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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_in_preparation_for_ground_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_preparation_for_ground_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Role in preparation for ground invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_preparation_for_ground_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilian_deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian_deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Civilian deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian_deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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<span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82_%D8%AD%D8%B8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مناطق حظر الطيران العراقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مناطق حظر الطيران العراقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_(%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA)" title="Беспалётныя зоны (Ірак) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Беспалётныя зоны (Ірак)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezletov%C3%A9_z%C3%B3ny_v_Ir%C3%A1ku" title="Bezletové zóny v Iráku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bezletové zóny v Iráku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonas_de_exclusi%C3%B3n_a%C3%A9rea_en_Irak" title="Zonas de exclusión aérea en Irak – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zonas de exclusión aérea en Irak" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflik_zona_larangan_terbang_Irak" title="Konflik zona larangan terbang Irak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konflik zona larangan terbang Irak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7" title="האזורים האסורים לטיסה בעיראק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האזורים האסורים לטיסה בעיראק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak_rep%C3%BCl%C3%A9stilalmi_z%C3%B3n%C3%A1i" title="Irak repüléstilalmi zónái – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Irak repüléstilalmi zónái" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zon_Larangan_Terbang_Iraq" title="Zon Larangan Terbang Iraq – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zon Larangan Terbang Iraq" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraakse_no-flyzones" title="Iraakse no-flyzones – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Iraakse no-flyzones" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E8%A1%8C%E7%A6%81%E6%AD%A2%E7%A9%BA%E5%9F%9F_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF)" title="飛行禁止空域 (イラク) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="飛行禁止空域 (イラク)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonas_de_exclus%C3%A3o_a%C3%A9rea_no_Iraque" title="Zonas de exclusão aérea no Iraque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zonas de exclusão aérea no Iraque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_(%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA)" title="Бесполётные зоны (Ирак) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бесполётные зоны (Ирак)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%86%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DA%98%DB%95%D9%81%DA%95%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B9%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="ناوچەکانی دژەفڕینی عێراق – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناوچەکانی دژەفڕینی عێراق" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="ความขัดแย้งเขตห้ามบินผ่านในประเทศอิรัก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความขัดแย้งเขตห้ามบินผ่านในประเทศอิรัก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak%27taki_u%C3%A7u%C5%9Fa_yasak_b%C3%B6lgeler" title="Irak'taki uçuşa yasak bölgeler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Irak'taki uçuşa yasak bölgeler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA)" title="Безпольотні зони (Ірак) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Безпольотні зони (Ірак)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%81%E9%A3%9B%E5%8D%80%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="伊拉克禁飛區衝突 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊拉克禁飛區衝突" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_no-fly_zones&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi no-fly zones">Iraqi no-fly zones</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">No-fly zones in Iraq proclaimed by the USA, UK and France between 1991–2003</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Iraqi no-fly zones</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Lead-up_to_the_Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead-up to the Iraq War">lead-up to the Iraq War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_NO_FLY_ZONES.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Iraq_NO_FLY_ZONES.PNG" decoding="async" width="326" height="351" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br />No-fly zone detail</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1 March 1991 – 20 March 2003<br />(12 years, 2 weeks and 5 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>US-led victory </p> <ul><li>Ended with the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span data-sort-value="United States"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span> <br /> <span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span> <br /> <span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></span> (until 1998) <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <span data-sort-value="Saudi Arabia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Southern_Watch" title="Operation Southern Watch">Operation Southern Watch</a>)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Habitat" title="Operation Habitat">Operation Habitat</a>)<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Provide_Comfort" title="Operation Provide Comfort">Operation Provide Comfort/Provide Comfort