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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Glottal stop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glottal_stop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allophones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allophones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Allophones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allophones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allophones_of_/r/" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allophones_of_/r/"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.1</span> <span>Allophones of /r/</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allophones_of_/r/-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allophones_of_/g/" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allophones_of_/g/"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.2</span> <span>Allophones of /g/</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allophones_of_/g/-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allophones_of_/j/" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allophones_of_/j/"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.3</span> <span>Allophones of /j/</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allophones_of_/j/-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sandhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sandhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Sandhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sandhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nasals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nasals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3.1</span> <span>Nasals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nasals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assimilation_at_Point_of_Articulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assimilation_at_Point_of_Articulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3.1.1</span> <span>Assimilation at Point of Articulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assimilation_at_Point_of_Articulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coalescence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coalescence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3.1.2</span> <span>Coalescence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coalescence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3.1.3</span> <span>Elision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3.2</span> <span>Stops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sonorants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sonorants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Sonorants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sonorants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vibrant_assimilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vibrant_assimilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4.1</span> <span>Vibrant assimilation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vibrant_assimilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lateral_assimilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lateral_assimilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4.2</span> <span>Lateral assimilation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lateral_assimilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combination_of_these_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combination_of_these_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4.3</span> <span>Combination of these processes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combination_of_these_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowel_harmony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_harmony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Vowel harmony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_harmony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Where_all_vowels_must_be_in_harmony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Where_all_vowels_must_be_in_harmony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.1</span> <span>Where all vowels must be in harmony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Where_all_vowels_must_be_in_harmony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.2</span> <span>Mid vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Close_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Close_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.3</span> <span>Close vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Close_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Tone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lexical_Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexical_Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Lexical Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexical_Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammatical_Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammatical_Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Grammatical Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammatical_Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noun_Classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_Classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Noun Classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_Classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Personal Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emphatic_Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emphatic_Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Emphatic Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emphatic_Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reciprocal_Pronoun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reciprocal_Pronoun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Reciprocal Pronoun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reciprocal_Pronoun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reflexive_Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reflexive_Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Reflexive Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reflexive_Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relative_Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relative_Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.5</span> <span>Relative Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relative_Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interrogative_Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interrogative_Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.6</span> <span>Interrogative Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interrogative_Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonstrative_Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonstrative_Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.7</span> <span>Demonstrative Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonstrative_Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Syntax subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Word_Order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_Order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Word Order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_Order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verb_Phrase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb_Phrase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Verb Phrase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb_Phrase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Particles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Particles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Particles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Particles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Verb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Question_Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Question_Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Question Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Question_Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ex_situ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ex_situ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Ex situ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ex_situ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_situ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_situ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>In situ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_situ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Embedded" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embedded"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Embedded</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embedded-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_Questions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_Questions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>Multiple Questions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_Questions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long_distance_extraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_distance_extraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.5</span> <span>Long distance extraction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_distance_extraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greetings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greetings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Greetings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greetings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Farefare language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frafra" title="Frafra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Frafra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurunli" title="Gurunli – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Gurunli" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frafra_(Sprache)" title="Frafra (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frafra (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_frafra" title="Idioma frafra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma frafra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurena_lingvo" title="Gurena lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gurena lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurenera" title="Gurenera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gurenera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurenne" title="Gurenne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gurenne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_frafra" title="Lingua frafra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua frafra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kifarefare" title="Kifarefare – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kifarefare" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guren%C9%9B" title="Gurenɛ – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gurenɛ" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="フラフラ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フラフラ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frafra" title="Frafra – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frafra" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frafra" title="Frafra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Frafra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Farefare" title="Lenga Farefare – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Farefare" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" 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language</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Gur language spoken in West Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Farefare</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Frafra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Frafra_people" title="Frafra people">Frafra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(660,000 cited 1991–2013)<sup id="cite_ref-e26_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e26-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>? <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic–Congo">Atlantic–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Northern<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Oti%E2%80%93Volta_languages" title="Oti–Volta languages">Oti–Volta</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Mooré–Dagbani<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Mooré<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Farefare</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Gurenɛ</li> <li>Nankani</li> <li>Booni</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/gur" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:gur">gur</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/fare1241">fare1241</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style><div class="mw-kartographer-container thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 403px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme" style="width: 403px; height: 303px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="403" data-height="303" data-zoom="7" data-lat="10.752366" data-lon="-1.334839" data-overlays="["_4cddf2f10819bd120d4dd8adf7445365119dbaef"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/7/10.752366/-1.334839/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,7,10.752366,-1.334839,403x303.