CINXE.COM
Leiden University | French Language and Culture - Academia.edu
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>Leiden University | French Language and Culture - Academia.edu</title> <!-- _ _ _ | | (_) | | __ _ ___ __ _ __| | ___ _ __ ___ _ __ _ ___ __| |_ _ / _` |/ __/ _` |/ _` |/ _ \ '_ ` _ \| |/ _` | / _ \/ _` | | | | | (_| | (_| (_| | (_| | __/ | | | | | | (_| || __/ (_| | |_| | \__,_|\___\__,_|\__,_|\___|_| |_| |_|_|\__,_(_)___|\__,_|\__,_| We're hiring! See https://www.academia.edu/hiring --> <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "departments", 'action': "show_works", 'controller_action': 'departments#show_works', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="fXW5xjmpmY4u+qxSqFB/bqAHTUCiuuD/yoxntU5/V271R4wN+axqtyvIpCH/jSFkElvzIzq2+TQ8aa4HPBrJLA==" /> <link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-10fa40af19d25203774df2d4a03b9b5771b45109c2304968038e88a81d1215c5.css" /> <meta name="description" content="Academia.edu is the platform to share, find, and explore 50 Million research papers. Join us to accelerate your research needs & academic interests." /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'departments'; var $action_name = "show_works"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '92477ec68c09d28ae4730a4143c926f074776319'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":15276,"monthly_visitors":"113 million","monthly_visitor_count":113458213,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":113,"user_count":277573151,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732835877000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732835877000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/html5shiv/3.7.2/html5shiv.min.js"></script> <![endif]--> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-bdb9e8c097f01e611f2fc5e2f1a9dc599beede975e2ae5629983543a1726e947.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-bae13f9b51961d5f1e06008e39e31d0138cb31332e8c2e874c6d6a250ec2bb14.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-19a25d160d01bde427443d06cd6b810c4c92c6026e7cb31519e06313eb24ed90.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/Departments/French_Language_and_Culture/Documents" /> </head> <!--[if gte IE 9 ]> <body class='ie ie9 c-departments a-show_works logged_out u-bgColorWhite'> <![endif]--> <!--[if !(IE) ]><!--> <body class='c-departments a-show_works logged_out u-bgColorWhite'> <!--<![endif]--> <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root"> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <!-- Event listeners for analytics --> <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav no-xs no-sm no-md"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more <span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/@academia">Blog</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less <span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <div class="DesignSystem" style="margin-top:-40px"><div class="PageHeader"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft u-fs24 u-tcGrayDarkest"><span class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fw700 u-mr5x u-pr5x u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderRight1"><a href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/"><span class="u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarkest">Leiden University</span></a></span><h1 class="u-m0x u-fw300 u-fs24 u-displayInline">French Language and Culture</h1></div><div class="u-floatRight u-mt1x"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline"><li class="u-floatLeft u-pr5x u-mr5x u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderRight1"><a href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> All Departments</span></a></li><li class="u-floatLeft active"><a href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/Departments/French_Language_and_Culture/Documents">12 Papers</a></li><li class="u-floatLeft"><a href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/Departments/French_Language_and_Culture">2 Researchers</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="u-ph0x"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14710668" data-work_id="14710668" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14710668/Van_nimf_tot_schoolvrouw_De_Franse_school_en_haar_onderwijzeressen_in_de_zestiende_en_zeventiende_eeuwse_Nederlanden">Van ‘nimf’ tot ‘schoolvrouw’. De Franse school en haar onderwijzeressen in de zestiende- en zeventiende-eeuwse Nederlanden</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><a href="http://gendergeschiedenis.nl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=133&Itemid=55" rel="nofollow">http://gendergeschiedenis.nl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=133&Itemid=55</a></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14710668" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="633bfeaac9569a8160d7b5b831c7ea84" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43187738,"asset_id":14710668,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43187738/download_file?st=MTczMjgzNTg3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14711967" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar">Alisa Van de Haar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14711967" type="text/json">{"id":14711967,"first_name":"Alisa","last_name":"Van de Haar","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"AlisaVandeHaar","display_name":"Alisa Van de Haar","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14711967/4006051/13678754/s65_alisa.van_de_haar.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14710668 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14710668"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14710668, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14710668", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_14710668 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14710668; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_14710668"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_14710668 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="14710668"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14710668; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14710668]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14710668").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14710668").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14710668"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47579" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_teacher_education">History of teacher education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47579" type="text/json">{"id":47579,"name":"History of teacher education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_teacher_education","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="82876" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_French_as_a_foreign_language">Teaching French as a foreign language</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="82876" type="text/json">{"id":82876,"name":"Teaching French as a foreign language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_French_as_a_foreign_language","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="307590" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Womens_education">Women's education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="307590" type="text/json">{"id":307590,"name":"Women's education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Womens_education","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="809387" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Foreign_Language_Teaching">History of Foreign Language Teaching</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="809387" type="text/json">{"id":809387,"name":"History of Foreign Language Teaching","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Foreign_Language_Teaching","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14710668]'), work: {"id":14710668,"title":"Van ‘nimf’ tot ‘schoolvrouw’. De Franse school en haar onderwijzeressen in de zestiende- en zeventiende-eeuwse Nederlanden","created_at":"2015-08-06T02:45:24.186-07:00","owner_id":14711967,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/14710668/Van_nimf_tot_schoolvrouw_De_Franse_school_en_haar_onderwijzeressen_in_de_zestiende_en_zeventiende_eeuwse_Nederlanden","slug":"Van_nimf_tot_schoolvrouw_De_Franse_school_en_haar_onderwijzeressen_in_de_zestiende_en_zeventiende_eeuwse_Nederlanden","dom_id":"work_14710668","summary":"http://gendergeschiedenis.nl/index.php?option=com_content\u0026view=article\u0026id=133\u0026Itemid=55","publication":"Historica","publication_with_fallback":"Historica","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43187738,"asset_id":14710668,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/43187738/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/43187738/A._van_de_Haar_-_Van_nimf_tot_schoolvrouw__Historica_2__2015-libre.pdf?1456736432=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DVan_nimf_tot_schoolvrouw_De_Franse_schoo.pdf\u0026Expires=1729652068\u0026Signature=hI8aZxRLvahyEErQ77mfo8z9vxqoBdWhD6VoF3Bv3kwhDiTXkfHYP2WD6EE5Dr2CikCF0M7urGJKB0t5rvYN3p99fdSr7YCw-SgtI7G4N6DCK6I~7iAk1KNnTIjFrs7oORrla4WfPswEHqMNNNCKHYfAPyzXYi12R-9CqqCy-D~LmYSdAwfdKjPFUvexlE8zz69~Hj5QPCAFtOCHRj4yadEvduTNRr4-ThOKbxwPSseQ-q0CRsmD25ZCkxsMRl0-9h37ANQTR2DLIqfZJJwQ2bbakrW8eksARgXb9JTn8~5Cp0A8S8oHbKj8Ji5jonXspw~mclUv1mXEazyuoYTAGg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43187738/download_file?st=MTczMjgzNTg3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/43187738/mini_magick20190216-23831-1hrt9p8.png?1550347189"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":43187738,"asset_id":14710668,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/43187738/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/43187738/A._van_de_Haar_-_Van_nimf_tot_schoolvrouw__Historica_2__2015-libre.pdf?1456736432=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DVan_nimf_tot_schoolvrouw_De_Franse_schoo.pdf\u0026Expires=1729652068\u0026Signature=hI8aZxRLvahyEErQ77mfo8z9vxqoBdWhD6VoF3Bv3kwhDiTXkfHYP2WD6EE5Dr2CikCF0M7urGJKB0t5rvYN3p99fdSr7YCw-SgtI7G4N6DCK6I~7iAk1KNnTIjFrs7oORrla4WfPswEHqMNNNCKHYfAPyzXYi12R-9CqqCy-D~LmYSdAwfdKjPFUvexlE8zz69~Hj5QPCAFtOCHRj4yadEvduTNRr4-ThOKbxwPSseQ-q0CRsmD25ZCkxsMRl0-9h37ANQTR2DLIqfZJJwQ2bbakrW8eksARgXb9JTn8~5Cp0A8S8oHbKj8Ji5jonXspw~mclUv1mXEazyuoYTAGg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43187738/download_file?st=MTczMjgzNTg3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/43187738/mini_magick20190216-23831-1hrt9p8.png?1550347189"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":6,"ordered_authors":[{"id":14711967,"first_name":"Alisa","last_name":"Van de Haar","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"AlisaVandeHaar","display_name":"Alisa Van de Haar","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14711967/4006051/13678754/s65_alisa.van_de_haar.