II</a>:</b><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Italy_%281946%E2%80%932003%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281946%E2%80%932003%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Italy_%281946%E2%80%932003%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281946%E2%80%932003%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Italy_%281946%E2%80%932003%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Italy_%281946%E2%80%932003%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq"><img alt="Ba'athist Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> <small>(until 20 January 1993)</small> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> <small>(20 January 1993 – 20 January 2001)</small><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> <small>(from 20 January 2001)</small><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Shalikashvili" title="John Shalikashvili">John Shalikashvili</a> <small>(until 1997)</small><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Shelton" title="Hugh Shelton">Hugh Shelton</a> <small>(from 1997)</small> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/T._Michael_Moseley" title="T. Michael Moseley">T. Michael Moseley</a> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Fahd of Saudi Arabia">King Fahd</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">Prince Abdullah</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq"><img alt="Ba'athist Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 6,000 infantrymen <br /> 50 aircraft and 1,400 personnel at any one time</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown number of <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force" title="Iraqi Air Force">Iraqi Air Force</a> personnel and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Police_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Police Force">Iraqi Police officers</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 2 <a href="/wiki/UH-60_Blackhawk" class="mw-redirect" title="UH-60 Blackhawk">UH-60 Blackhawk</a> helicopters shot down (friendly fire, 26 killed) <br /> 19 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a> personnel deployed as part of the operation killed in the <a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_Bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Khobar Towers Bombing">Khobar Towers Bombing</a> <br /> 5 <a href="/wiki/RQ-1_Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="RQ-1 Predator">RQ-1 Predator</a> <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned aircraft">unmanned aircraft</a> shot down</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown number of soldiers killed <br /> Unknown number of air defense systems destroyed <br /> 1 <a href="/wiki/MiG-25_Foxbat" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-25 Foxbat">MiG-25 Foxbat</a> shot down <br /> 1 <a href="/wiki/MiG-23_Flogger" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-23 Flogger">MiG-23 Flogger</a> shot down <br /> 2 <a href="/wiki/Su-22" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-22">Su-22</a> Fitters shot down</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1,400 Iraqi civilians killed <small><i>(Iraqi government claim)</i></small><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Iraqi_no-fly_zones_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Iraqi no-fly zones conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iraqi_no-fly_zones_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Iraqi no-fly zones conflict</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Provide_Comfort" title="Operation Provide Comfort"><i>Provide Comfort</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Southern_Watch" title="Operation Southern Watch"><i>Southern Watch</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_1993_airstrikes_on_Iraq" title="January 1993 airstrikes on Iraq"><i>Strikes (Jan '93)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq" title="1993 cruise missile strikes on Iraq"><i>Strikes (June '93)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War">Kurdish Civil War</a> (<a href="/wiki/1996_cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq" title="1996 cruise missile strikes on Iraq"><i>Desert Strike</i></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vigilant_Warrior" title="Operation Vigilant Warrior"><i>Vigilant Warrior</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northern_Watch" title="Operation Northern Watch"><i>Northern Watch</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_bombing_of_Iraq" title="1998 bombing of Iraq"><i>Desert Fox</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2001_airstrike_in_Iraq" title="February 2001 airstrike in Iraq"><i>Strikes (Feb '01)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_insurgency_in_Iraqi_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist insurgency in Iraqi Kurdistan">Kurdistan Islamist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Southern_Focus" title="Operation Southern Focus"><i>Southern Focus</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <br /> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Persian_Gulf_Wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Persian_Gulf_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Persian Gulf Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Persian_Gulf_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Persian Gulf Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Persian_Gulf_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Persian Gulf Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Persian_Gulf_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Persian Gulf Wars</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War (1990–1991)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Iraqi invasion of Kuwait">Invasion of Kuwait (1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">Iraqi Kurdish/Shi'a uprisings (1991)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq no-fly zones conflict (1991–2003)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1993_airstrikes_on_Iraq" title="January 1993 airstrikes on Iraq">Iraq air strikes (January 1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq" title="1993 cruise missile strikes on Iraq">Iraq missile strikes (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq" title="1996 cruise missile strikes on Iraq">Iraq missile strikes (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_bombing_of_Iraq" title="1998 bombing of Iraq">Iraq bombing (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1999 Shia uprising in Iraq">1999 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">Iraqi conflict (2003–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War (2003–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003%E2%80%932006_phase_of_the_Iraqi_insurgency" title="2003–2006 phase of the Iraqi insurgency">Iraqi insurgency (2003–2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_civil_war_(2006%E2%80%932008)" title="Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)">Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Iraqi insurgency (2008–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Iraqi no-fly zones conflict</b> was a low-level conflict in the two <a href="/wiki/No-fly_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="No-fly zones">no-fly zones</a> (NFZs) in Iraq that were proclaimed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War of 1991</a>. The United States stated that the NFZs were intended to protect the ethnic <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> minority in northern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiite">Shiite</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> in the south. Iraqi aircraft were forbidden from flying inside the zones. The policy was enforced by the United States and the United Kingdom until 2003, when it was rendered obsolete by the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>. French aircraft patrols also participated until France withdrew in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Iraqi government claimed 1,400 civilians were killed by <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Coalition of the Gulf War">Coalition</a> bombing during the NFZ.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kurdish-dominated north gained effective autonomy and was protected from a feared repeat of the <a href="/wiki/Anfal_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Anfal genocide">Anfal genocide</a> in 1988 that killed tens of thousands of civilians. Over 280,000 sorties were flown in the first 9 years of the NFZs.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This military action was not authorised by the United Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the UN</a> at the time the resolution was passed, <a href="/wiki/Boutros_Boutros-Ghali" title="Boutros Boutros-Ghali">Boutros Boutros-Ghali</a>, called the no-fly zones "illegal" in a later interview with <a href="/wiki/John_Pilger" title="John Pilger">John Pilger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legality">Legality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_no-fly_zones_conflict&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">French governments</a> justified the no-fly zones by invoking <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_688" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 688">United Nations Security Council Resolution 688</a>, though the resolution made no explicit reference to no-fly zones.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_preparation_for_ground_invasion">Role in preparation for ground invasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_no-fly_zones_conflict&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Role in preparation for ground invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From March to December 2002 the number of bombs dropped increased by 300%.<sup id="cite_ref-globalpolicy.org_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalpolicy.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was recognised as "a clear indication that the no-fly zone is being used to destroy the country's air defence systems in anticipation of an all-out attack".<sup id="cite_ref-globalpolicy.org_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalpolicy.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a> officials privately admitted to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">the Guardian</a></i> that the no-fly zones were being used to weaken Iraq's air defence systems instead of the stated aim of defending the <a href="/wiki/Marsh_Arabs" title="Marsh Arabs">Marsh Arabs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> population of Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-globalpolicy.org_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalpolicy.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The commander of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Abraham_Lincoln_(CVN-72)" title="USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72)">USS <i>Abraham Lincoln</i></a>'s air wing said that the NFZ "makes any potential action infinitely easier ... to fly over the same territory you're going to attack is a real luxury".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civilian_deaths">Civilian deaths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_no-fly_zones_conflict&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Civilian deaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> reported that in 1999 alone 144 civilians were killed during Coalition bombing raids.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1999 over 1,800 bombs had been dropped on Iraq,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Iraq stated that 1,400 civilians died due to bombing during the NFZ.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States and coalition countries denied these allegations and cited popular Kurdish and Shia demands for no-fly zones, in order to protect against Saddam Hussein.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The establishing of no-fly zones effectively cut off Saddam Hussein from much of the north and secured the Kurdish population, who gained effective autonomy directly following the intervention. This autonomy has continued to thrive and even avoided the chaos and bloodshed that characterized the rest of Iraq during the 2003 Iraq war.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_no-fly_zones_conflict&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Events <a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Prelude to the Iraq War">leading up</a><br />to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IraqWarHeader.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/IraqWarHeader.jpg/250px-IraqWarHeader.