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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Animation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rendering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rendering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Rendering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rendering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_researchers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_researchers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable researchers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_researchers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications_for_their_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications_for_their_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Applications for their use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications_for_their_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Computer graphics (computer science)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8)" title="رسومات حاسوبية (علوم الحاسوب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رسومات حاسوبية (علوم الحاسوب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komp%C3%BCter_qrafikas%C4%B1" title="Kompüter qrafikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kompüter qrafikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="কম্পিউটার গ্রাফিক্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কম্পিউটার গ্রাফিক্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Компютърна графика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Компютърна графика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunarska_grafika" title="Računarska grafika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Računarska grafika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8D%C3%ADta%C4%8Dov%C3%A1_grafika" title="Počítačová grafika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Počítačová grafika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computergrafik" title="Computergrafik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Computergrafik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computergrafik" title="Computergrafik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Computergrafik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvutigraafika" title="Arvutigraafika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Arvutigraafika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Γραφικά υπολογιστών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γραφικά υπολογιστών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputila_grafiko" title="Komputila grafiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Komputila grafiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87)" title="گرافیک رایانه‌ای (علوم رایانه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرافیک رایانه‌ای (علوم رایانه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infographie" title="Infographie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Infographie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%ED%94%BD%EC%8A%A4" title="컴퓨터 그래픽스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="컴퓨터 그래픽스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%B9%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1_(%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%B9%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Համակարգչային գրաֆիկա (համակարգչային գիտություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համակարգչային գրաֆիկա (համակարգչային գիտություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="कंप्यूटर ग्राफिक्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कंप्यूटर ग्राफिक्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunalna_grafika" title="Računalna grafika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Računalna grafika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafiko_komputerala" title="Grafiko komputerala – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Grafiko komputerala" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafika_komputer" title="Grafika komputer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Grafika komputer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_grafica" title="Computer grafica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Computer grafica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA" title="גרפיקה ממוחשבת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרפיקה ממוחשבת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3" title="ಗಣಕಯಂತ್ರ ಚಿತ್ರ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಣಕಯಂತ್ರ ಚಿತ್ರ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Машиналық графика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Машиналық графика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaj_vity%C3%A8l" title="Imaj vityèl – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Imaj vityèl" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompiuterin%C4%97_grafika" title="Kompiuterinė grafika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kompiuterinė grafika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A1m%C3%ADt%C3%B3g%C3%A9pes_grafika" title="Számítógépes grafika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Számítógépes grafika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%98%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%98%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Компјутерска графика (компјутерска наука) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Компјутерска графика (компјутерска наука)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Компьютер график – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Компьютер график" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computergraphics" title="Computergraphics – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Computergraphics" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="コンピュータグラフィックス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンピュータグラフィックス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datagrafikk" title="Datagrafikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Datagrafikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Компьютер графике – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Компьютер графике" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompyuter_grafikasi" title="Kompyuter grafikasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kompyuter grafikasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafika_komputerowa" title="Grafika komputerowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grafika komputerowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompyuter_grafikas%C4%B1" title="Kompyuter grafikası – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Kompyuter grafikası" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafic%C4%83_digital%C4%83" title="Grafică digitală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grafică digitală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Grafica" title="Computer Grafica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Computer Grafica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Computer graphics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8D%C3%ADta%C4%8Dov%C3%A1_grafika" title="Počítačová grafika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Počítačová grafika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рачунарска графика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рачунарска графика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompjuterska_grafika" title="Kompjuterska grafika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kompjuterska grafika" 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hreflang="tr" data-title="Üç boyutlu giydirme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komp%C3%BDuter_grafikasy" title="Kompýuter grafikasy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kompýuter grafikasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%27%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Комп'ютерна графіка (інформатика) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Комп'ютерна графіка (інформатика)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Utah_teapot_simple_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Utah_teapot_simple_2.png/220px-Utah_teapot_simple_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Utah_teapot_simple_2.png/330px-Utah_teapot_simple_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Utah_teapot_simple_2.png/440px-Utah_teapot_simple_2.png 2x" data-file-width="2733" data-file-height="1809" /></a><figcaption>A modern rendering of the Utah teapot, an iconic model in 3D computer graphics created by Martin Newell in 1975.