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":47579,"name":"History of teacher education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_teacher_education","nofollow":false},{"id":82876,"name":"Teaching French as a foreign language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_French_as_a_foreign_language","nofollow":false},{"id":307590,"name":"Women's education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Womens_education","nofollow":false},{"id":809387,"name":"History of Foreign Language Teaching","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Foreign_Language_Teaching","nofollow":false}],"publication_year":2015,"publication_year_with_fallback":2015,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":193,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18067032" data-work_id="18067032" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18067032/Language_Games_The_Multilingual_Emblem_Book_and_the_Language_Question_in_the_Low_Countries">Language Games. The Multilingual Emblem Book and the Language Question in the Low Countries</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Het zestiende- en zeventiende-eeuwse embleemboek was een zeer populair genre in de Nederlanden dat zich via een complexe keten van vertalingen en hertalingen heeft gevestigd en vervolgens een belangrijke meertalige component kreeg. De... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18067032" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Het zestiende- en zeventiende-eeuwse embleemboek was een zeer populair genre in de Nederlanden dat zich via een complexe keten van vertalingen en hertalingen heeft gevestigd en vervolgens een belangrijke meertalige component kreeg. De behandeling van deze meertalige embleemboeken in de bestaande onderzoekstraditie doet tekort aan de complexiteit van het polyglotte geheel. In dit artikel wordt betoogd dat dit teksttype beter begrepen kan worden als het beschouwd wordt in relatie tot de zogenaamde taalkwestie. Parallel aan de groeiende populariteit van het embleemboek in de zestiende eeuw namen de discussies over taal in de Nederlanden in hevigheid toe. Men zocht naar een geschikte taalvorm voor communicatie tussen de inwoners van de Nederlanden. Hoewel sommigen een bepaalde (dialectale) vorm van de Nederlandse vernaculaire taal naar voren schoven als perfecte kandidaat, nam de aandacht voor andere talen niet af. Via het meertalige embleemboek kon men gezamenlijk of alleen reflecteren op de centrale problematiek van de taalkwestie en zo visies op taal en taalverschillen vormen en uitwisselen.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18067032" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="eca1de0c24b5649f66db5f432cb228f3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39857902,"asset_id":18067032,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39857902/download_file?st=MTczMjgzNTg3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14711967" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar">Alisa Van de Haar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14711967" type="text/json">{"id":14711967,"first_name":"Alisa","last_name":"Van de Haar","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"AlisaVandeHaar","display_name":"Alisa Van de Haar","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14711967/4006051/13678754/s65_alisa.van_de_haar.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18067032 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18067032"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18067032, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18067032", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_18067032 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18067032; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_18067032"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_18067032 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18067032"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18067032; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18067032]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18067032").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18067032").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18067032"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9228" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emblem_studies">Emblem studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9228" type="text/json">{"id":9228,"name":"Emblem studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emblem_studies","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22384" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emblems_Renaissance_">Emblems (Renaissance)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22384" type="text/json">{"id":22384,"name":"Emblems (Renaissance)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emblems_Renaissance_","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23583" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sixteenth_Century_Poetry">Sixteenth Century Poetry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="23583" type="text/json">{"id":23583,"name":"Sixteenth Century Poetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sixteenth_Century_Poetry","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25988" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dutch_Literature">Dutch Literature</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="25988" type="text/json">{"id":25988,"name":"Dutch Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dutch_Literature","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18067032]'), work: {"id":18067032,"title":"Language Games. The Multilingual Emblem Book and the Language Question in the Low Countries","created_at":"2015-11-10T01:27:40.952-08:00","owner_id":14711967,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/18067032/Language_Games_The_Multilingual_Emblem_Book_and_the_Language_Question_in_the_Low_Countries","slug":"Language_Games_The_Multilingual_Emblem_Book_and_the_Language_Question_in_the_Low_Countries","dom_id":"work_18067032","summary":"Het zestiende- en zeventiende-eeuwse embleemboek was een zeer populair genre in de Nederlanden dat zich via een complexe keten van vertalingen en hertalingen heeft gevestigd en vervolgens een belangrijke meertalige component kreeg. De behandeling van deze meertalige embleemboeken in de bestaande onderzoekstraditie doet tekort aan de complexiteit van het polyglotte geheel. In dit artikel wordt betoogd dat dit teksttype beter begrepen kan worden als het beschouwd wordt in relatie tot de zogenaamde taalkwestie. Parallel aan de groeiende populariteit van het embleemboek in de zestiende eeuw namen de discussies over taal in de Nederlanden in hevigheid toe. Men zocht naar een geschikte taalvorm voor communicatie tussen de inwoners van de Nederlanden. Hoewel sommigen een bepaalde (dialectale) vorm van de Nederlandse vernaculaire taal naar voren schoven als perfecte kandidaat, nam de aandacht voor andere talen niet af. Via het meertalige embleemboek kon men gezamenlijk of alleen reflecteren op de centrale problematiek van de taalkwestie en zo visies op taal en taalverschillen vormen en uitwisselen.","publication":"Queeste 22:1","publication_with_fallback":"Queeste 22:1","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39857902,"asset_id":18067032,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39857902/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/39857902/Van_de_Haar_-_Language_Games-libre.pdf?1447147492=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLanguage_Games_The_Multilingual_Emblem_B.pdf\u0026Expires=1732680125\u0026Signature=Xb~IuDsLttAJTlaZWdjCWq0cNJTPqbGfbAgD6XmQ4z2Vaa2BiRisxD0jA1hvxCO5HLfSk4KvUOKlfDABcW~MiXPgXOdVfWyEp-XPjLpSKdYYe-RPckD2XGMZZdSD2k2PTcs2JwVCObbjzAzi2nKf4ll5F7nXIP9hSU0esxncHV86fvcP4aTo2JOIlAOwdrGmUX~gJmXXEUUEulCdc9wz8eNPAhwNN7NmVGbWc6JUO5fk5Z~oVBASEZMdSnW5uOj7dqK2l7g45rYcxOmiHxAcg3FOsdQGk-I-YYc2u5ZuqlE~G4mlZrGyVSMA~iO5Jm5qzdL5UDCNUG-iPX8l8mT2bA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39857902/download_file?st=MTczMjgzNTg3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/39857902/mini_magick20190222-8211-1je4zma.png?1550845748"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":39857902,"asset_id":18067032,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39857902/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/39857902/Van_de_Haar_-_Language_Games-libre.pdf?1447147492=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLanguage_Games_The_Multilingual_Emblem_B.pdf\u0026Expires=1732680125\u0026Signature=Xb~IuDsLttAJTlaZWdjCWq0cNJTPqbGfbAgD6XmQ4z2Vaa2BiRisxD0jA1hvxCO5HLfSk4KvUOKlfDABcW~MiXPgXOdVfWyEp-XPjLpSKdYYe-RPckD2XGMZZdSD2k2PTcs2JwVCObbjzAzi2nKf4ll5F7nXIP9hSU0esxncHV86fvcP4aTo2JOIlAOwdrGmUX~gJmXXEUUEulCdc9wz8eNPAhwNN7NmVGbWc6JUO5fk5Z~oVBASEZMdSnW5uOj7dqK2l7g45rYcxOmiHxAcg3FOsdQGk-I-YYc2u5ZuqlE~G4mlZrGyVSMA~iO5Jm5qzdL5UDCNUG-iPX8l8mT2bA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39857902/download_file?st=MTczMjgzNTg3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/39857902/mini_magick20190222-8211-1je4zma.png?1550845748"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":30,"ordered_authors":[{"id":14711967,"first_name":"Alisa","last_name":"Van de Haar","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"AlisaVandeHaar","display_name":"Alisa Van de Haar","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14711967/4006051/13678754/s65_alisa.van_de_haar.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":9228,"name":"Emblem studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emblem_studies","nofollow":false},{"id":22384,"name":"Emblems (Renaissance)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emblems_Renaissance_","nofollow":false},{"id":23583,"name":"Sixteenth Century Poetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sixteenth_Century_Poetry","nofollow":false},{"id":25988,"name":"Dutch Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dutch_Literature","nofollow":false},{"id":138346,"name":"Literary Multilingualism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literary_Multilingualism"},{"id":965065,"name":"Multilingual Writing)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multilingual_Writing_"}],"publication_year":2015,"publication_year_with_fallback":2015,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":188,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22582998" data-work_id="22582998" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22582998/Discussing_the_mother_tongues_of_a_multilingual_country_Early_modern_debates_on_Dutch_and_French_in_the_Low_Countries">Discussing the mother tongues of a multilingual country. Early modern debates on Dutch and French in the Low Countries</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">During the sixteenth century, many of the first grammars, dictionaries, and treatises on spelling were written for the vernacular languages of Europe. At the same time a lively discussion on the written and spoken form of these tongues... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22582998" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">During the sixteenth century, many of the first grammars, dictionaries, and treatises on spelling were written for the vernacular languages of Europe. At the same time a lively discussion on the written and spoken form of these tongues engaged humanist and vernacular communities of learning: the famous language question. This interest in the vernacular was also apparent in the Low Countries. Here the debates focused on both the Dutch and French language, which existed in a variety of dialects. In Dutch and Flemish historiography, these debates have been studied primarily with regard to the development of Dutch into its current form. However, the debates extended far beyond the creation of the rules that would later shape (and standardize) this language. They dealt in a more general way with the search for a perfect means of communication and often included an interest in other languages than just Dutch. After all, the regions where the Dutch tongue was spoken belonged to the Low Countries, a political unity that also comprised a French-speaking area in the South. French was also an important second language in many Dutch-speaking cities. In my lecture I will argue that this multilingualism caused an increased awareness of the particular characteristics of Dutch, and that it was in multilingual rather than monolingual contexts that the reflections and debates on language took shape. A vibrant culture of comparison and interest in the foreign drove these debates, which were strongly connected to the everyday multilingual experiences of the inhabitants of, in particularly, the larger Scheldt area. Following the seizure of Antwerp by the Duke of Parma in 1585, several of the contenders in these debates, such as Johannes Radermacher and Philips of Marnix, Lord of Saint-Aldegonde (both former members of the Calvinist Antwerp city councils), relocated to Zeeland, which was booming economically, culturally, and politically. The focus of my lecture will be on their contributions to the larger debates, and on the linguistic reputation of the inhabitants of Zeeland.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22582998" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="17721941d9933c5a985f4449667964db" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46827731,"asset_id":22582998,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46827731/download_file?st=MTczMjgzNTg3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14711967" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar">Alisa Van de Haar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14711967" type="text/json">{"id":14711967,"first_name":"Alisa","last_name":"Van de Haar","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"AlisaVandeHaar","display_name":"Alisa Van de Haar","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14711967/4006051/13678754/s65_alisa.van_de_haar.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22582998 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22582998"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22582998, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22582998", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_22582998 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22582998; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_22582998"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_22582998 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22582998"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22582998; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22582998]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22582998").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22582998").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24368088" data-work_id="24368088" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24368088/Beyond_nostalgia_The_exile_publications_of_the_Antwerp_schoolmaster_Peeter_Heyns_1537_1598_">Beyond nostalgia. The exile publications of the Antwerp schoolmaster Peeter Heyns (1537-1598)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In 1585, the famous Antwerp schoolmaster, Peeter Heyns, fled from his hometown. After resettling in Haarlem, he published eight texts in the four years that he spent there. In all of them, the Antwerp background of the texts as well as... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_24368088" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In 1585, the famous Antwerp schoolmaster, Peeter Heyns, fled from his hometown. After resettling in Haarlem, he published eight texts in the four years that he spent there. In all of them, the Antwerp background of the texts as well as their author is strongly emphasised. This article argues that the stress on Heyns’s roots as well as his hometown was part of a publication strategy designed to create both financial and emotional value by appealing to an interest in Antwerp shared by fellow migrants and the host community. This way of dealing with the past, using nostalgia not just as an emotional asset but also as a commercial one, sheds new light on the possible uses of nostalgic representations of the lost hometown by migrant authors.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24368088" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dd402015161ad4e28e1ca1fcf5462e84" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44698975,"asset_id":24368088,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44698975/download_file?st=MTczMjgzNTg3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14711967" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar">Alisa Van de Haar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14711967" type="text/json">{"id":14711967,"first_name":"Alisa","last_name":"Van de Haar","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"AlisaVandeHaar","display_name":"Alisa Van de Haar","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14711967/4006051/13678754/s65_alisa.van_de_haar.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24368088 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24368088"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24368088, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24368088", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_24368088 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24368088; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_24368088"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_24368088 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="24368088"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24368088; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24368088]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_24368088").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_24368088").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="24368088"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10767" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exile">Exile</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10767" type="text/json">{"id":10767,"name":"Exile","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exile","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="34611" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exile_Literature">Exile Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="34611" type="text/json">{"id":34611,"name":"Exile Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exile_Literature","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="42042" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="42042" type="text/json">{"id":42042,"name":"Nostalgia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nostalgia","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="86013" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dutch_Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="86013" type="text/json">{"id":86013,"name":"Dutch Revolt","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dutch_Revolt","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=24368088]'), work: {"id":24368088,"title":"Beyond nostalgia. The exile publications of the Antwerp schoolmaster Peeter Heyns (1537-1598)","created_at":"2016-04-13T07:58:57.687-07:00","owner_id":14711967,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/24368088/Beyond_nostalgia_The_exile_publications_of_the_Antwerp_schoolmaster_Peeter_Heyns_1537_1598_","slug":"Beyond_nostalgia_The_exile_publications_of_the_Antwerp_schoolmaster_Peeter_Heyns_1537_1598_","dom_id":"work_24368088","summary":"In 1585, the famous Antwerp schoolmaster, Peeter Heyns, fled from his hometown. After resettling in Haarlem, he published eight texts in the four years that he spent there. In all of them, the Antwerp background of the texts as well as their author is strongly emphasised. This article argues that the stress on Heyns’s roots as well as his hometown was part of a publication strategy designed to create both financial and emotional value by appealing to an interest in Antwerp shared by fellow migrants and the host community. This way of dealing with the past, using nostalgia not just as an emotional asset but also as a commercial one, sheds new light on the possible uses of nostalgic representations of the lost hometown by migrant authors. ","publication":"De Zeventiende Eeuw 31:2","publication_with_fallback":"De Zeventiende Eeuw 31:2","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44698975,"asset_id":24368088,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/44698975/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/44698975/Van_de_Haar_-_Beyond_Nostalgia-libre.pdf?1460559488=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBeyond_nostalgia_The_exile_publications.pdf\u0026Expires=1729560209\u0026Signature=QpRN4hP6X~T~-7R1OPh-LrFjViTxbAs5ehhi~TgSf~mhKYyRyyK0LQAcUOVKMXpgl8DWp3HUWcoQHf61CuMVxXPbiHZT-1qZPN5Vl99EYziZGOHroVS7ARH3SD7GZrtKZOegGe0iE1JT75ku~z2z~ZrMJ~aygHvo82UQ9f580ORyLMm5fY-nshjV~GoWWESilkg3cNTpgV47pFeKsbXB4FRq4LQ0x29nrJ4ruFwxlLi9AjaJHkpwx3WrsIo3m5pZGYXSqDUjijLcQzvGYY4f-nh5ss22oWsIGgdX87hQQRQY7kqvbY7IdwGUQcVRDFKKUXLzCz8sTvf6uwnnPWp-oQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44698975/download_file?st=MTczMjgzNTg3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/44698975/mini_magick20190213-6794-2esp9x.png?1550128116"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":44698975,"asset_id":24368088,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/44698975/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/44698975/Van_de_Haar_-_Beyond_Nostalgia-libre.pdf?1460559488=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBeyond_nostalgia_The_exile_publications.pdf\u0026Expires=1729560209\u0026Signature=QpRN4hP6X~T~-7R1OPh-LrFjViTxbAs5ehhi~TgSf~mhKYyRyyK0LQAcUOVKMXpgl8DWp3HUWcoQHf61CuMVxXPbiHZT-1qZPN5Vl99EYziZGOHroVS7ARH3SD7GZrtKZOegGe0iE1JT75ku~z2z~ZrMJ~aygHvo82UQ9f580ORyLMm5fY-nshjV~GoWWESilkg3cNTpgV47pFeKsbXB4FRq4LQ0x29nrJ4ruFwxlLi9AjaJHkpwx3WrsIo3m5pZGYXSqDUjijLcQzvGYY4f-nh5ss22oWsIGgdX87hQQRQY7kqvbY7IdwGUQcVRDFKKUXLzCz8sTvf6uwnnPWp-oQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44698975/download_file?st=MTczMjgzNTg3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/44698975/mini_magick20190213-6794-2esp9x.png?1550128116"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":17,"ordered_authors":[{"id":14711967,"first_name":"Alisa","last_name":"Van de Haar","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"AlisaVandeHaar","display_name":"Alisa Van de Haar","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14711967/4006051/13678754/s65_alisa.van_de_haar.