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/IraqWarHeader.jpg/375px-IraqWarHeader.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/IraqWarHeader.jpg/500px-IraqWarHeader.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a> 1958</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> 1961–1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a> 1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a> 1978–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Ba%27ath_Party_Purge" title="1979 Ba'ath Party Purge">Ba'ath Party Purge</a> 1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> 1980–1988</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">Iraqgate</a> 1982–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Iraqi invasion of Kuwait">Iraqi invasion of Kuwait</a> 1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> 1990–1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_against_Iraq" title="International sanctions against Iraq">Sanctions against Iraq</a> 1990–2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">Iraqi uprisings</a> 1991</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraqi no-fly zones conflict</a> 1991–2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_disarmament_crisis" title="Iraq disarmament crisis">Iraq disarmament crisis</a> 1991–2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms-to-Iraq_affair" title="Arms-to-Iraq affair">Arms-to-Iraq affair</a> 1992–1996</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Liberation_Act" title="Iraq Liberation Act">Iraq Liberation Act</a> 1998</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> 2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_anthrax_attacks" title="2001 anthrax attacks">U.S. anthrax attacks</a> 2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">U.S. invasion of Afghanistan</a> 2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Atta%27s_alleged_Prague_connection" title="Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection">Alleged Prague connection</a> 2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_Against_Iraq_Resolution_of_2002" title="Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002">Iraq Resolution</a> 2002</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_Green_ricin_plot" title="Wood Green ricin plot">Wood Green ricin plot</a> 2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell%27s_presentation_to_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Colin Powell's presentation to the United Nations Security Council">Colin Powell's UN presentation</a> 2003</li></ul> </li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Events_leading_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Template:Events leading to the Iraq War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Events_leading_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Template talk:Events leading to the Iraq War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Events_leading_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Events leading to the Iraq War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>From 1992 to the United States-led coalition <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq in 2003</a>, there were two NFZs in Iraq. The NFZ in the north of Iraq was established shortly after the Gulf War, extending from the <a href="/wiki/36th_parallel_north" title="36th parallel north">36th parallel</a> northwards. In August 1992 the NFZ in the south to the <a href="/wiki/32nd_parallel_north" title="32nd parallel north">32nd parallel</a> was established,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in 1996 it was expanded to the <a href="/wiki/33rd_parallel_north" title="33rd parallel north">33rd parallel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern NFZ was initially part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Provide_Comfort" title="Operation Provide Comfort">Operation Provide Comfort</a> relief operations to a persecuted <a href="/wiki/Kurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurd">Kurdish</a> minority in Iraq, and was followed on by <a href="/wiki/Operation_Northern_Watch" title="Operation Northern Watch">Operation Northern Watch</a>. The southern NFZ was maintained by <a href="/wiki/Operation_Southern_Watch" title="Operation Southern Watch">Operation Southern Watch</a>. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Storm">Operation Desert Storm</a> ended in 1991, the safety of Kurds who were fleeing during the <a href="/wiki/1991_uprisings_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 uprisings in Iraq">uprising</a> from Iraqi persecution became an issue, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Provide_Comfort" title="Operation Provide Comfort">Operation Provide Comfort</a> began. This operation essentially created a Northern NFZ to Iraqi military aircraft. The operation provided the Kurdish population with humanitarian aid and reassurance of safe skies. </p><p>On 26 June 1993, the U.S. conducted a <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq_(June_1993)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruise missile strikes on Iraq (June 1993)">cruise missile attack on the Iraqi Intelligence Service's (IIS) principal command and control complex in Baghdad</a>, publicly announced as retaliation for the assassination attempt by the IIS on former President George H. W. Bush while he was visiting Kuwait in April of that year to commemorate a coalition victory over Iraq in the Gulf War. Fourteen cruise missiles were launched from <a href="/wiki/USS_Peterson_(DD-969)" title="USS Peterson (DD-969)">USS <i>Peterson</i></a> and nine of them launched from <a href="/wiki/USS_Robert_Smalls" title="USS Robert Smalls">USS <i>Chancellorsville</i></a>. Sixteen hit the target, while three struck a residential area, killing nine civilians and wounding 12 others. Four missiles were unaccounted for.