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Computer graphics</b> is a sub-field of computer science which studies methods for digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content. Although the term often refers to the study of three-dimensional computer graphics, it also encompasses two-dimensional graphics and image processing. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_graphics_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Computer graphics studies manipulation of visual and geometric information using computational techniques. It focuses on the <i>mathematical</i> and <i>computational</i> foundations of image generation and processing rather than purely <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic">aesthetic</a> issues. Computer graphics is often differentiated from the field of <a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visualization (graphic)">visualization</a>, although the two fields have many similarities. </p><p>Connected studies include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics">Applied mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_geometry" title="Computational geometry">Computational geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_topology" title="Computational topology">Computational topology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">Image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Information visualization">Information visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_visualization" title="Scientific visualization">Scientific visualization</a></li></ul> <p>Applications of computer graphics include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Print_design" title="Print design">Print design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">Special effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">Visual effects</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_graphics_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_animation" title="History of computer animation">History of computer animation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics#History" title="Computer graphics">Computer graphics § History</a></div> <p>There are several international conferences and journals where the most significant results in computer graphics are published. Among them are the <a href="/wiki/SIGGRAPH" title="SIGGRAPH">SIGGRAPH</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurographics" title="Eurographics">Eurographics</a> conferences and the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> (ACM) Transactions on Graphics journal. The joint Eurographics and <a href="/wiki/ACM_SIGGRAPH" title="ACM SIGGRAPH">ACM SIGGRAPH</a> symposium series features the major venues for the more specialized sub-fields: Symposium on Geometry Processing,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symposium on Rendering, Symposium on Computer Animation,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and High Performance Graphics.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in the rest of computer science, conference publications in computer graphics are generally more significant than journal publications (and subsequently have lower acceptance rates).<sup id="cite_ref-cra_memo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cra_memo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ernst_note_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ernst_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-graphics_acceptance_rates_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graphics_acceptance_rates-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subfields">Subfields</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_graphics_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Subfields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A broad classification of major subfields in computer graphics might be: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">Geometry</a>: ways to represent and process surfaces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Animation</a>: ways to represent and manipulate motion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a>: <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> to reproduce light transport</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_imaging" title="Digital imaging">Imaging</a>: image acquisition or image editing</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geometry">Geometry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_graphics_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geometry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanford_bunny_qem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Stanford_bunny_qem.png/220px-Stanford_bunny_qem.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Stanford_bunny_qem.png/330px-Stanford_bunny_qem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Stanford_bunny_qem.png/440px-Stanford_bunny_qem.png 2x" data-file-width="1426" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Successive approximations of a surface computed using quadric error metrics</figcaption></figure> <p>The subfield of geometry studies the representation of three-dimensional objects in a discrete digital setting. Because the appearance of an object depends largely on its exterior, <a href="/wiki/Boundary_representation" title="Boundary representation">boundary representations</a> are most commonly used. Two dimensional <a href="/wiki/Surface_(topology)" title="Surface (topology)">surfaces</a> are a good representation for most objects, though they may be non-<a href="/wiki/Manifold" title="Manifold">manifold</a>. Since surfaces are not finite, discrete digital approximations are used. <a href="/wiki/Polygon_mesh" title="Polygon mesh">Polygonal meshes</a> (and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Subdivision_surfaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivision surfaces">subdivision surfaces</a>) are by far the most common representation, although point-based representations have become more popular recently (see for instance the Symposium on Point-Based Graphics).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These representations are <i>Lagrangian,</i> meaning the spatial locations of the samples are independent. Recently, <i>Eulerian</i> surface descriptions (i.e., where spatial samples are fixed) such as <a href="/wiki/Level_set" title="Level set">level sets</a> have been developed into a useful representation for deforming surfaces which undergo many topological changes (with <a href="/wiki/Fluids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluids">fluids</a> being the most notable example).<sup id="cite_ref-stanford_fedkiw_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanford_fedkiw-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geometry subfields include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Implicit_surface" title="Implicit surface">Implicit surface</a> modeling – an older subfield which examines the use of algebraic surfaces, <a href="/wiki/Constructive_solid_geometry" title="Constructive solid geometry">constructive solid geometry</a>, etc., for surface representation.</li> <li>Digital geometry processing – <a href="/wiki/3d_scanning" class="mw-redirect" title="3d scanning">surface reconstruction</a>, simplification, fairing, mesh repair, <a href="/wiki/Mesh_parameterization" title="Mesh parameterization">parameterization</a>, remeshing, <a href="/wiki/Mesh_generation" title="Mesh generation">mesh generation</a>, surface compression, and surface editing all fall under this heading.<sup id="cite_ref-caltech_multires_dgp_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caltech_multires_dgp-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uiuc_graphics_dgp_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uiuc_graphics_dgp-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ubc_sheffa_dgp_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ubc_sheffa_dgp-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Discrete differential geometry – a nascent field which defines geometric quantities for the discrete surfaces used in computer graphics.