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":10767,"name":"Exile","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exile","nofollow":false},{"id":34611,"name":"Exile Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exile_Literature","nofollow":false},{"id":42042,"name":"Nostalgia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nostalgia","nofollow":false},{"id":86013,"name":"Dutch Revolt","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dutch_Revolt","nofollow":false},{"id":182681,"name":"Nostalgia and Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nostalgia_and_Memory"},{"id":195395,"name":"History of Antwerp","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Antwerp"}],"publication_year":2015,"publication_year_with_fallback":2015,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":89,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32753886" data-work_id="32753886" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32753886/Knowledge_Skill_and_Play_Rebus_Poems_in_Northwest_Europe_1450_1650_">Knowledge, Skill, and Play: Rebus Poems in Northwest Europe (1450-1650)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Between the end of the fifteenth and the beginning of the seventeenth century, North-Western Europe witnessed several waves of popularity of an enigmatic literary form: the rebus poem. These poems contain rebus elements that have to be... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_32753886" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Between the end of the fifteenth and the beginning of the seventeenth century, North-Western Europe witnessed several waves of popularity of an enigmatic literary form: the rebus poem. These poems contain rebus elements that have to be deciphered before the content of the work can be appreciated and thus operate at a crossroads between the literary and the visual. Rebus poems have long been considered trivial forms of play. There are strong indications, however, that they fostered a more intellectual form of reception. While they could be used to communicate factual knowledge, rebus poems also enabled their audience to sharpen their mind and train specific transferable skills. In this presentation, a research project will be proposed that studies the epistemological processes triggered by early modern rebus poems in Dutch, French, English, German, and Latin. Such a project would further our understanding of early modern ways to train the mind and generate insight into then-current conceptions of the relationship between text and image as well as between words and objects. Moreover, it would enhance our understanding of the connections between literary and visual productions in the various languages under scrutiny and between their creators.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32753886" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="03df8fbab16d0f54f39f717771d804cf" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56067224,"asset_id":32753886,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56067224/download_file?st=MTczMjgzNTg3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14711967" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar">Alisa Van de Haar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14711967" type="text/json">{"id":14711967,"first_name":"Alisa","last_name":"Van de Haar","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"AlisaVandeHaar","display_name":"Alisa Van de Haar","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14711967/4006051/13678754/s65_alisa.van_de_haar.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_32753886 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="32753886"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 32753886, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_32753886", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_32753886 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32753886; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_32753886"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_32753886 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32753886"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32753886; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32753886]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_32753886").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_32753886").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="32753886"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128041" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chambers_of_rhetoric">Chambers of rhetoric</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128041" type="text/json">{"id":128041,"name":"Chambers of rhetoric","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chambers_of_rhetoric","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146969" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multilingualism_and_Literature">Multilingualism and Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146969" type="text/json">{"id":146969,"name":"Multilingualism and Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multilingualism_and_Literature","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="452007" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Curiosity_in_Learning">Curiosity in Learning</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="452007" type="text/json">{"id":452007,"name":"Curiosity in Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Curiosity_in_Learning","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1117430" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rebuses">Rebuses</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1117430" type="text/json">{"id":1117430,"name":"Rebuses","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rebuses","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=32753886]'), work: {"id":32753886,"title":"Knowledge, Skill, and Play: Rebus Poems in Northwest Europe (1450-1650)","created_at":"2017-05-01T11:48:10.082-07:00","owner_id":14711967,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/32753886/Knowledge_Skill_and_Play_Rebus_Poems_in_Northwest_Europe_1450_1650_","slug":"Knowledge_Skill_and_Play_Rebus_Poems_in_Northwest_Europe_1450_1650_","dom_id":"work_32753886","summary":"Between the end of the fifteenth and the beginning of the seventeenth century, North-Western Europe witnessed several waves of popularity of an enigmatic literary form: the rebus poem. These poems contain rebus elements that have to be deciphered before the content of the work can be appreciated and thus operate at a crossroads between the literary and the visual. Rebus poems have long been considered trivial forms of play. There are strong indications, however, that they fostered a more intellectual form of reception. While they could be used to communicate factual knowledge, rebus poems also enabled their audience to sharpen their mind and train specific transferable skills. In this presentation, a research project will be proposed that studies the epistemological processes triggered by early modern rebus poems in Dutch, French, English, German, and Latin. Such a project would further our understanding of early modern ways to train the mind and generate insight into then-current conceptions of the relationship between text and image as well as between words and objects. Moreover, it would enhance our understanding of the connections between literary and visual productions in the various languages under scrutiny and between their creators.","publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56067224,"asset_id":32753886,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56067224/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/56067224/Poster_lezing-libre.pdf?1521110599=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DKnowledge_Skill_and_Play_Rebus_Poems_in.pdf\u0026Expires=1732839476\u0026Signature=BJTH1moRWsTFw~BmlwVjv7pIsNu~g9rCKNiZwzGtXqFBWXKQhCF1v73VdvHnZNE1lKCJDzzucuvH0iKMXP~0nvaR0QtNuJaRTv7iqhNpZFOFsB3vBYkqJL3P79~BYuKBgRoe00yWr47yB-PHfT16TXXZ4pOt6u61j6DjpQV1mGQCorn5RVZYjBBiROa8Pw9ZspejxcT52ERuzVB-xatzZkGXa-ko50NEtrOko-r5eF89o1kWrpv7A3fmEywUdoXE9LxKF9zZOQ7uwldbrlfMPOHmjwErA35tL6MNOIaWwO3-y2f9N4YZNmRM4Tq6ZPsbFttAcMci6ItdSyQ8FbGm4g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56067224/download_file?st=MTczMjgzNTg3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/56067224/mini_magick20190113-18474-1nmo089.png?1547384509"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":56067224,"asset_id":32753886,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56067224/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/56067224/Poster_lezing-libre.pdf?1521110599=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DKnowledge_Skill_and_Play_Rebus_Poems_in.pdf\u0026Expires=1732839476\u0026Signature=BJTH1moRWsTFw~BmlwVjv7pIsNu~g9rCKNiZwzGtXqFBWXKQhCF1v73VdvHnZNE1lKCJDzzucuvH0iKMXP~0nvaR0QtNuJaRTv7iqhNpZFOFsB3vBYkqJL3P79~BYuKBgRoe00yWr47yB-PHfT16TXXZ4pOt6u61j6DjpQV1mGQCorn5RVZYjBBiROa8Pw9ZspejxcT52ERuzVB-xatzZkGXa-ko50NEtrOko-r5eF89o1kWrpv7A3fmEywUdoXE9LxKF9zZOQ7uwldbrlfMPOHmjwErA35tL6MNOIaWwO3-y2f9N4YZNmRM4Tq6ZPsbFttAcMci6ItdSyQ8FbGm4g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56067224/download_file?st=MTczMjgzNTg3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/56067224/mini_magick20190113-18474-1nmo089.png?1547384509"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":1,"ordered_authors":[{"id":14711967,"first_name":"Alisa","last_name":"Van de Haar","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"AlisaVandeHaar","display_name":"Alisa Van de Haar","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14711967/4006051/13678754/s65_alisa.van_de_haar.