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1994, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> once again began mobilizing around 64,000 Iraqi troops near the Kuwaiti border because of their expressed frustrations of economic sanctions imposed on Iraq by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the U.S. begins to deploy troops in the Persian Gulf to deter Iraqi aggression against Kuwait. Code-named <a href="/wiki/Operation_Vigilant_Warrior" title="Operation Vigilant Warrior">Operation Vigilant Warrior</a>, 1st Brigade of the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Stewart" title="Fort Stewart">Fort Stewart</a>, Georgia-based 24th Infantry Division (Mechanized) deployed and drew pre-positioned equipment in Kuwait. The 23rd Wing's (Flying Tigers) 75th Fighter Squadron (Tigersharks) and its full complement of <a href="/wiki/A-10" class="mw-redirect" title="A-10">A-10s</a> initially deployed from <a href="/wiki/Pope_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope AFB">Pope AFB</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> to <a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_Air_Base" title="King Abdulaziz Air Base">Dhahran Air Base</a>, Saudi Arabia, followed by the first forward deployment to <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Jaber_Air_Base" title="Ahmad al-Jaber Air Base">Ahmad al-Jaber Air Base</a>, Kuwait. This allowed better face-to-face coordination with tactical air control parties (TACP) assets further forward deployed at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Doha" title="Camp Doha">Camp Doha</a>, Kuwait and points north. Iraq would later withdraw troops near the Kuwaiti border in response to a massive U.S. military build-up. </p><p>However, this was marred by a <a href="/wiki/Friendly-fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Friendly-fire">friendly-fire</a> incident on 14 April 1994 when two <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/F-15_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="F-15 Eagle">F-15 Eagle</a> fighter planes <a href="/wiki/1994_Black_Hawk_shootdown_incident" title="1994 Black Hawk shootdown incident">mistakenly shot down</a> two <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> <a href="/wiki/UH-60_Black_Hawk" class="mw-redirect" title="UH-60 Black Hawk">UH-60 Black Hawk</a> helicopters, killing 26 Coalition military and civilian personnel. </p><p>In September 1996, the U.S. conducted <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Strike">Operation Desert Strike</a>, and ships from the <a href="/wiki/USS_Carl_Vinson" title="USS Carl Vinson">USS <i>Carl Vinson</i></a> Battle Group, including <a href="/wiki/USS_Laboon" title="USS Laboon">USS <i>Laboon</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Shiloh_(CG-67)" title="USS Shiloh (CG-67)">USS <i>Shiloh</i></a>, in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/B-52" class="mw-redirect" title="B-52">B-52</a> bombers escorted by <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat" title="Grumman F-14 Tomcat">F-14D Tomcats</a> from USS <i>Carl Vinson</i>, launched 27 cruise missiles against Iraqi air defense targets in southern Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-Global_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second wave of 17 was launched later that day.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The missiles hit targets in and around <a href="/wiki/Kut" title="Kut">Kut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iskandariyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskandariyah">Iskandariyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasiriyah" title="Nasiriyah">Nasiriyah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tallil" class="mw-redirect" title="Tallil">Tallil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was done in response to <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, the dictator of Iraq, attempting to launch an Iraqi military offensive campaign in the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Arbil" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbil">Arbil</a> in Iraqi Kurdistan. </p><p>Operation Provide Comfort officially ended on 31 December 1996. Following Operation Provide Comfort, the United States continued to watch over the northern skies with the launching of Operation Northern Watch on 1 January 1997. Operation Northern Watch continued to provide air security to the Kurdish population in the north. By 1999, the Department of Defense had flown over 200,000 sorties over Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American and British aircraft continuously enforced the NFZ, receiving anti-aircraft fire from Iraqi forces almost daily.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The operation ran until its conclusion on 1 May 2003. In the south, Operation Southern Watch was underway to watch over the persecuted Shi'ite populations. This operation was launched on 27 August 1992 with the mission of preventing further human rights abuses against civilian populations. Iraq challenged the no-fly zone beginning in December 1992 when a USAF <a href="/wiki/F-16" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16">F-16</a> fighter plane shot down an Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-25" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25">MiG-25 Foxbat</a> fighter which had locked onto it in the Southern no-fly zone. The next month Coalition planes attacked Iraqi SAM sites in the South.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Baghdad eventually halted firing on patrolling Coalition aircraft after August 1993. </p><p>In December 1998, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Fox">Operation Desert Fox</a> was conducted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>, which was a major four-day bombing campaign on Iraqi targets from 16 December to 19 December 1998. The contemporaneous justification for the strikes was Iraq's failure to comply with United Nations Security Council resolutions and its interference with <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Commission" title="United Nations Special Commission">United Nations Special Commission</a> inspectors. </p><p> In the aftermath of Operation Desert Fox in December 1998, Iraq announced it would no longer respect the no-fly zones and resumed its efforts in shooting down Coalition aircraft. <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> offered a $14,000 reward to anyone who could accomplish this task, but no manned aircraft were ever shot down by <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. Air strikes by British and American aircraft against Iraqi claimed anti-aircraft and military targets continued weekly over the next few years. In the early 2000s (decade), the U.S. developed a contingency plan, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Badger" title="Operation Desert Badger">Operation Desert Badger</a> for dealing with pilots shot down over Iraqi no-fly zones.