<sup id="cite_ref-columbia_ddg_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbia_ddg-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Point-based graphics – a recent field which focuses on points as the fundamental representation of surfaces.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivision_surfaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivision surfaces">Subdivision surfaces</a></li> <li>Out-of-core mesh processing – another recent field which focuses on mesh datasets that do not fit in main memory.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animation">Animation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_graphics_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Animation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The subfield of animation studies descriptions for surfaces (and other phenomena) that move or deform over time. Historically, most work in this field has focused on parametric and data-driven models, but recently <a href="/wiki/Physical_simulation" title="Physical simulation">physical simulation</a> has become more popular as computers have become more powerful computationally. </p><p>Animation subfields include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">Performance capture</a></li> <li>Character animation</li> <li>Physical simulation (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Cloth_modeling" title="Cloth modeling">cloth modeling</a>, animation of <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">fluid dynamics</a>, etc.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rendering">Rendering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_graphics_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rendering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornellbox_pathtracing_irradiancecaching.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/Cornellbox_pathtracing_irradiancecaching.png/220px-Cornellbox_pathtracing_irradiancecaching.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/Cornellbox_pathtracing_irradiancecaching.png/330px-Cornellbox_pathtracing_irradiancecaching.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e3/Cornellbox_pathtracing_irradiancecaching.png 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>Indirect diffuse scattering simulated using <a href="/wiki/Path_tracing" title="Path tracing">path tracing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irradiance" title="Irradiance">irradiance</a> <a href="/wiki/Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">caching</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rendering generates images from a model. Rendering may simulate <a href="/wiki/Light_transport_theory" title="Light transport theory">light transport</a> to create realistic images or it may create images that have a particular artistic style in <a href="/wiki/Non-photorealistic_rendering" title="Non-photorealistic rendering">non-photorealistic rendering</a>. The two basic operations in realistic rendering are transport (how much light passes from one place to another) and scattering (how surfaces interact with light). See <a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering (computer graphics)</a> for more information. </p><p>Rendering subfields include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_transport_theory" title="Light transport theory">Transport</a> describes how illumination in a scene gets from one place to another. <a href="/wiki/Visibility_(geometry)" title="Visibility (geometry)">Visibility</a> is a major component of light transport.</li> <li>Scattering: Models of <i><a href="/wiki/Scattering" title="Scattering">scattering</a></i> (how light interacts with the surface <i>at a given point</i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Shading" title="Shading">shading</a></i> (how material properties vary across the surface) are used to describe the appearance of a surface. In graphics these problems are often studied within the context of rendering since they can substantially affect the design of <a href="/wiki/Rendering_algorithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rendering algorithm">rendering algorithms</a>. Descriptions of scattering are usually given in terms of a <a href="/wiki/Bidirectional_scattering_distribution_function" title="Bidirectional scattering distribution function">bidirectional scattering distribution function</a> (BSDF). The latter issue addresses how different types of scattering are distributed across the surface (i.e., which scattering function applies where). Descriptions of this kind are typically expressed with a program called a <a href="/wiki/Shader" title="Shader">shader</a>. (There is some confusion since the word "shader" is sometimes used for programs that describe local <i>geometric</i> variation.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-photorealistic_rendering" title="Non-photorealistic rendering">Non-photorealistic rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physically_based_rendering" title="Physically based rendering">Physically based rendering</a> – concerned with generating images according to the laws of <a href="/wiki/Geometric_optics" class="mw-redirect" title="Geometric optics">geometric optics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_rendering" class="mw-redirect" title="Real-time rendering">Real-time rendering</a> – focuses on rendering for interactive applications, typically using specialized hardware like <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPUs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Relighting">Relighting</a> – recent area concerned with quickly re-rendering scenes</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_researchers">Notable researchers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_graphics_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable researchers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li>Arthur Appel</li> <li>James Arvo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_A._Barsky" title="Brian A. Barsky">Brian A. Barsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Blinn" title="Jim Blinn">Jim Blinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_E._Bresenham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack E. Bresenham">Jack E. Bresenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loren_Carpenter" title="Loren Carpenter">Loren Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Catmull" title="Edwin Catmull">Edwin Catmull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Clark" title="James H. Clark">James H. Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Cook" title="Robert L. Cook">Robert L. Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_C._Crow" title="Franklin C. Crow">Franklin C. Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Debevec" title="Paul Debevec">Paul Debevec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_C._Evans" title="David C. Evans">David C. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fedkiw" title="Ronald Fedkiw">Ron Fedkiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_K._Feiner" title="Steven K. Feiner">Steven K. Feiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Foley" title="James D. Foley">James D. Foley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Forsyth_(computer_scientist)" title="David Forsyth (computer scientist)">David Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuchs" title="Henry Fuchs">Henry Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Glassner" title="Andrew Glassner">Andrew Glassner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Gouraud_(computer_scientist)" title="Henri Gouraud (computer scientist)">Henri Gouraud (computer scientist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_P._Greenberg" title="Donald P. Greenberg">Donald P. Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Haines" title="Eric Haines">Eric Haines</a></li> <li>R. A. Hall</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Hanrahan" title="Pat Hanrahan">Pat Hanrahan</a></li> <li>John Hughes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Kajiya" title="Jim Kajiya">Jim Kajiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeo_Kanade" title="Takeo Kanade">Takeo Kanade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Knowlton" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Knowlton">Kenneth Knowlton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Levoy" title="Marc Levoy">Marc Levoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Newell_(computer_scientist)" title="Martin Newell (computer scientist)">Martin Newell (computer scientist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._O%27Brien" title="James F. O'Brien">James O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Perlin" title="Ken Perlin">Ken Perlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Pharr" title="Matt Pharr">Matt Pharr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bui_Tuong_Phong" title="Bui Tuong Phong">Bui Tuong Phong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przemyslaw_Prusinkiewicz" class="mw-redirect" title="Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz">Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Reeves_(animator)" title="William Reeves (animator)">William Reeves</a></li> <li>David F. Rogers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Rushmeier" title="Holly Rushmeier">Holly Rushmeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Shirley" title="Peter Shirley">Peter Shirley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Sethian" title="James Sethian">James Sethian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sutherland" title="Ivan Sutherland">Ivan Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetri_Terzopoulos" title="Demetri Terzopoulos">Demetri Terzopoulos</a></li> <li>Kenneth Torrance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Turk" title="Greg Turk">Greg Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andries_van_Dam" title="Andries van Dam">Andries van Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wann_Jensen" title="Henrik Wann Jensen">Henrik Wann Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Ward" title="Gregory Ward">Gregory Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warnock" title="John Warnock">John Warnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Turner_Whitted" title="J. Turner Whitted">J. Turner Whitted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lance_Williams_(graphics_researcher)" title="Lance Williams (graphics researcher)">Lance Williams</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications_for_their_use">Applications for their use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_graphics_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Applications for their use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Bitmap Design / Image Editing</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corel_Photo-Paint" title="Corel Photo-Paint">Corel Photo-Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krita" title="Krita">Krita</a></li></ul> <p><b>Vector drawing</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Illustrator" title="Adobe Illustrator">Adobe Illustrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CorelDRAW" title="CorelDRAW">CorelDRAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkscape" title="Inkscape">Inkscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_Designer" title="Affinity Designer">Affinity Designer</a></li> <li>Sketch</li></ul> <p><b>Architecture</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VariCAD" title="VariCAD">VariCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeCAD" title="FreeCAD">FreeCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoCAD" title="AutoCAD">AutoCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QCAD" title="QCAD">QCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LibreCAD" title="LibreCAD">LibreCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DataCAD" title="DataCAD">DataCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corel_Designer" title="Corel Designer">Corel Designer</a></li></ul> <p><b>Video editing</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Premiere_Pro" title="Adobe Premiere Pro">Adobe Premiere Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Vegas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Vegas">Sony Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Cut_Pro_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Cut Pro X">Final Cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DaVinci_Resolve" title="DaVinci Resolve">DaVinci Resolve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinelerra" title="Cinelerra">Cinelerra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VirtualDub" title="VirtualDub">VirtualDub</a></li></ul> <p><b>Sculpting, Animation, and 3D Modeling</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blender_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Blender 3D">Blender 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wings_3D" title="Wings 3D">Wings 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZBrush" title="ZBrush">ZBrush</a></li> <li>Sculptris</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SolidWorks" title="SolidWorks">SolidWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhino3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhino3D">Rhino3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SketchUp" title="SketchUp">SketchUp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3ds_Max" class="mw-redirect" title="3ds Max">3ds Max</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_4D" title="Cinema 4D">Cinema 4D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autodesk_Maya" title="Autodesk Maya">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houdini_(software)" title="Houdini (software)">Houdini</a></li></ul> <p><b>Digital composition</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuke_(Software)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuke (Software) (page does not exist)">Nuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackmagic_Fusion" title="Blackmagic Fusion">Blackmagic Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_After_Effects" title="Adobe After Effects">Adobe After Effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natron_(software)" title="Natron (software)">Natron</a></li></ul> <p><b>Rendering</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V-Ray" title="V-Ray">V-Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RedShift&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RedShift (page does not exist)">RedShift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RenderMan" title="RenderMan">RenderMan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octane_Render" title="Octane Render">Octane Render</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mantra_(Software)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mantra (Software) (page does not exist)">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumion_(Software)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lumion (Software) (page does not exist)">Lumion</a> (Architectural visualization)</li></ul> <p><b>Other applications examples</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACIS" title="ACIS">ACIS</a> - geometric core</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autodesk_Softimage" title="Autodesk Softimage">Autodesk Softimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POV-Ray" title="POV-Ray">POV-Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribus" title="Scribus">Scribus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silo_(software)" title="Silo (software)">Silo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexagon_(software)" title="Hexagon (software)">Hexagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LightWave_3D" title="LightWave 3D">Lightwave</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_graphics_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_facial_animation" title="Computer facial animation">Computer facial animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_science_and_engineering" title="Computer science and engineering">Computer science and engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Computer graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_geometry" title="Digital geometry">Digital geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_editing" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital image editing">Digital image editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometry_processing" title="Geometry processing">Geometry processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PCPG" title="IBM PCPG">IBM PCPG</a>, (1980s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painter%27s_algorithm" title="Painter's algorithm">Painter's algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Bunny" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Bunny">Stanford Bunny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Teapot" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah Teapot">Utah Teapot</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_graphics_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geometryprocessing.org">"geometryprocessing.org"</a>. <i>geometryprocessing.