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Farefare_language&revid=1251207746&groups=_4cddf2f10819bd120d4dd8adf7445365119dbaef" width="403" height="303" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,7,10.752366,-1.334839,403x303@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Farefare_language&revid=1251207746&groups=_4cddf2f10819bd120d4dd8adf7445365119dbaef 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">Distribution of Gurene speakers</div></div></div><p><b>Farefare</b> or <b>Frafra</b>, also known by the regional name of <b>Gurenne</b> (<b>Gurene</b>), is a <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo language</a> spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Frafra_people" title="Frafra people">Frafra people</a> of northern <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Upper_East_Region" title="Upper East Region">Upper East Region</a>, and southern <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>. It is a national language of Ghana, and is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Dagomba_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagomba language">Dagbani</a> and other languages of Northern Ghana, and also related to <a href="/wiki/Mossi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mossi language">Mossi</a>, also known as Mooré, the national language of Burkina Faso. </p><p>Frafra consists of three principal dialects, Gurenɛ (also written <i>Gurunɛ,</i> <i>Gudenne, Gurenne, Gudeni, Zuadeni</i>), Nankani (<i>Naane, Nankanse, Ninkare</i>), and Boone. <a href="/wiki/Nabit_language" title="Nabit language">Nabit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talni_language" title="Talni language">Talni</a> have been mistakenly reported to be Frafra dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The general and accepted name for the language is <b>Farefare</b> or <b>Frafra</b>. The varieties in Ghana are usually called "Gurene", and those in Burkina-Faso are called "Ninkare".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Frafra language uses the letters of the Latin alphabet except for c, j, q, x, and with the addition of <a href="/wiki/%C6%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɛ">ɛ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C6%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɩ">ɩ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eng_(letter)" title="Eng (letter)">ŋ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C6%86" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɔ">ɔ</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C6%B2" title="Ʋ">ʋ</a>. The tilde is used for showing nasalization in Burkina Faso, but in Ghana it is shown using the letter n.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiggli200785_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiggli200785-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two nasal vowels /ɛ̃/ and /ɔ̃/ are spelt with ẽ and õ respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All long nasal vowels only get their tilde written on the first letter. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">Acute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> are sometimes used in grammar books to indicate <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a>, but not in general-purpose texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiggli200784_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiggli200784-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> is used to indicate the <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiggli200794_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiggli200794-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples of Gurunɛ orthography </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sound </th> <th>Representation </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>/a/ </td> <td>a </td> <td>ya /ja/ </td> <td>houses </td></tr> <tr> <td>/a:/ </td> <td>aa </td> <td>gaarɛ /ga:ɹɛ/ </td> <td>a type of bean cake </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɛ/ </td> <td>ɛ </td> <td>ɛkɛ /ɛkɛ/ </td> <td>to fly </td></tr> <tr> <td>/e/ </td> <td>e </td> <td>zoore /zo:ɹe:/ </td> <td>mountain/hill </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɛ̃/ </td> <td>ẽ </td> <td>tẽŋa </td> <td>city </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɪ/ </td> <td>ɩ </td> <td>taablɩ /ta:blɪ/ </td> <td>table (French borrowing) </td></tr> <tr> <td>/i/ </td> <td>i </td> <td>piika /pi:ka/ </td> <td>little </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɔ/ </td> <td>ɔ </td> <td>ɔɔrɔ /ɔ:ɹɔ/ </td> <td>cold </td></tr> <tr> <td>/o/ </td> <td>o </td> <td>toma toma /to:.ma.to:.ma/ </td> <td>a greeting similar to "hi" </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ʊ/ </td> <td>ʋ </td> <td>teebʋl /te:bʊl/ </td> <td>table (English borrowing) </td></tr> <tr> <td>/u/ </td> <td>uu </td> <td>buulika /bu:lika/ </td> <td>morning </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frafra has a system of 17 phonemes (or 19, counting /ɣ/, an allophone of /g/, and /ɾ/, an allophone of /d/):<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th scope="row"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">lenis</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Tap</a> </th> <th> </th> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th scope="row"><span style="font-size:85%;">fortis</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2" scope="row"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span style="font-size:85%;">lenis</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The sound /ŋ/ appears in front of some words starting with /w/, leading them to change into the /j/ sound. /h/ only appears in loanwords, exclamations, and as an allophone of /f/. An example of both of these sound changes are <i>weefo</i> and <i>yeho</i> (both meaning <i>"horse"</i>). The only consonants Frafra words may end in are the two nasals /m/ and /n/. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Glottal_stop">Glottal stop</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Glottal stop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glottal stops appear at the initial vowel of a word, but are not transcribed. Word-medially, vowel nasalization continues over the glottal stop. In rapid speech, the glottal stop is usually dropped, similar to how vowel hiatus gets dropped in Spanish. </p><p>Word medial glottal stops must be marked in writing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allophones">Allophones</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Allophones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Allophones_of_/r/"><span id="Allophones_of_.2Fr.2F"></span>Allophones of /r/</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Allophones of /r/"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>[d] and [ɾ] are two phonetic realizations of the same phoneme. [d] occurs at the beginning of words, and [ɾ] is its counterpart everywhere else. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Allophones_of_/g/"><span id="Allophones_of_.2Fg.2F"></span>Allophones of /g/</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Allophones of /g/"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>[ɣ] is an allophone of /g/ that occurs after certain vowels. It is mostly written "g." Usage of the letter "ɣ" is quite rare. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Allophones_of_/j/"><span id="Allophones_of_.2Fj.2F"></span>Allophones of /j/</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Allophones of /j/"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>[ɲ] is an allophone of /j/ that occurs before a nasal vowel. It is always written as "y." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sandhi">Sandhi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sandhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This section will describe all the morpho-phonological <a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">sandhi</a> processes that affect Frafra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Nasals">Nasals</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nasals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nasal consonants undergo assimilation, coalescence, and elision. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Assimilation_at_Point_of_Articulation">Assimilation at Point of Articulation</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Assimilation at Point of Articulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nasals assimilate to the point of articulation of the occlusive the proceed. </p> <ul><li>/m/ goes before /p/ and /b/</li> <li>/n/ goes before /t/ and /d/</li> <li>/ŋ/ goes before /k/</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Coalescence">Coalescence</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Coalescence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a nasal is followed by /g/, the two consonants amalgamate. </p> <ul><li>/n/ + /g/ = /ŋ/</li></ul> <p>This rule does not apply to compound words (e.g. <i>tẽŋgãnnɛ "sacred land"</i>) or loanwards (e.g. <i>maŋgo</i> "mango") </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Elision">Elision</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Elision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nasals disappear when they go before /f/ </p> <ul><li>/m/ + /f/ = /f/</li> <li>/n/ + /f/ = /f/</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Stops">Stops</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Stops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two voiced stops become their unvoiced form. Remember that [ɾ] is the word-medial allophone of /d/ </p> <ul><li>/g/ + /g/ = /k/</li> <li>/r/ + /r/ = /t/</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sonorants">Sonorants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sonorants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Vibrant_assimilation">Vibrant assimilation</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vibrant assimilation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vibrant consonants, also called taps, assimilate to a preceding lateral or nasal. </p> <ul><li>/l/ + /r/ = /ll/</li> <li>/n/ + /r/ = /nn/</li> <li>/m/ + /r/ = either /nn/ or /mn/</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Lateral_assimilation">Lateral assimilation</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Lateral assimilation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>/n/ + /l/ = /nn/</li> <li>/m/ + /l/ = /nn/</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Combination_of_these_processes">Combination of these processes</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Combination of these processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>C</b> designates any consonant, and <b>N</b> designates any nasal. </p> <ul><li>Cm + r = Cn</li> <li>Cl + r = Cl</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frafra has 9 oral vowels and 5 nasal vowels. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">lax</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">tense</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">lax</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">tense</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ĩ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ũ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɔ̃</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ã</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthongs</a> </th> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All Frafra vowels have a long form. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowel_harmony">Vowel harmony</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Vowel harmony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like many <a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande languages</a>, Frafra features <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When suffixes are added to word roots, the vowel in the root selects whether the suffix will use the tense or lax form. The exception is suffixes ending in "-a" because /a/ is neutral in Frafra, meaning that it is only one form. Prefixes do not exist in Frafra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Where_all_vowels_must_be_in_harmony">Where all vowels must be in harmony</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Where all vowels must be in harmony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In disyllabic words, both vowels are always in harmony. The same applies in <a href="/wiki/Vowel_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel sequence">vowel sequences</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mid_vowels">Mid vowels</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Mid vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lax vowel -a in noun and verb endings will change the tense vowels /e/ and /o/ to lax vowels /ɛ/ and /ɔ/. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Close_vowels">Close vowels</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Close vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a suffix's vowel is close, and stem's vowel is close and tense, it causes the suffix's vowel to become tense. </p><p>For example, the <a href="/wiki/Locative_adverb" title="Locative adverb">locative</a> <a href="/wiki/Postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Postposition">postposition</a> "-ʋm" becomes "-um" after the vowels /i/, /ĩ/, /u/, and /ũ/. </p> <ul><li>pʋʋrɛ (<i>"belly"</i>) > pʋʋr<b>ʋm</b> ("<i>inside the belly</i>")</li> <li>nifo ("eye") > nif<b>um</b> ("<i>inside the eye</i>")</li></ul> <p>However, tense vowels that are not close do not affect "ʋm". Therefore <i>poore</i> ("back") becomes <i>poor<b>ʋm</b></i> <u>("behind")<i>.</i></u> </p><p>The particle "nɩ," which goes after a verbs to mark the <a href="/wiki/Imperfective_aspect" title="Imperfective aspect">incomplete aspect</a>, becomes "ni" after /i/, /ĩ/, /u/, and /ũ/. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone">Tone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Tone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gurenɛ marks a high and a low tone. Changes in tone have an impact on either the lexical or grammatical function of a particular word.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lexical_Function">Lexical Function</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Lexical Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With low tones the word becomes a verb, whereas with high tones it is a noun. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">vàlèŋà</p></div><p style="display: none;">vàlèŋà</p><p style="clear: left;">„waist bead.“<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">váléŋá</p></div><p style="display: none;">váléŋá</p><p style="clear: left;">„spider“<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grammatical_Function">Grammatical Function</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Grammatical Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The low tone on the preverbal tense marker <i>wà</i> indicates future, while the high tone on the same element indicates aspect. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Átáŋá</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Ataŋa</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wà</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="future tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FUT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nyù</p><p style="margin: 0px;">drink</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kò'òm</p><p style="margin: 0px;">water</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lá.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Átáŋá wà nyù kò'òm lá.</p><p style="display: none;">Ataŋa FUT drink water DEF</p><p style="clear: left;">„Ataŋa will drink the water.“<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Átáŋá</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Ataŋa</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wá</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ASP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nyù</p><p style="margin: 0px;">drink</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kò'òm</p><p style="margin: 0px;">water</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lá.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Átáŋá wá nyù kò'òm lá.</p><p style="display: none;">Ataŋa ASP drink water DEF</p><p style="clear: left;">„Ataŋa definitely drank the water.“<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noun_Classes">Noun Classes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Noun Classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nouns in Gurunɛ have different "classes" with regard to plurals: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Frafra Plurals </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Genre </th> <th>Class #s (sg./pl.) </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Examples </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1st </td> <td rowspan="2">1 / 2 </td> <td rowspan="2">-a </td> <td>-ba </td> <td>nẽra > nẽrba </td> <td>person > people </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">-dõma </td> <td>dɛɛma > dɛɛndõma <p>naba > na'adõma </p><p>yaaba > yaabdõma </p> </td> <td>in-law(s) <p>chief(s) </p><p>ancestor(s) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Loanwords </td> <td> </td> <td>ãnkɔra > ãnkɔrdõma <p>biki > bikidõma </p><p>nõtɩ > nõtɩdõma </p><p>sɛɛtɛ > sɛɛtɛdõma </p> </td> <td>water barrel(s) [Twi] <p>ballpoint pen(s) [French] </p><p>nut(s) [English] </p><p>shirt(s) [English] </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2nd </td> <td rowspan="2">3 / 4 </td> <td>-a </td> <td rowspan="2">-sɩ </td> <td>tɩa > tɩɩsɩ </td> <td>tree(s) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-ga </td> <td>yɩbga > yɩbsɩ </td> <td>younger sibling(s) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">3rd </td> <td rowspan="5">5 / 6 </td> <td rowspan="2">-go </td> <td>-ro </td> <td>boko > bogro <p>võogɔ > võorɔ </p><p>wɔbgɔ > wɔbrɔ </p> </td> <td>hole(s) <p>leaf > leaves </p><p>elephant(s) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-to </td> <td>deego > deto <p>zuugo > zuto </p> </td> <td>room(s) / hut(s) / house(s) <p>head(s) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-ko </td> <td>-gro </td> <td>bɔkɔ > bɔgrɔ </td> <td>shoulder(s) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-lgo </td> <td>-llo </td> <td>bakolgo > bakollo </td> <td>soothsayer's fetish(es) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-ŋo </td> <td>-nno </td> <td>Filippiŋɔ > Filippinno <p>sõŋɔ > sõnnɔ </p><p>Tɩntɩŋɔ > Tɩntɩnnɔ </p> </td> <td>island in the Philippines > The <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> <p>mat(s) </p><p>one of the Netherlands > The <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">4th </td> <td rowspan="4">7/8 </td> <td>-le <p>(if the stem ends in /l/) </p> </td> <td rowspan="4">-a </td> <td>wille > wila <p>zelle > zɛla </p> </td> <td>branch(es) <p>egg(s) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-ne <p>(if the stem ends in /m/ or /n/) </p> </td> <td>bẽmnɛ > bẽma <p>dũnne > dũma </p><p>gɩgnɛ > gɩgma </p><p>kãnnɛ > kãna </p><p>mã'anɛ > mã'ana </p><p>yẽnnɛ > yẽna </p> </td> <td>calabash drum(s) <p>knee(s) </p><p>lion(s) </p><p>spear(s) </p><p>piece(s) of okra </p><p>tooth > teeth </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-re </td> <td>busre > busa <p>dĩire > dĩa </p><p>gere > gɛa </p><p>kũure > kũa </p><p>loore > lɔa </p><p>nõorɛ > nõa </p><p>pʋʋrɛ > pʋa </p><p>sore > sɔa </p><p>sũure > sũa </p><p>tʋbrɛ > tʋba </p> </td> <td>yam(s) <p>forehead(s) </p><p>thigh(s) </p><p>hoe(s) </p><p>vehicle(s) </p><p>mouth(s) </p><p>belly > bellies </p><p>road(s) / trail(s) </p><p>heart(s) </p><p>ear(s) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-te <p>(if the stem ends in /r/) </p> </td> <td>tagtɛ > tagra <p>watɛ > wara </p><p>watɛ > wara </p> </td> <td>sandal(s) <p>brick(s) </p><p>cloud(s) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">5th <p>(stem vowels change) </p> </td> <td rowspan="2">9/10 </td> <td rowspan="2">-fo </td> <td>-i </td> <td>lagfɔ > ligri <p>mu'ufo > mũi </p><p>naafɔ - niigi </p><p>nifo > nini </p><p>weefo/yeho > wiiri/yiri </p><p>yoofo > yũuni </p> </td> <td>cowry shell > money <p>rice grain > rice </p><p>bovine(s) </p><p>eye(s) </p><p>horse(s) </p><p>shea nut(s) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>- </td> <td>sĩfo > sĩm <p>zũfo > zũma </p> </td> <td>bee(s) <p>fish(es) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6th <p>(mostly animals and diminutives) </p> </td> <td>11/12 </td> <td>-la </td> <td>-nto </td> <td>bʋdibla > bʋdimto <p>bʋtɩla > bʋtɩtɔ </p><p>kɩɩla > kɩɩntɔ </p><p>niila > niinto </p><p>pɩɩla > pɩɩntɔ </p><p>pugla > pugunto </p> </td> <td>boy(s) <p>billy goat(s) </p><p>guinea fowl(s) </p><p>chick(s) </p><p>lamb(s) </p><p>girl(s) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(No distinction between plural and singular) </td> <td>Class 13 </td> <td colspan="2">-bo </td> <td>kɩ'ɩbɔ <p>bo'obo / bɔ'a </p> </td> <td>soap <p>gift </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uncountable nouns </td> <td>Class 14 </td> <td colspan="2">-m </td> <td>bɛglʋm <p>bĩ'isũm </p><p>dãam </p><p>dabeem </p><p>dõndʋ'ʋrʋm </p><p>gẽem </p><p>ɩɩlʋm </p><p>kaam </p><p>ko'om </p><p>kɔm </p><p>kũm </p><p>mẽelʋm </p><p>nõŋlʋm </p><p>nõtõorʋm </p><p>tɩɩm </p><p>valʋm </p><p>yaarʋm </p><p>yɛm </p><p>zẽem </p><p>zɩɩm </p><p>zom </p> </td> <td>mud <p>breastmilk </p><p>beer, alcohol </p><p>fear </p><p>urine </p><p>sleep </p><p>milk </p><p>oil </p><p>water </p><p>hunger </p><p>death </p><p>dew </p><p>love </p><p>saliva </p><p>medicine, remedy </p><p>shame </p><p>salt </p><p>intelligence </p><p>potash </p><p>blood </p><p>flour </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal_Pronouns">Personal Pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Personal Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Person </th> <th>Subject/Possessor </th> <th>Object </th> <th>Emphatic </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><b>SG</b> </td> <td><b>PL</b> </td> <td><b>SG</b> </td> <td><b>PL</b> </td> <td><b>SG</b> </td> <td><b>PL</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1st </td> <td>ma/n </td> <td>tu </td> <td>ma </td> <td>tu </td> <td>mam </td> <td>tumam </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd </td> <td>fu </td> <td>ya </td> <td>fu </td> <td>ya </td> <td>fum </td> <td>yamam </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd </td> <td>a </td> <td>ba </td> <td>e </td> <td>ba </td> <td>e<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>a </td> <td>bamam </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emphatic_Pronouns">Emphatic Pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Emphatic Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only emphatic pronouns can appear in focus positions, whereas all other pronouns cannot appear in those positions. Emphatic pronouns are used in exclusive contexts, in which the speaker indicates that only one thing is true and not the other. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Mam</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="emphatic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EMPH</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ti</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dikɛ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">take</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bo.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">give</p></div><p style="display: none;">Mam ti a dikɛ bo.</p><p style="display: none;">1SG.EMPH FOC 1SG take give</p><p style="clear: left;">„It is me that he gave it to.“<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Yamam</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="emphatic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EMPH</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">n</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sagum</p><p style="margin: 0px;">destroy</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">loore</p><p style="margin: 0px;">lorry</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lá.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Yamam n sagum loore lá.</p><p style="display: none;">2PL.EMPH FOC destroy lorry DEF</p><p style="clear: left;">„It is you guys (not us) who destroyed the lorry.“<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reciprocal_Pronoun">Reciprocal Pronoun</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Reciprocal Pronoun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reciprocal pronoun is <i>taaba</i> and occurs postverbally. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Budaa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lá</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pɔka</p><p style="margin: 0px;">woman</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lá</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nɔŋɛ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">love</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">taaba</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="reciprocal voice" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RECP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mɛ.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Budaa lá pɔka lá nɔŋɛ taaba mɛ.</p><p style="display: none;">man DEF woman DEF love RECP FOC</p><p style="clear: left;">„The man and the woman love each other.“<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reflexive_Pronouns">Reflexive Pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Reflexive Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To form a reflexive pronoun in Gurenɛ the morphem <i>-miŋa</i> for singular or <i>-misi</i> for plural is attached to a particular personal pronoun. While in other <a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a> languages, the reflexive morphem is not sensitive to number, in Gurenɛ there exist two forms, one for each number. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Person </th> <th>Reflexive Morphem SG </th> <th>Personal Pronoun SG </th> <th>Reflexive Pronoun SG </th> <th>Reflexive Morphem PL </th> <th>Personal Pronoun PL </th> <th>Reflexive Pronoun PL </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st </td> <td>-miŋa </td> <td>n </td> <td>nmiŋa </td> <td>-misi </td> <td>tu </td> <td>tumisi </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd </td> <td>-miŋa </td> <td>fu </td> <td>fumiŋa </td> <td>-misi </td> <td>ya </td> <td>yamisi </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd </td> <td>-miŋa </td> <td>a </td> <td>amiŋa </td> <td>-misi </td> <td>ba </td> <td>bamisi </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Amaa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">but</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mami</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">daa</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PST</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">guri</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hold.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PST</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nmiŋa.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="reflexive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REFL</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Amaa mami daa guri nmiŋa.</p><p style="display: none;">but 1SG PST hold.PST 1SG.REFL</p><p style="clear: left;">„But I restrained myself.“<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ba</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ka</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">le</p><p style="margin: 0px;">again</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ŋmɛ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">beat</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bamisi.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="reflexive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REFL</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Ba ka le ŋmɛ bamisi.</p><p style="display: none;">3PL NEG again beat 3PL.REFL</p><p style="clear: left;">„They will not beat themselves again.“<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relative_Pronouns">Relative Pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Relative Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two relative pronouns, <i>ti</i> and <i>n</i>. The former relativizes subjects, while the latter is used to relativize objects. Both pronouns are not sensitive to number or animacy, while this is the case in other <a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a> languages such as <a href="/wiki/Dagbani" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagbani">Dagbani</a> for instance. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Budaa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lá</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>n</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="relative(izer)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wa'am</p><p style="margin: 0px;">come</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kalam</p><p style="margin: 0px;">here</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">de</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="copula" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">là</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ma</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sɔ.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">father</p></div><p style="display: none;">Budaa lá <b>n</b> wa'am kalam de là ma sɔ.</p><p style="display: none;">man DEF REL come here COP FOC 1SG father</p><p style="clear: left;">„The man who came here is my father.“<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Budaa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lá</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ti</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="relative(izer)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">fu</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nyɛ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">see</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">là</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">de</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="copula" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">là</p><p style="margin: 0px;">FOCɛ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ma</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sɔ.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">father</p></div><p style="display: none;">Budaa lá <b>ti</b> fu nyɛ là de là ma sɔ.</p><p style="display: none;">man DEF REL 2SG see FOC COP FOCɛ 1SG father</p><p style="clear: left;">„The man that you saw is my father.“<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interrogative_Pronouns">Interrogative Pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Interrogative Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Interrogative pronouns can either occur sentence-initially or sentence-finally. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>Ani</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">who</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">n</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">di</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dia</p><p style="margin: 0px;">food</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lá?</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>Ani</b> n di dia lá?</p><p style="display: none;">who FOC eat.PFV food DEF</p><p style="clear: left;">„Who ate the food?“<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Sukuu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">school</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kɔma</p><p style="margin: 0px;">children</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lá</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">siŋɛ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">do</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">là</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>bɛ</b>?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">where</p></div><p style="display: none;">Sukuu kɔma lá siŋɛ là <b>bɛ</b>?</p><p style="display: none;">school children DEF do FOC where</p><p style="clear: left;">„Where did the students go?“<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>Beni</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">what</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dia</p><p style="margin: 0px;">food</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ti</p><p style="margin: 0px;">that</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ba</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kɔɔsa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sell</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">da'a?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">market</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>Beni</b> dia ti ba kɔɔsa da'a?</p><p style="display: none;">what food that 3PL sell market</p><p style="clear: left;">„What food are they selling at the market?“<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Naafu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">cow</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lá</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">de</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="copula" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">là</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>alɛ</b>?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">how.much</p></div><p style="display: none;">Naafu lá de là <b>alɛ</b>?