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_020927-D-0000M-007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Defense.gov_News_Photo_020927-D-0000M-007.jpg/220px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_020927-D-0000M-007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Defense.gov_News_Photo_020927-D-0000M-007.jpg/330px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_020927-D-0000M-007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Defense.gov_News_Photo_020927-D-0000M-007.jpg/440px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_020927-D-0000M-007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption>Still photograph from a videotape of an Iraqi surface-to-air missile, believed to be an SA-3, launched at a Coalition aircraft in July 2001.</figcaption></figure><p>The operation continued until it transitioned to <a href="/wiki/Operation_Southern_Focus" title="Operation Southern Focus">Operation Southern Focus</a> in June 2002. They began to carry out offensive sorties, not only against targets that had fired on them, but upon installations that had demonstrated no hostile intent. The U.S. claimed that these increased attacks were the result of increasing Iraqi provocations, but later, in July 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">British Ministry of Defense</a> released figures showing that the number of provocations had actually dropped dramatically prior to and just after the increase in allied attacks. Their records indicate that in the first seven months of 2001, there had been 370 provocations on the part of Iraq. In the seven months from October 2001 into May 2002, only 32 such provocations were recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Tommy Franks later acknowledged that the dramatic increase in offensive sorties was an attempt to destroy the Iraqi defenses in much the same way as the air strikes at the beginning of the Gulf War had.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In purported retaliation for the Iraqis' now-daily air defense attacks on Coalition aircraft, the September attacks included a 5 September 100-aircraft attack on the main air defense site in western Iraq. According to an editorial by Michael Smith for the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i>, this was "Located at the furthest extreme of the southern no-fly zone, far away from the areas that needed to be patrolled to prevent attacks on the Shi'a; it was destroyed not because it was a threat to the patrols, but to allow allied special forces operating from Jordan to enter Iraq undetected."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NFZs effectively ceased to exist with the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> in March 2003, since air superiority over the country was quickly attained by the coalition. The NFZs were officially deactivated right after Saddam Hussein's overthrow.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_no-fly_zones_conflict&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iraq" title="Portal:Iraq">Iraq portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Airways" title="Iraqi Airways">Iraqi Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_sanctions" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq sanctions">Iraq sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_air-to-air_combat_losses" title="Post–World War II air-to-air combat losses">Post–World War II air-to-air combat losses</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_no-fly_zones_conflict&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.stripes.com/01/jun01/ed060401a.html">http://www.stripes.com/01/jun01/ed060401a.html</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=43185">Defense.gov News Article: Patrolling Iraq's Northern Skies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carrington, Anca. "Iraq: Issues, Historical Background, Bibliography." Page 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/crisis_in_the_gulf/forces_and_firepower/244364.stm">"BBC News | FORCES AND FIREPOWER | Containment: The Iraqi no-fly zones"</a>. <i>news.bbc.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+News+%7C+FORCES+AND+FIREPOWER+%7C+Containment%3A+The+Iraqi+no-fly+zones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fevents%2Fcrisis_in_the_gulf%2Fforces_and_firepower%2F244364.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+no-fly+zones+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSponeckSponeckAmorim2006" class="citation book cs1">Sponeck, Graf Hans-Christof; Sponeck, H. C. von; Amorim, Celso N. (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R_a9BAAAQBAJ&dq=von+Sponeck+%E2%80%9CAir+Strike+Reports&pg=PA322"><i>A Different Kind of War: The UN Sanctions Regime in Iraq</i></a>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845452223" title="Special:BookSources/9781845452223"><bdi>9781845452223</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Different+Kind+of+War%3A+The+UN+Sanctions+Regime+in+Iraq&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2006-10&rft.isbn=9781845452223&rft.aulast=Sponeck&rft.aufirst=Graf+Hans-Christof&rft.au=Sponeck%2C+H.+C.+von&rft.au=Amorim%2C+Celso+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR_a9BAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dvon%2BSponeck%2B%25E2%2580%259CAir%2BStrike%2BReports%26pg%3DPA322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+no-fly+zones+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/170/41909.html">"Iraq Under Siege: Ten Years On"</a>. <i>www.globalpolicy.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.globalpolicy.org&rft.atitle=Iraq+Under+Siege%3A+Ten+Years+On&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpolicy.org%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F170%2F41909.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+no-fly+zones+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1175950.stm">"No-fly zones: The legal position"</a>. 