus; translated [from German] by Antos C. Rancurello, D. B. Terrell and <a href="/wiki/Linda_L%C3%B3pez_McAlister" title="Linda López McAlister">Linda López McAlister</a>; English edition edited by Linda López McAlister).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Uriah Kriegel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philpapers.org/archive/KRIPIP.pdf">"Phenomenal intentionality past and present: introductory</a>, <i>Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences</i> <b>12</b>(3):437–444 (2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maria van der Schaar, <i>G. F. Stout and the Psychological Origins of Analytic Philosophy</i>, Springer, 2013, p. viii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gams.uni-graz.at/archive/objects/context:bag/methods/sdef:Context/get?mode=bib_prim">Franz Brentano Archiv Graz</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Brentano&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Franz_Brentano" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Franz Brentano">Franz Brentano</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Franz_Brentano" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Franz Brentano">Franz Brentano</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.franzbrentano.eu/en">Franz Brentano website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.franzbrentano.eu/en/franz-brentano-and-his-context-3">"Franz Brentano and Cornelio Fabro. A forgotten chapter of the Brentanian reception"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324163420/http://www.franzbrentano.eu/en/franz-brentano-and-his-context-3">Archived</a> 2016-03-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuemer" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Huemer, Wolfgang. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/brentano/">"Franz Brentano"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Franz+Brentano&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Huemer&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fbrentano%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Brentano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandl" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brandl, Johannes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/brentano-judgement/">"Brentano's Theory of Judgement"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brentano%27s+Theory+of+Judgement&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Brandl&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fbrentano-judgement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Brentano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ontology.co/brentanof.htm">Franz Brentano's Ontology and His Immanent Realism</a> – Contains a list of the English translations of Brentano's works and an annotated bibliography</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Brentano, Franz"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Brentano,_Franz">"Brentano, Franz" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brentano%2C+Franz&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Brentano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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(Aristotle)">Lexis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnanimity" title="Magnanimity">Magnanimity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mimesis#Aristotle" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minima_naturalia" title="Minima naturalia">Minima naturalia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythos_(Aristotle)" title="Mythos (Aristotle)">Mythos</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philia" title="Philia">Philia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_vacui_(physics)" title="Horror vacui (physics)">Horror vacui (physics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_animal" title="Rational animal">Rational animal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentiality_and_actuality" title="Potentiality and actuality">Potentiality and actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">Substance theory</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hypokeimenon" title="Hypokeimenon">hypokeimenon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ousia" title="Ousia">ousia</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllogism" title="Syllogism">Syllogism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telos" title="Telos">Telos</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Temporal finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_realist_philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Aristotelian realist philosophy of mathematics">Mathematical realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Works_of_Aristotle" title="Works of Aristotle">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organon" title="Organon">Organon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categories_(Aristotle)" title="Categories (Aristotle)">Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Interpretation" title="On Interpretation">On Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_Analytics" title="Prior Analytics">Prior Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_Analytics" title="Posterior Analytics">Posterior Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topics_(Aristotle)" title="Topics (Aristotle)">Topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophistical_Refutations" title="Sophistical Refutations">Sophistical Refutations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_physics" title="Aristotelian physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physics_(Aristotle)" title="Physics (Aristotle)">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Heavens" title="On the Heavens">On the Heavens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Generation_and_Corruption" title="On Generation and Corruption">On Generation and Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology_(Aristotle)" title="Meteorology (Aristotle)">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Soul" title="On the Soul">On the Soul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_biology" title="Aristotle's biology">On Animals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Animals" title="History of Animals">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parts_of_Animals" title="Parts of Animals">Parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Animals" title="Movement of Animals">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progression_of_Animals" title="Progression of Animals">Progression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_of_Animals" title="Generation of Animals">Generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metaphysics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Metaphysics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics" title="Aristotelian ethics">Ethics</a> and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudemian_Ethics" title="Eudemian Ethics">Eudemian Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Athenians_(Aristotle)" title="Constitution of the Athenians (Aristotle)">Constitution of the Athenians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rhetoric and poetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_(Aristotle)" title="Rhetoric (Aristotle)">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parva_Naturalia" title="Parva Naturalia">Parva Naturalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sense_and_Sensibilia_(Aristotle)" title="Sense and Sensibilia (Aristotle)">Sense and Sensibilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Memory" title="On Memory">On Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Sleep" title="On Sleep">On Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Dreams" title="On Dreams">On Dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Divination_in_Sleep" title="On Divination in Sleep">On Divination in Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Length_and_Shortness_of_Life" title="On Length and Shortness of Life">On Length and Shortness of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Youth,_Old_Age,_Life_and_Death,_and_Respiration" title="On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration">On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protrepticus_(Aristotle)" title="Protrepticus (Aristotle)">Protrepticus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Aristotle" title="Pseudo-Aristotle">Pseudepigrapha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_Breath" title="On Breath">On Breath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Colors" title="On Colors">On Colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Plants" title="On Plants">On Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Indivisible_Lines" title="On Indivisible Lines">On Indivisible Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Melissus,_Xenophanes,_and_Gorgias" title="On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias">On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Universe" title="On the Universe">On the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Things_Heard" title="On Things Heard">On Things Heard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiognomonics" title="Physiognomonics">Physiognomonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Marvellous_Things_Heard" title="On Marvellous Things Heard">On Marvellous Things Heard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics_(Aristotle)" title="Mechanics (Aristotle)">Mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problems_(Aristotle)" title="Problems (Aristotle)">Problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Situations_and_Names_of_Winds" title="The Situations and Names of Winds">The Situations and Names of Winds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Virtues_and_Vices" title="On Virtues and Vices">On Virtues and Vices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_(Aristotle)" title="Economics (Aristotle)">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_to_Alexander" title="Rhetoric to Alexander">Rhetoric to Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Moralia" title="Magna Moralia">Magna Moralia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Followers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Peripatetic_school22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic school</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoxenus" title="Aristoxenus">Aristoxenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearchus_of_Soli" title="Clearchus of Soli">Clearchus of Soli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicaearchus" title="Dicaearchus">Dicaearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudemus_of_Rhodes" title="Eudemus of Rhodes">Eudemus of Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strato_of_Lampsacus" title="Strato of Lampsacus">Strato of Lampsacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyco_of_Troas" title="Lyco of Troas">Lyco of Troas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristo_of_Ceos" title="Aristo of Ceos">Aristo of Ceos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critolaus" title="Critolaus">Critolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_of_Tyre" title="Diodorus of Tyre">Diodorus of Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erymneus" title="Erymneus">Erymneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Rhodes" title="Andronicus of Rhodes">Andronicus of Rhodes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Islamic_Golden_Age22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Jewish6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Scholasticism17" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Spain" title="Peter of Spain">Peter of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Zabarella" title="Jacopo Zabarella">Jacopo Zabarella</a></li> <li><a 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