</p><p style="display: none;">cow DEF COP FOC how.much</p><p style="clear: left;">„How much is the price of the cow?“<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Demonstrative_Pronouns">Demonstrative Pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Demonstrative Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each demonstrative pronoun refers to a single noun class. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Number </th> <th>Gurenɛ </th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>SG</b> </td> <td>ina (CL1) </td> <td>that/this </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>kana (CL4) </td> <td>that/this </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>dina (CL5) </td> <td>that/this </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>kuna (CL7) </td> <td>that/this </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>PL</b> </td> <td>bana (CL2) </td> <td>these/those </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>sina (CL4) </td> <td>these/those </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>tuna (CL8) </td> <td>these/those </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>buna (CL9) </td> <td>these/those </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_Order">Word Order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Word Order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word order in Gurenɛ is strictly SVO.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">N</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wan</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="future tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FUT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kule</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go.home</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">beere.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tomorrow</p></div><p style="display: none;">N wan kule beere.</p><p style="display: none;">1SG FUT go.home tomorrow</p><p style="clear: left;">„I will go home tomorrow.“<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Dɔgeta</p><p style="margin: 0px;">doctor</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lá</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wan</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="future tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FUT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">inject</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ma.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Dɔgeta lá wan lu ma.</p><p style="display: none;">doctor DEF FUT inject 1SG</p><p style="clear: left;">„The doctor will inject me.“<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">À</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">give</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ma</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ligeri</p><p style="margin: 0px;">money</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lá.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">À bo ma ligeri lá.</p><p style="display: none;">3SG give 1SG money DEF</p><p style="clear: left;">„S/he gave me the money.“<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verb_Phrase">Verb Phrase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Verb Phrase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The verb phrase (VP) consists of pre- and postverbal particles surrounding the verb. Preverbal particles encode <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negation" title="Negation">negation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional</a>. Postverbal particles also encode aspect and tense, but in addition to that they can also encode <a href="/wiki/Focus_(linguistics)" title="Focus (linguistics)">focus</a>. The order of particles within the VP is strictly organized as shown below. Moreover, the maximal amount of pre- and postverbal particles is also strictly defined. There can be at maximum five preverbal and two postverbal particles within one clause in Gurenɛ. </p><p>Time > Tense > Conditional > Aspectual > Future > Negation > Emphatic > Epistemic > Purpose > Verb > Tense > Focus/Affirmative/Completive/Directional<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Nɛreba</p><p style="margin: 0px;">people</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lá</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zaamtext<sub>1</sub></p><p style="margin: 0px;">yesterday</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nyaa<sub>2</sub></p><p style="margin: 0px;">then</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kɔ'ɔm<sub>3</sub></p><p style="margin: 0px;">just</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sirum<sub>4</sub></p><p style="margin: 0px;">surely</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ta<sub>5</sub></p><p style="margin: 0px;">in.order</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">iŋɛ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">do</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ba'asum<sub>1</sub></p><p style="margin: 0px;">certainly</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gaŋɛ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">more</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mɛ<sub>2</sub>.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="affirmative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AFF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Nɛreba lá zaamtext<sub>1</sub> nyaa<sub>2</sub> kɔ'ɔm<sub>3</sub> sirum<sub>4</sub> ta<sub>5</sub> iŋɛ ba'asum<sub>1</sub> gaŋɛ mɛ<sub>2</sub>.</p><p style="display: none;">people DEF yesterday then just surely in.order do certainly more AFF</p><p style="clear: left;">„The people yesterday certainly did more than what was just expected.“<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Particles">Particles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Particles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a lot of particles in Gurenɛ, such that the total number is not fully clear.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following table provides an overview of the most common particles.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Aspect </th> <th>Gurenɛ </th></tr> <tr> <td>now, after this </td> <td>nyaa </td></tr> <tr> <td>in a determined way </td> <td>wa </td></tr> <tr> <td>intention </td> <td>ta </td></tr> <tr> <td>an action/event still lasts </td> <td>naŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>only </td> <td>kɔ'ɔm </td></tr> <tr> <td>even </td> <td>pugum </td></tr> <tr> <td>again </td> <td>le </td></tr> <tr> <td>already </td> <td>pìlum </td></tr> <tr> <td>just </td> <td>kɔ'ɔm </td></tr> <tr> <td>rather </td> <td>tugum </td></tr> <tr> <td>necessairly </td> <td>yɛrum </td></tr> <tr> <td>instead </td> <td>yi </td></tr> <tr> <td>ever </td> <td>tabelɛ </td></tr> <tr> <td>as usual </td> <td>ya'am </td></tr> <tr> <td>habitual </td> <td>ná </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Tense</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>past </td> <td>daa </td></tr> <tr> <td>two days ago </td> <td>daarɛ </td></tr> <tr> <td>three days ago </td> <td>datata </td></tr> <tr> <td>years ago </td> <td>yuum </td></tr> <tr> <td>the next day </td> <td>dagi </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Imperative</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>must </td> <td>ta </td></tr> <tr> <td>need </td> <td>wa </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Conditional</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>if </td> <td>san </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verb">Verb</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Verb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The verb in Gurenɛ consists of an obligatory <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">stem</a> or <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">root</a>, that can take one or more <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verbs appear either in the <a href="/wiki/Perfective_aspect" title="Perfective aspect">perfective</a> or <a href="/wiki/Imperfective_aspect" title="Imperfective aspect">imperfective</a> form, depending on its aspect. The perfective expresses actions in the present, whereas the imperfective denotes actions in the past or progressive.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Root/Stem/Infinitive</b> </th> <th> </th> <th>Perfective -ri </th> <th>Imperfective -ra </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>(single) closed event </td> <td>open event </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Gurenɛ</b> </td> <td><b>Gloss</b> </td> <td><b>follows Object/Adverb</b> </td> <td><b>follows Pronominal</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nyu </td> <td>drink </td> <td>nyuuri </td> <td>nyuura </td></tr> <tr> <td>da' </td> <td>buy </td> <td>da'ari </td> <td>da'ara </td></tr> <tr> <td>lebe </td> <td>return </td> <td>leberi </td> <td>lebera </td></tr> <tr> <td>dikɛ </td> <td>take </td> <td>dikɛri </td> <td>dikɛra </td></tr> <tr> <td>pagesɛ </td> <td>imitate </td> <td>pagesɛri </td> <td>pagesɛra </td></tr> <tr> <td>pa'alɛ </td> <td>teach </td> <td>pa'ali </td> <td>pa'ala </td></tr> <tr> <td>di </td> <td>eat </td> <td>diti </td> <td>dita </td></tr> <tr> <td>darɛ </td> <td>disturb </td> <td>dati </td> <td>data </td></tr> <tr> <td>parɛ </td> <td>be a lot </td> <td>pati </td> <td>pata </td></tr> <tr> <td>kiŋɛ </td> <td>go </td> <td>kini </td> <td>kina </td></tr> <tr> <td>siŋɛ </td> <td>walk </td> <td>sini </td> <td>sina </td></tr> <tr> <td>sigum </td> <td>come down </td> <td>sigeni </td> <td>sigena </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Question_Formation">Question Formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Question Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several ways of forming a question in Gurenɛ, but importantly the strict word order SVO is always to obey. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ex_situ">Ex situ</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Ex situ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In subject questions the question word occurs as the first element of the clause and can either function as the subject or as the agent of the clause. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ani</p><p style="margin: 0px;">who</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">n</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tum?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">work.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Ani n tum?</p><p style="display: none;">who FOC work.PFV</p><p style="clear: left;">„Who worked?“<sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ani</p><p style="margin: 0px;">who</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">n</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tun-i?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">work-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPFV</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Ani n tun-i?</p><p style="display: none;">who FOC work-IPFV</p><p style="clear: left;">„Who is working?“<sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_situ">In situ</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: In situ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, questions are formed by raising intonation of the final tone. Questions without an explicit question word have a clause-final question marker <i>-ì</i>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Fʊ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nyɛ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">see</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ʔí-ì?