19 February 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=No-fly+zones%3A+The+legal+position&rft.date=2001-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F1175950.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+no-fly+zones+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=3106">A People Betrayed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114173549/http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=3106">Archived</a> 14 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ZNet, 23 February 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnpilger.com/articles/labour-claims-its-actions-are-lawful-while-it-bombs-iraq-strarves-its-people-and-sells-arms-to-corrupt-states"><i>ITV</i> – John Pilger – "Labour claims its actions are lawful while it bombs Iraq, starves its people and sells arms to corrupt states"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-globalpolicy.org-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-globalpolicy.org_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-globalpolicy.org_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-globalpolicy.org_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/168/36752.html">"Britain and US Step Up Bombing in Iraq"</a>. <i>www.globalpolicy.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.globalpolicy.org&rft.atitle=Britain+and+US+Step+Up+Bombing+in+Iraq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpolicy.org%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F168%2F36752.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+no-fly+zones+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/168/36748.html">"US Pilots Enforce Iraq No-Fly Zone"</a>. <i>www.globalpolicy.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.globalpolicy.org&rft.atitle=US+Pilots+Enforce+Iraq+No-Fly+Zone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpolicy.org%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F168%2F36748.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+no-fly+zones+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvage2002" class="citation journal cs1">Salvage, Jane (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ippnw.org/pdf/medact-iraq-2002.pdf">"The health and environmental costs of war on Iraq"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>MedAct</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MedAct&rft.atitle=The+health+and+environmental+costs+of+war+on+Iraq&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Salvage&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ippnw.org%2Fpdf%2Fmedact-iraq-2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+no-fly+zones+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/crisis_in_the_gulf/forces_and_firepower/244364.stm">BBC News | FORCES AND FIREPOWER | Containment: The Iraqi no-fly zones</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emergency.com/2ndcruse.htm">2nd Cruise Missile Strikes in Iraq</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050209080929/http://www.emergency.com/2ndcruse.htm">Archived</a> 9 February 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Pike" class="citation web cs1">John Pike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/strike_930626.htm">"Air Strike 13 January 1993 – Operation Southern Watch"</a>. Globalsecurity.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Air+Strike+13+January+1993+%E2%80%93+Operation+Southern+Watch&rft.pub=Globalsecurity.org&rft.au=John+Pike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fops%2Fstrike_930626.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+no-fly+zones+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arabic-media.com/saddam.htm">Saddam Hussein & the invasion of Kuwait</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-10-09-mn-48375-story.html">U.S., Iraq Move More Troops Toward Kuwait : Military: Baghdad mobilizes force of 64,000. Tension up as American ships, planes, 4,000 soldiers converge on Gulf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Global-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Global_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/desert_strike.htm">Operation Desert Strike at globalsecurity.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050209080929/http://www.emergency.com/2ndcruse.htm">"2nd Cruise Missile Strikes in Iraq"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emergency.com/2ndcruse.htm">the original</a> on 9 February 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2nd+Cruise+Missile+Strikes+in+Iraq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emergency.com%2F2ndcruse.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+no-fly+zones+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9609/03/iraq.bombing/index.html">U.S. launches missile strikes against Iraq – CNN.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defense.gov/News/NewsArticle.aspx?ID=42670">U.S. Counters Iraq's Increased Aggression, Department of Defense News Brief</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hitchens,_Christopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitchens, Christopher">Hitchens, Christopher</a> (21 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/fighting_words/2004/06/unfairenheit_911.2.html">"Unfairenheit 9/11: The lies of Michael Moore."</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambeth2013" class="citation book cs1">Lambeth, Benjamin S. (2013). <i>The unseen war : allied air power and the takedown of Saddam Hussein</i>. Annapolis, Md. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612513126" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612513126"><bdi>978-1612513126</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+unseen+war+%3A+allied+air+power+and+the+takedown+of+Saddam+Hussein&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Md.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1612513126&rft.aulast=Lambeth&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+no-fly+zones+conflict" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Smith, "RAF Bombing Raids Tried to Goad Saddam into War," <i>Sunday Times</i>, 29 May 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>American Soldier</i> [2004] p. 342</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/uncategorized/2005/05/the-war-before-the-war">"The war before the war"</a>. 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