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128041,"name":"Chambers of rhetoric","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chambers_of_rhetoric","nofollow":false},{"id":146969,"name":"Multilingualism and Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multilingualism_and_Literature","nofollow":false},{"id":452007,"name":"Curiosity in Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Curiosity_in_Learning","nofollow":false},{"id":1117430,"name":"Rebuses","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rebuses","nofollow":false}],"publication_year":null,"publication_year_with_fallback":null,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":26,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34286797" data-work_id="34286797" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34286797/Liefde_voor_lezen_Franse_literatuur_op_scholen_in_de_vroegmoderne_Nederlanden">Liefde voor lezen. Franse literatuur op scholen in de vroegmoderne Nederlanden</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34286797" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="370f5668540225fbcdf233f0c855118d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54298324,"asset_id":34286797,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54298324/download_file?st=MTczMjgzNTg3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14711967" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar">Alisa Van de Haar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14711967" type="text/json">{"id":14711967,"first_name":"Alisa","last_name":"Van de Haar","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"AlisaVandeHaar","display_name":"Alisa Van de Haar","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14711967/4006051/13678754/s65_alisa.van_de_haar.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34286797 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34286797"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34286797, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34286797", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34286797 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34286797; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34286797"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34286797 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34286797"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34286797; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34286797]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34286797").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34286797").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34286797"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="660" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Literature">French Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="660" type="text/json">{"id":660,"name":"French Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Literature","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11791" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_Literature">Early Modern Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11791" type="text/json">{"id":11791,"name":"Early Modern Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_Literature","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="76767" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literary_education">Literary education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="76767" type="text/json">{"id":76767,"name":"Literary education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literary_education","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="177313" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ronsard">Ronsard</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="177313" type="text/json">{"id":177313,"name":"Ronsard","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ronsard","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34286797]'), work: {"id":34286797,"title":"Liefde voor lezen. Franse literatuur op scholen in de vroegmoderne Nederlanden","created_at":"2017-08-20T23:20:49.965-07:00","owner_id":14711967,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/34286797/Liefde_voor_lezen_Franse_literatuur_op_scholen_in_de_vroegmoderne_Nederlanden","slug":"Liefde_voor_lezen_Franse_literatuur_op_scholen_in_de_vroegmoderne_Nederlanden","dom_id":"work_34286797","summary":null,"publication":"Literaire bruggenbouwers tussen Nederland en Frankrijk: receptie, vertaling en cultuuroverdracht sinds de Middeleeuwen","publication_with_fallback":"Literaire bruggenbouwers tussen Nederland en Frankrijk: receptie, vertaling en cultuuroverdracht sinds de Middeleeuwen","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54298324,"asset_id":34286797,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54298324/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/54298324/Van_de_Haar_-_Liefde_voor_lezen-libre.pdf?1504165329=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLiefde_voor_lezen_Franse_literatuur_op_s.pdf\u0026Expires=1731651935\u0026Signature=ef~qabLrz7zP5fGd5rNowL~rKCFNApjQ6Jn59775u6YavpBjY-lD6gnoPZllFxfPokJfPFbatxB-nTTVBLDhLXcSMelcihdSuHx-OeOpuZ14Z8To~L7o-Ws3LmUWBzvY7O0J8~zkGl8zTbAFByGkV~f1KTJbR33EkA9oZJSG-tYS0Fc1aa~D2HkLy71BrJSIuARVYHiLke4XeEIq~ARpr-fXExrnYzSBjsxVULa70Lb0icpW6zMqAyZ8Jrv6TlPdBKzoF8NLMokw0-XxjH5GUkySlvYl-yY-ZFIFhH0uf6sUhFrmrsQzxlo1micXNKhlk94MKxxuIXAPiDBZcvvg6A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54298324/download_file?st=MTczMjgzNTg3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/54298324/mini_magick20220701-21958-14yznqq.png?1656716938"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":54298324,"asset_id":34286797,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54298324/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/54298324/Van_de_Haar_-_Liefde_voor_lezen-libre.pdf?1504165329=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLiefde_voor_lezen_Franse_literatuur_op_s.pdf\u0026Expires=1731651935\u0026Signature=ef~qabLrz7zP5fGd5rNowL~rKCFNApjQ6Jn59775u6YavpBjY-lD6gnoPZllFxfPokJfPFbatxB-nTTVBLDhLXcSMelcihdSuHx-OeOpuZ14Z8To~L7o-Ws3LmUWBzvY7O0J8~zkGl8zTbAFByGkV~f1KTJbR33EkA9oZJSG-tYS0Fc1aa~D2HkLy71BrJSIuARVYHiLke4XeEIq~ARpr-fXExrnYzSBjsxVULa70Lb0icpW6zMqAyZ8Jrv6TlPdBKzoF8NLMokw0-XxjH5GUkySlvYl-yY-ZFIFhH0uf6sUhFrmrsQzxlo1micXNKhlk94MKxxuIXAPiDBZcvvg6A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54298324/download_file?st=MTczMjgzNTg3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/54298324/mini_magick20220701-21958-14yznqq.png?1656716938"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":27,"ordered_authors":[{"id":14711967,"first_name":"Alisa","last_name":"Van de Haar","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"AlisaVandeHaar","display_name":"Alisa Van de Haar","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14711967/4006051/13678754/s65_alisa.van_de_haar.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":660,"name":"French Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Literature","nofollow":false},{"id":11791,"name":"Early Modern Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_Literature","nofollow":false},{"id":76767,"name":"Literary education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literary_education","nofollow":false},{"id":177313,"name":"Ronsard","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ronsard","nofollow":false},{"id":549598,"name":"History of Female Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Female_Education"},{"id":686823,"name":"Education and Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_and_Literature"},{"id":1260923,"name":"Pléiade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pleiade"}],"publication_year":2017,"publication_year_with_fallback":2017,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":155,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39989295" data-work_id="39989295" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39989295/The_Golden_Mean_of_Languages_Forging_Dutch_and_French_in_the_Early_Modern_Low_Countries_1540_1620_">The Golden Mean of Languages: Forging Dutch and French in the Early Modern Low Countries (1540-1620)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In The Golden Mean of Languages, Alisa van de Haar sheds new light on the debates regarding the form and status of the vernacular in the early modern Low Countries, where both Dutch and French were local tongues. The fascination with the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39989295" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In The Golden Mean of Languages, Alisa van de Haar sheds new light on the debates regarding the form and status of the vernacular in the early modern Low Countries, where both Dutch and French were local tongues. The fascination with the history, grammar, spelling, and vocabulary of Dutch and French has been studied mainly from monolingual perspectives tracing the development towards modern Dutch or French. Van de Haar shows that the discussions on these languages were rooted in multilingual environments, in particular in French schools, Calvinist churches, printing houses, and chambers of rhetoric. The proposals that were formulated there to forge Dutch and French into useful forms were not directed solely at uniformization but were much more diverse.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39989295" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="060c2963bb3778aca6b2794366e967b9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60180736,"asset_id":39989295,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60180736/download_file?st=MTczMjgzNTg3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14711967" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar">Alisa Van de Haar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14711967" type="text/json">{"id":14711967,"first_name":"Alisa","last_name":"Van de Haar","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"AlisaVandeHaar","display_name":"Alisa Van de Haar","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14711967/4006051/13678754/s65_alisa.van_de_haar.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39989295 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39989295"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39989295, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39989295", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_39989295 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39989295; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_39989295"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_39989295 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39989295"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39989295; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39989295]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_39989295").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_39989295").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42005436 coauthored" data-work_id="42005436" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42005436/Call_for_contributions_Francophone_Literature_in_the_Low_Countries_ca_880_1600_">Call for contributions - Francophone Literature in the Low Countries (ca. 880 -1600)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Francophone Literature in the Low Countries (ca. 880 -1600) A special issue of Queeste, Journal of Medieval Literature in the Low Countries In 2015, we concluded the introduction of our special issue on Literature and Multilingualism... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42005436" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Francophone Literature in the Low Countries (ca. 880 -1600) <br />A special issue of Queeste, Journal of Medieval Literature in the Low Countries<br /> <br /><br />In 2015, we concluded the introduction of our special issue on Literature and Multilingualism in the Low Countries with a renewal of Queeste’s ‘commitment to the varied and multilingual culture of the Low Countries’. And indeed, in the five years since then, Queeste has continued to publish scholarly articles on the production and circulation of literature in Dutch, French, and Latin, on translation, and on multilingual text collections and reading culture in the Low Countries. <br />While the editors applaud this continuous attention to multilingualism and language contact, we also feel that Queeste often approaches these issues from a distinctly Dutch-language perspective. This poses the risk of downplaying the actual impact of the literature in French (and Latin) that was written, copied and disseminated in the Low Countries. Following up on the earlier issue on multilingualism, we therefore aim to publish a new special issue of Queeste devoted solely to current scholarship on medieval francophone literature in the Low Countries, to appear in 2021. <br />Since Queeste actively seeks to deliver the diversity that is implied in the journal’s subtitle, this special issue should be seen as another step towards a more balanced and accurate representation of the region’s multilingual literary culture. We therefore hope that this collection of essays will mark the beginning of a steady supply of articles on the medieval francophone literature produced and received in the Low Countries.<br />We invite reflections on any aspect of the authoring, copying, and reception of French literary texts in the area covering modern-day Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Northern France. As we aim for a wide and diverse panorama, we welcome general overviews as well as case studies, written from a varied range of theoretical and methodological perspectives (literary theory, codicology, stylometry, etc.), with a diachronic, comparative or contextualizing approach, and discussing texts from a broad spectrum of genres (lyric, epic, theatre, but also religious, moral-didactic, scientific, and practical writing). <br />Contributors should by no means feel confined to the textual production in the principally francophone regions and social circles of the Low Countries, but are encouraged to (also) discuss examples of French literature in reception contexts and parts of the area that have not been typically associated with francophone culture.<br />Abstracts (300 words or less) should be sent to the editorial board of Queeste before 30 April 2020 (<a href="mailto:b.j.m.caers@hum.leidenuniv.nl" rel="nofollow">b.j.m.caers@hum.leidenuniv.nl</a>), after which authors will be notified by 15 May. <br />Contributions of ca. 8000 words (including notes and bibliography) should be delivered before 31 October 2020 and will be, as always, subject to double blind peer review. Contributors are requested to follow the journal’s stylesheet (<a href="https://queeste.verloren.nl/guidelines" rel="nofollow">https://queeste.verloren.nl/guidelines</a>).<br />For any further questions, please contact the editors of this special issue directly: <br /> Alisa van de Haar (<a href="mailto:a.d.m.van.de.haar@hum.leidenuniv.nl" rel="nofollow">a.d.m.van.de.haar@hum.leidenuniv.nl</a>) or <br /> Dirk Schoenaers (<a href="mailto:d.j.c.schoenaers@hum.leidenuniv.nl" rel="nofollow">d.j.c.schoenaers@hum.leidenuniv.nl</a>). <br /><br />Queeste is a multilingual journal and accepts articles written in Dutch, English, French, and German.<br />Find out more at:<br /><a href="https://queeste.verloren.nl/" rel="nofollow">https://queeste.verloren.nl/</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42005436" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b6df0761225967793eafe1b6c62e5a65" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62129889,"asset_id":42005436,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62129889/download_file?st=MTczMjgzNTg3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14711967" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar">Alisa Van de Haar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14711967" type="text/json">{"id":14711967,"first_name":"Alisa","last_name":"Van de Haar","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"AlisaVandeHaar","display_name":"Alisa Van de Haar","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14711967/4006051/13678754/s65_alisa.van_de_haar.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-42005436">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-42005436"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/BCaers">B. Caers</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-42005436'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-42005436').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42005436 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42005436"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42005436, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42005436", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_42005436 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42005436; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_42005436"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_42005436 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="42005436"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42005436; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42005436]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42005436").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42005436").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42005436"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1228" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Literature">Medieval Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1228" type="text/json">{"id":1228,"name":"Medieval Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Literature","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11686" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Francophone_Literature">Francophone Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11686" type="text/json">{"id":11686,"name":"Francophone Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Francophone_Literature","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25988" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dutch_Literature">Dutch Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25988" type="text/json">{"id":25988,"name":"Dutch Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dutch_Literature","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="282026" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_and_Francophone_Studies">French and Francophone Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="282026" type="text/json">{"id":282026,"name":"French and Francophone Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_and_Francophone_Studies","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42005436]'), work: {"id":42005436,"title":"Call for contributions - Francophone Literature in the Low Countries (ca. 880 -1600)","created_at":"2020-02-18T01:45:57.204-08:00","owner_id":14711967,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/42005436/Call_for_contributions_Francophone_Literature_in_the_Low_Countries_ca_880_1600_","slug":"Call_for_contributions_Francophone_Literature_in_the_Low_Countries_ca_880_1600_","dom_id":"work_42005436","summary":"Francophone Literature in the Low Countries (ca. 880 -1600) \nA special issue of Queeste, Journal of Medieval Literature in the Low Countries\n \n\nIn 2015, we concluded the introduction of our special issue on Literature and Multilingualism in the Low Countries with a renewal of Queeste’s ‘commitment to the varied and multilingual culture of the Low Countries’. And indeed, in the five years since then, Queeste has continued to publish scholarly articles on the production and circulation of literature in Dutch, French, and Latin, on translation, and on multilingual text collections and reading culture in the Low Countries. \nWhile the editors applaud this continuous attention to multilingualism and language contact, we also feel that Queeste often approaches these issues from a distinctly Dutch-language perspective. This poses the risk of downplaying the actual impact of the literature in French (and Latin) that was written, copied and disseminated in the Low Countries. Following up on the earlier issue on multilingualism, we therefore aim to publish a new special issue of Queeste devoted solely to current scholarship on medieval francophone literature in the Low Countries, to appear in 2021. \nSince Queeste actively seeks to deliver the diversity that is implied in the journal’s subtitle, this special issue should be seen as another step towards a more balanced and accurate representation of the region’s multilingual literary culture. We therefore hope that this collection of essays will mark the beginning of a steady supply of articles on the medieval francophone literature produced and received in the Low Countries.\nWe invite reflections on any aspect of the authoring, copying, and reception of French literary texts in the area covering modern-day Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Northern France. As we aim for a wide and diverse panorama, we welcome general overviews as well as case studies, written from a varied range of theoretical and methodological perspectives (literary theory, codicology, stylometry, etc.), with a diachronic, comparative or contextualizing approach, and discussing texts from a broad spectrum of genres (lyric, epic, theatre, but also religious, moral-didactic, scientific, and practical writing). \nContributors should by no means feel confined to the textual production in the principally francophone regions and social circles of the Low Countries, but are encouraged to (also) discuss examples of French literature in reception contexts and parts of the area that have not been typically associated with francophone culture.\nAbstracts (300 words or less) should be sent to the editorial board of Queeste before 30 April 2020 (b.j.m.caers@hum.leidenuniv.nl), after which authors will be notified by 15 May. \nContributions of ca. 8000 words (including notes and bibliography) should be delivered before 31 October 2020 and will be, as always, subject to double blind peer review. Contributors are requested to follow the journal’s stylesheet (https://queeste.verloren.nl/guidelines).