</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="question word" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">Q</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Fʊ nyɛ ʔí-ì?</p><p style="display: none;">2SG see 3SG-Q</p><p style="clear: left;">„Did you see him?“<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Fʊ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">n</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nyɛ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">see</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ʔí.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Fʊ n nyɛ ʔí.</p><p style="display: none;">2SG FOC see 3SG</p><p style="clear: left;">„You saw him.“<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Embedded">Embedded</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Embedded"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Questions can be embedded and are then preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Complementizer" title="Complementizer">complementizer</a> <i>tí</i>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Má</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sokè</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ask</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ʔì</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tí</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subordinator" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SUBR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">3SG</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nyɛ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">see</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ádʊŋɔ.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Adongo</p></div><p style="display: none;">Má m sokè ʔì tí 3SG nyɛ Ádʊŋɔ.</p><p style="display: none;">1SG FOC ask 3SG SUBR 3SG see Adongo</p><p style="clear: left;">„I asked him whether he had seen Adongo.“<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Má</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sokè</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ask</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ʔì</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lá-à</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="topic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TOP</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="question word" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">Q</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ánɪ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">whom</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tì</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subordinator" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SUBR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">à</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nyɛ-ɛ`.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">see-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="question word" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">Q</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Má m sokè ʔì lá-à ánɪ tì à nyɛ-ɛ`.</p><p style="display: none;">1SG FOC ask 3SG TOP-Q whom SUBR 3SG see-Q</p><p style="clear: left;">„I asked him whom he saw.“<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multiple_Questions">Multiple Questions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Multiple Questions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Question can also be formed by more than one question word. In these cases one question word occurs ex situ and the other(s) in situ. Again, a question word can only appear ex situ, if it replaces the subject or <a href="/wiki/Agent_(grammar)" title="Agent (grammar)">agent</a> of the clause. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ani</p><p style="margin: 0px;">who</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">n</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">da</p><p style="margin: 0px;">buy.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">(*là)</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">beni?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">what</p></div><p style="display: none;">Ani n da (*là) beni?</p><p style="display: none;">who FOC buy.PFV FOC what</p><p style="clear: left;">„Who bought what?“<sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">*Beni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">what</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ti</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ani</p><p style="margin: 0px;">who</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">da?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">buy.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">*Beni ti ani da?</p><p style="display: none;">what FOC who buy.PFV</p><p style="clear: left;">„*What bought who?“<sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Napari</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Napari</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">*(n)</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">da</p><p style="margin: 0px;">buy.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yire.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">house</p></div><p style="display: none;">Napari *(n) da yire.</p><p style="display: none;">Napari FOC buy.PFV house</p><p style="clear: left;">„Napari bought a house..“<sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Long_distance_extraction">Long distance extraction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Long distance extraction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Question words in Gurenɛ can also cross clause boundaries, such that they originated in the embedded clause and have been fronted to the clause-initial position. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Beni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">what</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ti</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ama</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Ama</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">soke</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ask</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ti</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subordinator" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SUBR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">John</p><p style="margin: 0px;">John</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kõregɛ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">slaughter</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ya</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="completive aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COMPL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">*(là).</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Beni ti Ama soke ti John kõregɛ ya *(là).</p><p style="display: none;">what FOC Ama ask SUBR John slaughter COMPL FOC</p><p style="clear: left;">„What did Ama ask that John slaughtered?“<sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Beni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">what</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ti</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ama</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Ama</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">spoke</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ask</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ti</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subordinator" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SUBR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">John</p><p style="margin: 0px;">John</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kõregɛ-ri/-*ra</p><p style="margin: 0px;">slaughter-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ya</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="completive aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COMPL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">*(là)?</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Beni ti Ama spoke ti John kõregɛ-ri/-*ra ya *(là)?</p><p style="display: none;">what FOC Ama ask SUBR John slaughter-IPFV COMPL FOC</p><p style="clear: left;">„What did Ama ask that John is slaughtering?“<sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Beni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">what</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ti</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ama</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Ama</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bɔta</p><p style="margin: 0px;">want</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ti</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subordinator" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SUBR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">John</p><p style="margin: 0px;">John</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nup" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kõregɛ?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">slaughter</p></div><p style="display: none;">Beni ti Ama bɔta ti John kõregɛ?</p><p style="display: none;">what FOC Ama want SUBR John slaughter</p><p style="clear: left;">„What did Ama ask that John slaughtered?“<sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greetings">Greetings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Greetings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Gurunɛ </th> <th>Phonetic </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bulika </td> <td>/bulika/ </td> <td>morning (Greeting in the morning) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wuntɛɛŋa </td> <td>/wʊn.tɛ:.ŋa/ </td> <td>sun (Greeting around noon) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zaanuurɛ </td> <td>/za:jʋɻɛ/ </td> <td>Evening (Greeting in the evening) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zaare </td> <td>/za:r̝e/ </td> <td>Welcome </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tooma Tooma </td> <td>/to:.ma.to:.ma/ </td> <td>a greeting similar to "Hello" (every time of the day) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nambaa </td> <td>/ˈnaːm.ba:/ </td> <td>Response to these greetings </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Continents </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Gurunɛ </th></tr> <tr> <td>Africa </td> <td>Afrika </td></tr> <tr> <td>America </td> <td>Amerika </td></tr> <tr> <td>Antarctica </td> <td>Antartika </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia </td> <td>Asia </td></tr> <tr> <td>Australia </td> <td>Australia </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe </td> <td>Europa </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oceania </td> <td>Okeania </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Solemitẽŋa</i> means "land of the white man" and is used to refer to all non-African countries. </p><p><i>Soleminɛ</i> is theoretically referring to all non-African languages, however it is only used to refer to <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allophone of /g/ between lax vowels and is rarely represented in writing.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e26-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e26_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/gur">Farefare</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (26th ed., 2023) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/cr_files/2015-014.pdf">ISO change request</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNiggli2007" class="citation web cs1">Niggli (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sil-burkina.org/sites/default/files/Ninkare%20Esquisse%20grammaticale.pdf">"Equisse grammaticale du ninkãrɛ au Burkina Faso"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/SIL_International" class="mw-redirect" title="SIL International">SIL International</a> Burkina Faso</i>. p. 