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geometryprocessing.org&rft.atitle=geometryprocessing.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geometryprocessing.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+graphics+%28computer+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.eg.org/events">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070314004027/http://www.eg.org/events">Archived</a> March 14, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highperformancegraphics.org">"High Performance Graphics"</a>. <i>highperformancegraphics.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=highperformancegraphics.org&rft.atitle=High+Performance+Graphics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highperformancegraphics.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+graphics+%28computer+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cra_memo-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cra_memo_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502002308/http://www.cra.org/reports/tenure_review.html">"Best Practices Memo"</a>. <i>Cra.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cra.org/reports/tenure_review.html">the original</a> on 2014-05-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cra.org&rft.atitle=Best+Practices+Memo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cra.org%2Freports%2Ftenure_review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+graphics+%28computer+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ernst_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ernst_note_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.csail.mit.edu/mernst/advice/conferences-vs-journals.html">"Choosing a venue: conference or journal?"</a>. <i>People.csail.mit.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People.csail.mit.edu&rft.atitle=Choosing+a+venue%3A+conference+or+journal%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.csail.mit.edu%2Fmernst%2Fadvice%2Fconferences-vs-journals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+graphics+%28computer+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-graphics_acceptance_rates-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-graphics_acceptance_rates_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vrlab.epfl.ch/~ulicny/statistics/">"Graphics/vision publications acceptance rates statistics"</a>. <i>vrlab.epfl.ch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vrlab.epfl.ch&rft.atitle=Graphics%2Fvision+publications+acceptance+rates+statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvrlab.epfl.ch%2F~ulicny%2Fstatistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+graphics+%28computer+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An extensive history of computer graphics can be found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://accad.osu.edu/~waynec/history/lessons.html">this page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070405172134/http://accad.osu.edu/~waynec/history/lessons.html">Archived</a> April 5, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://graphics.ethz.ch/events/pbg/07/">"Point Based Graphics 2007 - PBG07"</a>. <i>Graphics.ethz.ch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Graphics.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=Point+Based+Graphics+2007+-+PBG07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgraphics.ethz.ch%2Fevents%2Fpbg%2F07%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+graphics+%28computer+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stanford_fedkiw-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stanford_fedkiw_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://graphics.stanford.edu/~fedkiw/">"Ron Fedkiw"</a>. <i>graphics.stanford.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=graphics.stanford.edu&rft.atitle=Ron+Fedkiw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgraphics.stanford.edu%2F~fedkiw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+graphics+%28computer+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caltech_multires_dgp-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-caltech_multires_dgp_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.multires.caltech.edu/pubs/DGPCourse/">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070214021951/http://www.multires.caltech.edu/pubs/DGPCourse/">Archived</a> February 14, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uiuc_graphics_dgp-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uiuc_graphics_dgp_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://graphics.cs.uiuc.edu/~garland/class/geometry/">CS 598: Digital Geometry Processing (Fall 2004)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20041025104252/http://graphics.cs.uiuc.edu/~garland/class/geometry/">Archived</a> 2004-10-25 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ubc_sheffa_dgp-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ubc_sheffa_dgp_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~sheffa/dgp/">"Digital Geometry Processing"</a>. <i>cs.ubc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cs.ubc.ca&rft.atitle=Digital+Geometry+Processing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.ubc.ca%2F~sheffa%2Fdgp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+graphics+%28computer+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-columbia_ddg-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-columbia_ddg_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ddg.cs.columbia.edu/">"Discrete Differential Geometry"</a>. <i>ddg.cs.columbia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ddg.cs.columbia.edu&rft.atitle=Discrete+Differential+Geometry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fddg.cs.columbia.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+graphics+%28computer+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_graphics_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Foley" title="James D. Foley">Foley</a> <i>et al</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics:_Principles_and_Practice" title="Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice">Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice</a></i>.</li> <li>Shirley. <i>Fundamentals of Computer Graphics</i>.</li> <li>Watt. <i>3D Computer Graphics</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_graphics_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/computer_graphics" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:computer graphics">computer graphics</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Computer_graphics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Computer graphics">Computer graphics</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070405172134/http://accad.osu.edu/~waynec/history/lessons.html">A Critical History of Computer Graphics and Animation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070302154206/http://hem.passagen.se/des/hocg/hocg_1960.htm"><i>History of Computer Graphics</i> series of articles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_graphics_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Industrial labs doing "blue sky" graphics research include: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080325152156/http://www.adobe.com/technology/graphics/">Adobe Advanced Technology Labs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merl.com/">MERL</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.microsoft.com/graphics/">Microsoft Research – Graphics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.nvidia.com/">Nvidia