\nFor any further questions, please contact the editors of this special issue directly: \n\tAlisa van de Haar (a.d.m.van.de.haar@hum.leidenuniv.nl) or \n\tDirk Schoenaers (d.j.c.schoenaers@hum.leidenuniv.nl). \n\nQueeste is a multilingual journal and accepts articles written in Dutch, English, French, and German.\nFind out more at:\nhttps://queeste.verloren.nl/ \n","publication":"Queeste","publication_with_fallback":"Queeste","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62129889,"asset_id":42005436,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/62129889/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/62129889/Call_for_contributions_-_Francophone_Literature20200218-37337-1abs87x-libre.pdf?1582020053=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCall_for_contributions_Francophone_Liter.pdf\u0026Expires=1732839476\u0026Signature=cMiDMx0XvvpqHInajXxUxxx87UmFtyL0ty9ZJdgT9AsDGDsxPZSaC2T59AsrpGDOE3JsauR~zAomJK1owNwcOKX8KB-skirusz7DD2yxcynuRXQtJUsIm4NPzHbl-C3JyhRubl8K8~3J-HnedNfOQuTaK1CVvsZrq9NhyevSgzsIlBUqyA25QWPN-w-NeHPWLUun436EGOlf7gXBcJbNmWaMe~GmSCXI-es12iZ-xx~YA13KbDkfCP5lWhyqnPiuskPdA-HDxbQBoaS37Qb4aXv1F9KoSef~zxMx82O96YK9RrPWVMAGuaFb3tP2dF-1phj6QlpPMvcanTuKpDFCsg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62129889/download_file?st=MTczMjgzNTg3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/62129889/mini_magick20200218-23504-1oowxjm.png?1582019183"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":62129889,"asset_id":42005436,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/62129889/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/62129889/Call_for_contributions_-_Francophone_Literature20200218-37337-1abs87x-libre.pdf?1582020053=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCall_for_contributions_Francophone_Liter.pdf\u0026Expires=1732839476\u0026Signature=cMiDMx0XvvpqHInajXxUxxx87UmFtyL0ty9ZJdgT9AsDGDsxPZSaC2T59AsrpGDOE3JsauR~zAomJK1owNwcOKX8KB-skirusz7DD2yxcynuRXQtJUsIm4NPzHbl-C3JyhRubl8K8~3J-HnedNfOQuTaK1CVvsZrq9NhyevSgzsIlBUqyA25QWPN-w-NeHPWLUun436EGOlf7gXBcJbNmWaMe~GmSCXI-es12iZ-xx~YA13KbDkfCP5lWhyqnPiuskPdA-HDxbQBoaS37Qb4aXv1F9KoSef~zxMx82O96YK9RrPWVMAGuaFb3tP2dF-1phj6QlpPMvcanTuKpDFCsg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62129889/download_file?st=MTczMjgzNTg3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/62129889/mini_magick20200218-23504-1oowxjm.png?1582019183"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":1,"ordered_authors":[{"id":14711967,"first_name":"Alisa","last_name":"Van de Haar","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"AlisaVandeHaar","display_name":"Alisa Van de Haar","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14711967/4006051/13678754/s65_alisa.van_de_haar.jpg"},{"id":184179363,"first_name":"B.","last_name":"Caers","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BCaers","display_name":"B. Caers","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BCaers","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1228,"name":"Medieval Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Literature","nofollow":false},{"id":11686,"name":"Francophone Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Francophone_Literature","nofollow":false},{"id":25988,"name":"Dutch Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dutch_Literature","nofollow":false},{"id":282026,"name":"French and Francophone Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_and_Francophone_Studies","nofollow":false}],"publication_year":2021,"publication_year_with_fallback":2021,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":22,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44339798" data-work_id="44339798" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44339798/Les_Com%C3%A9dies_et_Trag%C3%A9dies_du_Laurier_la_cr%C3%A9ation_collective_dans_une_%C3%A9cole_de_filles_%C3%A0_la_fin_du_XVIe_si%C3%A8cle">Les Comédies et Tragédies du Laurier : la création collective dans une école de filles à la fin du XVIe siècle</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Dans les années 1580, les élèves d'une école d'Anvers nommée le Lauwerboom-le Laurier-jouèrent, comme beaucoup d'autres, une série de pièces de théâtre. Mais, contrairement à la tradition dramatique des écoles latines, les pièces en... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44339798" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Dans les années 1580, les élèves d'une école d'Anvers nommée le Lauwerboom-le Laurier-jouèrent, comme beaucoup d'autres, une série de pièces de théâtre. Mais, contrairement à la tradition dramatique des écoles latines, les pièces en question étaient composées en français, et sur scène on pouvait voir des filles et non des garçons. Le Laurier était, en effet, un établissement conçu tout spécialement pour une clientèle féminine, et son objectif principal était d'enseigner la langue française. L'école était dirigée par Peeter Heyns et son épouse Anna Smits. Heyns était un personnage connu dans le monde humaniste anversois, et il est probable que c'est sa connaissance du théâtre scolaire latin qui l'incita à écrire plusieurs pièces nouvelles pour ses élèves du Laurier 1. Le maître d'école était responsable d'une grande partie du travail alors élaboré, composant des textes originaux dont les rôles étaient presque exclusivement féminins. Néanmoins, au moment de publier ces pièces, une décennie environ après leur représentation initiale, Heyns reconnut qu'il s'était agi d'un travail collectif ; il tenait à remercier celles qui avaient contribué de diverses façons à sa réalisation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44339798" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="356e23df4660ca5a12a9ea104eb89076" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64730941,"asset_id":44339798,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64730941/download_file?st=MTczMjgzNTg3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14711967" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar">Alisa Van de Haar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14711967" type="text/json">{"id":14711967,"first_name":"Alisa","last_name":"Van de Haar","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"AlisaVandeHaar","display_name":"Alisa Van de Haar","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14711967/4006051/13678754/s65_alisa.van_de_haar.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44339798 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44339798"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44339798, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44339798", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44339798 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44339798; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44339798"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44339798 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44339798"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44339798; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44339798]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44339798").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44339798").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44580877" data-work_id="44580877" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44580877/Ronsard_at_School_French_Poetry_as_Educational_Tool_in_the_Early_Modern_Low_Countries">Ronsard at School: French Poetry as Educational Tool in the Early Modern Low Countries</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44580877" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="637a2b6189fd244604462242797c8525" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65037753,"asset_id":44580877,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65037753/download_file?st=MTczMjgzNTg3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14711967" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar">Alisa Van de Haar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14711967" type="text/json">{"id":14711967,"first_name":"Alisa","last_name":"Van de Haar","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"AlisaVandeHaar","display_name":"Alisa Van de Haar","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14711967/4006051/13678754/s65_alisa.van_de_haar.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44580877 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44580877"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44580877, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44580877", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44580877 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44580877; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44580877"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44580877 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44580877"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44580877; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44580877]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44580877").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44580877").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44580877"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="177313" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ronsard">Ronsard</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="177313" type="text/json">{"id":177313,"name":"Ronsard","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ronsard","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="792690" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Du_Bartas">Du Bartas</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="792690" type="text/json">{"id":792690,"name":"Du Bartas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Du_Bartas","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44580877]'), work: {"id":44580877,"title":"Ronsard at School: French Poetry as Educational Tool in the Early Modern Low Countries","created_at":"2020-11-26T05:23:35.338-08:00","owner_id":14711967,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/44580877/Ronsard_at_School_French_Poetry_as_Educational_Tool_in_the_Early_Modern_Low_Countries","slug":"Ronsard_at_School_French_Poetry_as_Educational_Tool_in_the_Early_Modern_Low_Countries","dom_id":"work_44580877","summary":null,"publication":"Ronsard et Du Bartas en Europe. A.-P. Pouey-Mounou \u0026 P.J. Smith (eds.), Intersections, Interdisciplinary Studies in Early Modern Culture, Leiden \u0026 Boston, Brill.","publication_with_fallback":"Ronsard et Du Bartas en Europe. A.-P. Pouey-Mounou \u0026 P.J. Smith (eds.), Intersections, Interdisciplinary Studies in Early Modern Culture, Leiden \u0026 Boston, Brill.