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIL+International+Burkina+Faso&rft.atitle=Equisse+grammaticale+du+nink%C3%A3r%C9%9B+au+Burkina+Faso&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Niggli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsil-burkina.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FNinkare%2520Esquisse%2520grammaticale.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarefare+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiggli200785-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiggli200785_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiggli2007">Niggli 2007</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiggli200784-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiggli200784_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiggli2007">Niggli 2007</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiggli200794-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiggli200794_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiggli2007">Niggli 2007</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodomoAbubakariIssah2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adams_Bodomo" title="Adams Bodomo">Bodomo, Adams</a>; Abubakari, Hasiyatu; Issah, Samuel Alhassan (2020). <i>Handbook of the Mabia Languages of West Africa</i>. Glienicke: Galda Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Mabia+Languages+of+West+Africa&rft.place=Glienicke&rft.pub=Galda+Verlag&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Bodomo&rft.aufirst=Adams&rft.au=Abubakari%2C+Hasiyatu&rft.au=Issah%2C+Samuel+Alhassan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarefare+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtintono2011" class="citation book cs1">Atintono, Samuel (2011). <i>Verb Morphology: Phrase structure in a Gur Language (Gurenɛ)</i>. Saarbrücken: Lambert Academic Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verb+Morphology%3A+Phrase+structure+in+a+Gur+Language+%28Guren%C9%9B%29&rft.place=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&rft.pub=Lambert+Academic+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Atintono&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarefare+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mabia-vp.com/tiki-index.php?page=Gurene">"The VP-periphery in Mabia languages | Gurene"</a>. <i>The VP-periphery in Mabia languages</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+VP-periphery+in+Mabia+languages&rft.atitle=The+VP-periphery+in+Mabia+languages+%7C+Gurene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmabia-vp.com%2Ftiki-index.php%3Fpage%3DGurene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarefare+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropp-Dakubu2009" class="citation book cs1">Kropp-Dakubu, M.E. (2009). <i>Parlons farefari (gurenè): langue et culture de Bolgatanga (Ghana) et ses environs</i>. Paris: L`Harmattan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parlons+farefari+%28guren%C3%A8%29%3A+langue+et+culture+de+Bolgatanga+%28Ghana%29+et+ses+environs.&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=L%60Harmattan&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Kropp-Dakubu&rft.aufirst=M.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarefare+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Atintono, Samuel (2011). <i>Verb Morphology: Phrase structure in a Gur Language (Gurenɛ).</i> Saarbrücken: Lambert Academic Publishing.</li> <li>Bodomo, Adams, Hasiyatu Abubakari & Samuel Alhassan Issah (2020). <i>Handbook of the Mabia Languages of West Africa</i>. Glienicke: Galda Verlag</li> <li>Kropp-Dakubu,M.E., S. Awinkene Antintono, and E. Avea Nsoh, <i>A Gurenɛ–English Dictionary and accompanying English–Gurenɛ Glossary</i></li> <li>Kropp-Dakubu, M.E. (2009). <i>Parlons farefari (gurenè): langue et culture de Bolgatanga (Ghana) et ses environs</i>. Paris: L`Harmattan</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiggliNiggli2007" class="citation book cs1">Niggli, Idda; Niggli, Urs (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sil-burkina.org/fr/content/de-la-phonologie-%C3%A0-lorthographe-le-ninkare-du-burkina-faso"><i>De la phonologie à l'orthographe : Le ninkãrɛ au Burkina Faso</i></a>. SIL.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+la+phonologie+%C3%A0+l%27orthographe+%3A+Le+nink%C3%A3r%C9%9B+au+Burkina+Faso&rft.pub=SIL&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Niggli&rft.aufirst=Idda&rft.au=Niggli%2C+Urs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsil-burkina.org%2Ffr%2Fcontent%2Fde-la-phonologie-%25C3%25A0-lorthographe-le-ninkare-du-burkina-faso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarefare+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ninkare.webonary.org/">Ninkare Frafra Dictionary</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farefare_language&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="gur:"> Frafra edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sil-burkina.org/fr/langue/ninkare">"Ninkare | SIL Burkina Faso"</a>. <i>sil-burkina.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sil-burkina.org&rft.atitle=Ninkare+%7C+SIL+Burkina+Faso&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsil-burkina.org%2Ffr%2Flangue%2Fninkare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarefare+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mabia-vp.com/tiki-index.php?page=Welcome!">The VP-periphery in Mabia languages</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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Pidgin English">Ghanaian Pidgin English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government-sponsored</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twi" title="Twi">Twi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asante_dialect" title="Asante dialect">Asante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuapem_dialect" title="Akuapem dialect">Akuapem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fante_dialect" title="Fante dialect">Fante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagaare_language" title="Dagaare language">Dagaare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagbani_language" title="Dagbani language">Dagbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangme_language" title="Dangme language">Dangme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga_language" title="Ga language">Ga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonja_language" title="Gonja language">Gonja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasena_language" title="Kasena language">Kasem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzema_language" title="Nzema language">Nzema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birifor_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Birifor language">Birifor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buli_language_(Ghana)" title="Buli language (Ghana)">Buli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakali_language" title="Chakali language">Chakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chala_language" title="Chala language">Chala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deg_language" title="Deg language">Deg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delo_language" title="Delo language">Delo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frafra_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Frafra language">Frafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanga_language" title="Hanga language">Hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabiye_language" title="Kabiye language">Kabye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamara_language" title="Kamara language">Kamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantosi_language" title="Kantosi language">Kantosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkomba_language" title="Konkomba language">Konkomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konni_language" title="Konni language">Konni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusasi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kusasi language">Kusasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamprusi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamprusi language">Mamprusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moba_language" title="Moba language">Moba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor%C3%A9" title="Mooré">Mooré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabit_language" title="Nabit language">Nabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre_language" title="Notre language">Notre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ntcham_language" title="Ntcham language">Ntcham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuni_language" title="Nuni language">Nuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paasaal_language" title="Paasaal language">Paasaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safaliba_language" title="Safaliba language">Safaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisaala_language" title="Sisaala language">Sisaala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talni_language" title="Talni language">Talni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamprusi_language" title="Tamprusi language">Tamprusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tem_language" title="Tem language">Tem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagla_language" title="Vagla language">Vagla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali_language_(Gur)" title="Wali language (Gur)">Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winye_language" title="Winye language">Winye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yobe_language" title="Yobe language">Yobe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adele_language" title="Adele language">Adele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahanta_language" title="Ahanta language">Ahanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anii_language" title="Anii language">Anii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animere_language" title="Animere language">Animere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyin_language" title="Anyin language">Anyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatime_language" title="Avatime language">Avatime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bono_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bono language">Bono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowili_language" title="Bowili language">Bowili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakosi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakosi language">Chakosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherepon_language" title="Cherepon language">Cherepon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumburung_language" title="Chumburung language">Chumburung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efutu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Efutu language">Efutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gua_language" title="Gua language">Gua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jwira-Pepesa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jwira-Pepesa language">Jwira-Pepesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebu_language" title="Kebu language">Kebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kposo_language" title="Kposo language">Kposo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krache_language" title="Krache language">Krache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larteh_language" title="Larteh