Research</a></li></ul> <p>Major film studios notable for graphics research include: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilm.com/">ILM</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dreamworksanimation.com/">PDI/Dreamworks Animation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070302102640/http://www.pixar.com/companyinfo/research/">Pixar</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/wiki/Flow_visualization" title="Flow visualization">Flow visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">Geovisualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Information visualization">Information visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_diagram" title="Mathematical diagram">Mathematical visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_graphics" title="Molecular graphics">Molecular graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Product visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_visualization" title="Scientific visualization">Scientific visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_visualization" title="Social visualization">Social visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_visualization" title="Software visualization">Software visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface_design" title="User interface design">User interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_culture" title="Visual culture">Visual culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume visualization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Image <br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chart" title="Chart">Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagram" title="Diagram">Diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">Engineering drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_of_a_function" title="Graph of a function">Graph of a function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_(graphics)" title="Plot (graphics)">Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankey_diagram" title="Sankey diagram">Sankey diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schematic" title="Schematic">Schematic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_formula" title="Skeletal formula">Skeletal formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_graphics" title="Statistical graphics">Statistical graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_(information)" title="Table (information)">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_illustration" title="Technical illustration">Technical illustration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Ren%C3%A9_de_Fourcroy" title="Charles-René de Fourcroy">Charles-René de Fourcroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Monge" title="Gaspard Monge">Gaspard Monge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dupin" title="Charles Dupin">Charles Dupin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet">Adolphe Quetelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Michel_Guerry" title="André-Michel Guerry">André-Michel Guerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Playfair" title="William Playfair">William Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Kekul%C3%A9" title="August Kekulé">August Kekulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Minard" title="Charles Joseph Minard">Charles Joseph Minard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Perozzo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Perozzo (page does not exist)">Luigi Perozzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Amasa_Walker" title="Francis Amasa Walker">Francis Amasa Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Venn" title="John Venn">John Venn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Byrne_(mathematician)" title="Oliver Byrne (mathematician)">Oliver Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henry_Phineas_Riall_Sankey" title="Matthew Henry Phineas Riall Sankey">Matthew Sankey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)" title="Charles Booth (social reformer)">Charles Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_von_Mayr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg von Mayr (page does not exist)">Georg von Mayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Snow" title="John Snow">John Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Pohlke" title="Karl Wilhelm Pohlke">Karl Wilhelm Pohlke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Loua" title="Toussaint Loua">Toussaint Loua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Walter_Maunder" title="Edward Walter Maunder">Edward Walter Maunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gantt" title="Henry Gantt">Henry Gantt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lyon_Bowley" title="Arthur Lyon Bowley">Arthur Lyon Bowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_G._Funkhouser" title="Howard G. Funkhouser">Howard G. Funkhouser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Peddle" title="John B. Peddle">John B. Peddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejnar_Hertzsprung" title="Ejnar Hertzsprung">Ejnar Hertzsprung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell" title="Henry Norris Russell">Henry Norris Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_O._Lorenz" title="Max O. Lorenz">Max O. Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kahn" title="Fritz Kahn">Fritz Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Beck" title="Harry Beck">Harry Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Raisz" title="Erwin Raisz">Erwin Raisz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mid 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bertin" title="Jacques Bertin">Jacques Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Modley" title="Rudolf Modley">Rudolf Modley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Robinson" title="Arthur H. Robinson">Arthur H. Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eleanor_Spear" title="Mary Eleanor Spear">Mary Eleanor Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Anderson" title="Edgar Anderson">Edgar Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_T._Fisher" title="Howard T. Fisher">Howard T. Fisher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borden_Dent" title="Borden Dent">Borden Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Holmes" title="Nigel Holmes">Nigel Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Cleveland" title="William S. Cleveland">William S. Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Robertson" title="George G. Robertson">George G. Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_H._McCormick" title="Bruce H. McCormick">Bruce H. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Plaisant" title="Catherine Plaisant">Catherine Plaisant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Card" title="Stuart Card">Stuart Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Hanrahan" title="Pat Hanrahan">Pat Hanrahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Edward Tufte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shneiderman" title="Ben Shneiderman">Ben Shneiderman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Friendly" title="Michael Friendly">Michael Friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Wainer" title="Howard Wainer">Howard Wainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_A._Pickover" title="Clifford A. Pickover">Clifford A. Pickover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_J._Rosenblum" title="Lawrence J. Rosenblum">Lawrence J. Rosenblum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._DeFanti" title="Thomas A. DeFanti">Thomas A. DeFanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Furnas" title="George Furnas">George Furnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheelagh_Carpendale" title="Sheelagh Carpendale">Sheelagh Carpendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Brewer" title="Cynthia Brewer">Cynthia Brewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jock_D._Mackinlay" title="Jock D. Mackinlay">Jock D. Mackinlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_MacEachren" title="Alan MacEachren">Alan MacEachren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Goodsell" title="David Goodsell">David