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65037753,"asset_id":44580877,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/65037753/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/65037753/Van_de_Haar_Ronsard_at_School_author_s_version-libre.pdf?1606402012=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRonsard_at_School_French_Poetry_as_Educa.pdf\u0026Expires=1732496785\u0026Signature=B0~eeTWP-lhmaaAEZrXRm8TRAK1tb7KHERZwbaUOJuxoG4RZPldpuAmbCFz4CfJwRgrrOHnTMMPCu6f2AgZsgpUnnammEk9HKTiQjq9WjKtbm6pzA22GO~GU9320MLvzhdksY3q7EOK1zoEGEh5wqH06oLEk5nFTFfkMbUqgaJo6mqI0r1kL9DNR0TiQaZPINbXX~C6MdeJh1lF3VoLytqVgHWsidX7u5mdWGuXl1Twh6zf54Xb~NVy-80qpd3qOEcWNSZzANGCVLTq8TvTbPHmEuuUg3W-c0YstusL3vV8VRWYF~08WHdGq5yp1MvltNau2eULwB-fKmvF6W00eAw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65037753/download_file?st=MTczMjgzNTg3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/65037753/mini_magick20201126-25750-8jz6s.png?1606398701"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":65037753,"asset_id":44580877,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/65037753/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/65037753/Van_de_Haar_Ronsard_at_School_author_s_version-libre.pdf?1606402012=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRonsard_at_School_French_Poetry_as_Educa.pdf\u0026Expires=1732496785\u0026Signature=B0~eeTWP-lhmaaAEZrXRm8TRAK1tb7KHERZwbaUOJuxoG4RZPldpuAmbCFz4CfJwRgrrOHnTMMPCu6f2AgZsgpUnnammEk9HKTiQjq9WjKtbm6pzA22GO~GU9320MLvzhdksY3q7EOK1zoEGEh5wqH06oLEk5nFTFfkMbUqgaJo6mqI0r1kL9DNR0TiQaZPINbXX~C6MdeJh1lF3VoLytqVgHWsidX7u5mdWGuXl1Twh6zf54Xb~NVy-80qpd3qOEcWNSZzANGCVLTq8TvTbPHmEuuUg3W-c0YstusL3vV8VRWYF~08WHdGq5yp1MvltNau2eULwB-fKmvF6W00eAw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65037753/download_file?st=MTczMjgzNTg3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/65037753/mini_magick20201126-25750-8jz6s.png?1606398701"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":33,"ordered_authors":[{"id":14711967,"first_name":"Alisa","last_name":"Van de Haar","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"AlisaVandeHaar","display_name":"Alisa Van de Haar","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14711967/4006051/13678754/s65_alisa.van_de_haar.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":177313,"name":"Ronsard","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ronsard","nofollow":false},{"id":792690,"name":"Du Bartas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Du_Bartas","nofollow":false}],"publication_year":2020,"publication_year_with_fallback":2020,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":46,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44612974" data-work_id="44612974" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44612974/_Pour_aprendre_romain_Learning_French_Outside_of_France_1250_1600">‘Pour aprendre romain’. Learning French Outside of France, 1250–1600</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In the medieval and early modern periods, the French language was used far beyond the borders of presentday France. In England, French was introduced as a language of the elite with the Norman Conquest in 1066, while large parts of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44612974" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In the medieval and early modern periods, the French language was used far beyond the borders of presentday France. In England, French was introduced as a language of the elite with the Norman Conquest in 1066,<br />while large parts of the Dutch-speaking Low Countries were ruled by Francophone aristocrats throughout the Middle Ages. But despite the elite origins of French in these areas, separate investigations conducted by the proposed project’s supervisors have revealed that French came to be perceived in these areas not merely as a foreign language imposed from the top down, but as an important language for personal and domestic communications within a broadly multilingual society. This project will build upon these findings to explore<br />to what extent and for which purposes French was used in the private homes of England and the Low Countries, by looking for signs of ‘household French’ in medieval and early modern language manuals. A<br />diachronic approach will be applied to identify changes in the use of French as an intimate language over time.<br />With the goal of achieving breadth without sacrificing focus, the project is centred on ten French learning manuals produced in England and the Low Countries between 1250 and 1600. While disciplinary boundaries tend to create artificial barriers between works in manuscript and those in print, and between those in English and those in Dutch, this project aims to transcend these barriers by drawing on the distinctive multilingualism of Leiden’s French and English programmes. Comparison will revolve around three axes: language (Dutch versus English), time period (medieval versus early modern), and format (manuscript versus print). Each manual will be analysed for indications of how its readers might have used French in the comfort of their own homes, discussing private topics in this language that was no longer<br />foreign.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44612974" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="88ba858b92fb588547bc8541f83eec80" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65078251,"asset_id":44612974,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65078251/download_file?st=MTczMjgzNTg3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14711967" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar">Alisa Van de Haar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14711967" type="text/json">{"id":14711967,"first_name":"Alisa","last_name":"Van de Haar","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"AlisaVandeHaar","display_name":"Alisa Van de Haar","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14711967/4006051/13678754/s65_alisa.van_de_haar.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44612974 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44612974"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44612974, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44612974", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44612974 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44612974; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44612974"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44612974 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44612974"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44612974; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44612974]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44612974").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44612974").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_64617554 coauthored" data-work_id="64617554" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/64617554/_with_Alisa_van_de_Haar_eds_Francophone_Literature_in_the_Low_Countries_1200_1600_">(with Alisa van de Haar, eds.) Francophone Literature in the Low Countries (1200-1600)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In late medieval and early modern times, books, as well as the people who produced and read (or listened to) them, moved between regions, social circles, and languages with relative ease. Yet, in the multilingual Low Countries,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_64617554" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In late medieval and early modern times, books, as well as the people who produced and read (or listened to) them, moved between regions, social circles, and languages with relative ease. Yet, in the multilingual Low Countries, francophone literature was both internationally mobile and firmly rooted in local soil. The five contributions collected in this volume demonstrate that while in general issues of ‘otherness’ were resolved without difficulty, at other times (linguistic) differences were perceived as a heartfelt reality. Texts and books in French, Latin, and Dutch were as interrelated and mobile as their authors. As awareness of the francophone literature of the medieval and early modern Low Countries continues to grow, texts in all three languages will be ever more strongly connected in an intricate and multilingual weave.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/64617554" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ac71cc6ccdbbd38f1f24f5ee4cd86a5c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":105272794,"asset_id":64617554,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105272794/download_file?st=MTczMjgzNTg3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14711967" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar">Alisa Van de Haar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14711967" type="text/json">{"id":14711967,"first_name":"Alisa","last_name":"Van de Haar","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"AlisaVandeHaar","display_name":"Alisa Van de Haar","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AlisaVandeHaar","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14711967/4006051/13678754/s65_alisa.van_de_haar.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-64617554">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-64617554"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independentresearcher.academia.edu/DirkSchoenaers">Dirk Schoenaers</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-64617554'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-64617554').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_64617554 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="64617554"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 64617554, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_64617554", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_64617554 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64617554; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_64617554"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_64617554 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64617554"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64617554; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64617554]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_64617554").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_64617554").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "a3c7002b4ad224c5d6d2eb04f6bcb4de0717224c4d23692aa66f4c3e143bd6e0", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="sRywASZJ0Ikta97czL4iRebHKt205Pz3CKD49AQfNJU5LoXK5kwjsChZ1q+bY3xPVJuUvizo5Tz+RTFGdnqq1w==" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/Departments/French_Language_and_Culture/Documents" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="KNnrBotJ0EZDh/iJrPZCJvpN9uxGdP1Y+UHYFHEs6Sig697NS0wjf0a18Pr7KxwsSBFIj9545JMPpBGmA0l3ag==" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style=""><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/academia">Blog</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style=""><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2024</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>