language">Larteh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelemi_language" title="Lelemi language">Lelemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likpe_language" title="Likpe language">Likpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logba_language" title="Logba language">Logba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpra_language" title="Mpra language">Mpra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkami_language" title="Nkami language">Nkami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkonya_language" title="Nkonya language">Nkonya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyangbo-Tafi_language" title="Nyangbo-Tafi language">Nyangbo-Tafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santrokofi_language" title="Santrokofi language">Santrokofi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehwi_language" title="Sehwi language">Sehwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwu_language" title="Siwu language">Siwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasa_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasa dialect">Wasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligbi_language" title="Ligbi language">Ligbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonjon_language" title="Tonjon language">Tonjon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language_(Ghana)" title="Mpur language (Ghana)">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafaanra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafaanra">Nafaanra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian Sign Language">Ghanaian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamorobe_Sign_Language" title="Adamorobe Sign Language">Adamorobe Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanabin_Sign_Language" title="Nanabin Sign Language">Nanabin Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gur_languages159" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gur_languages" title="Template:Gur languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gur_languages" title="Template talk:Gur languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gur_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gur languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gur_languages159" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Gur_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Gur languages">Central Gur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oti%E2%80%93Volta_languages" title="Oti–Volta languages">Oti–Volta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berba_language" title="Berba language">Berba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbelime_language" title="Mbelime language">Mbelime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammari_language" title="Tammari language">Tammari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waama_language" title="Waama language">Waama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birifor_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Birifor language">Birifor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagaare_language" title="Dagaare language">Dagaare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagbani_language" title="Dagbani language">Dagbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frafra_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Frafra language">Frafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanga_language" title="Hanga language">Hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamara_language" title="Kamara language">Kamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantosi_language" title="Kantosi language">Kantosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusasi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kusasi language">Kusasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamprusi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamprusi language">Mamprusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor%C3%A9" title="Mooré">Mooré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabit_language" title="Nabit language">Nabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre_language" title="Notre language">Notre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safaliba_language" title="Safaliba language">Safaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talni_language" title="Talni language">Talni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali_language_(Gur)" title="Wali language (Gur)">Wali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gurma</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gourmanch%C3%A9_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gourmanché language">Gourmanché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkomba_language" title="Konkomba language">Konkomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moba_language" title="Moba language">Moba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nateni_language" title="Nateni language">Nateni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngangam_language" title="Ngangam language">Ngangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ntcham_language" title="Ntcham language">Ntcham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buli_language_(Ghana)" title="Buli language (Ghana)">Buli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konni_language" title="Konni language">Konni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawdm_language" title="Nawdm language">Nawdm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_language" title="Yom language">Yom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bwa_languages" title="Bwa languages">Bwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buamu_language" title="Buamu language">Bwamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1%C3%A1_L%C3%A1%C3%A1_Bwamu_language" title="Láá Láá Bwamu language">Láá Láá Bwamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cwi_Bwamu_language" title="Cwi Bwamu language">Cwi Bwamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomu_language" title="Bomu language">Bomu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gurunsi_languages" title="Gurunsi languages">Gurunsi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bago-Kusuntu_language" title="Bago-Kusuntu language">Bago-Kusuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chala_language" title="Chala language">Chala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delo_language" title="Delo language">Delo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabiye_language" title="Kabiye language">Kabiyé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama_language" title="Lama language">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukpa_language" title="Lukpa language">Lukpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tem_language" title="Tem language">Tem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalams%C3%A9_language" title="Kalamsé language">Kalamsé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasena_language" title="Kasena language">Kasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ly%C3%A9l%C3%A9_language" title="Lyélé language">Lyélé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuni_language" title="Nuni language">Nuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pana_language_(Gur)" title="Pana language (Gur)">Pana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakali_language" title="Chakali language">Chakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deg_language" title="Deg language">Deg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paasaal_language" title="Paasaal language">Paasaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puguli_language" title="Puguli language">Phuie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisaala_language" title="Sisaala language">Sisaala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamprusi_language" title="Tamprusi language">Tamprusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagla_language" title="Vagla language">Vagla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winye_language" title="Winye language">Winye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koromfe_language" title="Koromfe language">Koromfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerma_language" title="Cerma language">Cerma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turka_language" title="Turka language">Turka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobi_language" title="Lobi language">Lobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyan_language" title="Dyan language">Dyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogoso_language" title="Dogoso language">Dogoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khe_language" title="Khe language">Khe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senufo_languages" title="Senufo languages">Senufo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyanka_language" title="Minyanka language">Minyanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanerig%C3%A9_language" title="Nanerigé language">Nanerigé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucite_language" title="Sucite language">Sucite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supyire_language" title="Supyire language">Supyire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cebaara_language" title="Cebaara language">Cebaara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kar_language" title="Kar language">Kar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyarafolo_language" title="Nyarafolo language">Nyarafolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaka_language" title="Palaka language">Kpalaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senara_language" title="Senara language">Senara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syer-Tenyer_language" title="Syer-Tenyer language">Syer-Tenyer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djimini_language" title="Djimini language">Djimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafanan_language" title="Nafanan language">Nafanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagwana_language" title="Tagwana language">Tagwana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kulango_languages" title="Kulango languages">Kulango</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kulango_language" title="Kulango language">Kulango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomakka_language" title="Lomakka language">Lomakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorhon_language" title="Lorhon language">Téén</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wara%E2%80%93Natyoro_languages" title="Wara–Natyoro languages">Wara–Natyoro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samwe_language" title="Samwe language">Samwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleni_language" title="Paleni language">Paleni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natioro_language" title="Natioro language">Natioro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bariba_language" title="Bariba language">Bariba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo_language_(Burkina)" title="Samo language (Burkina)">Samo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiefo_language" title="Tiefo language">Tiefo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusya_language" title="Tusya language">Tusya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyemo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyemo language">Vyemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yobe_language" title="Yobe language">Yobe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35331#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata663" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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