Goodsell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwan-Liu_Ma" title="Kwan-Liu Ma">Kwan-Liu Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maltz" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Maltz">Michael Maltz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leland_Wilkinson" title="Leland Wilkinson">Leland Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Inselberg" title="Alfred Inselberg">Alfred Inselberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early 21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polo_Chau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polo Chau (page does not exist)">Polo Chau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Fry" title="Ben Fry">Ben Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Heer" title="Jeffrey Heer">Jeffrey Heer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Hullman" title="Jessica Hullman">Jessica Hullman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Kindlmann" title="Gordon Kindlmann">Gordon Kindlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Koblin" title="Aaron Koblin">Aaron Koblin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Krzywinski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Krzywinski (page does not exist)">Martin Krzywinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_R._Johnson" title="Christopher R. Johnson">Christopher R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lima" title="Manuel Lima">Manuel Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McCandless" title="David McCandless">David McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Martino" title="Mauro Martino">Mauro Martino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maeda" title="John Maeda">John Maeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriah_Meyer" title="Miriah Meyer">Miriah Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Munzner" title="Tamara Munzner">Tamara Munzner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ade_Olufeko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ade Olufeko">Ade Olufeko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanspeter_Pfister" title="Hanspeter Pfister">Hanspeter Pfister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Rosling" title="Hans Rosling">Hans Rosling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Silva_(computer_scientist)" title="Claudio Silva (computer scientist)">Claudio Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Stefaner" title="Moritz Stefaner">Moritz Stefaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernanda_Vi%C3%A9gas" title="Fernanda Viégas">Fernanda Viégas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_M._Wattenberg" title="Martin M. Wattenberg">Martin Wattenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Wong" title="Bang Wong">Bang Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley_Wickham" title="Hadley Wickham">Hadley Wickham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartjunk" title="Chartjunk">Chartjunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_coding_in_data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Color coding in data visualization">Color coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Computer graphics</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">in computer science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPK_coloring" title="CPK coloring">CPK coloring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_drawing" title="Graph drawing">Graph drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_organizer" title="Graphic organizer">Graphic organizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaging science">Imaging science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infographic" title="Infographic">Information graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misleading_graph" title="Misleading graph">Misleading graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_drawing" title="Patent drawing">Patent drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_modelling" title="Scientific modelling">Scientific modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">Spatial analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_analytics" title="Visual analytics">Visual analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_cartography" title="Volume cartography">Volume cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_art" title="Information art">Information art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer_graphics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_graphics" title="Template:Computer graphics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_graphics" title="Template talk:Computer graphics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_graphics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer graphics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Computer_graphics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Computer graphics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">Vector graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_curve" title="Diffusion curve">Diffusion curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_compositing" title="Alpha compositing">Alpha compositing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layers_(digital_image_editing)" title="Layers (digital image editing)">Layers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">Text-to-image</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2.5D" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2.5D" title="2.5D">2.5D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isometric_video_game_graphics" title="Isometric video game graphics">Isometric graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_7" title="Mode 7">Mode 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallax_scrolling" title="Parallax scrolling">Parallax scrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_casting" title="Ray casting">Ray casting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skybox_(video_games)" title="Skybox (video games)">Skybox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_projection" title="3D projection">3D projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_rendering" title="3D rendering">3D rendering</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Image-based_modeling_and_rendering" title="Image-based modeling and rendering">Image-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_rendering" title="Spectral rendering">Spectral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unbiased_rendering" title="Unbiased rendering">Unbiased</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliasing" title="Aliasing">Aliasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisotropic_filtering" title="Anisotropic filtering">Anisotropic filtering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cel_shading" title="Cel shading">Cel shading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_animation" title="Fluid animation">Fluid animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics_lighting" title="Computer graphics lighting">Lighting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_illumination" title="Global illumination">Global illumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden-surface_determination" title="Hidden-surface determination">Hidden-surface determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygon_mesh" title="Polygon mesh">Polygon mesh</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Triangle_mesh" title="Triangle mesh">Triangle mesh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shading" title="Shading">Shading</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_shading" title="Deferred shading">Deferred</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_triangulation" title="Surface triangulation">Surface triangulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire-frame_model" title="Wire-frame model">Wire-frame model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affine_transformation" title="Affine transformation">Affine transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-face_culling" title="Back-face culling">Back-face culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(computer_graphics)" title="Clipping (computer graphics)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collision_detection" title="Collision detection">Collision detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planar_projection" title="Planar projection">Planar projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflection_(computer_graphics)" title="Reflection (computer graphics)">Reflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_tracing" title="Beam tracing">Beam tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cone_tracing" title="Cone tracing">Cone tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkerboard_rendering" title="Checkerboard rendering">Checkerboard rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_tracing_(graphics)" title="Ray tracing (graphics)">Ray tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_tracing" title="Path tracing">Path tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_casting" title="Ray casting">Ray casting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanline_rendering" title="Scanline rendering">Scanline rendering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotation_(mathematics)" title="Rotation (mathematics)">Rotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaling_(geometry)" title="Scaling (geometry)">Scaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_mapping" title="Shadow mapping">Shadow mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_volume" title="Shadow volume">Shadow volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shear_matrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Shear matrix">Shear matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shader" title="Shader">Shader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texel_(graphics)" title="Texel (graphics)">Texel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_(geometry)" title="Translation (geometry)">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voxel" title="Voxel">Voxel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Graphics_software" title="Graphics software">Graphics software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D_computer_graphics_software" title="List of 3D computer graphics software">3D computer graphics software</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D_animation_software" title="List of 3D animation software">animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D_modeling_software" title="List of 3D modeling software">modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D_rendering_software" title="List of 3D rendering software">rendering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raster_graphics_editor" title="Raster graphics editor">Raster graphics editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_vector_graphics_editors" title="Comparison of vector graphics editors">Vector graphics editors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Algorithms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_graphics_algorithms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of computer graphics algorithms">List of computer graphics algorithms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_science" title="Template:Computer science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_science" title="Template talk:Computer science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Computer_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 <a href="/wiki/ACM_Computing_Classification_System" title="ACM Computing Classification System">ACM Computing Classification System</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">Peripheral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Scale_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Large Scale Integration">Very Large Scale Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">Systems on Chip (SoCs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing">Energy consumption (Green computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_size_categories" title="List of computer size categories">Size</a> / <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer systems organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity" title="Computational complexity">Computational complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependability" title="Dependability">Dependability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_architecture" title="Network architecture">Network architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">Network protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Network components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_performance" title="Network performance">Network performance evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_service" title="Network service">Network service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">Software notations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compiler_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler construction">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">Domain-specific language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">Software repository</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Control variable (programming)">Control variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Software construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_team" title="Programming team">Programming team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Model of computation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_computing" title="Stochastic computing">Stochastic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">Formal language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">Computability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">Computational complexity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">Analysis of algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Algorithmic efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_algorithm" title="Randomized algorithm">Randomized algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_geometry" title="Computational geometry">Computational geometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics of <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">Mathematical software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Mathematical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">Theoretical computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Information storage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_information_system" title="Enterprise information system">Enterprise information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">Social information systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">Decision support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">Process control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_database" title="Multimedia database">Multimedia information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Computing platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a 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title="Network security">Network security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_computing" title="Social computing">Social computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning and scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Search methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_artificial_intelligence" title="Distributed artificial intelligence">Distributed artificial intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-task_learning" title="Multi-task learning">Multi-task learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)" title="Cross-validation (statistics)">Cross-validation</a></li></ul> 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modeling">Solid modeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applied computing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum Computing">Quantum Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">E-commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_software" title="Enterprise software">Enterprise software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_mathematics" title="Computational mathematics">Computational mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_physics" title="Computational physics">Computational physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a 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